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Saticioglu IB, Ay H, Altun S, Ajmi N, Gunduz ES, Gocmen H, Duman M. Comprehensive genome analysis of five novel flavobacteria: Flavobacterium piscisymbiosum sp. nov., Flavobacterium pisciphilum sp. nov., Flavobacterium flavipigmentatum sp. nov., Flavobacterium lipolyticum sp. nov. and Flavobacterium cupriresistens sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2024; 47:126518. [PMID: 38761464 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2024.126518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Eight isolates were obtained through a study on culture-dependent bacteria from fish farms and identified as members of the genus Flavobacterium based on pairwise analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The highest pairwise identity values were calculated as 98.8 % for strain F-30 T and Flavobacterium bizetiae, 99.0 % for strain F-65 T and Flavobacterium branchiarum, 98.7 % for strain F-126 T and Flavobacterium tructae, 98.2 % for strain F-323 T and Flavobacterium cupreum while 99.7 % identity level was detected for strain F-70 T and Flavobacterium geliluteum. In addition, strains F-33, Fl-77, and F-70 T shared 100 % identical 16S rRNA genes, while strains F-323 T and Fl-318 showed 99.9 % identity. A polyphasic approach including comparative analysis of whole-genome data was employed to ascertain the taxonomic provenance of the strains. In addition to the morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the strains, the overall genome-relatedness indices of dDDH and ANI below the established thresholds confirmed the classification of the strains as five novel species within the genus Flavobacterium. The comprehensive genome analyses of the strains were also conducted to determine the biosynthetic gene clusters, virulence features and ecological distribution patterns. Based on the polyphasic characterisations, including comparative genome analyses, it is concluded that strains F-30 T, F-65 T, F-70 T, F126T and F-323 T represent five novel species within the genus Flavobacterium for which Flavobacterium piscisymbiosum sp. nov. F-30 T (=JCM 34194 T = KCTC 82254 T), Flavobacterium pisciphilum sp. nov. F-65 T (=JCM 34197 T = KCTC 82257 T), Flavobacterium flavipigmentatum sp. nov. F-70 T (Fl-33 = Fl-77 = JCM 34198 T = KCTC 82258 T), Flavobacterium lipolyticum sp. nov. F-126 T (JCM 34199 T = KCTC 82259 T) and Flavobacterium cupriresistens sp. nov. F-323 T (Fl-318 = JCM 34200 T = KCTC 82260 T), are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzet Burcin Saticioglu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, 16059, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Ay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, 34220, Turkey
| | - Soner Altun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, 16059, Turkey
| | - Nihed Ajmi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, 16059, Turkey
| | - Enes Said Gunduz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Huban Gocmen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Duman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, 16059, Turkey
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Chen S, Loch TP, Walker ED. Draft genome sequence of the emerging fish pathogen Flavobacterium tructae strain S12. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0048823. [PMID: 37921484 PMCID: PMC10720513 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00488-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The draft genome of Flavobacterium tructae strain S12, isolated from hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fingerlings, consisted of 5,695,942 bp, a G + C content of 35.6%, 4,775 predicted open reading frames, a putative type IX secretion system, collagenase, and hemolysin. F. tructae strains can be used as models for emerging Flavobacterium pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Chen
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Edward D. Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Heckman TI, Yazdi Z, Pomaranski EK, Sebastião FDA, Mukkatira K, Vuglar BM, Cain KD, Loch TP, Soto E. Atypical flavobacteria recovered from diseased fish in the Western United States. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1149032. [PMID: 37153143 PMCID: PMC10161732 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1149032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterial diseases, caused by bacteria in the order Flavobacteriales, are responsible for devastating losses in farmed and wild fish populations worldwide. The genera Flavobacterium (Family Flavobacteriaceae) and Chryseobacterium (Weeksellaceae) encompass the most well-known agents of fish disease in the order, but the full extent of piscine-pathogenic species within these diverse groups is unresolved, and likely underappreciated. To identify emerging agents of flavobacterial disease in US aquaculture, 183 presumptive Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium isolates were collected from clinically affected fish representing 19 host types, from across six western states. Isolates were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using the gyrB gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were compared between representatives from each major phylogenetic clade. Of the isolates, 52 were identified as Chryseobacterium species and 131 as Flavobacterium. The majority of Chryseobacterium isolates fell into six clades (A-F) consisting of ≥ 5 fish isolates with ≥ 70% bootstrap support, and Flavobacterium into nine (A-I). Phylogenetic clades showed distinct patterns in antimicrobial susceptibility. Two Chryseobacterium clades (F & G), and four Flavobacterium clades (B, G-I) had comparably high minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 11/18 antimicrobials tested. Multiple clades in both genera exhibited MICs surpassing the established F. psychrophilum breakpoints for oxytetracycline and florfenicol, indicating potential resistance to two of the three antimicrobials approved for use in finfish aquaculture. Further work to investigate the virulence and antigenic diversity of these genetic groups will improve our understanding of flavobacterial disease, with applications for treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I. Heckman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eric K. Pomaranski
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Fernanda de Alexandre Sebastião
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Fisheries, Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Kaveramma Mukkatira
