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Farkouh EK, Vallance K, Wettlaufer A, Giesbrecht N, Asbridge M, Farrell-Low AM, Gagnon M, Price TR, Priore I, Shelley J, Sherk A, Shield KD, Solomon R, Stockwell TR, Thompson K, Vishnevsky N, Naimi TS. An assessment of federal alcohol policies in Canada and priority recommendations: Results from the 3rd Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation Project. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2024; 115:640-653. [PMID: 38739320 PMCID: PMC11303602 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-024-00889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the Canadian federal government's current alcohol policies in relation to public health best practices. METHODS The 2022 Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation (CAPE) Project assessed federal alcohol policies across 10 domains. Policy domains were weighted according to evidence for their relative impact, including effectiveness and scope. A detailed scoring rubric of best practices was developed and externally reviewed by international experts. Policy data were collected between June and December 2022, using official legislation, government websites, and data sources identified from previous iterations of CAPE as sources. Contacts within relevant government departments provided any additional data sources, reviewed the accuracy and completeness of the data, and provided amendments as needed. Data were scored independently by members of the research team. Final policy scores were tabulated and presented as a weighted overall average score and as unweighted domain-specific scores. RESULTS Compared to public health best practices, the federal government of Canada scored 37% overall. The three most impactful domains-(1) pricing and taxation, (2) marketing and advertising controls, and (3) impaired driving countermeasures-received some of the lowest scores (39%, 10%, and 40%, respectively). Domain-specific scores varied considerably from 0% for minimum legal age policies to 100% for controls on physical availability of alcohol. CONCLUSION Many evidence-informed alcohol policies have not been adopted, or been adopted only partially, by the Canadian federal government. Urgent adoption of the recommended policies is needed to prevent and reduce the enormous health, social, and economic costs of alcohol use in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Farkouh
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Kate Vallance
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ashley Wettlaufer
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Norman Giesbrecht
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Asbridge
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Amanda M Farrell-Low
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marilou Gagnon
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tina R Price
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Isabella Priore
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jacob Shelley
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Solomon
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tim R Stockwell
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kara Thompson
- St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Nicole Vishnevsky
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Gallopel-Morvan K, Duche Q, Diouf JF, Lacoste-Badie S, Droulers O, Moirand R, Bannier E. Impact of text-only versus large text-and-picture alcohol warning formats: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in French young male drinkers. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1610-1620. [PMID: 39072965 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the World Health Organization recommends visible and clear warning labels about the risks of alcohol consumption on containers and advertising, many of the currently used labels are too small to be visible. This study investigated the brain activity (using fMRI) and alcohol consumption intentions of French young men exposed to two warning formats displayed on alcoholic beverage advertisements: a small Text-only Alcohol Warning (TAW) currently used in many countries, and a larger text-and-picture alcohol warning (PAW). METHODS Seventy-four eligible 18-25-year-old male drinkers completed a face-to-face individual visit with a physician expert in addiction medicine. This was followed by the fMRI session during which they viewed 288 stimuli [96 alcohol advertisements with TAWs, the same 96 advertisements with PAWs, and 96 water advertisements (controls)] for 3 s each. If the advertisement made participants want ("yes")/do not want ("no") to consume the product, they pressed the corresponding button (self-report responses). The number of "yes" responses was compared between advertisement types with a paired sample t-test. Whole-brain and region-of-interest (ROI) analyses of the fMRI data were performed. RESULTS Whole-brain BOLD fMRI highlighted contrasting effects of PAWs and TAWs. Compared with TAWs, PAWs elicited more activation in the precuneus, angular gyrus, occipital, frontal and temporal areas, and less activation in the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental areas, and putamen areas (regions of the reward circuit). The ROI analysis confirmed less activation in the reward circuit (left and right ventral tegmental areas, left and right nucleus accumbens) when viewing PAWs than TAWs. Analysis of the self-report responses indicated that the desire to consume the advertised alcohol product was lower when PAWs were viewed (compared with TAWs) (T = 8.18, p < 10-11). CONCLUSIONS This is the first fMRI study to assess the effect of different alcohol warning formats. Our findings show that compared with TAWs, stronger PAWs in advertisements elicited less activity in key regions of the reward system. This suggests that the effects may influence the desire to consume alcohol products (self-report response analysis). These results could help policymakers who are interested in developing more effective labeling measures that target young people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quentin Duche
- Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA, EMPENN ERL U1228, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Romain Moirand
- Univ Rennes, INRAE, Inserm, CHU Rennes, NUMECAN Institute (Nutrition Metabolism and Cancer), Unité d'Addictologie, Rennes, France
| | - Elise Bannier
- Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA, EMPENN ERL U1228, CHU Rennes, Service de Radiologie, Rennes, France
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Joyce KM, Davidson M, Manly E, Stewart SH, Al-Hamdani M. A systematic review on the impact of alcohol warning labels. J Addict Dis 2024; 42:170-193. [PMID: 37212771 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Findings on the effects of alcohol warning labels (AWLs) as a harm reduction tool have been mixed. This systematic review synthesized extant literature on the impact of AWLs on proxies of alcohol use. PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMED, and MEDLINE databases and reference lists of eligible articles. Following PRISMA guidelines, 1,589 articles published prior to July 2020 were retrieved via database and 45 were via reference lists (961 following duplicate removal). Article titles and abstracts were screened, leaving the full text of 96 for review. The full-text review identified 77 articles meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria which are included here. Risk of bias among included studies was examined using the Evidence Project risk of bias tool. Findings fell into five categories of alcohol use proxies including knowledge/awareness, perceptions, attention, recall/recognition, attitudes/beliefs, and intentions/behavior. Real-world studies highlighted an increase in AWL awareness, alcohol-related risk perceptions (limited findings), and AWL recall/recognition post-AWL implementation; these findings have decreased over time. Conversely, findings from experimental studies were mixed. AWL content/formatting and participant sociodemographic factors also appear to influence the effectiveness of AWLs. Findings suggest conclusions differ based on the study methodology used, favoring real-world versus experimental studies. Future research should consider AWL content/formatting and participant sociodemographic factors as moderators. AWLs appear to be a promising approach for supporting more informed alcohol consumption and should be considered as one component in a comprehensive alcohol control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Joyce
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Myles Davidson
- Department of Psychology at Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Eden Manly
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Critchlow N, Moodie C, Gallopel-Morvan K. Restricting the content of alcohol advertising and including text health warnings: A between-group online experiment with a non-probability adult sample in the United Kingdom. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1155-1167. [PMID: 38787498 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statutory options for restricting alcohol advertising include limiting it to product-orientated information and requiring health warnings. We assess the impact of removing positive contextual factors from alcohol advertising and including a health warning among adults in the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS We conducted a 2 × 2 online between-group experiment with adults (18+) (n = 2421) recruited from a non-probability research panel in the United Kingdom. Participants were randomized to see an alcohol (vodka) advertisement (advert) which varied by context (no context vs. imagery depicting positive social interactions around alcohol) and message (multiple text health warning vs. "drink responsibly"). The multiple text health warning, based on recent legislation in Ireland, comprised three separate warnings (liver disease, cancers, drinking during pregnancy) and a web address for alcohol-related information and support. The "drink responsibly" control reflected the self-regulatory messages commonly used by alcohol companies. Participants rated the advert on 7-point scales for advert attractiveness, product appeal, trial intentions, perceived harm, and whether it made drinking alcohol seem enjoyable. RESULTS Removing the positive social context reduced positive advert and product reactions (difference in estimated marginal means [EMM]: -1.57 [makes drinking alcohol seem enjoyable] to -0.23 [intention to try]). Including the multiple text health warning also reduced positive advert and product reactions (difference in EMM: -0.55 [advert attractiveness] to -0.25 [intention to try]) and increased perceived product harm (difference in EMM: +0.25). There were no interactions between advert context and message for any outcome. CONCLUSIONS Restricting content and including a multiple text health warning (compared to a "drink responsibly" message) may attenuate the persuasive impact of alcohol advertising and increase perceived product harm. Further research is needed to examine different degrees of content restrictions, alternative warning content and design, generalizability to different alcohol products and advert formats, and whether the impact of content controls varies among population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Karine Gallopel-Morvan
