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Wang J, Li Y, Yang GY, Jin K. Age-Related Dysfunction in Balance: A Comprehensive Review of Causes, Consequences, and Interventions. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0124-1. [PMID: 38607735 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the multifaceted aspects of age-related balance changes, highlighting their prevalence, underlying causes, and the impact they have on the elderly population. Central to this discussion is the exploration of various physiological changes that occur with aging, such as alterations in the vestibular, visual, proprioceptive systems, and musculoskeletal degeneration. We examine the role of neurological disorders, cognitive decline, and medication side effects in exacerbating balance issues. The review underscores the significance of early detection and effective intervention strategies in mitigating the risks associated with balance problems, such as falls and reduced mobility. It discusses the effectiveness of diverse intervention strategies, including exercise programs, rehabilitation techniques, and technological advancements like virtual reality, wearable devices, and telemedicine. Additionally, the review stresses the importance of a holistic approach in managing balance disorders, encompassing medication review, addressing comorbidities, and environmental modifications. The paper also presents future research directions, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying balance changes with aging and the potential of emerging technologies and interdisciplinary approaches in enhancing assessment and intervention methods. This comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights for healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers in developing targeted strategies to improve the quality of life and ensure the well-being of the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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2
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Tian L, Yu T. An integrated deep learning framework for the interpretation of untargeted metabolomics data. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:bbad244. [PMID: 37369636 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics is gaining widespread applications. The key aspects of the data analysis include modeling complex activities of the metabolic network, selecting metabolites associated with clinical outcome and finding critical metabolic pathways to reveal biological mechanisms. One of the key roadblocks in data analysis is not well-addressed, which is the problem of matching uncertainty between data features and known metabolites. Given the limitations of the experimental technology, the identities of data features cannot be directly revealed in the data. The predominant approach for mapping features to metabolites is to match the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of data features to those derived from theoretical values of known metabolites. The relationship between features and metabolites is not one-to-one since some metabolites share molecular composition, and various adduct ions can be derived from the same metabolite. This matching uncertainty causes unreliable metabolite selection and functional analysis results. Here we introduce an integrated deep learning framework for metabolomics data that take matching uncertainty into consideration. The model is devised with a gradual sparsification neural network based on the known metabolic network and the annotation relationship between features and metabolites. This architecture characterizes metabolomics data and reflects the modular structure of biological system. Three goals can be achieved simultaneously without requiring much complex inference and additional assumptions: (1) evaluate metabolite importance, (2) infer feature-metabolite matching likelihood and (3) select disease sub-networks. When applied to a COVID metabolomics dataset and an aging mouse brain dataset, our method found metabolic sub-networks that were easily interpretable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqi Tian
- School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianwei Yu
- School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Computing, Guangdong, China
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3
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Wright CJ, Milosavljevic S, Pocivavsek A. The stress of losing sleep: Sex-specific neurobiological outcomes. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100543. [PMID: 37252645 PMCID: PMC10209346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital and evolutionarily conserved process, critical to daily functioning and homeostatic balance. Losing sleep is inherently stressful and leads to numerous detrimental physiological outcomes. Despite sleep disturbances affecting everyone, women and female rodents are often excluded or underrepresented in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Advancing our understanding of the role of biological sex in the responses to sleep loss stands to greatly improve our ability to understand and treat health consequences of insufficient sleep. As such, this review discusses sex differences in response to sleep deprivation, with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system stress response and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We review sex differences in several stress-related consequences of sleep loss, including inflammation, learning and memory deficits, and mood related changes. Focusing on women's health, we discuss the effects of sleep deprivation during the peripartum period. In closing, we present neurobiological mechanisms, including the contribution of sex hormones, orexins, circadian timing systems, and astrocytic neuromodulation, that may underlie potential sex differences in sleep deprivation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Corresponding author. Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, USC School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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4