- Fish Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, United States
| | - Brent M. Vuglar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Esteban Soto,
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Integrated Transcriptome and 16S rDNA Analyses Reveal That Transport Stress Induces Oxidative Stress and Immune and Metabolic Disorders in the Intestine of Hybrid Yellow Catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × Pseudobagrus vachellii♂). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091737. [PMID: 36139809 PMCID: PMC9496016 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Live fish are often transported in aquaculture. To explore the effects of transport stress, hybrid yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × Pseudobagrus vachellii♂) were subjected to simulated transport treatments (0–16 h) with 96 h of recovery after the 16-h transport treatment, and intestinal biochemical parameters, the transcriptome, and gut microbiota were analyzed. Transportation affected the number of mucus cells and led to oxidative stress in the intestine, which activated immune responses. Changes in lipid metabolism reflected metabolic adaptation to oxidative stress. Toll-like receptor signaling, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling, and steroid biosynthesis pathways were involved in the transport stress response. Gene expression analyses indicated that transport-induced local immune damage was reversible, whereas disordered metabolism recovered more slowly. A 16S rDNA analysis revealed that transport stress decreased the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota and disrupted its homeostasis. The dominant phyla (Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes) and genera (Cetobacterium, Barnesiellaceae) were involved in the antioxidant, immune, and metabolic responses of the host to transportation stress. Correlation analyses suggested that gut microbes participate in the transport stress response and the host–microbiota interaction may trigger multiple events in antioxidant, immune, and metabolic pathways. Our results will be useful for optimizing transport processes.
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Knupp C, Faisal M, Wiens GD, Brenden TO, Loch TP. In Vivo Experiments Provide Evidence That Flavobacterium psychrophilum Strains Belonging to Multilocus Sequence Typing Clonal Complex ST191 Are Virulent to Rainbow Trout. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2021; 33:190-195. [PMID: 34288128 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), causes significant economic losses worldwide, particularly in farmed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Over the last decade, multilocus sequence typing has revealed >30 clonal complexes (CCs) globally, comprised of >320 F. psychrophilum sequence types (STs). Despite the large number of CCs worldwide, CC-ST10, which is currently the largest CC affecting Rainbow Trout, has been the primary focus of F. psychrophilum virulence studies, leaving the role of other CCs as primary causes of BCWD epizootics unclear. To this end, fingerling Rainbow Trout were experimentally challenged with F. psychrophilum strains belonging to the CC now recognized as the second largest in the world (CC-ST191) alongside CC-ST10 strains. Cumulative percent mortality was 100% in 7-month-old Rainbow Trout and between 27.8% and 61.1% in 8-month-old Rainbow Trout. All examined F. psychrophilum STs were virulent to Rainbow Trout, and no significant differences in virulence between CC-ST10 and CC-ST191 were detected. Due to their wide distribution and high pathogenic potential, both CC-ST191 and CC-ST10 F. psychrophilum strains are excellent candidates for further research aimed at preventing and controlling BCWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Knupp
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, USA
| | - Travis O Brenden
- Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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6
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Duman M, Ay H, Altun S, Sahin N, Saticioglu IB. Flavobacterium muglaense sp. nov. isolated from internal organs of apparently healthy rainbow trout. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34296991 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two yellow-pigmented isolates, F-60T and F-392, were isolated from the internal organs of an apparently healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The strains were identified as members of the genus Flavobacterium based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Strains F-60T and F-392 had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity level of 97.4 % to the type strain of Flavobacterium crassostreae LPB0076T. A polyphasic taxonomic approach including phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characterization was employed to ascertain the taxonomic position of the strains within the genus Flavobacterium. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity based on blast (ANIb) values for strains F-60T and F-392 were calculated as 100 %. However, dDDH and ANI analyses between the strains and their close neighbours confirmed that both strains represent a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium. The strains shared the highest dDDH and ANIb levels of 23.3 and 77.9%, respectively, with the type strain of Flavobacterium frigidarium DSM 17623T while those values for F. crassostreae LPB0076T were obtained as 21.4-21.5 % and 76.3 %. The DNA G+C content of the strains was 34.5 mol%. Chemotaxonomic and phylogenomic analyses of these isolates confirmed that both strains are representatives of a novel species for which the name Flavobacterium muglaense sp. nov. is proposed, with F-60T as the type strain (=JCM 34196T=KCTC 82256T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Duman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Hilal Ay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Soner Altun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Izzet Burcin Saticioglu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
