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Yoo C, Xing D, Gonzalez DE, Jenkins V, Nottingham K, Dickerson B, Leonard M, Ko J, Lewis MH, Faries M, Kephart W, Purpura M, Jäger R, Wells SD, Liao K, Sowinski R, Rasmussen CJ, Kreider RB. Paraxanthine provides greater improvement in cognitive function than caffeine after performing a 10-km run. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2352779. [PMID: 38725238 PMCID: PMC11089923 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2352779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Intense exercise promotes fatigue and can impair cognitive function, particularly toward the end of competition when decision-making is often critical for success. For this reason, athletes often ingest caffeinated energy drinks prior to or during exercise to help them maintain focus, reaction time, and cognitive function during competition. However, caffeine habituation and genetic sensitivity to caffeine (CA) limit efficacy. Paraxanthine (PX) is a metabolite of caffeine reported to possess nootropic properties. This study examined whether ingestion of PX with and without CA affects pre- or post-exercise cognitive function. METHODS 12 trained runners were randomly assigned to consume in a double-blind, randomized, and crossover manner 400 mg of a placebo (PL); 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of CA; 200 mg of PL + 200 mg of PX (ENFINITY®, Ingenious Ingredients); or 200 mg PX + 200 mg of CA (PX+CA) with a 7-14-day washout between treatments. Participants donated fasting blood samples and completed pre-supplementation (PRE) side effects questionnaires, the Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test (PVTT). Participants then ingested the assigned treatment and rested for 60 minutes, repeated tests (PRE-EX), performed a 10-km run on a treadmill at a competition pace, and then repeated tests (POST-EX). Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS BCST correct responses in the PX treatment increased from PRE-EX to POST-EX (6.8% [1.5, 12.1], p = 0.012). The error rate in the PL (23.5 [-2.8, 49.8] %, p = 0.078) and CA treatment (31.5 [5.2, 57.8] %, p = 0.02) increased from PRE-EX values with POST-EX errors tending to be lower with PX treatment compared to CA (-35.7 [-72.9, 1.4] %, p = 0.059). POST-EX perseverative errors with PAR rules were significantly lower with PX treatment than with CA (-26.9 [-50.5, -3.4] %, p = 0.026). Vigilance analysis revealed a significant interaction effect in Trial #2 mean reaction time values (p = 0.049, η p 2 = 0.134, moderate to large effect) with POST-EX reaction times tending to be faster with PX and CA treatment. POST-EX mean reaction time of all trials with PX treatment was significantly faster than PL (-23.2 [-43.4, -2.4] %, p = 0.029) and PX+CA (-29.6 [-50.3, -8.80] %, p = 0.006) treatments. There was no evidence that PX ingestion adversely affected ratings of side effects associated with stimulant intake or clinical blood markers. CONCLUSIONS Results provide some evidence that pre-exercise PX ingestion improves prefrontal cortex function, attenuates attentional decline, mitigates cognitive fatigue, and improves reaction time and vigilance. Adding CA to PX did not provide additional benefits. Therefore, PX ingestion may serve as a nootropic alternative to CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongsung Yoo
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dante Xing
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Drew E. Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Victoria Jenkins
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kay Nottingham
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Broderick Dickerson
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Megan Leonard
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joungbo Ko
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Megan H. Lewis
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mark Faries
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M University, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wesley Kephart
- University of Wisconsin – Whitewater, Department of Kinesiology, Whitewater, WI, USA
| | - Martin Purpura
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Ingenious Ingredients LP, Lewisville, TX, USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Ingenious Ingredients LP, Lewisville, TX, USA
| | | | - Kylin Liao
- Ingenious Ingredients LP, Lewisville, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Sowinski
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J. Rasmussen
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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Główka N, Malik J, Podgórski T, Stemplewski R, Maciaszek J, Ciążyńska J, Zawieja EE, Chmurzynska A, Nowaczyk PM, Durkalec-Michalski K. The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit - a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2301384. [PMID: 38226646 PMCID: PMC10795626 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2301384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine (CAF) ingestion improves performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Nevertheless, the CAF-induced, dose-dependent effect on discipline-specific performance and cognitive functions in CrossFit/High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute supplementation of three different doses of CAF and placebo (PLA) on specific performance, reaction time (RTime), postural stability (PStab), heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, acute pre-exercise supplementation with CAF (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body mass (BM)) and PLA in 26 moderately trained CrossFit practitioners was examined. The study protocol involved five separate testing sessions using the Fight Gone Bad test (FGB) as the exercise performance evaluation and biochemical analyses, HR and RPE monitoring, as well as the assessment of RTime and PStab, with regard to CYP1A2 (rs762551) and ADORA2A (rs5751876) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). RESULTS Supplementation of 6 mgCAF/kgBM induced clinically noticeable improvements in FGBTotal results, RTime and pre-exercise motor time. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between any CAF doses and PLA in FGBTotal, HRmax, HRmean, RPE, pre/post-exercise RTime, PStab variables or pyruvate concentrations. Lactate concentration was higher (p < 0.05) before and after exercise in all CAF doses than in PLA. There was no effect of CYP1A2 or ADORA2A SNPs on performance. CONCLUSIONS The dose-dependent effect of CAF supplementation appears to be limited to statistically nonsignificant but clinically considered changes on specific performance, RTime, PStab, RPE or HR. However, regarding practical CAF-induced performance implications in CrossFit/HIFT, 6 mgCAF/kgBM may be supposed as the most rational supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Główka
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Malik
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Stemplewski
- Department of Digital Technologies in Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Janusz Maciaszek
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Julia Ciążyńska
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Emilia E. Zawieja
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Sport Sciences–Biomedical Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Chen B, Ding L, Qin Q, Lei TH, Girard O, Cao Y. Effect of caffeine ingestion on time trial performance in cyclists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2363789. [PMID: 38836626 PMCID: PMC11155427 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2363789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine, widely recognized as an ergogenic aid, has undergone extensive research, demonstrating its effectiveness to enhance endurance performance. However, there remains a significant gap in systematically evaluating its effects on time trial (TT) performance in cyclists. PURPOSE This meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy of caffeine ingestion to increase cycling TT performance in cyclists and to evaluate the optimal dosage range for maximum effect. METHODS A search of four databases was completed on 1 December 2023. The selected studies comprised crossover, placebo-controlled investigations into the effects of caffeine ingestion on cycling TT performance. Completion time (Time) and mean power output (MPO) were used as performance measures for TT. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model to assess the standardized mean differences (SMD) in individual studies. RESULTS Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analyses. Subgroup analysis showed that moderate doses of caffeine intake (4-6 mg/kg) significantly improved cycling performance (SMD Time = -0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.84 ~ -0.26, p < 0.01, I2 = 35%; SMD MPO = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.09 ~ 0.79, p < 0.05, I2 = 39%), while the effects of low doses (1-3 mg/kg) of caffeine were not significant (SMD Time = -0.34, 95% CI = -0.84 ~ 0.17, p = 0.19, I2 = 0%; SMD MPO = 0.31, 95% CI = -0.02 ~ 0.65, p = 0.07, I2 = 0%). CONCLUSION A moderate dosage (4-6 mg/kg) of caffeine, identified as the optimal dose range, can significantly improve the time trial performance of cyclists, while a low dose (1-3 mg/kg) does not yield improvement. In addition, the improvements in completion time and mean power output resulting from a moderate dose of caffeine are essentially the same in cycling time trails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Department of Public Physical Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Ding
- Shanghai University of Sport, School of Physical Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyang Qin
- Shanghai University of Sport, School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai, China
| | - Tze-Huan Lei
- Hubei Normal University, College of Physical Education, Huangshi, China
| | - Olivier Girard
- The University of Western Australia, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), Perth, Australia
| | - Yinhang Cao
- Shanghai University of Sport, School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai, China
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Ashraf A, ElDin NB, Rostom Y, El-Zeany BA, Sedik GA. Novel RP-HPLC-DAD approach for simultaneous determination of chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride and caffeine with their related substances. BMC Chem 2024; 18:133. [PMID: 39030644 PMCID: PMC11264915 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the quality control of active pharmaceutical ingredients is crucial for drug products being introduced into the market. Even for established drugs, it is necessary to maintain a cutting-edge impurity control system. To analyze caffeine and chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride in their binary mixture, as well as theophylline and chlorphenoxamine N-oxide as related substances, a reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector system was created. The chromatographic separation was conducted using a C18 X-select Waters® column. The mobile phase consisted of 20.0 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate modified to pH 3 with o-phosphoric acid and methanol. A gradient elution program was adopted at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min and detected at a wavelength of 222 nm. The present methodology demonstrates a concentration ranging from 2-60, 1-80, 0.5-20 to 0.4-20 µg/mL for chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride, caffeine, chlorphenoxamine N-Oxide and theophylline, respectively. Chlorphenoxamine N-Oxide, being an impurity of chlorphenoxamine was prepared by refluxing intact drug with 5% H2O2 for 24 h at 100 °C. One of the objectives of the analytical community is to promote the adoption of green analysis methods, which involve the development of environmentally friendly techniques. The levels of greenness and whiteness were evaluated using four specific tools: Eco-Scale System, GAPI, AGREE, and RGB tool. Furthermore, we have evaluated the greenness of the analytical method presented and compared its performance and greenness to that of the approach described in the literature. In this study, results from CPX and CAF analysis were compared to those obtained in a previous study. The result shows that there is no notable variation in precision and accuracy. The proposed method was validated in accordance with the requirements of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ashraf
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Norhan Badr ElDin
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Rostom
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Badr A El-Zeany
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Sedik
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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5
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Varillas-Delgado D, Coso JD, Muñoz A, Aguilar-Navarro M, Gutierrez-Hellin J. Influence of the CYP1A2 c. -163 A > C polymorphism in the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise: a pilot randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2024:10.1007/s00394-024-03454-3. [PMID: 39007997 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the CYP1A2 c.-163 A > C (rs762551) polymorphism on the effect of oral caffeine intake on fat oxidation during exercise. METHODS Using a pilot randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial, 32 young and healthy individuals (women = 14, men = 18) performed an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with 3-min stages at workloads from 30 to 70% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Participants performed this test after the ingestion of (a) placebo; (b) 3 mg/kg of caffeine; (c) 6 mg/kg of caffeine. Fat oxidation rate during exercise was measured by indirect calorimetry. The influence of the CYP1A2 c.-163 A > C polymorphism in the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation rates during exercise was established with a three-way ANOVA (substance × genotype × intensity). RESULTS Eight participants were genotyped as AA, 18 participants were CA heterozygotes, and 6 participants were CC. There was a main effect of substance (F = 3.348, p = 0.050) on fat oxidation rates during exercise with no genotype effect (F = 0.158, p = 0.959). The post hoc analysis revealed that, in comparison to the placebo, 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine increased fat oxidation at 40-50% VO2max in AA (all p < 0.050) and 50-60% VO2max in CA and CC participants (all p < 0.050). CONCLUSION Oral intake of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine increased fat oxidation rate during aerobic exercise in individuals with AA, CA and CC genotypes. This suggests that the effect of caffeine to enhance fat oxidation during exercise is not influenced by the CYP1A2 c.-163 A > C polymorphism. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov with ID: NCT05975489.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.