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Huang J, Tong J, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Li Y, Tan S, Wang Z, Yang F, Kochunov P, Chiappelli J, Tian B, Tian L, Hong LE, Tan Y. Elevated salivary kynurenic acid levels related to enlarged choroid plexus and severity of clinical phenotypes in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:32-39. [PMID: 35940451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) suffer severe, long-term psychotic symptoms and chronic stress. Salivary kynurenic acid (KYNA) and choroid plexus were evidenced to relate to psychological stress. We hypothesized that TRS patients would have higher salivary KYNA levels than patients who respond to antipsychotics (NTRS) and healthy controls (HC), and increased salivary KYNA levels are associated with clinical phenotypes and choroid plexus volume. A total of 66 HC participants, 53 patients with TRS and 46 with NTRS were enrolled. Salivary KYNA levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, choroid plexus volume by magnetic resonance imaging, and cognitive functions with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. The TRS group had significantly higher salivary KYNA levels than the NTRS group (p = 0.003), who in turn had higher salivary KYNA than HC (p = 0.02). Higher salivary KYNA levels were associated with larger choroid plexus volume (r = 0.48, p = 0.004); lower attention/vigilance (r = -0.44, p = 0.004), verbal learning (r = -0.44, p = 0.004), total MCCB score (r = -0.42, p = 0.005); and a higher total PANSS score (r = 0.48, p = 0.004) in TRS patients. An enlarged choroid plexus also related to worse attention/vigilance (r = -0.39, p = 0.03), verbal learning (r = -0.55, p = 0.001), total MCCB score (r = -0.41, p = 0.02) and clinical symptoms (r = 0.48, p = 0.004) in TRS patients only. We conclude that elevated salivary KYNA levels and associated choroid plexus enlargement are clinically relevant indicators of TRS, with salivary KYNA being particularly valuable as a peripheral marker. Our findings should benefit TRS research and benefit the improvement of personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Huang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinghui Tong
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanli Li
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fude Yang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Baopeng Tian
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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5
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Sharma VK, Singh TG, Prabhakar NK, Mannan A. Kynurenine Metabolism and Alzheimer's Disease: The Potential Targets and Approaches. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1459-1476. [PMID: 35133568 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
L-tryptophan, an essential amino acid, regulates protein homeostasis and plays a role in neurotransmitter-mediated physiological events. It also influences age-associated neurological alterations and neurodegenerative changes. The metabolism of tryptophan is carried majorly through the kynurenine route, leading to the production of several pharmacologically active enzymes, substrates, and metabolites. These metabolites and enzymes influence a variety of physiological and pathological outcomes of the majority of systems, including endocrine, haemopoietic, gastrointestinal, immunomodulatory, inflammatory, bioenergetic metabolism, and neuronal functions. An extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the kynurenine metabolites that influence cellular redox potential, immunoregulatory mechanisms, inflammatory pathways, cell survival channels, and cellular communication in close association with several neurodegenerative changes. The imbalanced state of kynurenine pathways has found a close association to several pathological disorders, including HIV infections, cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative and neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and has found special attention in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Kynurenine pathway (KP) is intricately linked to AD pathogenesis owing to the influence of kynurenine metabolites on excitotoxic neurotransmission, oxidative stress, uptake of neurotransmitters, and modulation of neuroinflammation, amyloid aggregation, microtubule disruption, and their ability to induce a state of dysbiosis. Pharmacological modulation of KP pathways has shown encouraging results, indicating that it may be a viable and explorable target for the therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
- Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
| | | | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
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6
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Büki A, Kekesi G, Horvath G, Vécsei L. A Potential Interface between the Kynurenine Pathway and Autonomic Imbalance in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10016. [PMID: 34576179 PMCID: PMC8467675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms including autonomic imbalance. These disturbances involve almost all autonomic functions and might contribute to poor medication compliance, worsened quality of life and increased mortality. Therefore, it has a great importance to find a potential therapeutic solution to improve the autonomic disturbances. The altered level of kynurenines (e.g., kynurenic acid), as tryptophan metabolites, is almost the most consistently found biochemical abnormality in schizophrenia. Kynurenic acid influences different types of receptors, most of them involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Only few data suggest that kynurenines might have effects on multiple autonomic functions. Publications so far have discussed the implication of kynurenines and the alteration of the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenia independently from each other. Thus, the coupling between them has not yet been addressed in schizophrenia, although their direct common points, potential interfaces indicate the consideration of their interaction. The present review gathers autonomic disturbances, the impaired kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia, and the effects of kynurenine pathway on autonomic functions. In the last part of the review, the potential interaction between the two systems in schizophrenia, and the possible therapeutic options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Büki
