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Scaggs SJA, Starseed SC, Kluckman M, Tueller S, Yu L. A state-wide analysis of characteristics and predictors of dual system involvement among child victims of human trafficking. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 147:106530. [PMID: 37979486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The child welfare system is pivotal in identifying and responding to child (younger than age 18) human trafficking victims. Children who have experienced human trafficking-or are at risk of victimization-are increasingly recognized as also being served in the juvenile justice system. Yet little is known about human trafficking victimization among children in the juvenile justice population or among children with child welfare and juvenile justice involvement. OBJECTIVE Building on previous research with child welfare-and juvenile justice-involved children, we investigated characteristics and system experiences among children who have experienced a human trafficking abuse allegation in Florida. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The overall study population included all children born on or after January 1, 1993, who had at least one DCF-documented maltreatment allegation before March 1, 2020. This study examined a total of 12,167 allegations in the first set of analyses and the first human trafficking allegation for each child (N = 9300) in the second set of analyses. METHODS Analyses are based on linked administrative data for a cohort of children involved with Florida's Departments of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) and/or Children and Families (DCF). We used descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses to document the characteristics of single and dual system-involved children and examine predictors of child welfare, juvenile justice, and dual system involvement. RESULTS (1) Nearly half of children with a human trafficking abuse allegation are involved in DCF at the time of the allegation, (2) females who experienced trafficking are more likely to be involved in DCF (with or without DJJ involvement) than involved in no system, (3) Black children with an alleged trafficking incident were more likely than White children to be involved in both systems compared with DCF only, and (4) children who experienced labor trafficking abuse allegations were less likely than those who experienced sex trafficking to be involved with either system. CONCLUSIONS This study depicts child victims of sex and labor trafficking who are involved with one or both systems in one state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J A Scaggs
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Stacey Cutbush Starseed
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Marianne Kluckman
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Stephen Tueller
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Lilly Yu
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Godoy SM, Perris GE, Thelwell M, Osuna-Garcia A, Barnert E, Bacharach A, Bath EP. A Systematic Review of Specialty Courts in the United States for Adolescents Impacted by Commercial Sexual Exploitation. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1344-1362. [PMID: 35001766 PMCID: PMC9262992 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nationwide efforts to enhance services for adolescents experiencing commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) in the judicial system have led to the emergence of specialty courts, including human trafficking and girls' courts. Given that prior research has documented competing stances on the effectiveness of specialty courts for CSE-impacted populations, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify key characteristics of programming, profiles of adolescents served, and effectiveness of these courts. To identify relevant research and information, we systematically searched scholarly databases and information sources, conducted reference harvesting, and forwarded citation chaining. Articles presenting primary data with quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methodologies or programmatic descriptions of specialty courts serving adolescents at risk or with confirmed histories of CSE that were published after 2004 were included. We identified 39 articles on 21 specialty courts serving adolescents at risk or with confirmed histories of CSE, including seven specialty courts with evaluation or outcome data. Across specialty courts, adolescents benefited from an increase in linkage to specialized services, improved residential placement stability, and reduction in recidivism-measured by new criminal charges. Specialty court participation was also associated with improved educational outcomes and decreased instances of running away. A lack of empirical data, specifically of evaluation studies, emerged as a weakness in the literature. Still, findings support that specialty courts can be an integral judicial system response to CSE. Multidisciplinary collaboration can help target and respond to the multifaceted needs of adolescents, encourage healthy behaviors, and promote their overall wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Godoy
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, 325 Pittsboro Street, Room 400-I, Chapel Hill, NC United States, 27599
| | - Georgia E. Perris
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90024
| | - Mikiko Thelwell
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90024
| | - Antonia Osuna-Garcia
- Health and Life Sciences Library, UCLA Science Libraries, 12-077 Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90095
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, UCLA Pediatrics, Box 951752, 12-467 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90095-1752
| | - Amy Bacharach
- Center for Families, Children, and the Courts, Judicial Council of California, 455 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102
| | - Eraka P. Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-228, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 90024
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3
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Perry EW, Osborne MC, Kinnish K, Lee N, Self-Brown SR. The PTSD Symptom Presentation and the Effect of Polytrauma on PTSD Symptom Clusters Among Young People Who Have Experienced Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:81-93. [PMID: 36776638 PMCID: PMC9908799 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the PTSD symptom presentation (including dissociative symptoms) of PTSD using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th Edition diagnostic criteria and explore associations between the symptom severity for each of the four PTSD symptom clusters and polytrauma, defined as multiple exposures to different categories of potentially traumatic events. Methods This is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional program evaluation data among 95 young people (aged 11-19) at therapy initiation in a southeastern state in the U.S. We used descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression to test study objectives. Results Eighty-one respondents (90.0%) experienced a potentially traumatic event in ≥ 2 trauma categories, in addition to experiencing CSE/T. Approximately two-thirds of respondents experienced clinically significant PTSD symptoms for each symptom cluster. Of the 31 young people who met full criteria for PTSD, 9 met criteria for the standard PTSD diagnosis, while 22 met criteria for the dissociative subtype of PTSD. On average, experiencing additional trauma categories was associated with substantively higher PTSD symptom cluster scores for each cluster. Conclusions These findings support the need for a comprehensive assessment of trauma symptoms that includes cluster-specific PTSD symptoms. They also underscore the need to assess the full breadth and chronicity of trauma experiences to guide treatment planning and delivery, targeting specific domains of trauma impact. These findings can also inform the tailoring and adaptation of evidence-based interventions and strategies to better meet the needs of young people who have experienced CSE/T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Perry