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Saticioglu IB, Ay H, Altun S, Duman M, Sahin N. Flavobacterium turcicum sp. nov. and Flavobacterium kayseriense sp. nov. isolated from farmed rainbow trout in Turkey. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126186. [PMID: 33647765 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During a study on culturable microorganisms from fish farms, four yellow-pigmented gram negative, rod shaped isolates, F-47T, F-339T, F-380 and F-400, were recovered from rainbow trout samples exhibiting clinical signs. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strains were identified as members of the genus Flavobacterium. Strains F-47T and F-380 shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity level of 97.6% with the type strain of Flavobacterium frigoris DSM 15719T while strains F-339T and F-400 shared the highest identity level of 97.6% with the type strain of F. caseinilyticum AT-3-2T. A polyphasic taxonomic approach including phenotypic and genomic characterization as well as whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses was employed to ascertain the taxonomic position of the strains within the genus Flavobacterium. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses between strains F-47T, F-339T and their close neighbours F. frigoris DSM 15719T and F. caseinilyticum AT-3-2T, respectively, confirmed that both strains represent novel species in the genus Flavobacterium. The DNA G+C contents of the strains F-47T and F-339T are 34.3% and 35.3%, respectively. It can be concluded on the basis of polyphasic characterization as well as pairwise genome comparisons that the strains F-47T and F-339T represent two novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which Flavobacterium kayseriense sp. nov. F-47T (=JCM 34195T=KCTC 82255T) and Flavobacterium turcicum sp. nov. F-339T (=JCM 34202T=KCTC 82262T) are proposed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzet Burcin Saticioglu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Ay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Soner Altun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Duman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
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SATICIOĞLU IB, DUMAN M, ALTUN S. Gökkuşağı Alabalıklarından Izole Edilen Chryseobacterium sp. C-204 Suşunun Fenotipik ve Genom Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.32707/ercivet.828829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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SATİCİOGLU IB, ALTUN S, DUMAN M. Characterization of Chryseobacterium piscicola Isolates by Phenotypic, Phylogenetic and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities Isolated From Diseased Rainbow Trout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.35229/jaes.808537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Bruce TJ, Ma J, Knupp C, Loch TP, Faisal M, Cain KD. Cross-protection of a live-attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum immersion vaccine against novel Flavobacterium spp. and Chryseobacterium spp. strains. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:915-928. [PMID: 32557714 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For salmonid producers, a common threat is Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Recent advancements in bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) management include the development of a live-attenuated immersion vaccine that cross-protects against an array of F. psychrophilum strains. Emerging family Flavobacteriaceae cases associated with clinical disease have been increasing, including pathogenic isolates of Flavobacterium spp. and Chryseobacterium spp. The cross-protective ability of a live-attenuated F. psychrophilum vaccine was determined against three virulent Flavobacteriaceae isolates. Juvenile rainbow trout were vaccinated, developed high F. psychrophilum-specific antibody titres and were challenged with Chryseobacterium spp. isolates (S25 and T28), a Flavobacterium sp. (S21) isolate, a mixed combination of S21:S25:T28, and a standard virulent F. psychrophilum CSF259-93 strain. Results demonstrated strong protection in the CSF259-93 vaccinated group (relative per cent survival (RPS)=94.44%) when compared to the relevant CSF259-93 controls (p < .001). Protection was also observed for vaccinated fish challenged with the S21:S25:T28 mix (RPS = 85.18%; p < .001). However, protection was not observed with the S21, S25 or T28 isolates alone. Analysis of whole-cell lysates revealed differences in protein banding by SDS-PAGE, but conserved antigenic regions by Western blot in S25 and T28. Results demonstrate that this live-attenuated vaccine provided protection against mixed flavobacterial infection and suggest further benefits against flavobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bruce
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Christopher Knupp
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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Kumru S, Tekedar HC, Blom J, Lawrence ML, Karsi A. Genomic diversity in flavobacterial pathogens of aquatic origin. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104053. [PMID: 32058022 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavobacterium species are considered important fish pathogens in wild and cultured fish throughout the world. They can cause acute, subacute, and chronic infections, which are mainly characterized by gill damage, skin lesions, and deep necrotic ulcerations. Primarily, three Flavobacterium species, F. branchiophilum, F. columnare, and F. psychrophilum, have been reported to cause substantial losses to freshwater fish. In this study, we evaluated genomes of 86 Flavobacterium species isolated from aquatic hosts (mainly fish) to identify their unique and shared genome features. Our results showed that F. columnare genomes cluster into four different genetic groups. In silico secretion system analysis identified that all genomes carry type I (T1SS) and type IX (T9SS) secretion systems, but the number of type I secretion system genes shows diversity between species. F. branchiophilum, F. araucananum, F. chilense, F. spartansii, and F. tructae genomes have full type VI secretion system (T6SS). F. columnare, F. hydatis, and F. plurextorum carry partial T6SS with some of the T6SS genes missing. F. columnare, F. araucananum, F. chilense, F. spartansii, F. araucananum, F. tructae, Flavobacterium sp., F. crassostreae, F. succinicans, F. hydatis, and F. plurextorum carry most of the type IV secretion system genes (T4SS). F. columnare genetic groups 1 and 2, Flavobacterium sp., and F. crassostreae encode the least number of antibiotic resistance elements. F. hydatis, F. chilense, and F. plurextorum encode the greatest number of antibiotic resistance genes. Additionally, F. spartansii, F. araucananum, and chilense encode the greatest number of virulence genes while Flavobacterium sp. and F. crassostreae encode the least number of virulence genes. In conclusion, comparative genomics of Flavobacterium species of aquatic origin will help our understanding of Flavobacterium pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Kumru
- Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Hasan C Tekedar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States.
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Draft Whole-Genome Sequence of a Novel Chryseobacterium viscerum Strain Isolated from Fresh Water at Dripping Springs, New Mexico. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/41/e01155-19. [PMID: 31601674 PMCID: PMC6787331 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01155-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We sequenced the genome of a bacterial species recently isolated from fresh water at Dripping Springs, NM, and identified it as Chryseobacterium viscerum. This species had previously been isolated only from dead or diseased fish. This report shows that C. viscerum can be found in nature as a free-living species not associated with diseased fish. We sequenced the genome of a bacterial species recently isolated from fresh water at Dripping Springs, NM, and identified it as Chryseobacterium viscerum. This species had previously been isolated only from dead or diseased fish. This report shows that C. viscerum can be found in nature as a free-living species not associated with diseased fish.
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13
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Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the advantages and limitations of sampling methods commonly used in research facilities for zebrafish health inspections. Lab Anim 2019; 54:373-385. [PMID: 31387447 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219864616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Examining zebrafish populations for the presence of disease is an integral component of managing fish health in research facilities. Currently, many different strategies are used for zebrafish fish health inspections, which is a scenario that may result in subjective and biased diagnostic evaluations. The goal of this study was to compare the success of pathogen detection between a sample size of randomly selected fish (n = 60) that provides 95% confidence in pathogen detection based on a presumed pathogen prevalence level ≥5%, and other subpopulations and sample numbers commonly submitted for diagnostic testing within a 1000 tank, 30,000 fish, recirculating research system. This included fish collected from a sump tank (n = 53), sentinel fish (n = 11), and fish that were found moribund or freshly dead (n = 18). Additionally, five fish from each subpopulation were collected for histopathologic examination. A second study used retrospective data to examine pathogen distribution between systems (n = 2-5) in multi-system facilities (n = 5) using a sample size of 60 fish per system. For the pathogens detected, results supported the use of representative sample numbers rather than smaller numbers of populations considered more at risk. The exception to this is for the moribund/mortality group, which may be a resource for targeted surveillance of select pathogens. Each system within multi-system facilities should be considered separate units in terms of fish health inspections and biosecurity. Development of these evidence-based standards for fish health inspections in zebrafish systems enhances fish welfare, provides identification of potentially zoonotic pathogens, and ensures scientific integrity and reproducibility of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, St. George's University School of Veterinary Medicine, Grenada
| | | | - Josephine Afema
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, USA
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Mwega E, Colquhoun DJ, Tuntufye H, Mdegela R, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Wasteson Y. Isolation and Characterization of Flavobacteriaceae from Farmed and Wild Nile Tilapia in Tanzania. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:23-30. [PMID: 30291645 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the occurrence of Flavobacteriaceae in wild Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n = 108) collected from Lake Victoria and farmed Nile Tilapia (n = 187) collected from 12 ponds in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. The size of the ponds surveyed ranged from 130 to 150 m2 . Pond parameters and fish morphometric data were recorded during sampling. In total, 67 Flavobacterium-like isolates (n = 44 from farmed fish; n = 23 from wild fish) were identified on the basis of colony morphology and biochemical tests. Sequences from the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene revealed that all 67 isolates belonged to the genera Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium. Based on 16S rRNA nucleotide identity, 26 isolates showed high similarity with C. indologenes (99-100% identity), 16 showed similarity to C. joostei (98-99.9%), and 17 were similar to diverse species of Chryseobacterium (97-99%). Three isolates were similar to F. aquatile and three were similar to F. indicum, with 99-100% nucleotide identity in both cases, and two isolates were similar to F. oryzae (99-100% identity). The findings obtained in this study provide a baseline for future studies and contribute to an understanding of the threats presented by the aquatic Flavobacteriaceae reservoir toward the development of healthy fish farming in Tanzania. Such knowledge is vital for the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry in Tanzania that will contribute to increased food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mwega
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Duncan J Colquhoun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Post Office Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Huruma Tuntufye
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Robinson Mdegela
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
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Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of Chryseobacterium piscicola and Chryseobacterium shigense. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/20/e00413-18. [PMID: 29773627 PMCID: PMC5958254 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00413-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the draft whole-genome sequences for Chryseobacterium piscicola and Chryseobacterium shigense type strains, bacteria that have been associated with fish gill disease.
