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Sekhar MG, Ramudu Shanmugam K, Chakrapani IS. Trigonelline, a Fenugreek Bioactive compound protects Heart tissue against alcohol intoxication: An in-vivo study focusing on antioxidant perspective. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024; 15:100963. [PMID: 39116705 PMCID: PMC11350489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek and it is used as a spice. It has antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antilipedemic and other pharmocological properties. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to detect the cardio protective activity of Trigonelline (TG) a bioactive compound of Trigonella foenum-graecum (TF) in alcohol intoxicated rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The young wistar strain albino rats are divided in to 5 groups and treatment was given as per the experimental protocol. Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are estimated in cardiac tissue of all experimental groups. Cardiac markers creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), troponin-T (TT), troponin-I (TI), myoglobin (MG) and serum markers alanine transaminase (AAT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are estimated. Free radical scavenging activities like 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical are estimated in ethanolic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum. RESULTS SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH activities are depleted and MDA, CK-MB, TT, TI, MG and AAT, AST, ALP activities are elevated in alcohol intoxicated rats. Trigonelline supplementation to alcoholic rats for 30 days elevated antioxidant enzymes, depleted MDA, cardiac markers and serum markers in alcohol intoxicated rats. Free radical scavenging assay also reported that Trigonella foenum-graecum possess free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, our histopathological evidence also proved that TG protected the cardiac tissue from alcohol induced toxicity in all the experimental rats. CONCLUSION Our study concluded that TG may be useful to the alcoholic and myocardial infarction subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meesala Guru Sekhar
- Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Cumbum, Prakasam District, A.P, India; Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, A.P, PIN 517 501, India
| | - Kondeti Ramudu Shanmugam
- Department of Zoology, PRR & VS Government Degree College, Vidavalur, SPSR Nellore District, A.P, India.
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Metabolic Shades of S-D-Lactoylglutathione. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11051005. [PMID: 35624868 PMCID: PMC9138017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
S-D-lactoylglutathione (SDL) is an intermediate of the glutathione-dependent metabolism of methylglyoxal (MGO) by glyoxalases. MGO is an electrophilic compound that is inevitably produced in conjunction with glucose breakdown and is essentially metabolized via the glyoxalase route. In the last decades, MGO metabolism and its cytotoxic effects have been under active investigation, while almost nothing is known about SDL. This article seeks to fill the gap by presenting an overview of the chemistry, biochemistry, physiological role and clinical importance of SDL. The effects of intracellular SDL are investigated in three main directions: as a substrate for post-translational protein modifications, as a reservoir for mitochondrial reduced glutathione and as an energy currency. In essence, all three approaches point to one direction, namely, a metabolism-related regulatory role, enhancing the cellular defense against insults. It is also suggested that an increased plasma concentration of SDL or its metabolites may possibly serve as marker molecules in hemolytic states, particularly when the cause of hemolysis is a disturbance of the pay-off phase of the glycolytic chain. Finally, SDL could also represent a useful marker in such metabolic disorders as diabetes mellitus or ketotic states, in which its formation is expected to be enhanced. Despite the lack of clear-cut evidence underlying the clinical and experimental findings, the investigation of SDL metabolism is a promising field of research.
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Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Mediates Alcohol-Upregulated Transcription of Brf1 and tRNA Genes to Cause Phenotypic Alteration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2067959. [PMID: 32685086 PMCID: PMC7336232 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2067959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of Brf1 (TFIIB-related factor 1) and Pol III gene (RNA polymerase III-dependent gene, such as tRNAs and 5S rRNA) activities is associated with cell transformation and tumor development. Alcohol intake causes liver injury, such as steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which enhances the risk of HCC development. However, the mechanism of alcohol-promoted HCC remains to be explored. We have designed the complementary research system, which is composed of cell lines, an animal model, human samples, and experiments in vivo and in vitro, to carry out this project by using molecular biological, biochemical, and cellular biological approaches. It is a unique system to explore the mechanism of alcohol-associated HCC. Our results indicate that alcohol upregulates Brf1 and Pol III gene (tRNAs and 5S rRNA) transcription in primary mouse hepatocytes, immortalized mouse hepatocyte-AML-12 cells, and engineered human HepG2-ADH cells. Alcohol activates MSK1 to upregulate expression of Brf1 and Pol III genes, while inhibiting MSK1 reduces transcription of Brf1 and Pol III genes in alcohol-treated cells. The inhibitor of MSK1, SB-747651A, decreases the rates of cell proliferation and colony formation. Alcohol feeding promotes liver tumor development of the mouse. These results, for the first time, show the identification of the alcohol-response promoter fragment of the Pol III gene key transcription factor, Brf1. Our studies demonstrate that Brf1 expression is elevated in HCC tumor tissues of mice and humans. Alcohol increases cellular levels of Brf1, resulting in enhancement of Pol III gene transcription in hepatocytes through MSK1. Our mechanism analysis has demonstrated that alcohol-caused high-response fragment of the Brf1 promoter is at p-382/+109bp. The MSK1 inhibitor SB-747651A is an effective reagent to repress alcohol-induced cell proliferation and colony formation, which is a potential pharmaceutical agent. Developing this inhibitor as a therapeutic approach will benefit alcohol-associated HCC patients.