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- National SafeCare Training and Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Center for Research of Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Melissa C. Osborne
- Center for Research of Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kelly Kinnish
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- National Center On Child Trafficking, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - NaeHyung Lee
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Shannon R. Self-Brown
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- National SafeCare Training and Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Center for Research of Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- National Center On Child Trafficking, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
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4
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Koegler E, Wood CA, Johnson SD, Bahlinger L. Service providers' perspectives on substance use and treatment needs among human trafficking survivors. J Subst Abuse Treat 2022; 143:108897. [PMID: 36215910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding substance use and treatment needs for survivors of human trafficking remains an underdeveloped area in the field of substance use treatment. This study assessed the nature of substance use among survivors of all types of human trafficking and identified treatment barriers and needs, as reported by human trafficking service providers in one Midwest major metropolitan area. METHODS Participants were purposively selected from agencies that served foreign-born and domestic-born survivors of human trafficking. The study interviewed fifteen key informants across 13 agencies directly serving survivors of trafficking. RESULTS Providers highlighted frequent use of alcohol and marijuana, as well as polysubstance use. They noted survivors' significant use of opioids, associated concerns regarding fentanyl-related deaths, and increased frequency of stimulant use. Barriers for addressing substance use problems with survivors included low self-perceptions of need, lack of available residential or inpatient treatment options, and prioritizing basic needs such as housing over substance use treatment. CONCLUSIONS Results underscore how broader trends in substance use and overdose in a region can mirror substance use patterns and treatment needs of human trafficking survivors. Further, a need exists for broader substance use screening and low-barrier referral services to address emergent needs of survivors of trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Koegler
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, United States of America.
| | - Claire A Wood
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, United States of America.
| | - Sharon D Johnson
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, United States of America.
| | - Lilly Bahlinger
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, United States of America.
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5
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Dierkhising CB, Eastman AL, Walker Brown K. Examining Housing Instability Among Females Who Are System-Involved: Comparing Females With and Without Histories of Commercial Sexual Exploitation. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:637-646. [PMID: 34979815 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211039463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Females involved in child welfare (CW) or juvenile justice (JJ) systems are at-risk for commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). This study used administrative data from CW and JJ agencies in Los Angeles County to examine out-of-home care experiences and identify the types of homes that were associated with housing instability for females who experienced CSE. Demographic and case characteristics of females with a history of CSE and a matched sample without a reported history of CSE were compared using χ2 analyses and t-tests. Females with a history of CSE experienced significantly more housing instability compared to their matched counterparts. Housing instability was associated with leaving care without permission (LCWOP), and females were most likely to move because of LCWOP from group homes. These findings highlight the extremely unstable living situations for females with histories of CSE. Recommendations align with new federal policy, which aims to reduce reliance on group homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly B Dierkhising
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics, 14669California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L Eastman
- Children's Data Network, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 5116University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kate Walker Brown
- Collaborative Responses to Commercial Sexual Exploitation Initiative, 465216National Center for Youth Law, Oakland, CA, USA
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6
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Fraley HE, Subedi G. Confusing Terms: A Concept Analysis of Naming Youth Trafficking. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2022; 18:174-184. [PMID: 35293359 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human trafficking is a growing population health problem. More than half of all persons experiencing trafficking are youth, with many in the United States unrecognized despite experiencing exploitation. Available peer-reviewed articles report a myriad of descriptions of trafficking, yet the concept and operational definition of youth trafficking, specifically, is lacking and unclear. Youth trafficking is described differently across multidisciplinary researchers and clinicians working with trafficked youth. Furthermore, labor trafficking of youth is largely excluded from the conversation surrounding trafficking. This article presents a concept analysis of naming trafficking of persons under the age of 18 years to clarify the concept specific to youth experiencing all forms of trafficking and approaches professionals can take with this specific subpopulation of trafficked persons and survivors.