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Abstract
We report here the draft whole-genome sequences for 18 Flavobacterium species type strains that have historically been associated with fish gill disease.
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Pérez-Sancho M, Vela AI, Wiklund T, Kostrzewa M, Domínguez L, Fernández-Garayzábal JF. Differentiation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from Flavobacterium psychrophilum-like species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:345-352. [PMID: 28688366 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) is an important infectious disease caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum affecting farmed salmonids worldwide. Other Flavobacterium psychrophilum-like species (F. plurextorum, F. oncorhynchi, F. tructae, F. collinsii and F. piscis) have been isolated from diseased rainbow trout fry suspected of RTFS although the epidemiological and clinical relevance of these pathogens are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight) Mass Spectrometry as method for specific identification of F. psychrophilum and its differentiation from other F. psychrophilum-like species isolated from diseased fish. Fifty-three isolates were analyzed after the creation of the Main Spectrum Profile (MSP) of reference strains of each of abovementioned species. F. psychrophilum exhibited a mass spectra very different from those of F. psychrophilum-like species, with five peaks (m/z 3654, 4585, 5388, 6730 and 7310) present only in F. psychrophilum isolates, and three peaks (m/z 6170, 7098 and 9241) absent in F. psychrophilum but present in all F. psychrophilum-like species. All F. psychrophilum isolates were correctly identified and differentiated from the F. psychrophilum-like species by MALDI-TOF. Although this approach showed a limited ability to differentiate among F. psychrophilum-like species, its complementation with a few simple biochemical tests may represent an alternative approach for the routine identification of the Flavobacterium psychrophilum-like species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Sancho
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Vela
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Wiklund
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Åbo, Finland
| | | | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Francisco Fernández-Garayzábal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Faisal M, Diamanka A, Loch TP, LaFrentz BR, Winters AD, García JC, Toguebaye BS. Isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare strains infecting fishes inhabiting the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:637-648. [PMID: 27592613 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare, the aetiological agent of columnaris disease, causes significant losses in fish worldwide. In this study, the prevalence of F. columnare infection was assessed in representative Great Lakes fish species. Over 2000 wild, feral and hatchery-propagated salmonids, percids, centrarchids, esocids and cyprinids were examined for systemic F. columnare infections. Logistic regression analyses showed that the prevalence of F. columnare infection varied temporally and by the sex of the fish, whereby females had significantly higher prevalence of infection. A total of 305 isolates of F. columnare were recovered. Amplification of the near complete 16S rRNA gene from 34 representative isolates and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses demonstrated that all belonged to F. columnare genomovar I. Phylogenetic analysis of near complete 16S rRNA gene sequences also placed the isolates in genomovar I, but revealed some intragenomovar heterogeneity. Together, these results suggest that F. columnare genomovar I is widespread in the Great Lakes Basin, where its presence may lead to mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faisal
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - A Diamanka
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Département Biologie Animale Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, Senegal
| | - T P Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - B R LaFrentz
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Auburn, AL, USA
| | - A D Winters
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - J C García
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Auburn, AL, USA
| | - B S Toguebaye
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Département Biologie Animale Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, Senegal
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Verma DK, Rathore G. New host record of five Flavobacterium species associated with tropical fresh water farmed fishes from North India. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 46:969-76. [PMID: 26691454 PMCID: PMC4704649 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420131081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow pigmented, filamentous, Gram-negative bacteria belonging to genus Flavobacterium are commonly associated with infections in stressed fish. In this study, inter-species diversity of Flavobacterium was studied in apparently healthy freshwater farmed fishes. For this, ninety one yellow pigmented bacteria were isolated from skin and gill samples (n = 38) of three farmed fish species i.e. Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cyprinus carpio. Among them, only twelve bacterial isolates (13.18%) were identified as Flavobacterium spp. on the basis of morphological, biochemical tests, partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. On the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequencing, all the 12 isolates were 97.6-100% similar to six different formally described species of genus Flavobacterium. The 16S rDNA based phylogenetic analysis grouped these strains into six different clades. Of the 12 isolates, six strains (Fl9S1-6) grouped with F. suncheonense, two strains (Fl6I2, Fl6I3) with F. indicum and the rest four strains (Fl1A1, Fl2G1, Fl3H1 and Fl10T1) clustered with F. aquaticum, F. granuli, F. hercynium and F. terrae, respectively. None of these species except, F. hercynium were previously reported from fish. All the isolated Flavobacterium species possessed the ability of adhesion and biofilm formation to colonize the external surface of healthy fish. The present study is the first record of tropical freshwater farmed fishes as hosts to five environmentally associated species of the Flavobacterium.
