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Katano S, Yano T, Kouzu H, Nagaoka R, Numazawa R, Yamano K, Fujisawa Y, Ohori K, Nagano N, Fujito T, Nishikawa R, Ohwada W, Katayose M, Sato T, Kuno A, Furuhashi M. Circulating level of β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), a novel myokine-like molecule, is inversely associated with fat mass in patients with heart failure. Heart Vessels 2024; 39:35-47. [PMID: 37661199 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-023-02308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Results of experimental studies have shown that β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), an exercise-induced myokine-like molecule, is an endogenous negative regulator of fat mass in mice, but it remains unclear whether that is the case in humans, though an enhanced BAIBA concentration in patients receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors was found in our recent study. The objective of this study was to analyze the determinants of circulating BAIBA concentration in humans, with focus on the possible link between circulating BAIBA and body composition including fat mass. Data for 188 consecutive patients with heart failure (HF, 64 ± 13 years; 70% male) who received a dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan for assessment of body composition including fat mass index (FMI) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) were used in this study. Plasma BAIBA concentration in a fasting state after stabilization of HF was determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography. Plasma BAIBA was detected in 66% of the patients. In simple linear regression analyses of data from patients in whom plasma BAIBA was detected, plasma BAIBA concentration was positively correlated with uric acid and was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), FMI, and % body fat. There were no correlations between plasma BAIBA concentration and indexes of muscle mass and bone mass. The results of multiple linear regression analyses showed that FMI and % body fat in addition to BMI, but not ASMI, were independent explanatory factors for plasma BAIBA concentration. In conclusion, plasma BAIBA concentration is inversely correlated with indexes of fat mass, indicating that BAIBA may be a therapeutic target for excessive fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Katano
- Division of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yano
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Hidemichi Kouzu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nagaoka
- Division of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Ryo Numazawa
- Division of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamano
- Division of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujisawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital, 1-1-1-1, Akebono, Asahikawa, 070-8530, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ohori
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, South-27, West-13, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 064-0927, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Nagano
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Takefumi Fujito
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Wataru Ohwada
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Masaki Katayose
- Second Division of Physical Therapy, Sapporo Medical University School of Health Sciences, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
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Lyssikatos C, Wang Z, Liu Z, Warden SJ, Brotto M, Bonewald L. L-β-aminoisobutyric acid, L-BAIBA, a marker of bone mineral density and body mass index, and D-BAIBA of physical performance and age. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17212. [PMID: 37821627 PMCID: PMC10567793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As both L- and D-BAIBA are increased with exercise, we sought to determine if circulating levels would be associated with physical performance. Serum levels of L- and D-BAIBA were quantified in 120 individuals (50% female) aged 20-85 years and categorized as either a "low" (LP), "average" (AP) or "high" performing (HP). Association analysis was performed using Spearman (S) and Pearson (P) correlation. Using Spearman correlation, L-BAIBA positively associated with (1) body mass index BMI (0.23) and total fat mass (0.19) in the 120 participants, (2) total fat mass in the 60 males (0.26), and (3) bone mineral density, BMD, (0.28) in addition to BMI (0.26) in the 60 females. In HP females, L-BAIBA positively associated with BMD (0.50) and lean mass (0.47). D-BAIBA was positively associated with (1) age (P 0.20) in the 120 participants, (2) age (P 0.49) in the LP females and (3) with gait speed (S 0.20) in the 120 participants. However, in HP males, this enantiomer had a negative association with appendicular lean/height (S - 0.52) and in the AP males a negative correlation with BMD (S - 0.47). No associations were observed in HP or AP females, whereas, in LP females, a positive association was observed with grip strength (S 0.45), but a negative with BMD (P - 0.52, S - 0.63) and chair stands (P - 0.47, S - 0.51). L-BAIBA may play a role in BMI and BMD in females, not males, whereas D-BAIBA may be a marker for aging and physical performance. The association of L-BAIBA with BMI and fat mass may reveal novel, not previously described functions for this enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, ICMH, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Bldg, MS 5067A 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, ICMH, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Bldg, MS 5067A 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stuart J Warden