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7
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Cook MC, Le PD, García JJ. Addressing Racism in the Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking of Black Girls: The Role of Public Health Critical Race Praxis. Public Health Rep 2022; 137:10S-16S. [PMID: 35775910 PMCID: PMC9257485 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211058735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mekeila C Cook
- Division of Public Health Practice, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - PhuongThao D Le
- New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Perry EW, Osborne MC, Lee N, Kinnish K, Self-Brown SR. Posttraumatic Cognitions and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Young People Who Have Experienced Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking. Public Health Rep 2022; 137:91S-101S. [PMID: 35775917 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211041552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of posttraumatic cognitions on the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) is understudied among children and adolescents who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation/trafficking (CSE/T). The objectives of this study were to (1) explore posttraumatic cognitions among help-seeking young people aged 11-19 who have experienced CSE/T; (2) determine whether experiencing direct violence, witnessing violence, polyvictimization (ie, multiple exposures to different categories of potentially traumatic events), or demographic characteristics differentially affect whether these young people meet clinical criteria for posttraumatic cognitions using established cutoffs; and (3) explore associations between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSS among young people who have experienced CSE/T. METHODS This study is a secondary analysis of a baseline cross-sectional survey of 110 young people with substantiated CSE/T experiences who started trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (mean [SD] age = 15.8 [1.5]) from August 1, 2013, through March 31, 2020, in a southeastern US state. We used descriptive statistics, adjusted modified Poisson regression, and adjusted linear regression to test study objectives. RESULTS Fifty-seven of 110 (51.8%) young people aged 11-19 met clinical criteria for posttraumatic cognitions. Increased age and a greater number of trauma categories experienced were significantly associated with meeting clinical criteria for posttraumatic cognitions. On average, higher posttraumatic cognition scores were associated with higher PTSS scores, controlling for demographic characteristics (β = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.64-1.26). CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of assessing comprehensive trauma history and PTSS of young people who have experienced CSE/T, with added usefulness of measuring cognitive appraisals to inform a therapeutic treatment plan. Measuring cognitive appraisals that may influence PTSS and therapeutic success can ensure an effective public health response for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Perry
- 1373 School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,1373 Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,1373 Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa C Osborne
- 1373 Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,1373 Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - NaeHyung Lee
- 1373 School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,1373 Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,1373 Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Shannon R Self-Brown
- 1373 School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,1373 Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,1373 Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Self-Brown SR, Osborne MC, Lee N, Perry EW, Kinnish K. Exploring the Impact of Trauma History on the Mental Health Presentations of Youth who have Experienced Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking. Behav Med 2022; 48:261-272. [PMID: 33689585 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2020.1865255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the types and extent of potentially traumatic events that youth who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking (CSE/T) report, and how these experiences influence mental health. CSE/T youth (N = 110, 11-19 years old) referred to Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral therapists affiliated with Project Intersect provided self-report data between August 2013 and March 2020 at the start (baseline), mid-point, and completion of therapeutic services. This study focuses on the baseline data collected. Bivariate relationships were analyzed, and where bivariate associations were statistically significant, associations were assessed in adjusted regression models. Two logistic regressions were performed: one for the adjusted associations between types of potentially traumatic events reported by CSE/T youth and the outcome PTSD, and a second for the outcome emotional distress. Results indicated that polytrauma was significantly associated with PTSD diagnosis among CSE/T youth. Direct violence victimization and polytrauma were significantly associated with CSE/T youth emotional distress. Results inform behavioral medicine practitioner considerations for how to appropriately assess the potentially traumatic experiences of CSE/T youth, and how these experiences may differentially impact the mental health presentations of youth in clinical treatment. Effective treatment may include precision-based customization of evidence-based practices to ensure that the diverse traumatic experiences and related symptomatology of CSE/T youth are effectively addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa C Osborne
- Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University
| | - NaeHyung Lee
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University