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Bougrine H, Ammar A, Salem A, Trabelsi K, Żmijewski P, Jahrami H, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Effects of Different Caffeine Dosages on Maximal Physical Performance and Potential Side Effects in Low-Consumer Female Athletes: Morning vs. Evening Administration. Nutrients 2024; 16:2223. [PMID: 39064667 PMCID: PMC11279619 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While previous studies have explored a range of factors governing the optimal use of caffeine (CAF) in athletes, limited research has explored how time of day (TOD) affects the ergogenic effects of various CAF dosages on physical performance. This study aimed to increase knowledge about how different recommended CAF doses (3 mg/kg vs. 6 mg/kg) ingested at different TODs affected maximal high-intensity physical performance and the perception of potential side effects in female athletes. In this double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced study, 15 low CAF consumer athletes (aged 18.3 ± 0.5 y) underwent six trials, including three testing conditions assessed across two TODs: one in the morning (08:00 a.m.) and one in the evening (06:00 p.m.). During each condition, the participants ingested either a placebo, 3 mg/kg CAF (CAF (3 mg)), or 6 mg/kg CAF (CAF (6 mg)) capsules 60 min before each test with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. In each trial, the participants performed a countermovement jumps test (CMJ), a modified agility t test (MATT), a repeated sprint ability (RSA), a rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and finally, a CAF side effects questionnaire. Our findings indicate the absence of an ergogenic effect on CMJ, MAT, and RSA performance in the evening after administering CAF (3 mg) or CAF (6 mg) compared to a placebo. Likewise, when CAF was ingested in the morning, there was an improvement in these performances with both CAF (3 mg) and CAF (6 mg), with greater improvement observed after CAF (6 mg). Additionally, neither the CAF dosage nor the TOD had a significant effect on the RPE. The occurrence of side effects increased significantly after the evening ingestion of CAF, particularly with a moderate dose of CAF (6 mg). Our findings indicate that the effectiveness of CAF depends on the TOD and CAF dosage. When ingested in the morning, a moderate dose of CAF (6 mg), rather than CAF (3 mg), is more effective in improving short-term physical performance without affecting CAF side effects in female athletes. Nevertheless, when ingested in the evening, neither dose was sufficient to enhance short-term physical performance, and both dosages increased the incidence of CAF side effects, particularly at a moderate dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia;
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (H.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Atef Salem
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (H.C.); (N.S.)
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Piotr Żmijewski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain;
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
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Pereira-Alves E, Machado-Pereira J, Monteiro A, Costa-Cordeiro R, Chandran V, Jurisica I, Prado E, Cameron LC. Caffeine Boosts Weight-Lifting Performance in Rats: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2022. [PMID: 38999769 PMCID: PMC11243630 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a well-described ergogenic aid used to enhance athletic performance. Using animal models can greatly increase our understanding of caffeine's mechanisms in performance. Here, we adapted an animal weight-lifting exercise model to demonstrate caffeine's ergogenic effect in rats. Male Wistar rats (315 ± 35 g) were randomly divided into two groups: one group received 5 mg·kg-1 of caffeine (0.5 mL; CEx; n = 5) and the other 0.9% NaCl (0.5 mL; PEx; n = 4) through an orogastric probe (gavage) one hour before exercise. Weight-lifting exercise sessions were performed over three subsequent days, and the number of complete squats performed was counted. Analyses of the area under the curve in all three experiments showed that the CEx group responded more to stimuli, performing more squats (1.7-, 2.0-, and 1.6-fold; p < 0.05) than the control group did. These three days' data were analyzed to better understand the cumulative effect of this exercise, and a hyperbolic curve was fitted to these data. Data fitting from the caffeine-supplemented group, CEx, also showed larger Smax and Kd (2.3-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively) than the PEx group did. Our study demonstrated an acute ergogenic effect of caffeine in an animal weight-lifting exercise model for the first time, suggesting potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Pereira-Alves
- Lorraine Protein Biochemistry Group, Graduate Program in Neurology, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro 20270-004, RJ, Brazil; (E.P.-A.); (J.M.-P.); (R.C.-C.)
| | - Julia Machado-Pereira
- Lorraine Protein Biochemistry Group, Graduate Program in Neurology, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro 20270-004, RJ, Brazil; (E.P.-A.); (J.M.-P.); (R.C.-C.)
| | - Anibal Monteiro
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20290-250, RJ, Brazil;
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças 78605-091, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Costa-Cordeiro
- Lorraine Protein Biochemistry Group, Graduate Program in Neurology, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro 20270-004, RJ, Brazil; (E.P.-A.); (J.M.-P.); (R.C.-C.)
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Arthritis Program, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada;
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada;
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G IL7, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eduardo Prado
- Lorraine Protein Biochemistry Group, Graduate Program in Neurology, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro 20270-004, RJ, Brazil; (E.P.-A.); (J.M.-P.); (R.C.-C.)
- Laboratory for Research in Physical Exercise and Metabolism, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, AL, Brazil
| | - L. C. Cameron
- Lorraine Protein Biochemistry Group, Graduate Program in Neurology, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro 20270-004, RJ, Brazil; (E.P.-A.); (J.M.-P.); (R.C.-C.)
- Arthritis Program, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada;
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Ambrozy CA, Hawes NE, Hayden OL, Sortz I, Malek MH. Caffeine Expectancy Does Not Influence the Physical Working Capacity at the Fatigue Threshold. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1056-1062. [PMID: 38781467 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ambrozy, CA, Hawes, NE, Hayden, OL, Sortzi, I, and Malek, MH. Caffeine expectancy does not influence the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1056-1062, 2024-The placebo effect occurs when a desired outcome is experienced due to the belief that a treatment is effective, even in the absence of an active ingredient. One explanation for this effect is based on a person's expectations of a drug or supplement. Although caffeine's effects on sports performance have been studied, little is known about how expectations of caffeine affect neuromuscular fatigue during continuous muscle action. The physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT) can be used to assess neuromuscular fatigue noninvasively using surface electromyography. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether caffeine expectancy influences PWCFT. We hypothesized that regardless of expectancy, caffeine consumption would delay neuromuscular fatigue. The study involved 8 healthy college-aged men (mean ± SEM: age, 25.6 ± 1.0 years) who visited the laboratory on 4 occasions, each separated by 7 days. The subjects completed 4 experimental conditions, in random order, where they were told that they were consuming caffeine or placebo and either received caffeine or placebo. After consuming the drink, the subjects remained in the laboratory for an hour and then performed an incremental exercise test. The results showed that the condition where subjects were told that they were consuming caffeine and received caffeine had significantly higher mean values for maximal power output (F(3, 21) = 11.75; p < 0.001), PWCFT (F(3, 21) = 12.28; p < 0.001), PWCFT (%maximal power output; F(3, 21) = 8.75; p < 0.001), and heart rate at end exercise (%predicted; F(3, 21) = 3.83; p = 0.025) compared with the 2 conditions where placebo was received. However, no statistically significant mean differences were found from the condition where subjects were told that they were consuming placebo but consuming caffeine. This suggests that a person's expectancy and potential somatic response may serve as a cue for how an ergogenic aid or placebo could affect subsequent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Ambrozy
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nicole E Hawes
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Olivia L Hayden
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Isabella Sortz
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Moh H Malek
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Wu W, Chen Z, Zhou H, Wang L, Li X, Lv Y, Sun T, Yu L. Effects of Acute Ingestion of Caffeine Capsules on Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1146. [PMID: 38674836 PMCID: PMC11054210 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of acute ingestion of caffeine capsules on muscle strength and muscle endurance. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and EBSCO databases. Data were pooled using the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval. Fourteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The acute ingestion of caffeine capsules significantly improved muscle strength (WMD, 7.09, p < 0.00001) and muscle endurance (WMD, 1.37; p < 0.00001), especially in males (muscle strength, WMD, 7.59, p < 0.00001; muscle endurance, WMD, 1.40, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analyses showed that ≥ 6 mg/kg body weight of caffeine (WMD, 6.35, p < 0.00001) and ingesting caffeine 45 min pre-exercise (WMD, 8.61, p < 0.00001) were more effective in improving muscle strength, with the acute ingestion of caffeine capsules having a greater effect on lower body muscle strength (WMD, 10.19, p < 0.00001). In addition, the acute ingestion of caffeine capsules had a greater effect in moderate-intensity muscle endurance tests (WMD, 1.76, p < 0.00001). An acute ingestion of caffeine capsules significantly improved muscle strength and muscle endurance in the upper body and lower body of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhizhou Chen
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Huixuan Zhou
- School of Sport Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Leiyuyang Wang
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
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10
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MacKeown H, Scapuzzi C, Baglietto M, Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Magi E. Wastewater and seawater monitoring in Antarctica: Passive sampling as a powerful strategy to evaluate emerging pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171755. [PMID: 38494027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The Ross Sea, among the least human-impacted marine environments worldwide, recently became the first marine protected area in Antarctica. To assess the impact of the Italian research station Mario Zucchelli (MZS) on the surrounding waters, passive sampling - as well as spot sampling for comparison - took place in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the receiving surface marine waters. Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) were deployed for six consecutive 2-week periods from November to February in a reservoir collecting the wastewater effluent. Passive samplers were also deployed at shallow depth offshore from the wastewater effluent outlet from MZS for two separate 3-week periods (November 2021 and January 2022). Grab water samples were collected alongside each POCIS deployment, for comparison with passive sampling results. POCIS, used for the first time in Antarctica, demonstrated to be advantageous to estimate time-averaged concentrations in waters and the results were comparable to those obtained by repeated spot samplings. Among the 23 studied ECs - including drugs, UV-filters, perfluorinated substances, caffeine - 15 were detected in both grab and passive sampling in the WWTP effluent and followed similar concentration profiles in both types of sampling. High concentrations of caffeine, naproxen and ketoprofen in the dozens of μg L-1 were detected. Other compounds, including drugs and several UV filters, were detected down to sub- μg L-1 concentrations. In marine waters close to the effluent output, only traces of a drug (4.8 ng L-1) and two UV filters (up to 0.04 μg L-1) were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Baglietto
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
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11