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (G.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Gabriella Kekesi
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (G.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Gyongyi Horvath
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (G.K.); (G.H.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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7
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Pan X, Liu F, Song Y, Wang H, Wang L, Qiu H, Price M, Li J. Motor Stereotypic Behavior Was Associated With Immune Response in Macaques: Insight From Transcriptome and Gut Microbiota Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644540. [PMID: 34394017 PMCID: PMC8360393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor stereotypic behaviors (MSBs) are common in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and human with psychiatric diseases. However, large gaps remain in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate this behavior and whether there are similarities between human and non-human primates that exhibit this behavior, especially at gene expression and gut microbiota levels. The present study combined behavior, blood transcriptome, and gut microbiota data of two groups of captive macaques to explore this issue (i.e., MSB macaques with high MSB exhibition and those with low: control macaques). Observation data showed that MSB macaques spent the most time on MSB (33.95%), while the CONTROL macaques allocated more time to active (30.99%) and general behavior (30.0%), and only 0.97% of their time for MSB. Blood transcriptome analysis revealed 382 differentially expressed genes between the two groups, with 339 upregulated genes significantly enriched in inflammation/immune response-related pathway. We also identified upregulated pro-inflammatory genes TNFRSF1A, IL1R1, and IL6R. Protein–protein interaction network analysis screened nine hub genes that were all related to innate immune response, and our transcriptomic results were highly similar to findings in human psychiatric disorders. We found that there were significant differences in the beta-diversity of gut microbiota between MSB and CONTROL macaques. Of which Phascolarctobacterium, the producer of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), was less abundant in MSB macaques. Meanwhile, PICRUSTs predicted that SCFAs intermediates biosynthesis and metabolic pathways were significantly downregulated in MSB macaques. Together, our study revealed that the behavioral, gene expression levels, and gut microbiota composition in MSB macaques was different to controls, and MSB was closely linked with inflammation and immune response. This work provides valuable information for future in-depth investigation of MSB and human psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrun Wang
- Development and Application of Human Major Disease Monkey Model Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Hengshu Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Yibin, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Development and Application of Human Major Disease Monkey Model Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Hengshu Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Yibin, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Megan Price
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Bhat A, Pires AS, Tan V, Babu Chidambaram S, Guillemin GJ. Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Tryptophan Metabolism. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920970902. [PMID: 33281456 PMCID: PMC7686593 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920970902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep has a regulatory role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and cellular functions. Inadequate sleep time and sleep disorders have become more prevalent in the modern lifestyle. Fragmentation of sleep pattern alters critical intracellular second messengers and neurotransmitters which have key functions in brain development and behavioral functions. Tryptophan metabolism has also been found to get altered in SD and it is linked to various neurodegenerative diseases. The kynurenine pathway is a major regulator of the immune response. Adequate sleep alleviates neuroinflammation and facilitates the cellular clearance of metabolic toxins produced within the brain, while sleep deprivation activates the enzymatic degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, which results in an increased accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites. SD causes increased production and accumulation of kynurenic acid in various regions of the brain. Higher levels of kynurenic acid have been found to trigger apoptosis, leads to cognitive decline, and inhibit neurogenesis. This review aims to link the impact of sleep deprivation on tryptophan metabolism and associated complication in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ananda Staats Pires
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vanessa Tan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Baratta AM, Kanyuch NR, Cole CA, Valafar H, Deslauriers J, Pocivavsek A. Acute sleep deprivation during pregnancy in rats: Rapid elevation of placental and fetal inflammation and kynurenic acid. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 12:100204. [PMID: 32258253 PMCID: PMC7109515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the dominant pathway for tryptophan degradation in the mammalian body and emerging evidence suggests that acute episodes of sleep deprivation (SD) disrupt tryptophan metabolism via the KP. Increases in the neuroactive KP metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) during pregnancy may lead to a higher risk for disrupted neurodevelopment in the offspring. As pregnancy is a critical period during which several factors, including sleep disruptions, could disrupt the fetal environment, we presently explored the relationship between maternal SD and KP metabolism and immune pathways in maternal, placenta, and fetal tissues. Pregnant Wistar rat dams were sleep deprived by gentle handling for 5 h from zeitgeber time (ZT) 0 to ZT 5. Experimental cohorts included: i) controls, ii) one session of SD on embryonic day (ED) 18 or iii) three sessions of SD occurring daily on ED 