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Yi Y, Lei J, Shi G, Chen S, Zhang Y, Hong Z, He Z, Zhong S. The Effects of Liquor Spirits on RNA Pol III Genes and Cell Growth of Human Cancer Lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2018.93016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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WITHDRAWN: Abnormal expression of TFIIIB subunits and RNA Pol III genes is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. LIVER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lei J, Chen S, Zhong S. Abnormal expression of TFIIIB subunits and RNA Pol III genes is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:112-120. [PMID: 29276645 PMCID: PMC5739085 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The levels of the products of RNA polymerase III-dependent genes (Pol III genes), including tRNAs and 5S rRNA, are elevated in transformed and tumor cells, which potentiate tumorigenesis. TFIIB-related factor 1 (Brf1) is a key transcription factor and specifically regulates the transcription of Pol III genes. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that a decrease in Brf1 reduces Pol III gene transcription and is sufficient for inhibiting cell transformation and tumor formation. Emerging evidence indicates that dysregulation of Brf1 and Pol III genes is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans and animals. We have reported that Brf1 is overexpressed in human liver cancer patients and that those with high Brf1 levels have shorter survivals. This review summarizes the effects of dysregulation of these genes on HCC and their regulation by signaling pathways and epigenetics. These novel data should help us determine the molecular mechanisms of HCC from a different perspective and guide the development of therapeutic approaches for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Lei
- School of medicine, South china university of technology, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Songlin Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiamen University Affiliated Southeast Hospital, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. (S. Zhong)
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7
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Yi Y, Huang C, Zhang Y, Tian S, Lei J, Chen S, Shi G, Wu Z, Xia N, Zhong S. Exploring a common mechanism of alcohol-induced deregulation of RNA Pol III genes in liver and breast cells. Gene 2017; 626:309-318. [PMID: 28552569 PMCID: PMC5521807 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol intake is associated with numbers of different human cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. RNA polymerase III-dependent genes (Pol III genes) deregulation elevates cellular production of tRNAs and 5S rRNA, resulting in an increase in translational capacity, which promote cell transformation and tumor formation. To explore a common mechanism of alcohol-associated human cancers, we have comparably analyzed that alcohol causes deregulation of Pol III genes in liver and breast cells. Our results reveal that alcohol enhances RNA Pol III gene transcription in both liver and breast cells. The induction of Pol III genes caused by alcohol in ER+ breast cancer lines or liver tumor lines are significantly higher than in their non-tumor cell lines. Alcohol increases cellular levels of Brf1 mRNA and protein, (which depeted) Brf1 is a key transcription factor and specifically regulate Pol III gene activity. Alcohol activates JNK1 to upregulate transcription of Brf1 and Pol III genes, whereas inhibition of JNK1 by SP600125 or its siRNA significantly decreases the induction of these genes. Furthermore, alcohol increases the rates of transformation of liver and breast cells, repressed JNK1 and Brf1 expression decrease transcription of Pol III genes and reduce the rates of colony formation of AML-12 and MCF-10 cells. Together, these studies support the idea that alcohol induces deregulation of Brf1 and RNA Pol III genes in liver and breast cells, which share a common signaling pathway to promote cell transformation. Through the common mechanism, alcohol-induced deregulation of RNA Pol III genes brings about greater phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Yi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiamen University Affiliated Southeast Hospital, China
| | - Chenghao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Suke Tian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiamen University Affiliated Southeast Hospital, China
| | - Junxia Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiamen University Affiliated Southeast Hospital, China
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, China; Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ruzsányi V, Péter Kalapos M. Breath acetone as a potential marker in clinical practice. J Breath Res 2017; 11:024002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa66d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shi G, Zhong S. Alcohol-associated cancer and deregulation of Pol III genes. Gene 2017; 612:25-28. [PMID: 27697617 PMCID: PMC5374039 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that alcohol intake is associated with human cancers in different organs. However, the molecular mechanism of alcohol-associated human cancers remains to be elucidated. Here, this paper aimed to clarify a novel mechanism of alcohol-promoted cell transformation and tumor development. Alcohol induces JNK1 activation and increases cellular levels of c-Jun to upregulate Brf1 expression and Pol III gene transcription, leading to an enhancement of rates of cell transformation and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Shi
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ramaiah S, Rivera C, Arteel G. Early-Phase Alcoholic Liver Disease: An Update on Animal Models, Pathology, and Pathogenesis. Int J Toxicol 2016; 23:217-31. [PMID: 15371166 DOI: 10.1080/10915810490502069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains to be one of the most common etiology of liver disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathologic stages of ALD comprises of steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Steatosis and steatohepatitis represents the early phase of ALD and are precursor stages for fibrosis/cirrhosis. Numerous research efforts have been directed at recognizing cofactors interacting with alcohol in the pathogenesis of steatosis and steatohepatitis. This review will elucidate the constellation of complex pathogenesis, available animal models, and microscopic pathologic findings mostly in the early-phase of ALD. The role of endotoxin, reactive oxygen species, alcohol metabolism, and cytokines are discussed. Understanding the mechanisms of early-phase ALD should provide insight into the development of therapeutic strategies and thereby decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Ramaiah
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Zhong Q, Xi S, Liang J, Shi G, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Levy D, Zhong S. The significance of Brf1 overexpression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6243-54. [PMID: 26701855 PMCID: PMC4868753 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brf1 (TFIIB-related factor 1) plays a crucial role in cell transformation and tumorigenesis. However, the significance of Brf1 expression in human HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) cases remains to be addressed. In this study, biopsies of human HCC, liver tumor samples of mice and cell lines of normal and tumor liver were utilized to determine the alteration of Brf1 expression using cytological and molecular biological approaches. Brf1 expression is increased in human HCC cases, which is correlated with shorter survival times. Levels of Brf1 and Pol III (RNA polymerase III-dependent) gene transcription in HCC patients with alcohol consumption are higher than the cases of non-HCC with or without alcohol intake. Induction of Brf1 and Pol III genes by ethanol in hepatoma cells is higher than in non-tumor cells. Ethanol increases the rate of cell transformation. Repression of Brf1 inhibits alcohol-promoted cell transformation. Alcohol consumption enhances Brf1 expression to promote cell transformation. These studies demonstrate that Brf1 is a new biomarker of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ceni E, Mello T, Galli A. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease: Role of oxidative metabolism. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17756-17772. [PMID: 25548474 PMCID: PMC4273126 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i47.17756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a predominant etiological factor in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases, resulting in fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis/cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) involves complex and still unclear biological processes, the oxidative metabolites of ethanol such as acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a preeminent role in the clinical and pathological spectrum of ALD. Ethanol oxidative metabolism influences intracellular signaling pathways and deranges the transcriptional control of several genes, leading to fat accumulation, fibrogenesis and activation of innate and adaptive immunity. Acetaldehyde is known to be toxic to the liver and alters lipid homeostasis, decreasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and increasing sterol regulatory element binding protein activity via an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanism. AMPK activation by ROS modulates autophagy, which has an important role in removing lipid droplets. Acetaldehyde and aldehydes generated from lipid peroxidation induce collagen synthesis by their ability to form protein adducts that activate transforming-growth-factor-β-dependent and independent profibrogenic pathways in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Furthermore, activation of innate and adaptive immunity in response to ethanol metabolism plays a key role in the development and progression of ALD. Acetaldehyde alters the intestinal barrier and promote lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation by disrupting tight and adherent junctions in human colonic mucosa. Acetaldehyde and LPS induce Kupffer cells to release ROS and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that contribute to neutrophils infiltration. In addition, alcohol consumption inhibits natural killer cells that are cytotoxic to HSCs and thus have an important antifibrotic function in the liver. Ethanol metabolism may also interfere with cell-mediated adaptive immunity by impairing proteasome function in macrophages and dendritic cells, and consequently alters allogenic antigen presentation. Finally, acetaldehyde and ROS have a role in alcohol-related carcinogenesis because they can form DNA adducts that are prone to mutagenesis, and they interfere with methylation, synthesis and repair of DNA, thereby increasing HCC susceptibility.