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, ICMH, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Bldg, MS 5067A 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Lynda Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, ICMH, Indiana University School of Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Bldg, MS 5067A 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Faiz H, Malin SK. A low-calorie diet raises β-aminoisobutyric acid in relation to glucose regulation and leptin independent of exercise in women with obesity. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1210567. [PMID: 37362426 PMCID: PMC10289796 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is a suggested cytokine secreted from skeletal muscles that regulates insulin sensitivity, pancreatic function, and fat oxidation. However, no studies to date have examined if a low-calorie diet (LCD) or LCD + with interval exercise (LCD + INT) differentially raises BAIBA. The purpose was to examine if LCD or LCD + INT raises circulating BAIBA in relation to cardiometabolic health. Methods: For this, twenty-three women with obesity were randomized to either 2-weeks of LCD (n = 12, 48.4 ± 2.5 y, 37.84 ± 1.5 kg/m2; ∼1200 kcal/day) or LCD + INT (n = 11, 47.6 ± 4.3 y, 37.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2; ∼60 min/d of INT alternating 3 min of 90% and 50% HRpeak), with matched energy availability. Fasting BAIBA and adipokines along with glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and FFA after every 30 min up to 120 min were obtained during a 75 g OGTT to estimate total area under the curve (tAUC), insulin sensitivity (SIIS), pancreatic function [disposition index (DI)], and hepatic insulin clearance (HIC). Fuel use (indirect calorimetry) was tested at 0, 60, and 120 min of the OGTT along with fitness (VO2peak) and body composition (BodPod). Results: Both treatments lowered body weight (p < 0.001) and leptin (p < 0.001) but raised BAIBA (p = 0.007) and insulin sensitivity (p = 0.02). LCD + INT increased VO2peak (p = 0.02) and REE tAUC120min (p = 0.02) while LCD and LCD + INT decreased carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) tAUC120min (p < 0.001). Increased BAIBA associated with reduced weight (r = -0.67, p < 0.001), leptin (r = -0.66, p = 0.001), CHOox tAUC120min (r = -0.44, p = 0.03) and DImuscle120min (r = -0.45, p = 0.03), but elevated HIC120min (r = 0.47, p = 0.02). Discussion: Concluding, LCD and LCD + INT increased BAIBA in relation to reduced body weight and pancreatic function in women with obesity. This suggests energy deficit is a key factor regulating circulating BAIBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiba Faiz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Yi X, Yang Y, Li T, Li M, Yao T, Hu G, Wan G, Chang B. Signaling metabolite β-aminoisobutyric acid as a metabolic regulator, biomarker, and potential exercise pill. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1192458. [PMID: 37313446 PMCID: PMC10258315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling metabolites can effectively regulate the biological functions of many tissues and organs. β-Aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), a product of valine and thymine catabolism in skeletal muscle, has been reported to participate in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and bone metabolism, as well as in inflammation and oxidative stress. BAIBA is produced during exercise and is involved in the exercise response. No side effect has been observed in human and rat studies, suggesting that BAIBA can be developed as a pill that confers the benefits of exercise to subjects who, for some reason, are unable to do so. Further, BAIBA has been confirmed to participate in the diagnosis and prevention of diseases as an important biological marker of disease. The current review aimed to discuss the roles of BAIBA in multiple physiological processes and the possible pathways of its action, and assess the progress toward the development of BAIBA as an exercise mimic and biomarker with relevance to multiple disease states, in order to provide new ideas and strategies for basic research and disease prevention in related fields.
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Lyssikatos C, Wang Z, Liu Z, Warden S, Brotto M, Bonewald L. The L-enantiomer of β- aminobutyric acid (L-BAIBA) as a potential marker of bone mineral density, body mass index, while D-BAIBA of physical performance and age. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2492688. [PMID: 36747771 PMCID: PMC9901043 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2492688/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background As both L- and D-BAIBA are increased with exercise, we sought to determine if circulating levels would be associated with physical performance. Method Serum levels of L- and D-BAIBA were quantified in 120 individuals (50% female) aged 20-85 years and categorized as either a "low" (LP), "average"(AP) or "high" performer (HP).Association analysis was performed using Spearman (S) and Pearson (P) rank correlation. Results Using the Spearman (S) rank correlation, L-BAIBA positively associated with BMI (0.23) and total fat mass (0.19) in the 120 participants, with total fat mass in the 60 males (0.26) but with both BMI (0.26) and BMD (0.28) in the 60 females. In the HP females, L-BAIBA positively associated with BMD (0.50) and lean mass (0.47).Using the Pearson (P) rank correlation D-BAIBA was positively associated with age (0.20) in the 120 participants and in the LP females (0.49). D-BAIBA associated with gait speed (S 0.20) in the 120 participants. In HP males, this enantiomer had a negative association with appendicular lean/height (S -0.52) and in the AP males with BMD (S -0.47). No associations were observed in HP or AP females, whereas, in LP females, in addition to a positive association with age, a positive association was observed with grip strength (S 0.45), but a negative with BMD (P -0.52, S -0.63) and chair stands (P -0.47, S -0.51). Conclusions L-BAIBA may play a role in BMI and BMD in females, not males, whereas D-BAIBA may be a marker for aging.