16, ED 17 and ED 18. Maternal (plasma, brain), placental and fetal (plasma, brain) tissues were collected immediately after the last session of SD or after 24 h of recovery from SD. Respective controls were euthanized at ZT 5 on ED 18 or ED 19. Maternal plasma corticosterone and fetal brain KYNA were significantly elevated only after one session of SD on ED 18. Importantly, maternal plasma corticosterone levels correlated significantly with fetal brain KYNA levels. In addition, placental levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were increased following maternal SD, suggesting a relationship between placental immune response to SD and fetal brain KYNA accumulation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that sleep loss during the last week of gestation can adversely impact maternal stress, placental immune function, and fetal brain KYNA levels. We introduce KYNA as a novel molecular target influenced by sleep loss during pregnancy. Prenatal sleep deprivation influences kynurenine pathway metabolism in utero. Fetal brain kynurenic acid (KYNA) is elevated after maternal sleep deprivation. Maternal plasma corticosterone is increased after sleep deprivation. Prenatal sleep deprivation induces placental and fetal brain cytokines. These data support an interplay with stress, in utero inflammation, and KYNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa M Baratta
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nickole R Kanyuch
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Casey A Cole
- College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columba, South Carolina, USA
| | - Homayoun Valafar
- College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columba, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Deslauriers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Hospital, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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10
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Balog J, Hintz F, Isstas M, Teichert M, Winter C, Lehmann K. Social hierarchy regulates ocular dominance plasticity in adult male mice. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3183-3199. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Badawy AAB. Kynurenine pathway and human systems. Exp Gerontol 2019; 129:110770. [PMID: 31704347 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) appears to play an important role in aging by acting as a general regulator of protein homeostasis. The major route of Trp degradation, the kynurenine pathway (KP), produces a range of biologically active metabolites that can impact or be impacted by a variety of body systems, including the endocrine, haemopoietic, immune, intermediary metabolism and neuronal systems, with the end product of the KP, NAD+, being essential for vital cellular processes. An account of the pathway, its regulation and functions is presented in relation to body systems with a summary of previous studies of the impact of aging on the pathway enzymes and metabolites. A low-grade inflammatory environment characterized by elevation of cytokines and other immune modulators and consequent disturbances in KP activity develops with aging. The multifactorial nature of the aging process necessitates assessment of factors determining the progression of this mild dysfunction to age-related diseases and developing strategies aimed at arresting and reversing this progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A-B Badawy
- Formerly School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, UK.
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12
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Xu K, He Y, Chen X, Tian Y, Cheng K, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Wang H, Wu Z, Li Y, Lan T, Dong Z, Xie P. Validation of the targeted metabolomic pathway in the hippocampus and comparative analysis with the prefrontal cortex of social defeat model mice. J Neurochem 2019; 149:799-810. [PMID: 30520040 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurology Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Yong He
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University ChongqingChina
| | - Ke Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Zhonghao Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Tianlan Lan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University ChongqingChina
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13
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Hoffman JM, Ross C, Tran V, Promislow DEL, Tardif S, Jones DP. The metabolome as a biomarker of mortality risk in the common marmoset. Am J Primatol 2018; 81:e22944. [PMID: 30585652 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the common marmoset has been proposed as a non-human primate model of aging. Their short lifespan coupled with pathologies that are similar to humans make them an ideal model to understand the genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors that influence aging and longevity. However, many of the underlying physiological changes that occur with age in the marmoset are unknown. Here, we attempt to determine if individual metabolites are predictive of future death and to recapitulate past metabolomic results after a change in environment (move across the country) was imposed on a colony of marmosets. We first determined that low levels of tryptophan metabolism metabolites were associated with risk of death in a 2-year follow-up in the animals, suggesting these metabolites may be used as future biomarkers of mortality. We also discovered that betaine metabolism and methionine metabolism are associated with aging regardless of environment for the animals, or of metabolomic assay technique. These two metabolic pathways are therefore of particular interest to examine as future targets for health and lifespan extending interventions. Many of the pathways associated with age in our first study of marmoset metabolomics were not found to have significant age effects in our second study, suggesting more work is needed to understand the reproducibility of large scale metabolomic studies in mammalian models. Overall, we were able to show that while several metabolomics markers show promise in understanding health and lifespan relationships with aging, it is possible that choice of technique for assay and reproducibility in these types of studies are still issues that need to be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Corinna Ross