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Trujillo-Colmena D, Fernández-Sánchez J, Rodríguez-Castaño A, Casado A, Del Coso J. Effects of Caffeinated Coffee on Cross-Country Cycling Performance in Recreational Cyclists. Nutrients 2024; 16:668. [PMID: 38474796 PMCID: PMC10933887 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The ergogenic effects of acute caffeine intake on endurance cycling performance lasting ~1 h have been well documented in controlled laboratory studies. However, the potential benefits of caffeine supplementation in cycling disciplines such as cross-country/mountain biking have been rarely studied. In cross-country cycling, performance is dependent on endurance capacity, which may be enhanced by caffeine, but also on the technical ability of the cyclist to overcome the obstacles of the course. So, it is possible that the potential benefits of caffeine are not translated to cross-country cycling. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine intake, in the form of coffee, on endurance performance during a cross-country cycling time trial. Eleven recreational cross-country cyclists (mean ± SD: age: 22 ± 3 years; nine males and two females) participated in a single-blinded, randomised, counterbalanced and crossover experiment. After familiarisation with the cross-country course, participants completed two identical experimental trials after the ingestion of: (a) 3.00 mg/kg of caffeine in the form of soluble coffee or (b) 0.04 mg/kg of caffeine in the form of decaffeinated soluble coffee as a placebo. Drinks were ingested 60 min before performing a 13.90 km cross-country time trial over a course with eight sectors of varying technical difficulty. The time to complete the trial and the mean and the maximum speed were measured through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Heart rate was obtained through a heart rate monitor. At the end of the time trial, participants indicated their perceived level of fatigue using the traditional Borg scale. In comparison to the placebo, caffeine intake in the form of coffee significantly reduced the time to complete the trial by 4.93 ± 4.39% (43.20 ± 7.35 vs. 41.17 ± 6.18 min; p = 0.011; effect size [ES] = 0.300). Caffeine intake reduced the time to complete four out of eight sectors with different categories of technical difficulty (p ≤ 0.010; ES = 0.386 to 0.701). Mean heart rate was higher with caffeine (169 ± 6 vs. 162 ± 13 bpm; p = 0.046; ES = 0.788) but the rating of perceived exertion at the end of the trial was similar with caffeinated coffee than with the placebo (16 ± 1 vs. 16 ± 2 a.u.; p = 0.676; ES = 0.061). In conclusion, the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine delivered via soluble coffee reduced the time to complete a cross-country cycling trial in recreational cyclists. These results suggest that caffeine ingested as coffee may be an ergogenic substance for cross-country cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Trujillo-Colmena
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
- Program of Epidemiology and Public Health (Interuniversity), Ph.D. International School, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Sánchez
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Castaño
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Arturo Casado
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
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12
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Bougrine H, Ammar A, Salem A, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Optimizing Short-Term Maximal Exercise Performance: The Superior Efficacy of a 6 mg/kg Caffeine Dose over 3 or 9 mg/kg in Young Female Team-Sports Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:640. [PMID: 38474768 PMCID: PMC10935148 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine (CAF) is among the most extensively researched dietary supplements worldwide. However, little is known about the relationship between dosage and performance enhancement, particularly in female athletes. This study aimed to explore the effects of three different CAF dosages (3 mg·kg-1, 6 mg·kg-1, and 9 mg·kg-1) on high-intensity exercise and the prevalence of undesirable side effects related to these doses among female team-sports athletes. All participants (n = 16; age: 16.9 ± 0.6 y; height: 1.64 ± 0.1 m; BMI: 21.6 ± 1.5 kg·m-2) were mild CAF consumers. This study had a randomized, crossover, double-blind design in which each athlete performed four experimental sessions after ingesting either a placebo (PLAC), 3 mg·kg-1 CAF (CAF-3), 6 mg·kg-1 CAF (CAF-6), or 9 mg·kg-1 of CAF (CAF-9), with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. In each experimental session, 60 min after ingesting the capsules, participants underwent a countermovement jumps test (CMJ), modified agility t-test (MATT), repeated sprint ability (RSA) test, and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and completed the CAF side effects questionnaire. Our findings revealed that in comparison to the PLAC condition, the MATT, RSAmean, and RSAbest performances were significantly greater only under the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions. Although the RPE scores remained unchanged, CMJ performance improved under all CAF conditions. All the performance outcomes were better for the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions than for the CAF-3 condition. Notably, no significant difference between the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions was observed for any of these parameters despite the highest incidence of side effects being noted for the CAF-9 condition. In summary, our findings highlight the recommendation for a moderate CAF dosage of 6 mg·kg-1 rather than 3 or 9 mg·kg-1 to enhance various aspects of short-term maximal performance in mild-CAF-consumer female team-sports athletes while mitigating the occurrence of adverse CAF side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia;
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
| | - Achraf Ammar
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Université Paris Lumières (UPL), Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Atef Salem
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain;
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
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13
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Marinho AH, da Silva JM, Brandão VFDN, Jatobá SG, Júnior PB, Ataide-Silva T, Sousa FADB, Bastos-Silva VJ, de Araujo GG. Caffeine Mouth Rinse Plus Ingestion Improves the 10-Km Time Trial Compared to Caffeine Mouth Rinse Alone. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38271741 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Background: The benefits of caffeine to physical performance have been extensively demonstrated, however, it has recently been speculated that there is an effect of the administration route on its effectiveness. Purpose: The current study investigated the effect of caffeine mouth rinse in isolation or combined with ingestion on performance in a 30-minute constant-load exercise followed by a 10-km cycling time trial. Methods: Ten physically active men performed a 30-minute constant-load exercise at 50% of the graded test Wmax, followed by a 10-km cycling time trial. Before and at the middle points of the constant-load exercise and 10-km cycling time trial, the following conditions were administered: PLA (cellulose ingestion plus mouth rinsing with magnesium sulfate), ING (5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine ingestion plus mouth rinsing with magnesium sulfate), MR (cellulose ingestion plus mouth rinsing with 1.2% caffeine), and COMB (5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine ingestion plus mouth rinsing with 1.2% caffeine). Results: During the 30-minute constant-load exercise, COMB presented a lower rating of perceived exertion (RPE) than MR (p = .04). For the 10-km time trial, the COMB was faster than MR (MR = 1363 ± 345 vs. COMB = 1291 ± 308s, Δ% = 5.57, p = .05). Mean power output was higher in COMB than PLA, ING, and MR (234 ± 15 vs. 169 ± 29, 148 ± 11, and 145 ± 12 W, respectively). There were no differences between conditions for heart rate and RPE during the 10-km time trial. Conclusion: In summary, caffeine mouth rinsing potentiated the effects of caffeine ingestion during the 10-km time trial compared to caffeine mouth rinsing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Henrique Marinho
- Federal University of Alagoas
- Federal University of Parana
- Federal University of Technology Parana
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14
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Zhang Y, Diao P, Wang J, Li S, Fan Q, Han Y, Liang Y, Wang Z, Del Coso J. The Effect of Post-Activation Potentiation Enhancement Alone or in Combination with Caffeine on Anaerobic Performance in Boxers: A Double-Blind, Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:235. [PMID: 38257128 PMCID: PMC10820078 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is a physiological phenomenon that refers to an acute excitation of the neuromuscular system following intense exercise that ends in enhanced physical performance in a subsequent bout of exercise. The scientific literature has primarily examined the effectiveness of PAPE alone or combined with caffeine (CAF) intake in all-out tests lasting ≤10 s, as the effect of PAPE is transitory. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a protocol to induce PAPE alone or in combination with caffeine intake on the 30 s Wingate Anaerobic Test in highly trained boxers. Twenty-five male and highly trained boxers (mean age: 20 ± 1 years) participated in a double-blind, randomized crossover study consisting of three different experimental conditions: (i) control (CON), with no substance intake and no PAPE protocol before the Wingate Anaerobic Test; (ii) PAPE + PLA, involving the intake of a placebo 60 min before and a PAPE protocol comprising a 10 s cycling sprint overloaded with 8.5% of the participants' body weight 10 min before the Wingate Anaerobic Test; and (iii) PAPE + CAF, involving the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min before and the same PAPE protocol used in the (ii) protocol before the Wingate Anaerobic Test. In all conditions, the participants performed the 30 s version of the Wingate Anaerobic Test with a load equivalent to 7.5% of their body weight, while the cycle ergometer setting was replicated. Immediately following the Wingate test, heart rate (HR), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate concentration (Bla) were measured. In comparison to CON, PAPE + PLA enhanced mean power (p = 0.024; Effect size [ES] = 0.37) and total work (p = 0.022; ES = 0.38) during the Wingate test, accompanied by an increase in post-test blood lactate concentration (p < 0.01; ES = 0.83). In comparison to CON, PAPE + CAF enhanced mean power (p = 0.001; ES = 0.57), peak power (p = 0.013; ES = 0.57), total work (p = 0.001; ES = 0.53), post-test blood lactate concentration (p < 0.001; ES = 1.43) and participants' subjective perception of power (p = 0.041). There were no differences in any variable between PAPE + PLA and PAPE + CAF. In summary, a PAPE protocol that involves a 10 s all-out sprint 10 min before the Wingate Anaerobic Test was effective in enhancing Wingate mean power in highly trained boxers. The addition of 3 mg/kg of caffeine to the PAPE protocol produced an effect on mean power of a higher magnitude than PAPE alone, and it enhanced peak power along with participants' subjective perception of power. From a practical point of view, PAPE before exercise seems to be an effective approach for increasing Wingate performance in highly trained boxers, while the addition of caffeine can increase some benefits, especially peak power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinkai Zhang
- China Wushu School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Penglin Diao
- China Swimming College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Wushu Instructor Training Base for International Promotion of Chinese Language, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingmin Fan
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunzhi Han
- School of Humanities, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yapu Liang
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- China Swimming College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
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15