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Persson EC, Schwartz LM, Park Y, Trabert B, Hollenbeck AR, Graubard BI, Freedman ND, McGlynn KA. Alcohol consumption, folate intake, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver disease mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:415-21. [PMID: 23307533 PMCID: PMC3596467 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol consumption is a well-established risk factor for liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous studies have found that increased alcohol consumption can lead to lower absorption of folate. Conversely, higher folate intake has been inversely associated with liver damage and HCC. In the current study, we investigate the effect of alcohol consumption and folate intake on HCC incidence and liver disease mortality in the NIH-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. METHODS The study population included 494,743 participants who reported at baseline their dietary intake for the previous year. Alcohol and folate were analyzed with hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, education, smoking, body mass index, and diabetes. HCC incidence (n = 435) was determined through 2006 via linkage with cancer registries, and liver disease mortality (n = 789) was determined through 2008 via linkage to the U.S. Social Security Administration Death Master File and the National Death Index Plus by the National Center for Health Statistics. RESULTS Consumption of more than three drinks per day was positively associated with both HCC incidence (HR: 1.92; 95%CI: 1.42-2.60) and liver disease mortality (HR: 5.84; 95%CI: 4.81-7.10), whereas folate intake was associated with neither outcome. Folate, however, modified the relationship between alcohol and HCC incidence (Pinteraction = 0.03), but had no effect on the relationship between alcohol and liver disease mortality (Pinteraction = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher folate intake may ameliorate the effect of alcohol consumption on the development of HCC. IMPACT Folate intake may be beneficial in the prevention of alcohol-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christina Persson
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd, EPS/Suite 550/Room 5008, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Persson EC, Schwartz LM, Park Y, Trabert B, Hollenbeck AR, Graubard BI, Freedman ND, McGlynn KA. Alcohol consumption, folate intake, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver disease mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013. [PMID: 23307533 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965-9965.epi-12-1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol consumption is a well-established risk factor for liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous studies have found that increased alcohol consumption can lead to lower absorption of folate. Conversely, higher folate intake has been inversely associated with liver damage and HCC. In the current study, we investigate the effect of alcohol consumption and folate intake on HCC incidence and liver disease mortality in the NIH-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. METHODS The study population included 494,743 participants who reported at baseline their dietary intake for the previous year. Alcohol and folate were analyzed with hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, education, smoking, body mass index, and diabetes. HCC incidence (n = 435) was determined through 2006 via linkage with cancer registries, and liver disease mortality (n = 789) was determined through 2008 via linkage to the U.S. Social Security Administration Death Master File and the National Death Index Plus by the National Center for Health Statistics. RESULTS Consumption of more than three drinks per day was positively associated with both HCC incidence (HR: 1.92; 95%CI: 1.42-2.60) and liver disease mortality (HR: 5.84; 95%CI: 4.81-7.10), whereas folate intake was associated with neither outcome. Folate, however, modified the relationship between alcohol and HCC incidence (Pinteraction = 0.03), but had no effect on the relationship between alcohol and liver disease mortality (Pinteraction = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher folate intake may ameliorate the effect of alcohol consumption on the development of HCC. IMPACT Folate intake may be beneficial in the prevention of alcohol-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christina Persson
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd, EPS/Suite 550/Room 5008, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Kaiser JP, Lipscomb JC, Wesselkamper SC. Putative mechanisms of environmental chemical-induced steatosis. Int J Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23197488 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812466418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease is a major health issue characterized by several pathological changes, with steatosis (fatty liver) representing a common initial step in its pathogenesis. Steatosis is of critical importance because prevention of fatty liver can obviate downstream pathologies of liver disease (eg, fibrosis). Recent studies have shown a strong correlation between chemical exposure and steatosis. The work described here identifies chemicals on the US Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) that induce steatosis and investigates putative mechanisms by which these chemicals may contribute to this pathological condition. Mitochondrial impairment, insulin resistance, impaired hepatic lipid secretion, and enhanced cytokine production were identified as potential mechanisms that could contribute to steatosis. Taken together, this work is significant because it identifies multiple mechanisms by which environmental chemicals may cause fatty liver and expands our knowledge of the possible role of environmental chemical exposure in the induction and progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Phillip Kaiser
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