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Corona Maioli S, Bhabha J, Wickramage K, Wood LCN, Erragne L, Ortega García O, Burgess R, Digidiki V, Aldridge RW, Devakumar D. International migration of unaccompanied minors: trends, health risks, and legal protection. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:882-895. [PMID: 34416189 PMCID: PMC7615140 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The global population of unaccompanied minors-children and adolescents younger than 18 years who migrate without their legal guardians-is increasing. However, as data are not systematically collected in any region, if collected at all, little is known about this diverse group of young people. Compared with adult migrants, unaccompanied minors are at greater risk of harm to their health and integrity because they do not have the protection provided by a family, which can affect their short-term and long-term health. This Review summarises evidence regarding the international migration and health of unaccompanied minors. Unaccompanied minors are entitled to protection that should follow their best interests as a primary consideration; however, detention, sometimes under the guise of protection, is a widespread practice. If these minors are provided with appropriate forms of protection, including health and psychosocial care, they can thrive and have good long-term outcomes. Instead, hostile immigration practices persist, which are not in the best interests of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Bhabha
- Harvard FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kolitha Wickramage
- Migration Health Division, Global Migration Health Research and Epidemiology Unit, International Organization for Migration, Manila, Philippines
| | - Laura C N Wood
- Centre for Child & Family Justice Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vasileia Digidiki
- Harvard FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Using School-Based Health Programs to Prevent Human Trafficking: The Mount Sinai Experience. Ann Glob Health 2021; 87:47. [PMID: 34164260 PMCID: PMC8195123 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes how school-based health centers can serve as human trafficking prevention sites. Setting School-based health centers are available to all students attending a school and are often located in schools whose students have risk factors associated with human trafficking: those with a history of running away from home; unstable housing or homelessness; a history of childhood maltreatment or substance use; LGBTQ-identification; physical or developmental disabilities, including students who have Individualized Education Programs and need special education; gang involvement; and/or a history of involvement in child welfare or the juvenile justice system. The Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center provides a model of the types of service school clinics can offer, including integrated medical, sexual, and reproductive health, health education, and behavioral and mental health. Activities Identifying young people with risk factors and addressing those factors in our clinics in a timely way can disrupt the progression to human trafficking. In addition, if young people who are trafficked are attending schools that have a clinic, their health needs, such as care for sexually transmitted infections and mental health issues, can be addressed on-site. Lastly, some people go to school to recruit students for human trafficking. By raising awareness and addressing human trafficking in the school, students can become aware of this issue and perhaps gain the ability to ask for help if they are approached or know of other students being recruited by a trafficker. Implications The location of easily-accessible, adolescent-friendly, trafficking-aware services in schools can prevent, identify and intervene in human trafficking.
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Folk JB, Ramos LM, Bath EP, Rosen B, Marshall BD, Kemp K, Brown L, Conrad S, Tolou-Shams M. The prospective impact of adverse childhood experiences on justice-involved youth's psychiatric symptoms and substance use. J Consult Clin Psychol 2021; 89:483-498. [PMID: 34264697 PMCID: PMC8754104 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Justice-involved youth report high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; abuse, neglect, household dysfunction) and are at high risk for elevated behavioral health needs (i.e., substance use, psychiatric symptoms). Research with broad samples of adolescents shows ACEs predict behavioral health outcomes, yet most research on the impact of ACEs among justice-involved youth focuses on recidivism. The present study addresses this gap by examining the prospective association between ACEs and psychiatric symptoms, substance use, and substance-related problems (i.e., consequences of use) among first-time justice-involved youth. METHOD First-time justice-involved youth (n = 271; 54.3% male; M age = 14.5 years; 43.5% Latinx; non-Latinx: 34.2% White, 8.6% Black, 7.1% Other, 6.7% Multiracial) and their caregivers were assessed at youth's first court contact and 4- and 12-month follow-ups. Youth and caregivers reported youth's exposure to ACEs through a series of instruments at baseline and 4-months (e.g., Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short-Form; Traumatic Life Events Inventory). Primary outcomes included youth alcohol and cannabis use (Adolescent Risk Behavior Assessment), consequences of use (Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire; Brief Marijuana Consequences Scale), and psychiatric symptoms (Behavior Assessment System for Children; National Stressful Events Survey PTSD Short Scale). RESULTS Youth were exposed to three ACEs, on average, prior to first justice contact (M = 3). Exposure to more ACEs, particularly abuse, predicted substance use and psychiatric outcomes. Gender differences emerged for cannabis use and internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Implications for trauma-responsive juvenile justice reform are discussed, including screening for ACEs and their sequelae at first court contact and considering the role of masculine norms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B. Folk
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Lili M.C. Ramos
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Eraka P. Bath
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 150 UCLA, Medical Plaza Driveway, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Brooke Rosen
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Brandon D.L. Marshall
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, School of Public Health, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Larry Brown
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Selby Conrad