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Loch TP, Faisal M. Gamete-associated flavobacteria of the oviparous Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in lakes Michigan and Huron, North America. J Microbiol 2016; 54:477-86. [PMID: 27350613 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flavobacterial diseases, caused by multiple members of the Family Flavobacteriaceae, elicit serious losses in wild and farmed fish around the world. Flavobacteria are known to be transmitted horizontally; however, vertical transmission has been suspected but proven only for one fish-pathogenic flavobacterial species (e.g., Flavobacterium psychrophilum). Herein, we report on the isolation and molecular identification of multiple Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium taxa from the ovarian fluid and eggs of feral Great Lakes Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Identified egg- and ovarian fluid-associated flavobacteria were either well-known flavobacterial fish pathogens (e.g., F. psychrophilum and F. columnare), most similar to emerging fish-associated flavobacteria (e.g., F. spartansii, F. tructae, F. piscis, C. piscium, C. scophthalmum), or were distinct from all other described Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium spp., as determined by phylogenetic analyses using neighbor-joining, Bayesian, and Maximum Likelihood methodologies. The gamete-associated flavobacteria fell into three groups (e.g., those that were recovered from the ovarian fluid but not eggs; those that were recovered from the ovarian fluid and eggs; and those that were recovered from eggs but not ovarian fluid), a portion of which were recovered from eggs that were surface disinfected with iodophor at the commonly used dose and duration for egg disinfection. Some gamete-associated flavobacteria were also found in renal, splenic, and neurological tissues. Systemic polymicrobial infections comprised of F. psychrophilum and F. columnare were also detected at nearly an 11% prevalence. This study highlights the potential role that sexual products of female Great Lakes Chinook salmon may play in the transmission of fish-associated flavobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Genetic Diversity of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolates from Three Oncorhynchus spp. in the United States, as Revealed by Multilocus Sequence Typing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3246-3255. [PMID: 27016570 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00411-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The use of a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technique has identified the intraspecific genetic diversity of U.S. Flavobacterium psychrophilum, an important pathogen of salmonids worldwide. Prior to this analysis, little U.S. F. psychrophilum genetic information was known; this is of importance when considering targeted control strategies, including vaccine development. Herein, MLST was used to investigate the genetic diversity of 96 F. psychrophilum isolates recovered from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that originated from nine U.S. states. The isolates fell into 34 distinct sequence types (STs) that clustered in 5 clonal complexes (CCs) (n = 63) or were singletons (n = 33). The distribution of STs varied spatially, by host species, and in association with mortality events. Several STs (i.e., ST9, ST10, ST30, and ST78) were found in multiple states, whereas the remaining STs were localized to single states. With the exception of ST256, which was recovered from rainbow trout and Chinook salmon, all STs were found to infect a single host species. Isolates that were collected during bacterial cold water disease outbreaks most frequently belonged to CC-ST10 (e.g., ST10 and ST78). Collectively, the results of this study clearly demonstrate the genetic diversity of F. psychrophilum within the United States and identify STs of clinical significance. Although the majority of STs described herein were novel, some (e.g., ST9, ST10, ST13, ST30, and ST31) were previously recovered on other continents, which demonstrates the transcontinental distribution of F. psychrophilum genotypes. IMPORTANCE Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) and is an important bacterial pathogen of wild and farmed salmonids worldwide. These infections are responsible for large economic losses globally, yet the genetic diversity of this pathogen remains to be fully investigated. Previous studies have identified the genetic diversity of this pathogen in other main aquaculture regions; however, little effort has been focused on the United States. In this context, this study aims to examine the genetic diversity of F. psychrophilum from the United States, as this region remains important in salmonid aquaculture.