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Fernández-Sánchez J, Trujillo-Colmena D, Rodríguez-Castaño A, Lavín-Pérez AM, Del Coso J, Casado A, Collado-Mateo D. Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on Fat Oxidation Rate during Fed-State Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:207. [PMID: 38257100 PMCID: PMC10819049 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-exercise intake of caffeine (from ~3 to 9 mg/kg) has been demonstrated as an effective supplementation strategy to increase fat oxidation during fasted exercise. However, a pre-exercise meal can alter the potential effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise as caffeine modifies postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses. Hypothetically, the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation may be reduced or even withdrawn during fed-state exercise. The present systematic review aimed to meta-analyse investigations on the effect of acute caffeine intake on the rate of fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise performed in the fed state (last meal < 5 h before exercise). A total of 18 crossover trials with randomised and placebo-controlled protocols and published between 1982 and 2021 were included, with a total of 228 participants (185 males and 43 females). Data were extracted to compare rates of fat oxidation during exercise with placebo and caffeine at the same exercise intensity, which reported 20 placebo-caffeine pairwise comparisons. A meta-analysis of the studies was performed, using the standardised mean difference (SMD) estimated from Hedges' g, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In comparison with the placebo, caffeine increased the rate of fat oxidation during fed-state exercise (number of comparisons (n) = 20; p = 0.020, SMD = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.20 to 1.20). Only studies with a dose < 6 mg/kg of caffeine (n = 13) increased the rate of fat oxidation during fed-state exercise (p = 0.004, SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.27 to 1.45), while no such effect was observed in studies with doses ≥6 mg/kg (n = 7; p = 0.97, SMD = -0.03, 95% CI = -1.40 to 1.35). The effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during fed-state exercise was observed in active untrained individuals (n = 13; p < 0.001, SMD = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.39 to 1.30) but not in aerobically trained participants (n = 7; p = 0.27, SMD = 0.50, 95% CI = -0.39 to 1.39). Likewise, the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation was observed in caffeine-naïve participants (n = 9; p < 0.001, SMD = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.19) but not in caffeine consumers (n = 3; p = 0.54, SMD = 0.57, 95% CI = -1.23 to 2.37). In conclusion, acute caffeine intake in combination with a meal ingested within 5 h before the onset of exercise increased the rate of fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise. The magnitude of the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during fed-state exercise may be modulated by the dose of caffeine administered (higher with <6 mg/kg than with ≥6 mg/kg), participants' aerobic fitness level (higher in active than in aerobically trained individuals), and habituation to caffeine (higher in caffeine-naïve than in caffeine consumers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Sánchez
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Daniel Trujillo-Colmena
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Castaño
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
- GO fitLAB, Ingesport, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Arturo Casado
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Daniel Collado-Mateo
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
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16
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Siquier-Coll J, Delgado-García G, Soto-Méndez F, Liñán-González A, García R, González-Fernández FT. The Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Female Volleyball Players' Performance and Wellness during a Regular Training Week. Nutrients 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 38201859 PMCID: PMC10780397 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND caffeine is an ergogenic aid that still needs to be investigated in women's sports performance. METHODS Eight semi-professional women's volleyball players (height = 1.63 ± 0.08 m; weight = 66.67 ± 4.74 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. A randomized crossover design was implemented where players underwent caffeine and placebo conditions. In the caffeine condition, participants consumed 5 mg/kg of caffeine based on their body weight before acute training. The evaluations were performed over two weeks of training. In both conditions, the countermovement jump, repeated jumps for 15 s, and handgrip tests were performed. The change of direction was assessed using the 505 test. Well-being was also assessed with a wellness questionnaire. A repeated measures ANOVA and correlation analysis were performed. RESULTS The repeated measures ANOVA revealed a main effect of supplementation (F (1.7) = 8.41, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.54) across the training week on physical performance. Additionally, there was a positive effect on perceived fatigue (F (1.7) = 7.29, p = 0.03, η2 = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS Caffeine improved performance and fatigue parameters over one week of training. Further research is needed on women, focusing on physical performance and wellbeing, especially during intense periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Siquier-Coll
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Spain
| | - Gabriel Delgado-García
- SER Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, Affiliated to Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013 Palma, Spain; (G.D.-G.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Fulgencio Soto-Méndez
- SER Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, Affiliated to Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013 Palma, Spain; (G.D.-G.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Antonio Liñán-González
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain
| | - Raquel García
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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17
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Okoren L, Magkos F. Physiological Characteristics, Dietary Intake, and Supplement Use in Sport Climbing. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:788-796. [PMID: 38112939 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As sport climbing has become an Olympic sport and keeps gaining in popularity, there is growing interest in the role of diet and the effect of dietary supplements on climbing performance. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into the dietary intake of climbers and discuss ergogenic aids that could improve their performance. RECENT FINDINGS Limited information is available regarding the dietary intake and eating habits of climbers, and the studies conducted are few and far between. The diet of climbers is apparently suboptimal, with inadequate energy intakes often owning to insufficient carbohydrate consumption. Likewise, supplement use and ergogenic aids for climbing performance are largely unexplored. Several ergogenic aids have been suggested to improve climbing performance; however, only two have been examined directly on climbing-specific outcomes. The dietary intake, eating behaviors, and supplement use in sport climbers are not well studied, and available information is most likely outdated. Considerably, more work is needed to determine which ergogenic aids can be beneficial for climbing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Okoren
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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18
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Santos N, Oliveira M, Domingues I. Influence of exposure scenario on the sensitivity to caffeine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:122808-122821. [PMID: 37978123 PMCID: PMC10724325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The chorion acts as a protective barrier, restricting some chemical absorption into the embryo and the surrounding fluids. In this sense, larvae may only have direct contact with some chemicals after dechorionation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeine (CAF) (0, 13, 20, 44, 67, and 100 mg.L-1) under different exposure scenarios (embryos with chorion or embryos/larvae already hatched) and rank the stage sensitivity. Thus, three scenarios were investigated: from 2 to 120 hours post fertilization (hpf) (5 days of exposure- 5dE), from 72 to 120 hpf (2dE), and from 96 to 120 hpf (1dE). Heart rate (48 hpf) and energy reserves (120 hpf) were measured in the 5dE scenario, and behavior and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were evaluated at 120 hpf in all scenarios (5dE, 2dE, and 1dE). At 120 hpf, some of the fish was transferred to clean medium for a 10 days depuration period (10dPE). Behavior and AChE activity were assessed after this period. In the 5dE scenario, CAF increased heartbeat (13, 20, and 30 mg.L-1) and reduced carbohydrates (67, and 100 mg.L-1), while inhibiting AChE activity (100 mg.L-1) in the 5dE, 2dE, and 1dE scenarios. CAF reduced the total distance moved in the 5dE (67, and 100 mg.L-1), 2dE (20, 30, 44, 67, and 100 mg.L-1), and 1dE fish (67, and 100 mg.L-1) and increased erratic movements. Based on the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for total distance moved (20 mg.L-1) and higher inhibition of AChE activity (100 mg.L-1) (65%), 2dE fish appear to be more sensitive to CAF. After 10dPE, a recovery in behavior was detected in all scenarios (5dE, 2dE, and 1dE). AChE activity remained inhibited in the 2dE scenario while increasing in the 1dE scenario. This study demonstrated that the presence of the chorion is an important factor for the analysis of CAF toxicity. After the loss of the chorion, organisms show greater sensitivity to CAF and can be used to evaluate the toxicity of various substances, including nanomaterials or chemicals with low capacity to cross the chorion. Therefore, the use of hatched embryos in toxicity tests is suggested, as they allow a shorter and less expensive exposure scenario that provides similar outcome as the conventional scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niedja Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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19
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Song X, Kirtipal N, Lee S, Malý P, Bharadwaj S. Current therapeutic targets and multifaceted physiological impacts of caffeine. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5558-5598. [PMID: 37679309 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine, which shares consubstantial structural similarity with purine adenosine, has been demonstrated as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist for eliciting most of the biological functions at physiologically relevant dosages. Accumulating evidence supports caffeine's beneficial effects against different disorders, such as total cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Conversely, paradoxical effects are also linked to caffeine ingestion in humans including hypertension-hypotension and tachycardia-bradycardia. These observations suggest the association of caffeine action with its ingested concentration and/or concurrent interaction with preferential molecular targets to direct explicit events in the human body. Thus, a coherent analysis of the functional targets of caffeine, relevant to normal physiology, and disease pathophysiology, is required to understand the pharmacology of caffeine. This review provides a broad overview of the experimentally validated targets of caffeine, particularly those of therapeutic interest, and the impacts of caffeine on organ-specific physiology and pathophysiology. Overall, the available empirical and epidemiological evidence supports the dose-dependent functional activities of caffeine and advocates for further studies to get insights into the caffeine-induced changes under specific conditions, such as asthma, DNA repair, and cancer, in view of its therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nikhil Kirtipal
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjae Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i, BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i, BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic
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20
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González-García J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Giráldez-Costas V, Romero-Moraleda B. Time Course of Jump Recovery and Performance After Velocity-Based Priming and Concurrent Caffeine Intake. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:655-667. [PMID: 35442175 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2041162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Morning priming exercise and caffeine intake have been previously suggested as an effective strategy to increase within-day performance and readiness. However, the concurrent effect of both strategies is unknown. The present research aimed to map the within-day time course of recovery and performance of countermovement jump (CMJ) outcomes, kinetics, and strategy and readiness after priming alone and in combination with caffeine. Methods: Eleven participants performed a control, a priming exercise (Priming) and a priming with concurrent caffeine intake (PrimingCaf) in a double-blind randomized, crossover design. CMJ metrics were assessed before, post, and 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after each condition while readiness was assessed at 6 h. Results: Perceived physical, mental performance capability and activation balance were higher at 6 h after Priming and PrimingCaf conditions. Immediate reductions in jump height (5.45 to 6.25%; p < .046), concentric peak velocity (2.40 to 2.59%; p < .041) and reactive strength index-modified (RSImod) (9.06 to 9.23% p < .051) after Priming and PrimingCaf were observed, being recovered at 2 h (p > .99). Concentric impulse was restored in PrimingCaf (p > .754; d = -0.03 to-0.08) despite lower concentric mean force/BM (p < .662; d = -0.18 to -0.26) as concentric duration was increased (p > .513; d = 0.15 to 0.21). Individual analysis revealed that some participants benefit from both strategies as they showed increases in jump height over the smallest worthwhile change while others did not. Conclusions: Psychological readiness was increased after both priming conditions at 6 h; however, it seems necessary to consider individual changes to achieve the positive effects of the priming or the priming in combination with caffeine on jumping outcomes.