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Katano S, Yano T, Kouzu H, Nagaoka R, Numazawa R, Yamano K, Fujisawa Y, Ohori K, Nagano N, Fujito T, Nishikawa R, Ohwada W, Katayose M, Sato T, Kuno A, Furuhashi M. Elevated circulating level of β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:285. [PMID: 36539818 PMCID: PMC9768967 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The mechanism by which a sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor (SGLT2i) induces favorable effects on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases including heart failure (HF) remains poorly understood. Metabolomics including amino acid profiling enables detection of alterations in whole body metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma amino acid profiles are modulated by SGLT2i use in HF patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We retrospectively examined 81 HF patients with T2DM (68 ± 11 years old; 78% male). Plasma amino acid concentrations in a fasting state after stabilization of HF were determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography. To minimize potential selection bias in the retrospective analyses, the differences in baseline characteristics between patients receiving an SGLT2i and patients not receiving an SGLT2i were controlled by using an inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-adjusted analysis. RESULTS Of amino acids measurable in the present assay, plasma β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), an exercise-induced myokine-like molecule also known as 3-aminoisobutyric acid or 3-amino-2-methyproponic acid, was detected in 77% of all patients and the proportion of patients in whom plasma BAIBA was detected was significantly higher in patients receiving an SGLT2i than in patients not receiving an SGLT2i (93% vs. 67%, p = 0.01). Analyses in patients in whom plasma BAIBA was detected showed that plasma BAIBA concentration was significantly higher in patients receiving an SGLT2i than in patients not receiving an SGLT2i (6.76 ± 4.72 vs. 4.56 ± 2.93 nmol/ml, p = 0.03). In multivariate logistic regression analyses that were adjusted for age and sex, SGLT2i use was independently associated with BAIBA detection. The independent association between BAIBA and SGLT2i use remained after inclusion of body mass index, HF with reduced ejection fraction, ischemic etiology, renal function, NT-proBNP, albumin, hemoglobin, and HbA1c into the Cox proportional hazards model. When the differences in baseline characteristics between patients receiving an SGLT2i and patients not receiving an SGLT2i were controlled by using an IPTW-adjusted analysis, least squares mean of plasma BAIBA concentration was significantly higher in patients receiving an SGLT2i than in patients not receiving an SGLT2i. CONCLUSION SGLT2i use is closely associated with increased circulating BAIBA concentration in HF patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Katano
- grid.470107.5Division of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yano
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Hidemichi Kouzu
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Ryohei Nagaoka
- grid.470107.5Division of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Ryo Numazawa
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamano
- grid.470107.5Division of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujisawa
- grid.470107.5Division of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ohori
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan ,grid.412167.70000 0004 0378 6088Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Nagano
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Takefumi Fujito
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Wataru Ohwada
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Masaki Katayose
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Second Division of Physical Therapy, Sapporo Medical University School of Health Science, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- grid.263171.00000 0001 0691 0855Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan
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Newmire DE, Willoughby DS. The Skeletal Muscle Microbiopsy Method in Exercise and Sports Science Research: A Narrative and Methodological Review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1550-1568. [PMID: 35904526 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal muscle microbiopsy protocol was introduced to the Exercise and Sports Science (ESS) research field in 1999 and has been used as a protocol to directly examine muscular structural and biochemical changes. There is much variation in the reporting of the microbiopsy protocol and its related pre-and post-procedure for participant care and sample collection. The purpose of this narrative and methodological review is to compare the microbiopsy to the traditional Bergström protocol used in the ESS field, identify and summarize all related microbiopsy protocols used in previous ESS studies and determine the most frequently used microbiopsy protocols aspects and associated pre- and post-biopsy procedures; METHODS: A review of literature up to January, 2022 was used following the PRISMA and Cochrane Methodological Review Guide to determine frequently used methods that may facilitate optimal and potential recommendations for muscle microbiopsy needle gauge (G), concentration or dose (% or mL) and administration of local anesthetic, co-axial/cannula introducer gauge (G), muscle depth (cm), muscle sample size