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
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13
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Cook MC, Talbert RD, Thomas B. A longitudinal study of justice characteristics among girls participating in a sex trafficking court program. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2021; 9:1. [PMID: 33404788 PMCID: PMC7789193 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-020-00127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex trafficking is a public health and social justice issue that has traditionally been addressed with criminal justice solutions. Because many sex trafficking survivors are incarcerated for crimes related to their exploitation, specialty, human trafficking courts were developed to offer resources and assistance to labor and sex trafficking survivors. This study assessed justice-involved youth participating in a specialty, anti-trafficking court program. The purpose of this study was to investigate justice-related outcomes of participants in a specialty court program. We examined: (1) the relationship between age at first citation and justice characteristics (number of bench warrants, number of citations, number placements, and number of times ran away); and (2) the number of months between first citation and enrollment into the program with the aforementioned justice characteristics. We used negative binomial models to estimate the relationships between age at first citation, number of months between first citation and program enrollment, with the four justice characteristics (n = 181). RESULTS Adjusted models showed that younger age at first citation was associated with significantly more bench warrants and citations while in the program. Likewise, fewer months between first citation and program entry was related to more bench warrants and citations. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to evaluate the appropriateness of specialty, trafficking court programs in reducing continued justice involvement and these programs ability to meet the evolving needs of sex trafficking survivors over time. We recommend universal screening for trafficking indicators for all systems-involved youth and relocating trafficking specialty courts out of juvenile courts to dependency courts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekeila C Cook
- Division of Public Health Practice, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
| | - Ryan D Talbert
- Department of Sociology, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT, USA
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Perry EW, Culbreth R, Swahn M, Kasirye R, Self-Brown S. Psychological Distress Among Orphaned Youth and Youth Reporting Sexual Exploitation in Kampala, Uganda. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2020; 119:105587. [PMID: 33363296 PMCID: PMC7755130 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Psychological distress is a priority health issue in low- and middle-income countries; however, it is inadequately addressed among vulnerable youth living in extremely underserved communities (i.e., on the streets and in the slums) who are at a high risk of experiencing adversity. The purpose of this study was to compute the prevalence of self-reported psychological distress among youth living in the slums of Kampala, Uganda, and examine how orphan status and commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) are related to youth psychological distress. Analyses are based on a 2014 cross-sectional survey of service-seeking youth (N = 1134) in Kampala, Uganda. Bivariate and multivariable multinomial regression analyses were used to determine associations between orphan status, sexual exploitation, and psychological distress (defined as experiencing the following proxy variables for more complex psychopathology: hopelessness and/or worry). Among all youth participants, 83.2% (n = 937) reported at least one type of psychological distress; 51.3% (n = 578) reported experiencing both types. The reported prevalence of any type of psychological distress was highest among youth who reported experiencing sexual exploitation (91.2%), double orphans (90.0%), and single orphans (83.8%); however, a high prevalence (76.7%) of any type of distress was also found among youth who reported both parents alive. Experiencing both types of distress was associated with being a double orphan (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.77, 4.81]), reporting CSE (AOR = 2.71, 95% CI = [1.67, 4.41]), and increased age (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI = [1.20, 1.44]). Psychological distress is prevalent among all youth living in the slums of Kampala and is independently associated with being a double orphan and experiencing CSE. These findings underscore the urgent need to intervene with all youth who reside in this particular underserved community, especially those who have lost both parents, and to prevent CSE among this vulnerable, underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Culbreth
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Swahn
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Yaklin S, Rolin D. Recognizing the Risk Factors, Signs, and Symptoms of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in Mental Health Clinical Practice. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2020; 58:21-28. [PMID: 33119118 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20201013-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current article is to educate psychiatric providers on domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST). Psychiatric providers (e.g., psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners, psychiatrists, physician assistants, therapists, case managers) interact with victims of sex trafficking but may fail to recognize the signs of victimization and the risk factors associated with becoming a victim of DMST. This educational article offers an overview of the definitions of sex trafficking, and the risk factors, prevalence, and health consequences of DMST. It also summarizes what is known about how those at-risk for DMST and DMST victims interact with the mental health care system. Mental health professionals provide a crucial point of contact with these populations and must strive to prevent, identify, and respond to DMST and at-risk youths. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58(11), 21-28.].