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21
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Matsumura N, Aoyama K. Glutathione-Mediated Neuroprotective Effect of Purine Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13067. [PMID: 37685879 PMCID: PMC10487553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous basic studies have reported on the neuroprotective properties of several purine derivatives such as caffeine and uric acid (UA). Epidemiological studies have also shown the inverse association of appropriate caffeine intake or serum urate levels with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The well-established neuroprotective mechanisms of caffeine and UA involve adenosine A2A receptor antagonism and antioxidant activity, respectively. Our recent study found that another purine derivative, paraxanthine, has neuroprotective effects similar to those of caffeine and UA. These purine derivatives can promote neuronal cysteine uptake through excitatory amino acid carrier protein 1 (EAAC1) to increase neuronal glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain. This review summarizes the GSH-mediated neuroprotective effects of purine derivatives. Considering the fact that GSH depletion is a manifestation in the brains of AD and PD patients, administration of purine derivatives may be a new therapeutic approach to prevent or delay the onset of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Matsumura
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Koji Aoyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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22
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Khiali S, Agabalazadeh A, Sahrai H, Bannazadeh Baghi H, Rahbari Banaeian G, Entezari-Maleki T. Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Review. Pharmaceut Med 2023; 37:139-151. [PMID: 36995515 DOI: 10.1007/s40290-023-00466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular diseases has significantly increased with the expansion of the industrialization of societies, which is notably linked to lifestyle changes and an unhealthy diet. Hence, determining the healthiest diet habits and supplements seems to be an appropriate way to decrease the global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, caffeine, one of the most widely consumed compounds in the world, has emerged with some promising results in the treatment of numerous pathophysiological conditions of cardiovascular diseases. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for the relevant articles regarding the pharmacology, preclinical, and clinical studies on the potential effects of caffeine on cardiovascular diseases. While caffeine could improve cardiovascular outcomes through several mechanisms of action, the literature review revealed controversial clinical effects of caffeine on blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, stable angina, and heart failure. In the case of dyslipidemia, coffee consumption increased total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein. Taken together, the existence of multiple confounding factors in the caffeine studies has resulted in inconclusive data interpretation. Further well-designed studies with adequate control of the confounding factors are warranted to draw a clear conclusion on the cardiovascular efficacy and safety of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Khiali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Agabalazadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Sahrai
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rahbari Banaeian
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah St, Tabriz, Iran.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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23
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Caffeine does not change incremental test performance and autonomic recovery response in COPD patients. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Caetano M, Souza M, Loureiro L, Capistrano Junior V. The effects of acute caffeine supplementation on performance in trained CrossFit® athletes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover trial. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Rusinov VL, Sapozhnikova IM, Spasov AA, Chupakhin ON. Fused azoloazines with antidiabetic activity. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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26
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Treatment of Lethal Caffeine Overdose with Haemodialysis: A Case Report and Review. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures) 2022; 8:279-287. [DOI: 10.2478/jccm-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Caffeine, chemically 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, is the most widely consumed central nervous system stimulant in the world with pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal systems. The advent of over the counter (OTC) caffeine formulations has opened the window for potential toxicity, either by inadvertent or intentional overdosing. We present the case of a patient who attempted suicide by caffeine overdose treated with emergent haemodialysis and a review of the literature.
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27
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Hayat Z, Sharma S, Minhaj T. Efficacy of caffeine on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Effects of Caffeine on Performances of Simulated Match, Wingate Anaerobic Test, and Cognitive Function Test of Elite Taekwondo Athletes in Hong Kong. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163398. [PMID: 36014906 PMCID: PMC9414007 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine on performances of simulated match, Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and cognitive function test of elite taekwondo athletes. Ten elite taekwondo athletes in Hong Kong volunteered to participate in two main trials in a randomized double-blinded crossover design. In each main trial, 1 h after consuming a drink with caffeine (CAF) or a placebo drink without caffeine (PLA), the participants completed two simulated taekwondo match sessions followed by the WAnT. The participants were instructed to complete three cognitive function tests, namely the Eriksen Flanker Test (EFT), Stroop Test, and Rapid Visual Information Processing Test, at baseline, before exercise, and immediately after the simulated matches. They were also required to wear functional near-infrared spectroscopy equipment during these tests. Before exercise, the reaction time in the EFT was shorter in the CAF trial than in the PLA trial (PLA: 494.9 ± 49.2 ms vs. CAF: 467.9 ± 38.0 ms, p = 0.035). In the WAnT, caffeine intake increased the peak power and mean power per unit of body weight (by approximately 13% and 6%, respectively, p = 0.018 & 0.042). The performance in the simulated matches was not affected by caffeine intake (p = 0.168). In conclusion, caffeine intake enhances anaerobic power and may improve certain cognitive functions of elite taekwondo athletes in Hong Kong. However, this may not be enough to improve the simulated match performance.
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29
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Marinho AH, Lopes-Silva JP, Cristina-Souza G, Sousa FADB, Ataide-Silva T, Lima-Silva AE, Araujo GGD, Silva-Cavalcante MD. Effects of caffeine ingestion on cardiopulmonary responses during a maximal graded exercise test: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:127-139. [PMID: 35894639 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
While the effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance performance are well known, its effects on cardiopulmonary responses during a maximal graded exercise test have been less explored. This study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed studies investigating the effects of caffeine ingestion on cardiopulmonary responses during a maximal graded exercise test. A search was performed in four databases, and study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Data reported by the selected studies were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis, with selected moderator effects assessed via meta-regression. Twenty-one studies with good and excellent methodological quality were included in this review. Compared to placebo, caffeine increased peak minute ventilation (SMD = 0.33; p = 0.01) and time to exhaustion (SMD = 0.41; p = 0.01). However, meta-regression showed no moderating effects of dosage and timing of caffeine ingestion, stage length, or total length of GXT (all p > 0.05). Caffeine ingestion did not affect peak oxygen uptake (SMD = 0.13; p = 0.42), peak heart rate (SMD = 0.27; p = 0.07), peak blood lactate concentration (SMD = 0.60; p = 0.09), peak tidal volume (SMD = 0.10; p = 0.69), peak breathing frequency (SMD =0.20; p = 0.23), or peak power output (SMD = 0.22; p = 0.28). The results of this systematic review with meta-analysis suggest that caffeine increases time to exhaustion and peak minute ventilation among the cardiopulmonary variables assessed during GXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Henrique Marinho
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- Applied Research Group to Performance and Health, CESMAC University Center, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Cristina-Souza
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
- Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Filipe Antônio de Barros Sousa
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Gomes de Araujo
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos David Silva-Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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30
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Long Q, Feng L, Li Y, Zuo T, Chang L, Zhang Z, Xu P. Time-resolved quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals cellular responses induced by caffeine and coumarin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116115. [PMID: 35691368 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a critical way that cells respond to external signals and environmental stresses. However, the patterns of cellular response to chemicals at different times were largely unknown. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomics to analyze the cellular response of kinases and signaling pathways, as well as pattern change of phosphorylated substrates in HepG2 cells that were exposed to caffeine and coumarin for 10 min and 24 h. Comparing the 10 min and 24 h groups, 33 kinases were co-responded and 32 signaling pathways were co-enriched in caffeine treated samples, while 48 kinases and 34 signaling pathways were co-identified in coumarin treated samples. Instead, the percentage of co-identified phosphorylated substrates only accounted for 4.31% and 9.57% between 10 min and 24 h in caffeine and coumarin treated samples, respectively. The results showed that specific chemical exposure led to a bunch of the same kinases and signaling pathways changed in HepG2 cells, while the phosphorylated substrates were different. In addition, it was found that insulin signaling pathway was significantly enriched by both the caffeine and coumarin treatment. The pattern changes in phosphorylation of protein substrates, kinases and signaling pathways with varied chemicals and different time course shed light on the potential mechanism of cellular responses to endless chemical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Long
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lijie Feng