collected (mg), passes to collect samples, time points of muscle sampling, and promotion of participant compliance and minimization of adverse events; RESULTS: 85 articles were selected based on the inclusionary requirements related to the ESS field or methodological considerations. The most frequently reported aspects in previous research to suggest the location of the vastus lateralis is the midpoint between the patella and the greater trochanter of the femur or 1/3 or 2/3 the distance from the patella to anterior superior iliac spine, 14 G biopsy needle, subcutaneous injected lidocaine administration (2 mL; 1%), 13 G co-axial/cannula, 1-2 cm muscle depth, 10-20 mg of muscle sample, ~3-time points, 2-3 passes; DISCUSSION: There is much variation in the reporting of the microbiopsy protocol and its related pre-and post-biopsy procedures. Standardization in reporting may promote recommendations to optimize data integrity, participant safety, participant adherence to the study design, and increase reproducibility. Recommendations are made for the microbiopsy procedure based on frequently reported characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Newmire
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Health Professions, School of Exercise and Sport Science Mayborn College of Health Sciences, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
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Mendez-Gutierrez A, Aguilera CM, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Martinez-Tellez B, Prados MCR, Acosta FM, Llamas-Elvira JM, Ruiz JR, Sanchez-Delgado G. Exercise-induced changes on exerkines that might influence brown adipose tissue metabolism in young sedentary adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:625-636. [PMID: 35152857 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, exercise alters the plasma concentration of exerkines that regulate white adipose tissue (WAT) browning or brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism. This study aims to analyse the acute and chronic effect of exercise on the circulating concentrations of 16 of these exerkines in humans. Ten young sedentary adults (6 female) performed a maximum walking effort test and a resistance exercise session. The plasma concentration of 16 exerkines was assessed before, and 3, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after exercise. Those exerkines modified by exercise were additionally measured in another 28 subjects (22 women). We also measured the plasma concentrations of the exerkines before and after a 24-week exercise program (endurance + resistance; 3-groups: control, moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity) in 110 subjects (75 women). Endurance exercise acutely increased the plasma concentration of lactate, norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 6, and follistatin-like protein 1 (3 minutes after exercise), and musclin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (30 and 60 minutes after exercise), decreasing the plasma concentration of leptin (30 minutes after exercise). Adiponectin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), β-aminoisobutyric acid, meteorin-like, follistatin, pro-ANP, irisin and myostatin were not modified or not detectable. The resistance exercise session increased the plasma concentration of lactate 3 minutes after exercise. Chronic exercise did not alter the plasma concentration of these exerkines. In sedentary young adults, acute endurance exercise releases to the bloodstream exerkines that regulate BAT metabolism and WAT browning. In contrast, neither a low-volume resistance exercise session nor a 24-week training program modified plasma levels of these molecules.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02365129..
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain.,Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, 18012, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Concepción M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain.,Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, 18012, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada; Technology Centre for Functional Food Research and Development (CIDAF), Granada, 18100, Spain.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta. Alfacar s/n, Granada, 18071 Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta. Alfacar s/n, Granada, 18071 Spain.,Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicina, Leiden, 2333 ZA, Netherlands
| | - M Cruz Rico Prados
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, 18016, Spain.,RETIC SAMID. RETIC-SALUD Materno infantil y del desarrollo, Spain
| | - Francisco M Acosta
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta. Alfacar s/n, Granada, 18071 Spain.,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku. Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Jose M Llamas-Elvira
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, 18012, Spain.,Nuclear Medicine Service, "Virgen de las Nieves" University Hospital, Granada, 18014, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta. Alfacar s/n, Granada, 18071 Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta. Alfacar s/n, Granada, 18071 Spain.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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9
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Leuchtmann AB, Adak V, Dilbaz S, Handschin C. The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709807. [PMID: 34456749 PMCID: PMC8387622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.