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Suzette Tardif
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Sex Differences in Hippocampal Memory and Kynurenic Acid Formation Following Acute Sleep Deprivation in Rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6963. [PMID: 29725029 PMCID: PMC5934413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25288-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate sleep is a prevalent problem within our society that can result in cognitive dysfunction. Elevations in kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation known to impact cognition, in the brain may constitute a molecular link between sleep loss and cognitive impairment. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the impact of 6 hours of sleep deprivation on memory and KP metabolism (brain and plasma) in male and female rats. Sleep-deprived males were impaired in a contextual memory paradigm, and both sexes were impaired in a recognition memory paradigm. After sleep deprivation, hippocampal KYNA levels increased significantly only in males. The response in hippocampal KYNA levels to sleep loss was suppressed in gonadectomized males, delineating a role of circulating gonadal hormones. Circulating corticosterone, which has previously been linked to KP metabolism, correlated negatively with hippocampal KYNA in sleep-deprived females, however the relationship was not significant in male animals. Taken together, our study introduces striking sex differences in brain KYNA formation and circulating corticosterone in response to sleep deprivation. Relating these findings to sex differences in cognitive outcomes after sleep deprivation may further advance the development of novel therapeutic agents to overcome sleep loss-induced cognitive dysfunction.
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15
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Sorgdrager FJH, Doornbos B, Penninx BWJH, de Jonge P, Kema IP. The association between the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and tryptophan metabolism in persons with recurrent major depressive disorder and healthy controls. J Affect Disord 2017; 222:32-39. [PMID: 28668713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Persistent changes in serotonergic and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are implicated in recurrent types of major depressive disorder (MDD). Systemic tryptophan levels, which influence the rate of serotonin synthesis, are regulated by glucocorticoids produced along the HPA axis. We investigated tryptophan metabolism and its association with HPA axis functioning in single episode MDD, recurrent MDD and non-depressed individuals. METHODS We included depressed individuals (n = 1320) and controls (n = 406) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (kyn/trp ratio) was established using serum kynurenine and tryptophan levels. Several HPA axis parameters were calculated using salivary cortisol samples. We adjusted the regression analyses for a wide range of potential confounders and differentiated between single episode MDD, recurrent MDD and control. RESULTS Tryptophan, kynurenine and the kyn/trp ratio did not differ between controls and depressed individuals. Increased evening cortisol levels were associated with a decreased kyn/trp ratio in the total sample (Crude: β = -.102, p < .001; Adjusted: β = -.083, p < .001). This association was found to be restricted to recurrently depressed individuals (Crude: β = -.196, p < .001; Adjusted: β = -.145, p = .001). Antidepressant treatment did not affect this association. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that an imbalance between HPA axis function and tryptophan metabolism could be involved in recurrent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J H Sorgdrager
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - B Doornbos
- University Center Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Center of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Center, Department of Affective and Bipolar Disorders, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - B W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P de Jonge
- Interdisciplinary Center of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Early life stress and later peer distress on depressive behavior in adolescent female rats: Effects of a novel intervention on GABA and D2 receptors. Behav Brain Res 2017; 330:37-45. [PMID: 28499915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) increases the risk of depression during adolescence that may result from a decline in parvalbumin (PVB) secondary to increased neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated depressive-like behavior following exposure to two different types of stressors that are relevant for their developmental period: 1) chronic ELA (maternal separation; MS) and 2) an acute emotional stressor during adolescence (witnessing their peers receive multiple shocks; WIT), and their interaction. We also determined whether reducing inflammation by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition would prevent the onset of depressive-like behavior. Female Sprague-Dawley rat pups underwent MS for four-hours/day or received typical care (CON) between postnatal days (P) 2 and P20. A COX-2 inhibitor (COX-2I) or vehicle was administered every other day between P30 and P38. Subjects were tested for learned helplessness to assess depressive-like behavior at P40 (adolescence). MS females demonstrated increased escape latency and decreased PVB in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal raphe that were attenuated by COX-2I intervention. Helplessness was also associated with an increase in D2 receptors in the accumbens. In contrast, WIT elevated escape latency in CON, but reduced latency in MS females. Furthermore, COX-2I intervention decreased escape latency in both CON and MS after WIT. WIT reduced PVB levels in the basolateral amygdala and increased PFC levels to CON levels. Our data suggest that decreased PVB in the PFC is important for the expression of depressive-like behavior and suggest that COX-2I intervention may provide a novel prevention for depression.