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Cohen JI, Nagy LE. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease: interactions between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. J Dig Dis 2011; 12:3-9. [PMID: 21091930 PMCID: PMC5061145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a complex process involving both the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver. The impact of ethanol on hepatocytes can be characterized as a condition of organelle stress with multifactorial changes in hepatocellular function accumulating during ethanol exposure. These changes include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased methylation capacity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired vesicular trafficking and altered proteasome function. Injury to hepatocytes is attributed, in part, to ethanol metabolism by the hepatocytes. Changes in the structural integrity of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, as well as enhanced inflammation in the liver during ethanol exposure are also important contributors to injury. Activation of hepatic stellate cells initiates the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins characteristic of fibrosis. Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages in the liver, are particularly critical to the onset of ethanol-induced liver injury. Chronic ethanol exposure sensitizes Kupffer cells to activation by lipopolysaccharides via toll-like receptor 4. This sensitization enhances the production of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and reactive oxygen species that contribute to hepatocyte dysfunction, necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes and the generation of extracellular matrix proteins leading to fibrosis. In this review we provide an overview of the complex interactions between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver during the progression of ethanol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Cohen
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44120
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44120
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Hwang HJ, Kim IH, Nam TJ. Protective effect of polysaccharide from Hizikia fusiformis against ethanol-induced toxicity. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2011; 64:143-61. [PMID: 22054944 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387669-0.00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide extracted from Hizikia fusiformis (Hf-PS-1) exhibited protective effects against ethanol-induced peptic injury. In in vivo assay, the ethanol group exhibited decrease of total glutathione (GSH) and increase of jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation relative to the control group, whereas levels were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in the Hf-PS-1 group. Hf-PS-1 reduced ethanol-induced gastric injury. In in vitro assay, ethanol induced IEC-6 cells' death in a dose-dependent manner. Ethanol decreased the phosphorylation of Shc and the binding of Grb2 to Shc, and Hf-PS-1 pretreatment increased them. Ethanol also induced the phosphorylation of JNK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), whereas Hf-PS-1 pretreatment decreased JNK activation but not ERK. Co-treatment with JNK inhibitor and ethanol decreased GSH levels, indicating that JNK phosphorylation is a critical factor during ethanol-induced injury. Therefore, Hf-PS-1 may be useful to protect against ethanol-induced gastrointestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Hwang
- College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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18
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Acamprosate Modulates Alcohol-Induced Hippocampal NMDA Receptors and Brain Microsomal Ca2+-ATPase but Induces Oxidative Stress in Rat. J Membr Biol 2010; 237:51-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Choi EY, Hwang HJ, Nam TJ. Protective effect of a polysaccharide from Hizikia fusiformis against ethanol-induced cytotoxicity in IEC-6 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:79-84. [PMID: 19735724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the signaling pathways related to the ethanol-protective effect of Hf-PS-1 in IEC-6 cells. Ethanol induced the death of IEC-6 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and pretreatment with Hf-PS-1 abrogated the ethanol toxicity. When we examined whether the effect of Hf-PS-1 on ethanol cytotoxicity was associated with insulin growth factor-I receptor signaling pathways, involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), we found that ethanol treatment decreased the phosphorylation of Shc and the binding of Grb2 to Shc, and Hf-PS-1 pretreatment increased them. Ethanol treatment also induced the phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, whereas Hf-PS-1 pretreatment decreased JNK activation but not ERK activation. Using a JNK inhibitor (SP600125), we examined GSH levels to determine whether Hf-PS-1 pretreatment mi20 ght protect against ethanol-induced gastric intestinal damage by down-regulating JNK. Co-treatment with SP600125 and ethanol decreased GSH levels, indicating that JNK phosphorylation is a critical factor during ethanol-induced injury and that the effect of Hf-PS-1 occurs via JNK down-regulation. We have thus demonstrated the protective effect of Hf-PS-1 against ethanol-induced cellular damage. Therefore, Hf-PS-1 may be useful as a bio-functional food source to protect against ethanol-induced gastrointestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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20
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Shuper PA, Neuman M, Kanteres F, Baliunas D, Joharchi N, Rehm J. Causal considerations on alcohol and HIV/AIDS--a systematic review. Alcohol Alcohol 2010; 45:159-66. [PMID: 20061510 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agp091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to explore the possible causal nature of the association between alcohol consumption and HIV/AIDS. METHODS A review based on meta-analyses and reviews was conducted according to standard epidemiological criteria to distinguish causality from association, examining (i) the potential impact of alcohol on the incidence of HIV and (ii) alcohol's impact on worsening the disease course. RESULTS In terms of incidence of HIV, although we found a consistent and strong association with consumption, there was not enough evidence for a causal connection. In particular, it is not clear whether personality traits such as sensation seeking or sexual compulsivity and psychiatric disorders such as antisocial personality disorder impact both alcohol consumption and risky sex, subsequently creating an association between both behaviors. In terms of worsening the disease course of HIV/AIDS, we found enough evidence for a causal impact of alcohol. Alcohol affects the immune system, thus contributing to a worsened course of HIV/AIDS. In addition, alcohol negatively impacts on behaviors that include support seeking and medication adherence. CONCLUSIONS A randomized controlled clinical trial targeted toward at-risk HIV-negative individuals who live in areas with high HIV prevalence is suggested to test the effects of proven effective alcohol interventions on HIV incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Shuper
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Room T-518, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1.