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Loch TP, Faisal M. Flavobacterium spartansii induces pathological changes and mortality in experimentally challenged Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:483-488. [PMID: 25832891 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T P Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M Faisal
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Louhi KR, Sundberg LR, Jokela J, Karvonen A. Interactions among bacterial strains and fluke genotypes shape virulence of co-infection. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20152097. [PMID: 26674949 PMCID: PMC4707758 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of virulence of infection focus on pairwise host-parasite interactions. However, hosts are almost universally co-infected by several parasite strains and/or genotypes of the same or different species. While theory predicts that co-infection favours more virulent parasite genotypes through intensified competition for host resources, knowledge of the effects of genotype by genotype (G × G) interactions between unrelated parasite species on virulence of co-infection is limited. Here, we tested such a relationship by challenging rainbow trout with replicated bacterial strains and fluke genotypes both singly and in all possible pairwise combinations. We found that virulence (host mortality) was higher in co-infections compared with single infections. Importantly, we also found that the overall virulence was dependent on the genetic identity of the co-infecting partners so that the outcome of co-infection could not be predicted from the respective virulence of single infections. Our results imply that G × G interactions among co-infecting parasites may significantly affect host health, add to variance in parasite fitness and thus influence evolutionary dynamics and ecology of disease in unexpected ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja-Riikka Louhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lotta-Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Van Vliet D, Loch TP, Faisal M. Flavobacterium psychrophilum Infections in Salmonid Broodstock and Hatchery-Propagated Stocks of the Great Lakes Basin. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2015; 27:192-202. [PMID: 26636411 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2015.1088488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, threatens wild and propagated salmonids worldwide and leads to substantial economic losses. In addition to being horizontally transmitted, F. psychrophilum can be passed from infected parents to their progeny, furthering the negative impacts of this pathogen. In Michigan, both feral and captive salmonid broodstocks are the gamete sources used in fishery propagation efforts. A 5-year study was initiated to follow the prevalence of systemic F. psychrophilum infections in feral broodstocks of four species (steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss [potadromous Rainbow Trout]; Coho Salmon O. kisutch; Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha; and Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar) residing in three Great Lakes watersheds. Additionally, captive broodstocks of four species (Rainbow Trout, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, and Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis) maintained at two facilities were assessed for the presence of F. psychrophilum. The resultant offspring from each broodstock population were sampled for F. psychrophilum infections multiple times throughout hatchery residency. Using selective flavobacterial culture and PCR confirmation, F. psychrophilum was detected in all broodstocks except the captive Lake Trout and Brook Trout. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that among the infected feral broodstocks, Chinook Salmon from the Lake Michigan watershed had the highest prevalence of systemic F. psychrophilum infection (mean = 63.2%). Among the captive broodstocks, the Gilchrist Creek strain of Brown Trout had the highest infection prevalence (mean = 5%). Collectively, the captive broodstocks were found to have significantly lower infection prevalence than the feral broodstocks. Despite the high prevalence of systemic F. psychrophilum infections in many broodstock populations, the bacterium was rarely detected in their progeny during hatchery rearing. However, heavy losses associated with clinical BCWD outbreaks did occur. Collectively, our results reinforce that BCWD continues to threaten Great Lakes basin salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Van Vliet
- a Department of Fisheries and Wildlife , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University , 480 Wilson Road, Room 4, East Lansing , 48824 , Michigan , USA
| | - Thomas P Loch
- b Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation , College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane, Room 174, East Lansing , 48824 , Michigan , USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- a Department of Fisheries and Wildlife , College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University , 480 Wilson Road, Room 4, East Lansing , 48824 , Michigan , USA
- b Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation , College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane, Room 174, East Lansing , 48824 , Michigan , USA
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Good C, Davidson J, Wiens GD, Welch TJ, Summerfelt S. Flavobacterium branchiophilum and F. succinicans associated with bacterial gill disease in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in water recirculation aquaculture systems. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:409-13. [PMID: 24720801 PMCID: PMC4406145 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Good
- The Conservation Fund's Freshwater InstituteShepherdstown, WV, USA
| | - J Davidson
- The Conservation Fund's Freshwater InstituteShepherdstown, WV, USA
| | - G D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water AquacultureKearneysville, WV, USA
| | - T J Welch