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16
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Couture S, Lanctôt N, Parent G, Lemieux S, Lemieux A. Consequences associated with the use of psychoactive substances among female adolescents placed in residential care: the role of sexual exploitation. Women Health 2020; 60:1052-1062. [PMID: 32654661 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1789262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sexual exploitation is a major burden among female adolescents placed in residential care centers. Moreover, problematic psychoactive substance use is a concern because of its prevalence and various associated consequences. However, little is known about the consequences resulting specifically from the use of psychoactive substances among sexually exploited female adolescents. This study explored the association between sexual exploitation and the various consequences associated with substance use among adolescent female (15.3-17.1 years old) living in Quebec's residential care centers during 2008-2009. To better understand this association, 83 sexually exploited female adolescents and 66 non-sexually exploited female adolescents responded to self-reported questionnaires. As expected, even controlling for age of onset and frequency of substance use, an ANCOVA showed that sexually exploited female adolescents experience more consequences associated with their use of psychoactive substances (F (4, 148) = 24.79, p <.001, d = 0.83). The associations between sexual exploitation and the consequences of psychoactive substance use were particularly strong for risk-taking (OR = 7.99; p <.001) and delinquency (OR = 4.27; p <.001). Such results highlight the importance of not dissociating the use of psychoactive substances from sexual exploitation when working with female adolescents in rehabilitation centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Couture
- Institut Universitaire Jeunes En Difficulté, School of Criminology, Université De Montréal , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadine Lanctôt
- Canada Research Chair in Rehabilitation of Vulnerable Young Women; Department of Psychoeducation, Université De Sherbrooke , Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Parent
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université Du Québec En Outaouais , Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Lemieux
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université De Sherbrooke , Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Lemieux
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université De Sherbrooke , Quebec, Canada
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17
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Godoy SM, Abrams LS, Barnert ES, Kelly MA, Bath EP. Fierce Autonomy: How Girls and Young Women Impacted by Commercial Sexual Exploitation Perceive Health and Exercise Agency in Health Care Decision-Making. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:1326-1337. [PMID: 32285750 PMCID: PMC8262511 DOI: 10.1177/1049732320913857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has examined the high health care needs and vulnerabilities faced by survivors of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), yet their perspectives are frequently absent. We sought to understand the narratives and views of individuals affected by CSE on their bodies, health, and motivations to seek health care treatment. Twenty-one girls and young women ages 15 to 19 years with self-identified histories of CSE participated in the study. All participants had current or prior involvement in the juvenile justice and/or child welfare systems. Data collection included brief questionnaires, followed by semi-structured individual interviews. The interviews took place between March and July 2017 and were analyzed using iterative and inductive techniques, using the shared decision-making model as a guide. "Fierce Autonomy" emerged as a core theme, depicting how past traumas and absence of control led the girls and young women to exercise agency and reclaim autonomy over decisions affecting their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Godoy
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura S. Abrams
- UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Barnert
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Pediatrics, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mikaela A. Kelly
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eraka P. Bath
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Bath E, Barnert E, Godoy S, Hammond I, Mondals S, Farabee D, Grella C. Substance Use, Mental Health, and Child Welfare Profiles of Juvenile Justice-Involved Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:389-397. [PMID: 32213099 PMCID: PMC7409582 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To describe the substance use profiles of youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) and explore associations between substance use with mental health diagnoses and child welfare involvement. Methods: Data were systematically extracted from the court files of 364 youth who participated between 2012 and 2016 in Los Angeles County's Succeeding Through Achievement and Resilience (STAR) Court, a juvenile delinquency specialty court for youth impacted by CSE. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to quantify associations between youths' substance use with mental health diagnoses and child welfare involvement. Results: Of the 364 youth impacted by CSE involved in the STAR Court, 265 youth had documented contact with a psychiatrist while in court-of whom, 73% were diagnosed with at least one mental health challenge. Before STAR Court participation, 74% of youth were the subject of one or more child welfare referral; of these youth, 75% had prior out-of-home care. Eighty-eight percent of youth reported substance use, the most prevalent illicit substances were marijuana (87%), alcohol (54%), and methamphetamine (33%). Controlling for age and race, youth impacted by CSE with a diagnosed general mood disorder had more than five times the odds of reporting substance use compared with those without a mood disorder diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 5.80; 95% confidence interval CI: 2.22-18.52; p < 0.001); and youth impacted by CSE with prior child welfare placements had more than two times the odds of reporting substance use (AOR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.04-4.86; p = 0.039) compared with youth without prior placements. The association between substance use and general mood disorder was significant and positive for all substance use types (AOR = 3.3, p = 0.033 marijuana; AOR = 4.01, p = 0.011 concurrent alcohol and marijuana; AOR = 9.2, p < 0.001, polysubstance use). Conclusions: High prevalence of substance use among juvenile justice-involved youth impacted by CSE combined with strong associations between substance use with both mental health diagnoses and child welfare system history underscores the need for comprehensive, specialized substance use treatment. Findings suggest an important opportunity for multidisciplinary collaboration among mental health providers, child welfare professionals, juvenile justice practitioners, and other care providers for these youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Godoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ivy Hammond