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Newton BW, Russell WK, Russell DH, Ramaiah SK, Jayaraman A. Liver proteome analysis in a rodent model of alcoholic steatosis. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1663-71. [PMID: 19714808 DOI: 10.1021/pr800905w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic steatosis (AS) is the initial pathology associated with early stage alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and is characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver. AS is considered clinically benign because it is reversible, and the progression of AS to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) is a key step in the development of ALD. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE)-mass spectrometry (MS) proteomic approach was used to investigate the protein expression pattern underlying AS, as the first step toward determining liver tissue biomarkers for early stage ALD. Several proteins involved in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism were up-regulated in 3- and 6-week ethanol-fed rats relative to isocaloric controls, which suggest a higher energy demand upon chronic exposure to ethanol. In addition, the expression of two proteins associated with alcohol-induced oxidative stress, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), was down-regulated in ethanol fed rats, and suggests an increase in reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. To investigate if irreversible protein modification arising from oxidative stress during AS impacts protein levels, the extent of carbonylated proteins in the ethanol and isocaloric groups was identified using mass spectrometry. The detection of modified proteins involved in antioxidant functions further supports the notion that oxidative modification of these proteins leads to protein turnover during AS. In addition, the carbonylation of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, a protein implicated in fatty liver development, in 3-week and 6-week ethanol exposed samples suggests that this protein could be a marker for early stage AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy W Newton
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, USA
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Zivkovic AM, Bruce German J, Esfandiari F, Halsted CH. Quantitative lipid metabolomic changes in alcoholic micropigs with fatty liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:751-8. [PMID: 19170661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol consumption coupled with folate deficiency leads to rapid liver fat accumulation and progression to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). However, the specific effects of alcohol on key liver lipid metabolic pathways involved in fat accumulation are unknown. It is unclear whether lipid synthesis, lipid export, or a combination of both is contributing to hepatic steatosis in ASH. METHODS In this study we estimated the flux of fatty acids (FA) through the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT), and FA elongation pathways in relation to liver triacylglycerol (TG) content in Yucatan micropigs fed a 40% ethanol folate-deficient diet with or without supplementation with S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) compared with controls. Flux through the SCD and PEMT pathways was used to assess the contribution of lipid synthesis and lipid export respectively on the accumulation of fat in the liver. Liver FA composition within TG, cholesterol ester (CE), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine classes was quantified by gas chromatography. RESULTS Alcoholic pigs had increased liver TG content relative to controls, accompanied by increased flux through the SCD pathway as indicated by increases in the ratios of 16:1n7 to 16:0 and 18:1n9 to 18:0. Conversely, flux through the elongation and PEMT pathways was suppressed by alcohol, as indicated by multiple metabolite ratios. SAM supplementation attenuated the TG accumulation associated with alcohol. CONCLUSIONS These data provide an in vivo examination of liver lipid metabolic pathways confirming that both increased de novo lipogenesis (e.g., lipid synthesis) and altered phospholipid metabolism (e.g., lipid export) contribute to the excessive accumulation of lipids in liver affected by ASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Zivkovic
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Banerjee A, Russell WK, Jayaraman A, Ramaiah SK. Identification of proteins to predict the molecular basis for the observed gender susceptibility in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis by 2-D gel proteomics. Proteomics 2009; 8:4327-37. [PMID: 18924223 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Females are reported to be highly susceptible to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) compared to the males. Although a variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain this higher sensitivity of females, the precise mechanism is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify changes in global protein expression in liver tissues of male and female rats with pathologically evident ASH by 2-DE (dimensional electrophoresis). ASH was induced in the SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats by feeding ethanol (EtOH) containing Lieber-DeCarli diet for 6 wk followed by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Higher liver injury in females in the ASH group as compared to the males was confirmed by HE stained liver sections. As identified by 2-DE, 22 protein-spots were differentially expressed in the females in the ASH group as compared to the males. Following identification of these proteins by MALDI-MS, they were mainly categorized into metabolism and oxidative stress-related proteins. The expression pattern of a few of these oxidative stress-related proteins like Ferritin Heavy chain (Ferritin-H chain), ER stress protein 60 (ER 60) and Heat-shock protein-60 (HSP 60) were verified by Western blotting. To conclude, the current study has identified a set of proteins that highlights potential novel mechanisms associated with higher liver injury noted in the female rat ASH model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Banerjee
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
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Ramaiah SK, Jaeschke H. Hepatic Neutrophil Infiltration in the Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 17:431-40. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990701407702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Ramaiah SK, Jaeschke H. Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of acute inflammatory liver injury. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 35:757-66. [PMID: 17943649 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701584163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) are essential in the defense against invading microorganisms, tissue trauma or any inciting inflammatory signals. Hepatic infiltration of neutrophils is an acute response to recent or ongoing liver injury, hepatic stress or unknown systemic inflammatory signals. Once neutrophils reach the liver, they can cause mild-to-severe tissue damage and consequent liver failure. For neutrophils to appear in the liver, neutrophils have to undergo systemic activation (priming) by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, complement factors, immune complexes, opsonized particles and other biologically active molecules, e.g., platelet activating factor. Neutrophils accumulated in the hepatic microvasculature (sinusoids and postsinusoidal venules) can extravasate (transmigrate) into the hepatic parenchyma if they receive a signal from distressed cells. Transmigration can be mediated by a chemokine gradient established towards the hepatic parenchyma and generally involves orchestration by adhesion molecules on neutrophils (beta(2) integrins) and on endothelial cells (intracellular adhesion molecules, ICAM-1). After transmigration, neutrophils adhere to distressed hepatocytes through their beta(2) integrins and ICAM-1 expressed on hepatocytes. Neutrophil contact with hepatocytes mediate oxidative killing of hepatocytes by initiation of respiratory burst and neutrophil degranulation leading to hepatocellular oncotic necrosis. Neutrophil-mediated liver injury has been demonstrated in a variety of diseases and chemical/drug toxicities. Relevant examples are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi K Ramaiah
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
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26