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, Inserm, Arènes - UMR 6051, RSMS - U1309, Rennes, France
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Lewin J, Field M, Davies E. Investigating the impact of 'dark nudges' on drinking intentions: A between groups, randomized and online experimental study. Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:272-292. [PMID: 37839822 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored how 'dark nudges' (tactics used in alcohol industry-funded responsible drinking campaigns) affect drinking intentions, perceived source credibility and whether individual differences in perceptions of prototypical drinkers moderated these effects. DESIGN Two 2 × 2 between-groups online experimental studies. METHODS Study 1 (N = 164) presented three alcohol health messages per condition, comprising social norm (healthy/unhealthy ("dark nudge")) by frame (loss/gain). Study 2 (N = 229) presented one message per condition, comprising cancer causality (single cause/multiple causes (dark nudge)) by funding disclosure (disclosure/non-disclosure (dark nudge)). Outcomes were drinking intentions and perceived source credibility. Exploratory analyses considered prototype perceptions as a between-subjects moderator. RESULTS No significant effects of message frame, social norm, fundi or multiple cancer causality arguments on drinking intentions were found. In Study 2, in the dark nudge multiple cancer causality conditions, perceived source credibility was high when funding was undisclosed, but significantly lower when it was disclosed. Exploratory analyses suggested effects were moderated by prototype similarity. In Study 1, higher perceived similarity to a heavy drinker and lower perceived similarity to a responsible drinker were associated with higher drinking intentions in the unhealthy norm/gain frame condition, but lower drinking intentions in the other conditions. CONCLUSIONS Framing, social norm, funding disclosure and multiple causality manipulations as tested in this study did not exert a dark nudge effect on drinking intentions. However, the exploratory analyses suggest it could be hypothesised that the types of messages used in alcohol industry-funded responsible drinking campaigns may result in greater drinking intentions among those who identify more as heavy drinkers and less as responsible drinkers. Perceived prototype similarity may be an important moderator of the impact of alcohol health messages that warrants further research. Study 2 suggests disclosure of industry funding guides judgements of the credibility of sources of misleading messages about alcohol and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Lewin
- The Centre for Psychological Research, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emma Davies
- The Centre for Psychological Research, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Dossou GT, Guillou-Landreat M, Lemain L, Lacoste-Badie S, Critchlow N, Gallopel-Morvan K. How Do Young Adult Drinkers React to Varied Alcohol Warning Formats and Contents? An Exploratory Study in France. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6541. [PMID: 37569081 PMCID: PMC10419243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on alcohol warnings has increased in the last decade, providing key evidence to governments on warning format and contents. The bulk of this research, however, has been conducted in Anglosphere countries, whereas fewer studies have focused on other countries which have high per capita alcohol consumption, and where the high social acceptability of drinking is liable to affect how people accept and react to prevention measures. Since France has one of the highest per capita alcohol consumption rates in the world according to the World Health Organization (WHO), we therefore explore how young adults in France react to warnings on alcoholic beverage advertisements. We conducted 25 in-depth interviews, in 2017, with 18-25-year-old drinkers in France. Respondents were asked open-ended questions on the perceived impact of various warning contents (i.e., on health risk, social-cost risk, and on short- vs. long-term risk) and formats (text only vs. larger text combined with colored pictograms). Warnings that targeted youth-relevant risks (i.e., road accidents or sexual assault) were considered to be the most meaningful and credible, although warnings communicating longer term risks (i.e., brain, cancer) were also thought to be influential. Less familiar risks, such as marketing manipulation and calorie intake, elicited the most negative reactions. Larger text-and-pictogram warnings were considered to be the most effective format in capturing attention and increasing awareness. Regardless of format and content, however, these warnings were not perceived as effective for decreasing alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Thomasia Dossou
- LUMEN (ULR 4999), ILIS, Faculty of Engineering and Health Management, University of Lille, 42 rue Ambroise Paré, 59120 Lille, France
| | - Morgane Guillou-Landreat
- EA 7479 SPURBO, School of Medicine, University Bretagne Occidentale, 5 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France; (M.G.-L.); (L.L.)
| | - Loic Lemain
- EA 7479 SPURBO, School of Medicine, University Bretagne Occidentale, 5 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29200 Brest, France; (M.G.-L.); (L.L.)