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water AquacultureKearneysville, WV, USA
| | - S Summerfelt
- The Conservation Fund's Freshwater InstituteShepherdstown, WV, USA
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Loch TP, Faisal M. Polyphasic characterization reveals the presence of novel fish-associated Chryseobacterium spp. in the Great Lakes of North America. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 113:113-125. [PMID: 25751854 DOI: 10.3354/dao02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest an emergence of novel Chryseobacterium spp. associated with aquaculture-reared fish worldwide. Herein, we report on multiple Chryseobacterium spp. infecting Great Lakes fishes that are highly similar to previously detected isolates from Europe, Africa, and Asia but have never before been reported in North America. Polyphasic characterization, which included extensive physiological, morphological, and biochemical analyses, fatty acid profiling, and phylogenetic analyses based upon partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, highlighted the diversity of Great Lakes' fish-associated chryseobacteria and also suggested that at least 2 taxa represent potentially novel Chryseobacterium spp. Screening for the ability of representative chryseobacteria to elicit lesions in experimentally challenged fish showed that they induced varying degrees of pathology, some of which were severe and resulted in host death. Median lethal dose (LD50) experiments for the isolate that elicited the most extensive pathology (Chryseobacterium sp. T28) demonstrated that the LD50 exceeded 4.5 × 108 cfu, thereby suggesting its role as a facultative fish-pathogenic bacterium. Histopathological changes in T28-infected fish included epithelial hyperplasia of the secondary lamellae and interlamellar space that resulted in secondary lamellar fusion, monocytic infiltrate, and mucus cell hyperplasia, all of which are consistent with branchitis, along with monocytic myositis, hemorrhage within the muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and ovaries, spongiosis of white matter of the brain, multifocal edema within the granular cell layer of the cerebellar cortex, and renal tubular degeneration and necrosis. The findings of this study underscore the widespread presence of chryseobacteria infecting Great Lakes fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, 174 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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28
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Loch TP, Faisal M. Deciphering the biodiversity of fish-pathogenic Flavobacterium spp. recovered from the Great Lakes basin. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 112:45-57. [PMID: 25392042 DOI: 10.3354/dao02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterial diseases negatively impact wild and cultured fishes worldwide. We recently reported on the presence of a large and diverse group of flavobacteria, many of which were associated with lesions in a number of Great Lakes fish species. Herein, we report on the characterization of 65 fish-associated Flavobacterium spp. isolates using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and phylogenetic analyses based upon neighbor-joining and Bayesian methodologies. Thirteen isolates were identified as the newly described fish-associated F. plurextorum, F. spartansii, and F. tructae, while 3 isolates were similar to F. frigidimaris; however, the remaining Flavobacterium spp. isolates did not conclusively match any described Flavobacterium spp. and thus were suspected as comprising novel flavobacterial species. A more comprehensive polyphasic characterization was undertaken on 6 isolates, representing a range of association with disease signs in hatchery-raised or free-ranging fish and genetic distinctness. Polyphasic characterization included physiological, morphological, and biochemical analyses, as well as additional phylogenetic analyses based upon near-complete sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our findings demonstrated that that at least 5 of the 6 isolates are most likely novel species within the genus Flavobacterium that have never before been reported from fish. Pilot experimental challenge studies suggested that some of these Flavobacterium spp. can cause pathological lesions in fish and were re-isolated from the brains, spleens, livers, and kidneys of experimentally infected fish. The findings underscore the growing number and heterogeneity of flavobacteria now known to be capable of infecting fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, 174 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Loch TP, Faisal M. Emerging flavobacterial infections in fish: A review. J Adv Res 2014; 6:283-300. [PMID: 26257926 PMCID: PMC4522593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterial diseases in fish are caused by multiple bacterial species within the family Flavobacteriaceae and are responsible for devastating losses in wild and farmed fish stocks around the world. In addition to directly imposing negative economic and ecological effects, flavobacterial disease outbreaks are also notoriously difficult to prevent and control despite nearly 100 years of scientific research. The emergence of recent reports linking previously uncharacterized flavobacteria to systemic infections and mortality events in fish stocks of Europe, South America, Asia, Africa, and North America is also of major concern and has highlighted some of the difficulties surrounding the diagnosis and chemotherapeutic treatment of flavobacterial fish diseases. Herein, we provide a review of the literature that focuses on Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium spp. and emphasizes those associated with fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, 174 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, 174 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA ; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Natural Resources Building, Room 4, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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