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Jones AW. Ultra-rapid rate of ethanol elimination from blood in drunken drivers with extremely high blood-alcohol concentrations. Int J Legal Med 2007; 122:129-34. [PMID: 17572905 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-007-0181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The rate of alcohol elimination from blood was determined in drunken drivers by taking two blood samples about 1 h apart. These cases were selected because the individuals concerned had reached an extremely high blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) when they were apprehended. This suggests a period of continuous heavy drinking leading to the development of metabolic tolerance. Use of double blood samples to calculate the elimination rate of alcohol from blood is valid provided that drunken drivers are in the post-absorptive phase of the BAC curve, the time between sampling is not too short, and that zero-order elimination kinetics operates. Evidence in support of this came from other drunken drivers in which three consecutive blood samples were obtained at hourly intervals. The mean BAC (N = 21) was 4.05 g/l (range, 2.71-5.18 g/l), and the average rate of alcohol elimination from blood was 0.33 g l(-1) h(-1) with a range of 0.20-0.62 g l(-1) h(-1). The possibility of ultra-rapid rates of ethanol elimination from blood in drunken drivers having extremely high BAC deserves to be considered in forensic casework, e.g., when retrograde extrapolations and other blood-alcohol calculations are made. The mechanism accounting for more rapid metabolism is probably related to induction of the microsomal enzyme (CYP2E1) pathway for ethanol oxidation, as one consequence of continuous heavy drinking. However, the dose of alcohol and the duration of drinking necessary to boost the activity of CYP2E1 enzymes in humans have not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wayne Jones
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Artillerigatan 12, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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27
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Lee SM, Alam R, Ho CJ, Kim JH, Kang CW, Park JH, Lee MS. Involvement of p42/44 MAPK in the effects of ethanol on secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1 in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Int J Neurosci 2007; 117:187-201. [PMID: 17365107 DOI: 10.1080/00207450600582363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates the effects of ethanol on Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I secretion, p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and IGF binding protein (IGFBP-1 secretion) in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. The p42/44 MAPK activity increased with the ethanol concentration compared to control after ethanol treatment. The secretion of IGF-I significantly increased compared to control, but IGFBP-1 secretion was inhibited. Treatment with 4-methylpyrazole blocked the IGF-I and IGFBP-1 secretion and p42/44 MAPK activity. Increased IGF-I secretion and inhibited IGFBP-1 secretion due to ethanol-induced p42/44 MAPK activity (at 30 min) was blocked by treatment with PD98059. Taken together, these results suggest that ethanol is involved in the modulation of the secretion of IGF-I and IGFBP-1 by p42/44 MAPK in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. In addition, inhibition of p42/44 MAPK activity by ethanol occurs via the activity of ADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Banerjee A, Apte UM, Smith R, Ramaiah SK. Higher neutrophil infiltration mediated by osteopontin is a likely contributing factor to the increased susceptibility of females to alcoholic liver disease. J Pathol 2006; 208:473-85. [PMID: 16440289 DOI: 10.1002/path.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major public health problem in the United States and women are known to be more susceptible to ALD. However, the precise mechanism for increased susceptibility of females to ALD is not completely understood. The present study is based on the hypothesis that induction of osteopontin (OPN), a matricellular protein, is the likely contributing factor for higher neutrophil recruitment in females during alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). ASH was induced in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding them a Lieber-DeCarli diet containing ethanol (EtOH) for 6 weeks, followed by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg, ip). Liver injury, measured by plasma transaminase elevations and confirmed by haematoxylin and eosin-stained liver sections, revealed approximately 25-fold higher liver injury in the female ASH model compared with the males. Although steatosis, necrosis, and neutrophil infiltration were evident in both male and female rats, hepatic neutrophilic necrotic foci were noted as early as 2 h after LPS injection in the EtOH-treated female rats. Hepatic neutrophil infiltration correlated with higher expression of cleaved (cOPN) and uncleaved OPN in the EtOH + LPS-treated female rats compared with the males. OPN secretion was localized predominantly in the biliary epithelium and females had significantly higher OPN mRNA than their male counterparts in the ASH model. The ability of OPN to attract neutrophils was further confirmed in vivo, in a peritonitis rat model, and by neutralizing OPN (nOPN) antibody experiments. Hepatic neutrophil infiltration was largely inhibited ( approximately 50%) by nOPN antibody. Flow cytometry experiments revealed OPN-mediated up-regulation of the CD11b neutrophil adhesion molecule. In conclusion, these data suggest that higher hepatic expression of OPN is the likely reason for higher and early hepatic neutrophil infiltration making females more susceptible to ALD during ASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Banerjee
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-4467, USA
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. KMS, . MAH, . SAA. Hepatoprotective Effect of Carnosine on Liver Biochemical Parameters in Chronic Ethanol Intoxicated Rat. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2006.528.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Neuman MG, Monteiro M, Rehm J. Drug interactions between psychoactive substances and antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency and hepatitis viruses. Subst Use Misuse 2006; 41:1395-463. [PMID: 17002989 DOI: 10.1080/10826080600846235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The liver disease characteristic of alcohol dependence encompasses three main related entities: steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Alcoholic cirrhosis is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Alcohol intake among injecting drug users is a major contributor to transmission of viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C viruses (HCV). HIV and HCV coinfected patients develop liver diseases earlier and more severely than the monoinfected individuals, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Interactions exist between the therapeutic drugs used to minimize and control the drug and alcohol dependence. Furthermore, drug-drug interactions occur between the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and alcohol, different HAART components and methadone, or each one of the therapies with the other, thus contributing to a higher toxicity level. With the evolution of effective antiretroviral therapy, survival of persons with HIV, and the syndrome it causes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has increased dramatically. Drug-drug interactions may appear between alcohol and anti-HBV or anti-HCV, therapy in the presence or absence of anti-HIV therapy. Several other medical-, social-, and drug-related factors of this population have to be considered when providing HAART. Because many coinfected patients also have problems with substance use, dealing with their drug dependence is an important first step in an attempt to improve adherence to and tolerance of antiviral therapy. It is necessary to minimize the risk of liver disease acceleration and/or reinfection with hepatitis viruses. Knowledge of potential drug interactions between methadone, antiretroviral therapy, psychoactive drugs, and antipsychotics and the role of coinfection with HBV or HCV and the drugs used in eradicating viral hepatitis permits suitable antiretroviral combinations.
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Campos SCG, Moreira DAC, Nunes TDES, Colepicolo P, Brigagão MRPL. Oxidative stress in alcohol-induced rat parotid sialadenosis. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:661-8. [PMID: 15892952 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the oxidative status of rat parotid and submandibular glands. To identify the endogenous response to ethanol ingestion, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined. In addition, the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol was supplied to the animals in order to estimate its action in ethanol-associated glandular damage. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the protein carbonyl (PC) content, both markers of cellular oxidative stress on lipid and protein structures, respectively, were recorded. Animals subjected to alcohol ingestion showed a low body growth rate with concomitant enlargement of absolute and relative parotid wet weight, compared with pair-fed calorie-controlled rats. Parotid glands of ethanol-treated animals showed increased SOD and GPx activity, and alpha-tocopherol was able to reduce their activities to the control levels. TBARS and PC were enhanced after chronic ethanol treatment in rat parotids. Supplemental alpha-tocopherol suppressed the oxidative ethanol-induced damage in lipid without affecting induced protein oxidation. Submandibular glands revealed no alterations in the weight, enzymatic and oxidative parameters tested due to ethanol and/or alpha-tocopherol ingestion. These findings indicate the involvement of oxidative stress in parotid gland sialadenosis due to ethanol consumption and the capability of alpha-tocopherol to halt lipid damage, although this low-molecular antioxidant compound leads to neither increased glandular weight nor protein oxidation in ethanol-induced parotid alterations.