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10
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Wolf A, Kutsche HS, Atmanspacher F, Karadedeli MS, Schreckenberg R, Schlüter KD. Untypical Metabolic Adaptations in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats to Free Running Wheel Activity Includes Uncoupling Protein-3 (UCP-3) and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Expression. Front Physiol 2021; 12:598723. [PMID: 33833685 PMCID: PMC8021776 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.598723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and hypertension are common risk factors for cardiovascular disease whereas an active lifestyle is considered as protective. However, the interaction between high physical activity and hypertension is less clear. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of high physical activity on the muscular and hepatic expression of glucose transporters (Glut), uncoupling proteins (UCPs), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Twenty-four female rats (12 normotensive rats and 12 SHRs) were divided into a sedentary control and an exercising group that had free access to running wheels at night for 10 months. Blood samples were taken and blood pressure was determined. The amount of visceral fat was semi-quantitatively analyzed and Musculus gastrocnemius, Musculus soleus, and the liver were excised. Acute effects of free running wheel activity were analyzed in 15 female SHRs that were sacrificed after 2 days of free running wheel activity. M. gastrocnemius and M. soleus differed in their mRNA expression of UCP-2, UCP-3, GLUT-4, and PCSK9. Hypertension was associated with lower levels of UCP-2 and PCSK9 mRNA in the M. gastrocnemius, but increased expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in the M. soleus. Exercise down-regulated UCP-3 in the M. soleus in both strains, in the M. gastrocnemius only in normotensives. In SHRs exercise downregulated the expression of UCP-2 in the M. soleus. Exercise increased the expression of GLUT-1 in the M. gastrocnemius in both strains, and that of GLUT-4 protein in the M. soleus, whereas it increased the muscle-specific expression of PCSK9 only in normotensive rats. Effects of exercise on the hepatic expression of cholesterol transporters were seen only in SHRs. As an acute response to exercise increased expressions of the myokine IL-6 and that of GLUT-1 were found in the muscles. This study, based on transcriptional adaptations in striated muscles and livers, shows that rats perform long-term metabolic adaptations when kept with increased physical activity. These adaptations are at least in part required to stabilize normal protein expression as protein turnover seems to be modified by exercise. However, normotensive and hypertensive rats differed in their responsiveness. Based on these results, a direct translation from normotensive to hypertensive rats is not possible. As genetic differences between normotensive humans and patients with essential hypertension are likely to be present as well, we would expect similar differences in humans that may impact recommendations for non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hanna Sarah Kutsche
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Atmanspacher
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Meryem Sevval Karadedeli
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf Schreckenberg
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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11
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Benefit of a single simulated hypobaric hypoxia in healthy mice performance and analysis of mitochondria-related gene changes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4494. [PMID: 33627689 PMCID: PMC7904831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulated hypobaric hypoxia (SHH) training has been used to enhance running performance. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of a single SHH exposure on healthy mice performance and analyzed the changes of mitochondria-related genes in the central nervous system. The current study used a mouse decompression chamber to simulate mild hypobaric hypoxia at the high altitude of 5000 m or severe hypobaric hypoxia at 8000 m for 16 h (SHH5000 & SHH8000, respectively). Then, the mouse behavioral tests were recorded by a modified Noldus video tracking. Third, the effects of SHH on 8 mitochondria-related genes of Drp1, Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1, TFAM, SGK1, UCP2 and UCP4, were assessed in cerebellum, hippocampus and gastrocnemius muscles. The results have shown that a single mild or severe HH improves healthy mice performance. In cerebellum, 6 of all 8 detected genes (except Mfn2 and UCP4) did not change after SHH. In hippocampus, all detected genes did not change after SHH. In muscles, 7 of all 8 detected genes (except Opa1) did not change after SHH. The present study has indicated the benefit of a single SHH in healthy mice performance, which would due to the stabilized mitochondria against a mild stress state.