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17
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Notarangelo FM, Schwarcz R. Restraint Stress during Pregnancy Rapidly Raises Kynurenic Acid Levels in Mouse Placenta and Fetal Brain. Dev Neurosci 2017; 38:458-468. [PMID: 28214871 DOI: 10.1159/000455228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful events during pregnancy adversely affect brain development and may increase the risk of psychiatric disorders later in life. Early changes in the kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) degradation, which contains several neuroactive metabolites, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and quinolinic acid (QUIN), may constitute a molecular link between prenatal stress and delayed pathological consequences. To begin testing this hypothesis experimentally, we examined the effects of a 2-h restraint stress on KP metabolism in pregnant FVB/N mice on gestational day 17. TRP, KYN, KYNA, 3-HK, and QUIN levels were measured in maternal and fetal plasma and brain, as well as in the placenta, immediately after stress termination and 2 h later. In the same animals, we determined the activity of TRP 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in the maternal liver and in the placenta. Compared to unstressed controls, mostly transient changes in KP metabolism were observed in all of the tissues examined. Specifically, stress caused significant elevations of KYNA levels in the maternal plasma, placenta, and fetal brain, and also resulted in increased levels of TRP and KYN in the placenta, fetal plasma, and fetal brain. In contrast, 3-HK and QUIN levels remained unchanged from control values in all tissues at any time point. In the maternal liver, TDO activity was increased 2 h after stress cessation. Taken together, these findings indicate that an acute stress during the late gestational period preferentially affects the KYNA branch of KP metabolism in the fetal brain. Possible long-term consequences for postnatal brain development and pathology remain to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Notarangelo
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chiappelli J, Pocivavsek A, Nugent KL, Notarangelo FM, Kochunov P, Rowland LM, Schwarcz R, Hong LE. Stress-induced increase in kynurenic acid as a potential biomarker for patients with schizophrenia and distress intolerance. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:761-8. [PMID: 24806441 PMCID: PMC4219570 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Several lines of evidence have linked the endogenous neuromodulator kynurenic acid (KYNA) to schizophrenia. The pathophysiology of schizophrenia is commonly associated with stress, and stress plays a key regulatory role in the first, rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway, which produces KYNA. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the level of KYNA changes following psychological stress and whether this change is associated with stress-related behavior. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The KYNA level was measured in saliva samples taken at baseline and at 2 times following a laboratory-based psychological stress challenge in 128 participants (64 patients with schizophrenia from outpatient clinics and 64 healthy controls from the community). EXPOSURE Laboratory-based psychological stress challenge. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Quitting the stressful task early was used as a behavioral marker of distress intolerance. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia showed a significantly higher rate of distress intolerance compared with healthy controls (P = .003). Salivary KYNA levels increased significantly between baseline and 20 minutes following the stress task in both patients and controls (mean [SEM], 6.72nM [0.65nM] vs 8.43nM [1.05nM], respectively; P = .007). Patients who were unable to tolerate the stressful tasks and quit early showed significantly higher levels of KYNA than patients who tolerated the psychological stressor (P = .02) or healthy controls (P = .02). In patients with distress intolerance, KYNA elevation significantly correlated with the severity of clinical symptoms (ρ = 0.64; P = .008). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Distress intolerance is more common in patients with schizophrenia. Patients with this behavioral phenotype have elevated salivary KYNA levels. This stress response behavior-linked biomarker may aid heterogeneity reduction in schizophrenia and other stress-related psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Katie L. Nugent
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Francesca M. Notarangelo
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Jones KA, Thomsen C. The role of the innate immune system in psychiatric disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 53:52-62. [PMID: 23064447 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is by now substantial clinical evidence for an association between specific mood disorders and altered immune function. More recently, a number of hypotheses have been forwarded to explain how components of the innate immune system can regulate brain function at the cellular and systems levels and how these may underlie the pathology of disorders such as depression, PTSD and bipolar disorder. In this review we draw reference to biochemical, cellular and animal disease models, as well as clinical observations to elucidate the role of the innate immune system in psychiatric disorders. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β IL-6 and TNFα, which feature prominently in the immune response to pathogen in the periphery, have unique and specific actions on neurons and circuits within the central nervous system. Effects of these signaling molecules on neurotransmission, memory, and glucocorticoid function, as well as animal behaviors such as social withdrawal and fear conditioning relevant to psychiatric disorders are elucidated. Finally, we highlight future directions for studies, including the use of peripheral biomarkers, relevant for developing new therapeutic approaches for treating psychiatric illnesses. This article is part of Special Issue entitled 'neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration and neurodysfunction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jones
- Lundbeck Research USA, Neuroinflammation Drug Biology Unit 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA.