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Abstract
Chronic ethanol abuse is associated with liver injury, neurotoxicity, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, modulation of immune responses and increased risk for cancer, whereas moderate alcohol consumption exerts protective effect on coronary heart disease. However, the signal transduction mechanisms underlying these processes are not well understood. Emerging evidences highlight a central role for mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in several of these effects of ethanol. MAPK signaling cascade plays an essential role in the initiation of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, apoptosis, stress and inflammatory responses. Modulation of MAPK signaling pathway by ethanol is distinctive, depending on the cell type; acute or chronic; normal or transformed cell phenotype and on the type of agonist stimulating the MAPK. Acute exposure to ethanol results in modest activation of p42/44 MAPK in hepatocytes, astrocytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Acute ethanol exposure also results in potentiation or prolonged activation of p42/44MAPK in an agonist selective manner. Acute ethanol treatment also inhibits serum stimulated p42/44 MAPK activation and DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Chronic ethanol treatment causes decreased activation of p42/44 MAPK and inhibition of growth factor stimulated p42/44 MAPK activation and these effects of ethanol are correlated to suppression of DNA synthesis, impaired synaptic plasticity and neurotoxicity. In contrast, chronic ethanol treatment causes potentiation of endotoxin stimulated p42/44 MAPK and p38 MAPK signaling in Kupffer cells leading to increased synthesis of tumor necrosis factor. Acute exposure to ethanol activates pro-apoptotic JNK pathway and anti-apoptotic p42/44 MAPK pathway. Apoptosis caused by chronic ethanol treatment may be due to ethanol potentiation of TNF induced activation of p38 MAPK. Ethanol induced activation of MAPK signaling is also involved in collagen expression in stellate cells. Ethanol did not potentiate serum stimulated or Gi-protein dependent activation of p42/44 MAPK in normal hepatocytes but did so in embryonic liver cells and transformed hepatocytes leading to enhanced DNA synthesis. Ethanol has a 'triangular effect' on MAPK that involve direct effects of ethanol, its metabolically derived mediators and oxidative stress. Acetaldehyde, phosphatidylethanol, fatty acid ethyl ester and oxidative stress, mediate some of the effects seen after ethanol alone whereas ethanol modulation of agonist stimulated MAPK signaling appears to be mediated by phosphatidylethanol. Nuclear MAPKs are also affected by ethanol. Ethanol modulation of nuclear p42/44 MAPK occurs by both nuclear translocation of p42/44 MAPK and its activation in the nucleus. Of interest is the observation that ethanol caused selective acetylation of Lys 9 of histone 3 in the hepatocyte nucleus. It is plausible that ethanol modulation of cross talk between phosphorylation and acetylations of histone may regulate chromatin remodeling. Taken together, these recent developments place MAPK in a pivotal position in relation to cellular actions of ethanol. Furthermore, they offer promising insights into the specificity of ethanol effects and pharmacological modulation of MAPK signaling. Such molecular signaling approaches have the potential to provide mechanism-based therapy for the management of deleterious effects of ethanol or for exploiting its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Vasconcelos SMM, Pereira RF, Alves RS, Arruda Filho ACV, Aguiar LMV, Macedo DS, Freitas RM, Queiroz MGR, Sousa FCF, Viana GSB. Effects of ethanol and haloperidol on plasma levels of hepatic enzymes, lipid profile, and apolipoprotein in rats. Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 82:315-20. [PMID: 15060626 DOI: 10.1139/o03-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studied the effects of ethanol in the absence and presence of haloperidol under two experimental conditions. In protocol 1, rats were treated daily with ethanol (4 g/kg, p.o.) for 7 days, and received only haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) from the 8th day to the 14th day. In protocol 2, animals received ethanol, and the treatment continued with ethanol and haloperidol from the 8th day to the 14th day. Results show increases in alanine transaminase (ALT; 48% and 55%) and aspartate transaminase (AST; 32% and 22%) levels after ethanol or haloperidol (14 days) treatments, as compared with controls. Apolipoprotein A-1 (APO A1) levels were increased by haloperidol, after 7- (148%) but not after 14-day treatments, as compared with controls. Levels of lipoprotein (high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C)) tended to be increased only by ethanol treatment for 14 days. ALT (80%) and AST (43%) levels were increased in the haloperidol plus ethanol group (protocol 2), as compared with controls. However, an increase in APO A1 levels was observed in the haloperidol group pretreated with ethanol (protocol 1), as compared with controls and ethanol 7-day treatments. Triglyceride (TG) levels were increased in the combination of ethanol and haloperidol in protocol 1 (234%) and 2 (106%), as compared with controls. Except for a small decrease in haloperidol groups, with or without ethanol, as related to ethanol alone, no other effect was observed in HDL-C levels. In conclusion, we showed that haloperidol might be effective in moderating lipid alterations caused by chronic alcohol intake.Key words: ethanol, haloperidol, hepatic enzymes, lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M M Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Kalapos MP. On the mammalian acetone metabolism: from chemistry to clinical implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1621:122-39. [PMID: 12726989 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the description of the ways of acetone metabolism, its real role(s) is (are) still unknown in metabolic network. In this article, a trial is made to ascertain a comprehensive overview of acetone research extending discussion from chemistry to clinical implications. Mammals are quite similar regarding their acetone metabolism, even if species differences can also be observed. By reviewing experimental data, it seems that plasma concentration of acetone in different species is in the order of 10 microm range and the concentration-dependent acetone metabolism is common to all mammals. At low concentrations of plasma acetone, the C3 pathways are operative, while at higher concentrations, the metabolism through acetate becomes dominant. Glucose formation from acetone may also contribute to the maintenance of a constant blood glucose level, but it seems to be only a minor source for that. From energetical point of view, an interorgan cooperation is suggested because transportable C3 fragments produced in the liver can serve as alternative sources of energy for the peripheral tissues in the short of circulating glucose. The degradation of acetoacetate to acetone contributes to the maintenance of pH buffering capacity, as well. Special attention is paid to the discussion of acetone production in diseases amongst which endogenous and exogenous acetonemiae have been defined. Acetonemiae of endogenous origin are due to the increased rate of acetone production followed by an increase of degrading capacity as cytochrome p450IIE1 (CYPIIE1) isozymes become induced. Exogenous acetonemiae usually resulted from intoxications caused by either acetone itself or other exogenous compounds (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol). It is highlighted that, on the one hand, isopropanol is also a normal constituent of metabolism and, on the other hand, the flat opinion that the elevation of its plasma level is a sign of alcoholism cannot further be held. The possible future directions of research upon acetone are depicted by emphasizing the need for the clear-cut identification of mammalian acetoacetate decarboxylase, and the investigation of race differences and genetic background of acetone metabolism.