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Hebei Province Key Lab of Research and Application on Microbial Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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Tomazini F, Santos-Mariano AC, Dos S Andrade VF, Coelho DB, Bertuzzi R, Pereira G, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Lima-Silva AE. Caffeine ingestion increases endurance performance of trained male cyclists when riding against a virtual opponent without altering muscle fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1915-1928. [PMID: 35612684 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Caffeine improves cycling time trial (TT) performance; however, it is unknown whether caffeine is ergogenic when competing against other riders. The aim of this study was to investigate whether caffeine improves performance during a 4-km cycling TT when riding against a virtual opponent, and whether it is associated with increased muscle activation and at the expense of greater end-exercise central and peripheral fatigue. METHODS Using a randomized, crossover, and double-blind design, eleven well-trained cyclists completed a 4-km cycling TT alone without supplementation (CON), or against a virtual opponent after ingestion of placebo (OP-PLA) or caffeine (5 mg.kg-1, OP-CAF). Central and peripheral fatigue were quantified via the pre- to post-exercise decrease in voluntary activation and potentiated twitch force, respectively. Muscle activation was continually measured during the trial via electromyography activity. RESULTS Compared to CON, OP-PLA improved 4-km cycling TT performance (P = 0.018), and OP-CAF further improved performance when compared to OP-PLA (P = 0.050). Muscle activation was higher in OP-PLA and OP-CAF than in CON throughout the trial (P = 0.003). The pre- to post-exercise reductions in voluntary activation and potentiated twitch force were, however, similar between experimental conditions (P > 0.05). Compared to CON, OP-PLA increased the rating of perceived exertion during the first 2 km, but caffeine blunted this increase with no difference between the OP-CAF and CON conditions. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine is ergogenic when riding against a virtual opponent, but this is not due to greater muscle activation or at the expense of greater end-exercise central or peripheral fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Tomazini
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Pedro Gusso Street, 2601, Neoville, Curitiba, PA, 81310-900, Brazil. .,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carla Santos-Mariano
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Pedro Gusso Street, 2601, Neoville, Curitiba, PA, 81310-900, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel B Coelho
- Centre of Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Science, Federal University of ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gleber Pereira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Pedro Gusso Street, 2601, Neoville, Curitiba, PA, 81310-900, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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32
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Bougrine H, Cherif M, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Can caffeine supplementation reverse the impact of time of day on cognitive and short-term high intensity performances in young female handball players? Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1144-1155. [PMID: 35603451 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2077747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS CAF: Caffeine PLC: Placebo SRT: Simple Reaction Time AT: Attention Test SJ: Squat Jump IAT: Illinois Agility Test OT: Oral Temperature QUEST: Questionnaire RPE: Rating of Perceived Exertion PD: Peak Distance TD: Total Distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Cherif
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia.,Sport Performance Research Unit, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar Saîd, Manouba University, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia
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33
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Lazić A, Kocić M, Trajković N, Popa C, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Padulo J. Acute Effects of Caffeine on Overall Performance in Basketball Players—A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091930. [PMID: 35565897 PMCID: PMC9099691 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine supplementation has become increasingly popular among athletes. The benefits of caffeine include delaying the negative effects of fatigue, maintaining a high level of physical and mental performance, and improving certain abilities necessary for sport success. Given the complex nature of basketball, caffeine could be a legal, ergogenic stimulant substance, which will positively affect overall basketball performance. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize evidence for the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on variables related to the basketball performance. Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and ProQuest, MEDLINE, and ERIC databases were searched up to February 2021. Studies that measured the acute effect of caffeine on basketball performance were included and analyzed. Eight studies published between 2000 and 2021 were included in the analysis. Pre-exercise caffeine intake increased vertical jump height, running time at 10 and 20 m without the ball, overall basketball performance (number of body impacts, number of free throws, rebounds, and assists) during simulated games, and reduced the time required to perform a basketball-specific agility test. Equivocal results between caffeine and placebo groups were found for aerobic capacity, free throw and three-point accuracy, and dribbling speed. Pre-exercise caffeine ingestion did not affect RPE, but insomnia and urinary excretion were increased. The pre-exercise ingestion of 3 and 6 mg/kg caffeine was found to be effective in increasing several physical performance variables in basketball players during sport-specific testing and simulated matches. However, considering the intermittent nature and complexity of basketball, and individual differences between players, future studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lazić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (A.L.); (M.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Miodrag Kocić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (A.L.); (M.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (A.L.); (M.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Cristian Popa
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania;
| | | | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Caffeine alters the breathing pattern during high-intensity whole-body exercise in healthy men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1497-1507. [PMID: 35396967 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study investigated the effect of caffeine on the breathing pattern during a high-intensity whole-body exercise. METHODS Using a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced, and double-blind design, twelve healthy men ingested either 5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine or cellulose (placebo) one hour before performing a high-intensity whole-body exercise (i.e., work rate corresponding to 80% of the difference between the gas exchange threshold and maximal oxygen uptake) until the limit of tolerance. Ventilatory and metabolic responses were recorded throughout the trial and at task failure. RESULTS Caffeine ingestion increased time to task failure in relation to the placebo (368.1 ± 49.6 s vs. 328.5 ± 56.6 s, p = 0.005). Caffeine also increased tidal volume and inspiratory time throughout the exercise (p < 0.05). Compared to task failure with placebo, task failure with caffeine intake was marked by higher (p < 0.05) minute ventilation (134.8 ± 16.4 vs. 147.6 ± 18.2 L.min-1), the ventilatory equivalent of oxygen consumption (37.8 ± 4.2 vs. 41.7 ± 5.5 units), and respiratory exchange ratio (1.12 ± 0.10 vs. 1.19 ± 0.11 units). CONCLUSION In conclusion, ingestion of caffeine alters the breathing pattern by increasing tidal volume and lengthening the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. These findings suggest that caffeine affects the ventilatory system, which may account, in part, for its ergogenic effects during high-intensity whole-body exercises.
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35
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Ruiz-Moreno C, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Lara B, Del Coso J. Effect of caffeine on muscle oxygen saturation during short-term all-out exercise: a double-blind randomized crossover study. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3109-3117. [PMID: 35366092 PMCID: PMC9363319 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ergogenic effect of oral caffeine administration on short-term all-out exercise performance is well established. However, the potential mechanisms associated with caffeine's ergogenicity in this type of exercise are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether caffeine intake modifies muscle oxygen saturation during the 15-s Wingate Anaerobic Test. METHODS Fifteen moderately trained individuals (body mass = 67.4 ± 12.3 kg; height 171.3 ± 6.9 cm; age 31 ± 6 years) took part in two identical experimental trials after the ingestion of (a) 3 mg/kg of caffeine or (b) 3 mg/kg of cellulose (placebo). After 60 min for substances absorption, participants performed a 15-s Wingate test on a cycle ergometer against a load representing 7.5% of participant's body mass. Muscle oxygen saturation was continuously measured during exercise with near-infrared spectroscopy and blood lactate concentration was measured 1 min after exercise. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo, the oral administration of caffeine increased peak power by 2.9 ± 4.5% (from 9.65 ± 1.38 to. 9.92 ± 1.40 W/kg, P = 0.038; effect size (ES), 95% confidence intervals = 0.28, 0.05-0.51), mean power by 3.5 ± 6.2% (from 8.30 ± 1.08 to 8.57 ± 1.12 W/kg, P = 0.044; ES = 0.36, 0.01-0.71) and blood lactate concentration by 20.9 ± 24.7% (from 12.4 ± 2.6 to 14.8 ± 4.0 mmol/L, P = 0.005; ES = 0.59, 0.16-1.02). However, caffeine did not modify the curve of muscle oxygen desaturation during exercise (lowest value was 23.1 ± 14.1 and 23.4 ± 14.1%, P = 0.940). CONCLUSION Caffeine's ergogenic effect during short-term all-out exercise seems to be associated with an increased glycolytic metabolism with no influence of enhanced muscle oxygen saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Lara
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain.
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36
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Effects of 3 mg/kg Body Mass of Caffeine on the Performance of Jiu-Jitsu Elite Athletes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030675. [PMID: 35277034 PMCID: PMC8839994 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of caffeine were investigated in judo, boxing, taekwondo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. However, this substance was never investigated regarding traditional jiu-jitsu. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the effects of caffeine in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and technical variables during combat in traditional jiu-jitsu elite athletes. Methods: Twenty-two young professionals of traditional jiu-jitsu, 11 men and 11 women (age = 22 ± 4 (18−33) years, body mass = 66.6 ± 10.8 (46.2−86.1) kg, height = 1.70 ± 0.9 (1.55−1.85) m) with 15 ± 7 years of experience in traditional jiu-jitsu, participated in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study. In two different conditions, the traditional jiu-jitsu athletes ingested 3 mg/kg body mass of caffeine or a placebo. After 60 min, they performed the SJFT test to measure throwing performance, and subsequently, combat to analyze offensive and defensive hitting techniques. Results: Caffeine had a main effect on the number of throws during the SJFT test (P < 0.01). In addition, it was effective in sets 2 (13 ± 2 vs. 14 ± 2; p = 0.01) and 3 (12 ± 2 vs. 13 ± 1; p = 0.03). There was also a main effect during the test on heart rate when caffeine was ingested (F = 12.48, p < 0.01). The effects of caffeine were similar compared to the placebo condition regarding performance during combat both in offensive and defensive fighting variables Conclusions: the pre-exercise ingestion of 3 mg/kg body mass of caffeine increased performance in the SJFT test, decreased fatigue perception, and increased power and endurance perception in professionally traditional jiu-jitsu athletes. However, it did not seem to improve offensive and defensive technical actions during combat.