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Yoshihara S, Otani H, Tsunoda M, Ishii K, Iizuka H, Ichiba H, Fukushima T. Alterations in extracellular tryptophan and dopamine concentrations in rat striatum following peripheral administration of d- and l-tryptophan: An in vivo microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:74-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tan L, Yu JT, Tan L. The kynurenine pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanistic and therapeutic considerations. J Neurol Sci 2012; 323:1-8. [PMID: 22939820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP), the primary route of tryptophan degradation in mammalian cells, consists of many metabolites including kynurenic acid (KYNA), quinolinic acid (QUIN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and picolinic acid (PIC). The former two are neuroactive, while the latter two are molecules with pro-oxidants and antioxidants properties. These agents are considered to be involved in aging and numerous neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Several studies have demonstrated that altered kynurenine metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this group of diseases. The important metabolites and key enzymes show significant importance in those disorders. Both analogs of the neuroprotective metabolites and small molecule enzyme inhibitors preventing the formation of neurotoxic compounds may have potential therapeutic significance. In this review we discuss the mechanistic and therapeutic considerations of KP in aging and the main neurodegenerative diseases and review the updated knowledge in this therapeutic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China.
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22
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Delaying aging and the aging-associated decline in protein homeostasis by inhibition of tryptophan degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14912-7. [PMID: 22927396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203083109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of aggregation-prone proteins is thought to play an important role in aging and age-related neurological diseases like Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases. Here, we identify tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (tdo-2), the first enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, as a metabolic regulator of age-related α-synuclein toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Depletion of tdo-2 also suppresses toxicity of other heterologous aggregation-prone proteins, including amyloid-β and polyglutamine proteins, and endogenous metastable proteins that are sensors of normal protein homeostasis. This finding suggests that tdo-2 functions as a general regulator of protein homeostasis. Analysis of metabolite levels in C. elegans strains with mutations in enzymes that act downstream of tdo-2 indicates that this suppression of toxicity is independent of downstream metabolites in the kynurenine pathway. Depletion of tdo-2 increases tryptophan levels, and feeding worms with extra L-tryptophan also suppresses toxicity, suggesting that tdo-2 regulates proteotoxicity through tryptophan. Depletion of tdo-2 extends lifespan in these worms. Together, these results implicate tdo-2 as a metabolic switch of age-related protein homeostasis and lifespan. With TDO and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as evolutionarily conserved human orthologs of TDO-2, intervening with tryptophan metabolism may offer avenues to reducing proteotoxicity in aging and age-related diseases.