- School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sangeeta Mondals
- Research Data Analyst, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Farabee
- Department of Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Grella
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Einbond J, Diaz A, Cossette A, Scriven R, Blaustein S, Arden MR. Human Trafficking in Adolescents: Adopting a Youth-centered Approach to Identification and Services. Prim Care 2020; 47:307-319. [PMID: 32423716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes core design features of a youth-centered approach to care that 2 organizations-Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center and Covenant House New Jersey-use to serve clients in nontraditional primary care settings and subsequently illustrates the ways in which this approach succeeds at identifying and serving youth who have experienced human trafficking. Primary care providers are uniquely positioned to connect adolescent human trafficking survivors to existing protection and treatment resources. The primary care community can adapt these interventions for adolescent patients who have experienced human trafficking and become key personnel on the frontline of recovery and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Einbond
- Covenant House New Jersey, 330 Washington Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Angela Diaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center (MSAHC), 320 East 94th Street, New York, NY 10128, USA
| | | | - Rosalyn Scriven
- Covenant House New Jersey, 330 Washington Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Silvia Blaustein
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center (MSAHC), 320 East 94th Street, New York, NY 10128, USA
| | - Martha R Arden
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center (MSAHC), 320 East 94th Street, New York, NY 10128, USA
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20
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Barnert ES, Godoy SM, Hammond I, Kelly MA, Thompson LR, Mondal S, Bath EP. Pregnancy Outcomes Among Girls Impacted by Commercial Sexual Exploitation. Acad Pediatr 2020; 20:455-459. [PMID: 31841662 PMCID: PMC7200271 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We measured pregnancy rates and pregnancy outcomes among girls with histories of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), and then quantified the associations between the outcome of pregnancy with: a) girls' exposure to childhood adversity, and b) their behavioral health. This is the largest study of pregnancy outcomes and associated factors among girls impacted by CSE in the United States. METHODS We reviewed court files of participants in a juvenile specialty court for youth impacted by CSE, between 2012 and 2016. We collected data on pregnancy, health, and social factors. Data were updated through 2018 and descriptive statistics were calculated. Two-sample tests for equality of proportions explored associations between pregnancy with adverse childhood experiences and the girls' behavioral health profiles. RESULTS Among the 360 biological females, 31% had ever been pregnant. Of the girls ever pregnant, 18% had multiple pregnancies. Outcomes for the 130 reported pregnancies were: 76% live births; 13% therapeutic abortions; 5% miscarriages or stillbirths; and 6% of pregnancies were ongoing at case closure. Parental incarceration and histories of maternal substance abuse were both associated with pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS High pregnancy rates among girls with histories of CSE suggest the importance of applying a reproductive justice approach to deliver reproductive education, family planning services, prenatal care, and parenting support to girls impacted by CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif (ES Barnert).
| | - Sarah M Godoy
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (SM Godoy)
| | - Ivy Hammond
- UC Berkeley, School of Social Welfare, Berkeley, Calif (I Hammond)
| | - Mikaela A Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (MA Kelly)
| | - Lindsey R Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif (LR Thompson)
| | - Sangeeta Mondal
- Stanford University, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (S Mondal)
| | - Eraka P Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, Los Angeles, Calif (EP Bath)
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21
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Hammond I, Godoy S, Kelly M, Bath E. A transgender girl’s experience: sexual exploitation and systems involvement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HEALTHCARE 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/ijhrh-07-2019-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe available research on specialized interventions for youth experiencing commercial sexual exploitation almost exclusively focuses on the impact and efficacy related to cisgender girls, despite the inclusion of youth who identify as transgender in these programs. This paper aims to present a case study on the experience of a transgender adolescent girl who experienced commercial sexual exploitation and provides a narrative of the multifarious challenges she faced while involved in institutional systems of care.Design/methodology/approachThis paper conducted an in-depth case review of all records on “Jade,” a white adolescent transgender girl who experienced commercial sexual exploitation, from a specialty court program in the juvenile justice system between 2012 and 2016. Her experiences throughout childhood exemplify many of the unique challenges that transgender girls and young women with histories of exploitation or trafficking may encounter within service delivery and socioecological systems. This paper applied concepts adapted from the gender minority stress theoretical model to understand how minority gender identity can shape the experiences and outcomes of the youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation.FindingsJade’s narrative underscores the interplay of gender-based sexual violence, heteronormative structural barriers, transphobia and their intersectional impact on her experience while receiving specialized care. The intersectional hardships she experienced likely contributed to adverse biopsychosocial outcomes, including high rates of medical and behavioral health diagnoses and expectations of further rejection.Originality/valueThis paper highlights the extraordinary challenges and barriers faced by an often under-recognized and overlooked subset of the youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation, who may receive services that do not account for their unique needs related to gender expression and identity. This paper exemplifies how internalized stigma along with expectations of further rejection and victimization have implications for clinical and multidisciplinary intervention settings. Jade’s case underscores the need for improved access to supportive services for youth with minority gender identities, including peer community-building opportunities. Finally, this paper identifies a critical gap in US legislation and social policy. This gap contributes to the structural harms faced by transgender and gender-nonconforming youth receiving services during or following experiences of commercial sexual exploitation.