| | - Sophie Lacoste-Badie
- LUMEN (ULR 4999), IAE Lille, University School of Management, University of Lille, 104 Av. du Peuple-Belge, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK;
| | - Karine Gallopel-Morvan
- CNRS, Inserm, Arènes-UMR 6051-U 1309, EHESP, School of Public Health, University of Rennes, 15 Av. du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France;
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Giesbrecht N, Reisdorfer E, Rios I. Alcohol Health Warning Labels: A Rapid Review with Action Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11676. [PMID: 36141951 PMCID: PMC9517222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A rapid review of research on health warning labels located on alcohol containers (AWLs) was conducted. Using five search engines (Embase, Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, Psyinfo), 2975 non-duplicate citations were identified between the inception date of the search engine and April 2021. Of those, 382 articles were examined and retrieved. We selected 122 research papers for analysis and narrative information extraction, focusing on population foci, study design, and main outcomes. Research included public opinion studies, surveys of post-AWL implementation, on-line and in-person experiments and real-world quasi-experiments. Many studies focused on the effects of the 1989 United States Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act on perceptions, intentions and behavior. Others focused on Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, England or Scotland, Italy and France. There was substantial variation in the design of the studies, ranging from small-scale focus groups to on-line surveys with large samples. Over time, evidence has been emerging on label design components, such as large size, combination of text and image, and specific health messaging, that is likely to have some desired impact on knowledge, awareness of risk and even the drinking behavior of those who see the AWLs. This body of evidence provides guidance to policy-makers, and national and regional authorities, and recommendations are offered for discussion and consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Giesbrecht
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursulla Franklin St., Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
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Jones D, Moodie C, Purves RI, Fitzgerald N, Crockett R. The role of alcohol packaging as a health communications tool: An online cross-sectional survey and experiment with young adult drinkers in the United Kingdom. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:1206-1215. [PMID: 35385591 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol packaging is a potentially valuable means of communicating product and health-related information, with growing academic and political interest in its role as a health communications vehicle. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey and experiment were conducted with a non-probability sample of 18-35-year-old drinkers in the United Kingdom (n = 1360). The survey assessed exposure to, and engagement with, current messaging on packs, and support for displaying product and health-related information. For the randomised experiment, participants were shown, and asked questions about, a vodka bottle with either no warnings (control), small text warnings, large text warnings or pictorial (image-and-text) warnings; the main binary outcome measures were negative product appeal and social acceptability, and positive cognitive and behavioural impact. RESULTS Two-fifths of the sample rarely or never saw on-pack health-related information, with almost three-quarters rarely or never reading or looking closely at this. There was strong support for displaying a range of product and health-related information (e.g. units, ingredients) on packs. Relative to the control, products with warnings were more likely to be perceived as unappealing and socially unacceptable, and to positively impact alcohol-related cognitions and behaviours. For example, pictorial warnings were 10 times as likely to positively influence cognitions and behaviours (AOR = 10.01, 95% CI: 8.09, 17.46). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Alcohol packaging could have an important role in delivering health messaging. Large pictorial or text warnings may help counteract the appeal and social acceptability of alcohol products and increase awareness of risks, potentially supporting a reduction in consumption and related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jones
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Richard I Purves
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Niamh Fitzgerald
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.,SPECTRUM Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel Crockett
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Kokole D, Anderson P, Jané-Llopis E. Nature and Potential Impact of Alcohol Health Warning Labels: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:3065. [PMID: 34578942 PMCID: PMC8469468 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is toxic to human health. In addition to providing nutritional information, labels on alcohol products can be used to communicate warnings on alcohol-related harms to consumers. This scoping review examined novel or enhanced health warning labels to assess the current state of the research and the key studied characteristics of labels, along with their impact on the studied outcomes. Four databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL) were searched between January 2010 and April 2021, and 27 papers were included in the review. The results found that most studies were undertaken in English-speaking populations, with the majority conducted online or in the laboratory setting as opposed to the real world. Seventy percent of the papers included at least one cancer-related message, in most instances referring either to cancer in general or to bowel cancer. Evidence from the only real-world long-term labelling intervention demonstrated that alcohol health warning labels designed to be visible and contain novel and specific information have the potential to be part of an effective labelling strategy. Alcohol health warning labels should be seen as tools to raise awareness on alcohol-related risks, being part of wider alcohol policy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daša Kokole
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, POB 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (P.A.); (E.J.-L.)
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, POB 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (P.A.); (E.J.-L.)
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Eva Jané-Llopis
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, POB 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (P.A.); (E.J.-L.)
- ESADE Business School, University Ramon Llull, Avenida de Pedralbes, 60-62, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, CAMH, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
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Critchlow N, Moodie C, Jones D. Health information and warnings on alcohol packaging in Ireland: it is time to progress the Public Health (Alcohol) Act 2018. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1461-1463. [PMID: 34319546 PMCID: PMC8316105 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland. .,UK-Ireland Alcohol Research Network (ACORN), University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland.
| | - Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Daniel Jones
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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