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Hall IC, Sell GL, Chester EM, Hurley LM. Stress-evoked increases in serotonin in the auditory midbrain do not directly result from elevations in serum corticosterone. Behav Brain Res 2012; 226:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miura H, Ando Y, Noda Y, Isobe K, Ozaki N. Long-lasting effects of inescapable-predator stress on brain tryptophan metabolism and the behavior of juvenile mice. Stress 2011; 14:262-72. [PMID: 21294659 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2010.541539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway, which is initiated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, is the main tryptophan (TRP) metabolic pathway. It shares TRP with the serotonin (5-HT) pathway. We investigated the influence of inescapable-predator (rat) stress on behavior and brain TRP metabolism in mice. Male ICR mice (4W) were exposed to 20-min inescapable-predator stress. Behavior on an elevated plus-maze, and TRP, KYN, and 5-HT levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nuclei were measured 1 and 4 weeks after stress exposure. Predator stress increased the number of open-arm entries (NOA) 4 weeks after stress exposure without altering the number of closed-arm entries (NCA). Thus, the open/closed-arm entry ratio (NOA/NCA) increased after stress exposure. Predator stress increased KYN levels in the prefrontal cortex (until 4 weeks after stress exposure) and dorsal raphe nuclei (for 1 week after stress exposure), decreased 5-HT levels in all brain regions (until 4 weeks after stress exposure). Thus, predator stress increased the KYN/5-HT ratio in all regions, in particular in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus until 4 weeks after stress exposure. Predator stress shifted the balance between the KYN and 5-HT pathways to the KYN pathway, and induced behavioral disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Miura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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25
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Oliveira L, Graeff FG, Pereira SRC, Oliveira-Silva IF, Franco GC, Ribeiro AM. Correlations among central serotonergic parameters and age-related emotional and cognitive changes assessed through the elevated T-maze and the Morris water maze. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:187-196. [PMID: 20431986 PMCID: PMC2861747 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-009-9123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Emotion and spatial cognitive aspects were assessed in adult and middle-aged rats using the elevated T-maze (ETM) and the Morris water maze (MWM) tasks. Both adult and middle-aged rats were able to acquire inhibitory avoidance behaviour, though the middle-aged subjects showed larger latencies along the trials, including the baseline, which was significantly longer than that showed by adult rats. Further, compared to adult rats, middle-aged rats had longer escape latency. In spite of the worse performance in the second session of the spatial cognitive task, the middle-aged rats were able to learn the task and remember the information along the whole probe trial test. Both thalamic serotonin (5-HT) concentration and amygdala serotonergic activity (5-HIAA/5-HT) are significantly correlated, respectively, to escape latency and behavioural extinction in the MWM only for middle-aged rats. A significant correlation between the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in the amygdala and behavioural extinction for middle-aged, but not for adult, rats was observed. This result suggests that serotonergic activity in the amygdala may regulate behavioural flexibility in aged animals. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between hippocampal 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio and the path length at the second training session of the MWM task, although only for adult subjects. This was the only session where a significant difference between the performance of middle-aged and adult rats has occurred. Although the involvement of the hippocampus in learning and memory is well established, the present work shows, for the first time, a correlation between a serotonergic hippocampal parameter and performance of a spatial task, which is lost with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Frederico G. Graeff
- Departmento de Neurociências e Ciências Comportamentais, FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Silvia R. C. Pereira
- Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Ieda F. Oliveira-Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Glaura C. Franco
- Laboratório de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
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Cheng HW, Fahey A. Effects of group size and repeated social disruption on the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in two genetic lines of White Leghorn laying hens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2018-25. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Miura H, Shirokawa T, Isobe K, Ozaki N. Shifting the balance of brain tryptophan metabolism elicited by isolation housing and systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide in mice. Stress 2009; 12:206-14. [PMID: 19006008 DOI: 10.1080/10253890802252442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway, which is initiated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, is a key tryptophan (TRP) metabolic pathway. It shares TRP mainly with the serotonin (5-HT) pathway. Activation of the KYN pathway by stimulation of the inflammatory response system (IRS) is known to induce depressive symptoms. Thus, we considered that shifting the balance between the KYN and 5-HT systems in the brain to the KYN pathway closely relate to the etiology of depression. In the present study, we investigated the influence of environmental risk factors for depression, such as social isolation and activation of the IRS, on brain TRP metabolism. Male ICR mice (postnatal day 21) were divided into two housing conditions, isolation and group housing, reared for 4 weeks, and then given an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We measured the TRP, KYN, and 5-HT levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nuclei. Isolation housing decreased the KYN/5-HT ratio in the amygdala and dorsal raphe nuclei. LPS increased the KYN/5-HT ratio in all regions except the dorsal raphe nuclei. Thus, isolation housing shifted the balance between the KYN and 5-HT pathways to the 5-HT pathway, whereas systemic administration of LPS shifted it to the KYN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Miura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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