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12
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Koshenov Z, Oflaz FE, Hirtl M, Bachkoenig OA, Rost R, Osibow K, Gottschalk B, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Waldeck-Weiermair M, Malli R, Graier WF. The contribution of uncoupling protein 2 to mitochondrial Ca 2+ homeostasis in health and disease - A short revisit. Mitochondrion 2020; 55:164-173. [PMID: 33069910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Considering the versatile functions attributed to uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in health and disease, a profound understanding of the protein's molecular actions under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is indispensable. This review aims to revisit and shed light on the fundamental molecular functions of UCP2 in mitochondria, with particular emphasis on its intricate role in regulating mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) uptake. UCP2's modulating effect on various vital processes in mitochondria makes it a crucial regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanat Koshenov
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Furkan E Oflaz
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Hirtl
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Olaf A Bachkoenig
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rene Rost
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Osibow
- Diagnostic and Research Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schorenstraße 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Gottschalk
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Corina T Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Waldeck-Weiermair
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roland Malli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
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13
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Barlow JP, Karstoft K, Vigelsø A, Gram M, Helge JW, Dela F, Pappan K, O'Neil D, Dunn W, Solomon TPJ. Beta-aminoisobutyric acid is released by contracting human skeletal muscle and lowers insulin release from INS-1 832/3 cells by mediating mitochondrial energy metabolism. Metabol Open 2020; 7:100053. [PMID: 32924003 PMCID: PMC7479356 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/hypothesis This study aimed to examine if beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is (i) secreted by skeletal muscle in humans during exercise, (ii) associated with insulin secretory function in vivo, and (iii) directly linked with acute glucose-mediated insulin release by pancreatic beta cells in vitro. Methods Following 2-weeks of single-leg immobilization, plasma BAIBA concentrations were measured in the brachial artery and the femoral veins of each leg in healthy male subjects, at rest and during two-legged dynamic knee-extensor exercise. During a 2-h hyperglycamic clamp, insulin secretory function and levels of plasma BAIBA were assessed in non-diabetic individuals, non-diabetic individuals following 24-h hyperglycemia and patients with type 2 diabetes. Direct effects of BAIBA on acute glucose-mediated insulin release were probed in INS-1832/3 cells under normal and ‘diabetes-like’ conditions. Finally, the effect of BAIBA on mitochondrial function was assessed in INS-1832/3 cells using extracellular flux analysis. Results (i) BAIBA is released from skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise under healthy conditions but is suppressed during exercise following leg immobilization, (ii) plasma BAIBA concentrations inversely associate with insulin secretory function in humans, (iii) BAIBA lowers mitochondrial energy metabolism in INS-1 832/3 cells in parallel with decreased insulin secretion Conclusion/interpretation: BAIBA is a myokine released by skeletal muscle during exercise and indepedantly alters the triggering pathway of insulin secretion in cultured INS-1832/3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Barlow
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Mitochondrial Profiling Centre, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Vigelsø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Gram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Donna O'Neil
- School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Warwick Dunn
- School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.,Institute for Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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14
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Mendez-Gutierrez A, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Aguilera CM, Ruiz JR, Sanchez-Delgado G. Endocrine Mechanisms Connecting Exercise to Brown Adipose Tissue Metabolism: a Human Perspective. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:40. [PMID: 32725289 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the state-of-the-art regarding the exercise-regulated endocrine signals that might modulate brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and/or white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, or through which BAT communicates with other tissues, in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Exercise induces WAT browning in rodents by means of a variety of physiological mechanism. However, whether exercise induces WAT browning in humans is still unknown. Nonetheless, a number of protein hormones and metabolites, whose signaling can influence thermogenic adipocyte's metabolism, are secreted during and/or after exercise in humans from a variety of tissues and organs, such as the skeletal muscle, the adipose tissue, the liver, the adrenal glands, or the cardiac muscle. Overall, it seems plausible to hypothesize that, in humans, exercise secretes an endocrine cocktail that is likely to induce WAT browning, as it does in rodents. However, even if exercise elicits a pro-browning endocrine response, this might result in a negligible effect if blood flow is restricted in thermogenic adipocyte-rich areas during exercise, which is still to be determined. Future studies are needed to fully characterize the exercise-induced secretion (i.e., to determine the effect of the different exercise frequency, intensity, type, time, and volume) of endocrine signaling molecules that might modulate BAT activity and/or WAT browning or through which BAT communicates with other tissues, during exercise. The exercise effect on BAT metabolism and/or WAT browning could be one of the still unknown mechanisms by which exercise exerts beneficial health effects, and it might be pharmacologically mimicked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Technology Centre for Functional Food Research and Development (CIDAF), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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15