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22
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Diaz A, Arden M, Blaustein S, Nucci-Sack A, Sanders L, Steever J. Featured counter trafficking program: Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 100:104129. [PMID: 31431302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This invited article is one of several comprising part of a special issue of Child Abuse and Neglect focused on child trafficking and health. The purpose of each invited article is to describe a specific program serving trafficked children. Featuring these programs is intended to raise awareness of innovative counter-trafficking strategies emerging worldwide and facilitate collaboration on program development and outcomes research. This article describes the Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, a US-based health system dedicated to serving adolescents, some of whom are survivors of sex trafficking or at risk for sexual exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Diaz
- Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, United States.
| | - Martha Arden
- Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, United States
| | | | | | | | - John Steever
- Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, United States
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23
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Bath EP, Godoy SM, Morris TC, Hammond I, Mondal S, Goitom S, Farabee D, Barnert ES. A specialty court for U.S. youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 100:104041. [PMID: 31239076 PMCID: PMC6925648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialty courts have emerged as a model of care for U.S. youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) to ensure comprehensive service provision. However, there is a lack of published research that documents the extent to which these programs achieve this goal. OBJECTIVE We sought to understand a specialty juvenile justice court's role in identifying mental health and substance use treatment needs, providing linkages to services, and facilitating stability for youth with histories of CSE. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We conducted an exhaustive court file review of the 364 participants in a U.S. based juvenile delinquency specialty court for youth affected by CSE. The observation period spanned 2012-2017. METHODS The research team systematically transferred data from court files into a secure, electronic database. Descriptive statistics and Chisquared tests were calculated to explore potential associations. RESULTS Participation in the specialty court for youth impacted by CSE suggests an increase in identification of mental health and substance use needs and linkages and referrals to mental health and substance use treatment services. In addition, there was increased stabilization as indicated by decreased substantiated child welfare allegations, fewer running away episodes, and placements and criminal involvement. CONCLUSIONS Specialty courts that incorporate a multidisciplinary, trauma-informed approach offer a promising intervention model for meeting the high treatment needs of youth impacted by CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraka P Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-228, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | - Sarah M Godoy
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | - Taylor C Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | - Ivy Hammond
- School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley, 120 Haviland Hall #7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.
| | - Sangeeta Mondal
- Stanford School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
| | - Saron Goitom
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | - David Farabee
- Department of Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, 180 Madison Ave, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Elizabeth S Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA Pediatrics, Box 951752, 12-467 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 United States.
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24
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Human Trafficking of Children: Nurse Practitioner Knowledge, Beliefs, and Experience Supporting the Development of a Practice Guideline: Part One. J Pediatr Health Care 2019; 33:603-611. [PMID: 31277984 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to 87% of trafficking victims encounter a health care provider while being trafficked but are not recognized as victims. Most health care providers receive little or no training, and awareness remains low. To describe the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of pediatric advanced practice registered nurses about human trafficking. METHOD A survey of the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners membership (n = 8,647) before the intervention measured knowledge, beliefs, and experience regarding child trafficking. An awareness campaign was implemented with continuing education, national media presence, Train the Trainer programs, and creation of a nonprofit organization to direct strategic initiatives. RESULTS Overall, 799 (9%) NAPNAP members completed the survey. Although 87% believed it possible that they might encounter a victim of trafficking in their practice, 35% were unsure if they had provided care for a victim. Only 24% reported confidence in their ability to identify a child at risk for trafficking. DISCUSSION These survey findings indicate the need for clinical practice guidelines to identify potential and actual victims of human trafficking. Pediatric advanced practice registered nurses are ideally equipped and situated to intervene on behalf of vulnerable children with health disparities in a myriad of care settings, advocating for prevention and optimization of equitable health outcomes.
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