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37
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Portable amperometric method for selective determination of caffeine in samples with the presence of interfering electroactive chemical species. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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38
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Kennedy DO, Wightman EL. Mental Performance and Sport: Caffeine and Co-consumed Bioactive Ingredients. Sports Med 2022; 52:69-90. [PMID: 36447122 PMCID: PMC9734217 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The plant defence compound caffeine is widely consumed as a performance enhancer in a sporting context, with potential benefits expected in both physiological and psychological terms. However, although caffeine modestly but consistently improves alertness and fatigue, its effects on mental performance are largely restricted to improved attention or concentration. It has no consistent effect within other cognitive domains that are important to sporting performance, including working memory, executive function and long-term memory. Although caffeine's central nervous system effects are often attributed to blockade of the receptors for the inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine, it also inhibits a number of enzymes involved both in neurotransmission and in cellular homeostasis and signal propagation. Furthermore, it modulates the pharmacokinetics of other endogenous and exogenous bioactive molecules, in part via interactions with shared cytochrome P450 enzymes. Caffeine therefore enjoys interactive relationships with a wide range of bioactive medicinal and dietary compounds, potentially broadening, increasing, decreasing, or modulating the time course of their functional effects, or vice versa. This narrative review explores the mechanisms of action and efficacy of caffeine and the potential for combinations of caffeine and other dietary compounds to exert psychological effects in excess of those expected following caffeine alone. The review focusses on, and indeed restricted its untargeted search to, the most commonly consumed sources of caffeine: products derived from caffeine-synthesising plants that give us tea (Camellia sinensis), coffee (Coffea genus), cocoa (Theabroma cacao) and guaraná (Paullinia cupana), plus multi-component energy drinks and shots. This literature suggests relevant benefits to mental performance that exceed those associated with caffeine for multi-ingredient energy drinks/shots and several low-caffeine extracts, including high-flavanol cocoa and guarana. However, there is a general lack of research conducted in such a way as to disentangle the relative contributions of the component parts of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Emma L. Wightman
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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39
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The prevalence and practices of caffeine use as an ergogenic aid in English professional soccer. Biol Sport 2021; 38:525-534. [PMID: 34937961 PMCID: PMC8670797 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ergogenic properties of caffeine are well established, with evidence supporting beneficial effects for physical and technical elements of performance required for successful soccer match play. Despite this, recommended caffeine practices for professional soccer have not been established. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the use and behaviours surrounding caffeine use in elite English soccer clubs. Representatives of 36 clubs from the top four tiers of English professional football (40%) completed an online survey that sought to determine if, when, how and why caffeine was prescribed to players as a means of improving sports performance. Of the clubs sampled, 97% indicated that caffeine is provided to players as a means of improving performance. Caffeine is most commonly administered prior to (> 94%) and during a game (> 48%), with frequency uninfluenced by time of matches. There was a broad range and lack of consistency in the timing, dose and mode of caffeine administration, but doses were typically low. Evidence from the present study indicate a translational gap between science and practice, highlighting a need for future work to better understand how caffeine consumption can be optimised with respect to the specific demands and constraints in professional soccer.
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40
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Dose-Response of Paraxanthine on Cognitive Function: A Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124478. [PMID: 34960030 PMCID: PMC8708375 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraxanthine (PXN) is a metabolite of caffeine that has recently been reported to enhance cognition at a dose of 200 mg. Objective: To determine the acute and short-term (7-day) effects of varying doses of PXN on cognitive function and side effects. Methods: In a double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, and counterbalanced manner, 12 healthy male and female volunteers (22.7 ± 4 years, 165 ± 7 cm, 66.5 ± 11 kg, 24.4 ± 3 kg/m2) ingested 200 mg of a placebo (PLA), 50 mg of PXN (ENFINITY™, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P.) + 150 mg PLA, 100 mg PXN + 100 mg PLA, or 200 mg of PXN. With each treatment experiment, participants completed side effect questionnaires and donated a fasting blood sample. Participants then performed a series of tests assessing cognition, executive function, memory, and reaction time. Participants then ingested one capsule of PLA or PXN treatments. Participants then completed side effects and cognitive function tests after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h of treatment ingestion. Participants continued ingesting one dose of the assigned treatment daily for 6-days and returned to the lab on day 7 to donate a fasting blood sample, assess side effects, and perform cognitive function tests. Participants repeated the experiment while ingesting remaining treatments in a counterbalanced manner after at least a 7-day washout period until all treatments were assessed. Results: The Sternberg Task Test (STT) 4-Letter Length Present Reaction Time tended to differ among groups (p = 0.06). Assessment of mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s revealed several significant differences among treatments in Berg-Wisconsin Card Sorting Correct Responses, Preservative Errors (PEBL), and Preservative Errors (PAR Rules). There was also evidence of significant differences among treatments in the Go/No-Go Task tests in Mean Accuracy as well as several time points of increasing complexity among STT variables. Finally, there was evidence from Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test assessment that response time improved over the series of 20 trials assessed as well as during the 6-h experiment in the PXN treatment. Acute and short-term benefits compared to PLA were seen with each dose studied but more consistent effects appeared to be at 100 mg and 200 mg doses. No significant differences were observed among treatments in clinical chemistry panels or the frequency or severity of reported side effects. Results provide evidence that acute ingestion of 100 mg and 200 mg of PXN may affect some measures of cognition, memory, reasoning, and response time as well as help sustain attention. Additionally, that acute and daily ingestion of PXN for 7 days is not associated with any clinically significant side effects. Conclusions: PXN may serve as an effective nootropic agent at doses as low as 50 mg.
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41
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Marinho AH, Gonçalves JS, Araújo PK, Lima-Silva AE, Ataide-Silva T, de Araujo GG. Effects of creatine and caffeine ingestion in combination on exercise performance: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34845944 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (CRE) and caffeine (CAF) have been used as ergogenic aids to improve exercise performance. The present study reviewed the current evidence supporting the additional use of CAF intake during or after the CRE loading on exercise performance. The search was carried out in eight databases, with the methodological quality of the studies assessed via the QualSyst tool. From ten studies that met the criteria for inclusion, six had strong, three moderate, and one weak methodological quality. CAF was ingested ∼1 h before the performance trial (5-7 mg.kg-1) after a CRE loading period (5-6 days with 0.3 g.kg-1.d-1) in five studies, with the combination CAF + CRE providing additional ergogenic effect compared to CRE alone in three of these studies. Furthermore, CAF was ingested daily during the CRE loading protocol in five studies, with CAF showing additive benefits compared to CRE alone only in one study (3 g.d-1 of CRE during 3 days + 6 mg.kg-1 of CAF for 3 days). The combination CAF + CRE seems to provide additional benefits to exercise performance when CAF is acutely ingested after a CRE loading. There is, however, no apparent benefit in ingesting CAF during a CRE loading period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson H Marinho
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Palloma K Araújo
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G de Araujo
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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42
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Yoo C, Xing D, Gonzalez D, Jenkins V, Nottingham K, Dickerson B, Leonard M, Ko J, Faries M, Kephart W, Purpura M, Jäger R, Wells SD, Sowinski R, Rasmussen CJ, Kreider RB. Acute Paraxanthine Ingestion Improves Cognition and Short-Term Memory and Helps Sustain Attention in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113980. [PMID: 34836235 PMCID: PMC8622427 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of acute paraxanthine (PXN) ingestion on markers of cognition, executive function, and psychomotor vigilance. In a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, and counterbalanced manner, 13 healthy male and female participants were randomly assigned to consume a placebo (PLA) or 200 mg of PXN (ENFINITY™, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P.). Participants completed stimulant sensitivity and side effect questionnaires and then performed the Berg Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), the Go/No-Go test (GNG), the Sternberg task test (STT), and the psychomotor vigilance task test (PVTT). Participants then ingested one capsule of PLA or PXN treatment. Participants completed side effect and cognitive function tests after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after ingestion of the supplement. After 7 days, participants repeated the experiment while consuming the alternative treatment. Data were analyzed by general linear model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures using body mass as a covariate, and by assessing mean and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) expressed as means (LL, UL). PXN decreased BCST errors (PXN −4.7 [−0.2, −9.20], p = 0.04; PXN −17.5% [−36.1, 1.0], p = 0.06) and perseverative errors (PXN −2.2 [−4.2, −0.2], p = 0.03; PXN −32.8% [−64.4, 1.2], p = 0.04) at hour 6. GNG analysis revealed some evidence that PXN ingestion better maintained mean accuracy over time and Condition R Round 2 response time (e.g., PXN −25.1 [−52.2, 1.9] ms, p = 0.07 faster than PLA at 1 h), suggesting better sustained attention. PXN ingestion improved STT two-letter length absent and present reaction times over time as well as improving six-letter length absent reaction time after 2 h (PXN −86.5 ms [−165, −7.2], p = 0.03; PXN −9.0% [−18.1, 0.2], p = 0.05), suggesting that PXN enhanced the ability to store and retrieve random information of increasing complexity from short-term memory. A moderate treatment x time effect size (ηp2 = 0.08) was observed in PVTT, where PXN sustained vigilance during Trial 2 after 2 h (PXN 840 ms [103, 1576], p = 0.03) and 4 h (PXN 1466 ms [579, 2353], p = 0.002) compared to PL. As testing progressed, the response time improved during the 20 trials and over the course of the 6 h experiment in the PXN treatment, whereas it significantly increased in the PL group. The results suggest that acute PXN ingestion (200 mg) may affect some measures of short-term memory, reasoning, and response time to cognitive challenges and help sustain attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongsung Yoo
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Dante Xing
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Victoria Jenkins
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Kay Nottingham
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Broderick Dickerson
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Megan Leonard
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Joungbo Ko
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Mark Faries
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wesley Kephart
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA;
| | - Martin Purpura
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (M.P.); (R.J.); (S.D.W.)
- Ingenious Ingredients L.P., Lewisville, TX 75056, USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (M.P.); (R.J.); (S.D.W.)
- Ingenious Ingredients L.P., Lewisville, TX 75056, USA
| | - Shawn D. Wells
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (M.P.); (R.J.); (S.D.W.)