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Gonzalez-Gil AM, Elizondo-Montemayor L. The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1899. [PMID: 32604889 PMCID: PMC7353393 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body's response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Gonzalez-Gil
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico;
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Ave. Morones Prieto 300, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico
| | - Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico;
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Ave. Morones Prieto 300, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Cardiovascular and Metabolomics Research Group, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, San Pedro Garza Garcia P.C. 66278, Mexico
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16
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Stautemas J, Van Kuilenburg ABP, Stroomer L, Vaz F, Blancquaert L, Lefevere FBD, Everaert I, Derave W. Acute Aerobic Exercise Leads to Increased Plasma Levels of R- and S-β-Aminoisobutyric Acid in Humans. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1240. [PMID: 31611815 PMCID: PMC6773837 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was suggested that β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is a myokine involved in browning of fat. However, there is no evidence for an acute effect of exercise supporting this statement and the metabolic distinct enantiomers of BAIBA were not taken into account. Concerning these enantiomers, there is at this point no consensus about resting concentrations of plasma R- and S-BAIBA. Additionally, a polymorphism of the alanine - glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) gene (rs37369) is known to have a high impact on baseline levels of total BAIBA, but the effect on the enantiomers is unknown. Fifteen healthy recreationally active subjects, with different genotypes of rs37369, participated in a randomized crossover trial where they exercised for 1 h at 40% of Ppeak or remained at rest. Plasma samples were analyzed for R- and S-BAIBA using dual column HPLC-fluorescence. The plasma concentration of baseline R-BAIBA was 67 times higher compared to S-BAIBA (1734 ± 821 vs. 29.3 ± 7.8 nM). Exercise induced a 13 and 20% increase in R-BAIBA and S-BAIBA, respectively. The AGXT2 rs37369 genotype strongly affected baseline levels of R-BAIBA, but did not have an impact on baseline S-BAIBA. We demonstrate that BAIBA should not be treated as one molecule, given (1) the markedly uneven distribution of its enantiomers in human plasma favoring R-BAIBA, and (2) their different metabolic source, as evidenced by the AGXT2 polymorphism only affecting R-BAIBA. The proposed function in organ cross talk is supported by the current data and may apply to both enantiomers, but the tissue of origin remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stautemas
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - André B P Van Kuilenburg
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lida Stroomer
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fred Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Blancquaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip B D Lefevere
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Everaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Sawada M, Yamamoto H, Ogasahara A, Tanaka Y, Kihara S. β-aminoisobutyric acid protects against vascular inflammation through PGC-1β-induced antioxidative properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:963-968. [PMID: 31277947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Among various myocyte-derived bioactive molecules (myokines), β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is a unique myokine that attenuates skeletal muscle insulin resistance and inflammation, increases browning of white adipose tissue, and enhances hepatic fatty acid oxidation, resulting in upregulated energy expenditure of the whole body. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BAIBA on the vascular endothelial cell function. METHODS The mRNA levels of proinflammatory molecules, antioxidants, and their related transcription regulators were examined by quantitative RT-PCR in BAIBA-treated human aortic or umbilical vein endothelial cells (HAEC or HUVEC, respectively), with or without tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation. The protein expression and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS BAIBA pretreatment significantly suppressed the mRNA levels of the adhesion molecules in the TNF-α-stimulated HAEC and HUVEC. BAIBA treatment significantly increased the mRNA levels of antioxidant molecules, catalase, superoxide dismutases, thioredoxin, and gamma-glutamylcysteine ligases, together with mitochondrial biogenesis-related molecules, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A. In addition, BAIBA treatment significantly increased the transcription factors that regulated these genes [i.e., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ, PPAR-γ, estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1β]. Adenovirus-mediated PGC-1β overexpression significantly increased the mRNA levels of all antioxidant molecules. The phosphorylation levels of AMPK and eNOS were unaltered by BAIBA. CONCLUSIONS In vascular endothelial cells, BAIBA had antiatherogenic effects through the PGC-1β-ERRα/PPAR-δ and PPAR-γ pathway. This can explain the beneficial effects of exercise on vascular endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sawada
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ayako Ogasahara
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Haidar SA, de Vries NK, Karavetian M, Laviano A, Rached M. Association between β-amino-isobutyric acid (BAIBA) and cardiometabolic risk factors. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-190294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan A. Haidar
- Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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