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Norberg A, Jones AW, Hahn RG, Gabrielsson JL. Role of variability in explaining ethanol pharmacokinetics: research and forensic applications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42:1-31. [PMID: 12489977 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200342010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Variability in the rate and extent of absorption, distribution and elimination of ethanol has important ramifications in clinical and legal medicine. The speed of absorption of ethanol from the gut depends on time of day, drinking pattern, dosage form, concentration of ethanol in the beverage, and particularly the fed or fasting state of the individual. During the absorption phase, a concentration gradient exists between the stomach, portal vein and the peripheral venous circulation. First-pass metabolism and bioavailability are difficult to assess because of dose-, time- and flow-dependent kinetics. Ethanol is transported by the bloodstream to all parts of the body. The rate of equilibration is governed by the ratio of blood flow to tissue mass. Arterial and venous concentrations differ as a function of time after drinking. Ethanol has low solubility in lipids and does not bind to plasma proteins, so volume of distribution is closely related to the amount of water in the body, contributing to sex- and age-related differences in disposition. The bulk of ethanol ingested (95-98%) is metabolised and the remainder is excreted in breath, urine and sweat. The rate-limiting step in oxidation is conversion of ethanol into acetaldehyde by cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which has a low Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 0.05-0.1 g/L. Moreover, this enzyme displays polymorphism, which accounts for racial and ethnic variations in pharmacokinetics. When a moderate dose is ingested, zero-order elimination operates for a large part of the blood-concentration time course, since ADH quickly becomes saturated. Another ethanol-metabolising enzyme, cytochrome P450 2E1, has a higher Km (0.5-0.8 g/L) and is also inducible, so that the clearance of ethanol is increased in heavy drinkers. Study design influences variability in blood ethanol pharmacokinetics. Oral or intravenous administration, or fed or fasted state, might require different pharmacokinetic models. Recent work supports the need for multicompartment models to describe the disposition of ethanol instead of the traditional one-compartment model with zero-order elimination. Moreover, appropriate statistical analysis is needed to isolate between- and within-subject components of variation. Samples at low blood ethanol concentrations improve the estimation of parameters and reduce variability. Variability in ethanol pharmacokinetics stems from a combination of both genetic and environmental factors, and also from the nonlinear nature of ethanol disposition, experimental design, subject selection strategy and dose dependency. More work is needed to document variability in ethanol pharmacokinetics in real-world situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ake Norberg
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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Abstract
Although there are numerous experimental data indicating that oxidative stress plays a role in the initiation and progression of alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD), this work has yet to translate into an accepted antioxidant therapy for ALD in humans. With a better understanding of the mechanisms by which oxidative stress leads to liver damage during alcohol exposure, therapies that are more targeted at the cellular/molecular level may be applied in the clinic with potentially greater success. This article discusses the general concepts of oxidative stress and how it relates to current hypotheses in alcohol-induced liver injury, as well as lists several key questions that remain to be addressed in this field: (1) Which prooxidants are involved in ALD? (2) What are the sources of prooxidants in the liver during alcohol exposure? (3) How are oxidants involved in alcohol-induced liver injury? (4) Can a rational and effective antioxidant therapy against ALD be developed?
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E Arteel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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Abstract
Much progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, resulting in improvement of prevention and promising prospects for even more effective treatments. It continues to be important to replenish nutritional deficiencies when present but it is crucial to recognize that, because of the alcohol-induced disease process, some of the nutritional requirements change. For instance, methionine, one of the essential amino acids for humans, must be activated to SAMe but, in severe liver disease, the activity of the corresponding enzyme is depressed. Therefore, the resulting deficiencies and associated pathology can be attenuated by the administration of SAMe, but not by methionine. Similarly, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) activity, which is important for hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, is also depressed in alcoholic liver disease, therefore calling for administration of the products of the reaction. It might also be beneficial to add other compounds to such therapeutic regiment. Since free radical generation by the ethanol-induced CYP2E1 plays a key role in the oxidative stress, inhibitors of this enzyme have great promise. Several have been investigated experimentally and PPC is particularly interesting because of its innocuity. In view of the striking negative interaction between alcoholic liver injury and hepatitis C, an antiviral agent is eagerly awaited that, unlike Interferon, is not contraindicated in the alcoholic. Anti-inflammatory agents are also required. In addition to down-regulators of cytokines and end toxic are being considered. Finally, since excess drinking is the crux of the issue, anticraving agents should be incorporated in any contemplated therapeutic cocktail, in view of the recent promising results obtained with some of these agents such as naltrexone and acamprosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lieber
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Alcohol Research and Treatment Center, Section of Liver Disease and Nutrition, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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