- Ingenious Ingredients L.P., Lewisville, TX 75056, USA
| | - Ryan Sowinski
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Christopher J. Rasmussen
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Human Clinical Research Facility, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.Y.); (D.X.); (D.G.); (V.J.); (K.N.); (B.D.); (M.L.); (J.K.); (M.F.); (R.S.); (C.J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-972-458-1498
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Morde A, Sudhakar K, Rambabu M, Shankar A, Rai D, Pawar K, Acharya M, Bakan M, Nalawade P, Nayakwadi R, Padigaru M. Pharmacokinetic profile of a novel sustained-release caffeine with extended benefits on alertness and mood: A randomized, double-blind, single-dose, active-controlled, crossover study. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Reactive diving and sprinting performances in soccer goalkeepers improved by caffeine consumption and post-activation performance enhancement. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Coffee break has no impact on laparoscopic skills: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group trial. Surg Endosc 2021; 36:3533-3541. [PMID: 34459976 PMCID: PMC9001621 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Coffee is a widely consumed beverage. Surgeons often drink coffee before performing surgery. Caffeine intake leads to tremor which might have a negative effect on surgeons’ fine motor skills. Methods A double-blinded parallel-group trial was conducted in order to investigate if caffeinated coffee intake has a negative effect on laparoscopic skills and increases tremor, regardless of previous coffee consumption. 118 participants were selected during a congress of the German Society of Surgery. Exclusion criteria were immaturity and no given consent. Participants and investigators were blinded. Participants were randomized with a 1:1 allocation into interventional group receiving caffeinated coffee or placebo group receiving decaffeinated coffee. The motor skills were tested with two validated laparoscopic exercises at a laparoscopy simulator (LapSim®) before and 30 min after coffee intake. Data on influencing factors were recorded in a standardized questionnaire and tested for equal distribution in both groups. In both exercises four parameters were recorded: left and right hand path length and angular path. Their differences and the resulting effect scores were calculated for both groups as primary outcome to test which group showed greater improvement on the second round of exercises. Registration number DRKS00023608, registered retrospectively. Results Fifty nine subjects were assigned to each the interventional (54 analyzed) and placebo group (53 analyzed) with 11 drop outs. There was no significant difference between the placebo and interventional group in the two exercises in effect score 30 min after coffee intake [mean (SD); 38.58 (10.66) vs. 41.73 (7.40) and 113.09 (28.94) vs. 116.59 (25.63)]. A significant improvement from first to second measurement in the first exercise could be observed for both groups, demonstrating the training effect. Conclusion In our study, we verified that additional caffeinated coffee intake, e.g., during a coffee break, does not lead to deterioration of laparoscopic fine motor skills. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00464-021-08675-9.
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Jiménez SL, Díaz-Lara J, Pareja-Galeano H, Del Coso J. Caffeinated Drinks and Physical Performance in Sport: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092944. [PMID: 34578821 PMCID: PMC8466927 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most common substances used by athletes to enhance their performance during competition. Evidence suggests that the performance-enhancing properties of caffeine can be obtained by employing several forms of administration, namely, capsules/tablets, caffeinated drinks (energy drinks and sports drinks), beverages (coffee), and chewing gum. However, caffeinated drinks have become the main form of caffeine administration in sport due to the wide presence of these products in the market. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the different effects of caffeinated drinks on physical performance in various sports categories such as endurance, power-based sports, team sports, and skill-based sports. A systematic review of published studies was performed on scientific databases for studies published from 2000 to 2020. All studies included had blinded and cross-over experimental designs, in which the ingestion of a caffeinated drink was compared to a placebo/control trial. The total number of studies included in this review was 37. The analysis of the included studies revealed that both sports drinks with caffeine and energy drinks were effective in increasing several aspects of sports performance when the amount of drink provides at least 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. Due to their composition, caffeinated sports drinks seem to be more beneficial to consume during long-duration exercise, when the drinks are used for both rehydration and caffeine supplementation. Energy drinks may be more appropriate for providing caffeine before exercise. Lastly, the magnitude of the ergogenic benefits obtained with caffeinated drinks seems similar in women and men athletes. Overall, the current systematic review provides evidence of the efficacy of caffeinated drinks as a valid form for caffeine supplementation in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio L. Jiménez
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.L.J.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Javier Díaz-Lara
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.L.J.); (J.D.C.)
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Lima-Silva AE, Cristina-Souza G, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Bertuzzi R, Bishop DJ. Caffeine during High-Intensity Whole-Body Exercise: An Integrative Approach beyond the Central Nervous System. Nutrients 2021; 13:2503. [PMID: 34444663 PMCID: PMC8400708 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most consumed ergogenic aids around the world. Many studies support the ergogenic effect of caffeine over a large spectrum of exercise types. While the stimulatory effect of caffeine on the central nervous system is the well-accepted mechanism explaining improvements in exercise performance during high-intensity whole-body exercise, in which other physiological systems such as pulmonary, cardiovascular, and muscular systems are maximally activated, a direct effect of caffeine on such systems cannot be ignored. A better understanding of the effects of caffeine on multiple physiological systems during high-intensity whole-body exercise might help to expand its use in different sporting contexts (e.g., competitions in different environments, such as altitude) or even assist the treatment of some diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). In the present narrative review, we explore the potential effects of caffeine on the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and muscular systems, and describe how such alterations may interact and thus contribute to the ergogenic effects of caffeine during high-intensity whole-body exercise. This integrative approach provides insights regarding how caffeine influences endurance performance and may drive further studies exploring its mechanisms of action in a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano E. Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba 81310900, PR, Brazil; (A.E.L.-S.); (G.C.-S.)
| | - Gislaine Cristina-Souza
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana (UTFPR), Curitiba 81310900, PR, Brazil; (A.E.L.-S.); (G.C.-S.)
- Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos 37902092, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos D. Silva-Cavalcante
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition (PPGNUT), Faculty of Nutrition (FANUT), Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio 57072900, AL, Brazil;
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508030, SP, Brazil;
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
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Redondo B, Vera J, Koulieris GA, Molina-Romero R, Jiménez R. Short-term effects of caffeine intake on binocular accommodative facility: a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 105:534-538. [PMID: 34134591 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1935218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Caffeine intake has been demonstrated to influence several physiological measures, including some related to eye physiology. The ability to focus at different distances is of paramount importance in real-world situations, and thus, the possible impact of caffeine intake on accommodative facility may have important clinical implications. BACKGROUND This placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced crossover study aimed to assess the acute effects of caffeine ingestion on the frequency and precision of the binocular accommodative facility. METHODS Twenty university students (21.9 ± 3.4 years) ingested a capsule of caffeine (4 mg/kg) or placebo (300 mg of corn-starch) on two different days and counterbalanced order. The binocular accommodative facility was objectively assessed, using the WAM-5500 binocular open-field autorefractometer, after 60 min of capsule ingestion (caffeine/placebo). Perceived levels of activation was also assessed in each experimental condition. RESULTS The ingestion of a single administration of caffeine (~ 4 mg/kg) causes an increase in the number of cycles performed per minute (p = 0.023, Cohen's d = 0.55), whereas no effects were observed for the mean magnitude of accommodative change between the far and near targets (p = 0.794), and the percentage of incorrect cycles of accommodation and dis-accommodation (p = 0.271 and 0.396, respectively). Participants reported a perceived level of activation of 6.8 ± 1.5 and 7.6 ± 1.8 in the placebo and caffeine conditions, respectively (p = 0.059). CONCLUSION Caffeine intake improves quantitative, but not qualitative, measures of accommodative facility. These results corroborate the impact of caffeine on visual function and suggest that this ergogenic effect of caffeine may be used to enhance visual performance in applied situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Redondo
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Vera
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Molina-Romero
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- CLARO (Clinical and Laboratory Applications of Research in Optometry) Research Group, Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Prado E, Magalhães-Neto A, Neto JR, Bassini A, Cameron LC. Caffeine decreases ammonemia in athletes using a ketogenic diet during prolonged exercise. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111377. [PMID: 34273681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both exercise and a ketogenic (low-carbohydrate) diet favor glycogen depletion and increase ammonemia, which can impair physical performance. Caffeine supplementation has been routinely used to improve exercise performance. Herein, the effect of xanthine was evaluated on ammonemia in cyclists who were placed on a ketogenic diet and engaged in prolonged exercise. METHODS Fourteen male cyclists followed a ketogenic diet for 2 d before and during the experimental trial. The cyclists were assigned to either the caffeine- (CEx; n = 7) or placebo-supplemented (LEx; n = 7) group. Blood samples were obtained during cycling and the recovery periods. RESULTS The CEx group showed a significant decrease (up to 25%) in blood ammonia at 60, 90, and 120 min after beginning exercise compared with the LEx group. A higher concentration of apparent blood urea was observed in the LEx group than in the CEx group at 60 to 90 min of exercise (~10%). In addition, a significant increase in blood glucose levels was evident at 30 min of exercise (~28%), and an increase in blood lactate levels was visible during the first 30 to 60 min of exercise (~80%) in the CEx group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the consumption of caffeine might attenuate the increase in ammonemia that occurs during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Prado
- Laboratory for Research in Physical Exercise and Metabolism, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Aníbal Magalhães-Neto
- Biological and Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - José Rezende Neto
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bassini
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz-Claudio Cameron
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
The purine alkaloid caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug in the world and has multiple beneficial pharmacological activities, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite being an extensively studied bioactive natural product, the mechanistic understanding of caffeine's pharmacological effects is incomplete. While several molecular targets of caffeine such as adenosine receptors and phosphodiesterases have been known for decades and inspired numerous medicinal chemistry programs, new protein interactions of the xanthine are continuously discovered providing potentially improved pharmacological understanding and a molecular basis for future medicinal chemistry. In this Perspective, we gather knowledge on the confirmed protein interactions, structure activity relationship, and chemical biology of caffeine on well-known and upcoming targets. The diversity of caffeine's molecular activities on receptors and enzymes, many of which are abundant in the CNS, indicates a complex interplay of several mechanisms contributing to neuroprotective effects and highlights new targets as attractive subjects for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Faudone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silvia Arifi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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