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Gabuza K, Mabuda TI, Patel O, Khuboni N, van Aarde R, Riedel S, Sangweni NF, Windvogel S, Johnson R, Muller CJF. Afriplex GRTTM extract attenuates hepatic steatosis in an in vitro model of NAFLD. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297572. [PMID: 38630788 PMCID: PMC11023570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, it is acknowledged that vitamin E, insulin sensitizers and anti-diabetic drugs are used to manage non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), however, these therapeutic interventions harbour adverse side effects. Pioglitazone, an anti-diabetic drug, is currently the most effective therapy to manage NAFLD. The use of natural medicines is widely embraced due to the lack of evidence of their negative side effects. Rooibos has been previously shown to decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental models of diabetes, however, this is yet to be explored in a setting of NAFLD. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of an aspalathin-rich green rooibos extract (Afriplex GRTTM) against markers of hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in an in vitro model of NAFLD. METHODS Oleic acid [1 mM] was used to induce hepatic steatosis in C3A liver cells. Thereafter, the therapeutic effect of Afriplex GRTTM, with or without pioglitazone, was determined by assessing its impact on cell viability, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular lipid accumulation and the expression of genes and proteins (ChREBP, SREBF1, FASN, IRS1, SOD2, Caspase-3, GSTZ1, IRS1 and TNF-α) that are associated with the development of NAFLD. RESULTS Key findings showed that Afriplex GRTTM added to the medium alone or combined with pioglitazone, could effectively block hepatic lipid accumulation without inducing cytotoxicity in C3A liver cells exposed oleic acid. This positive outcome was consistent with effective regulation of genes involved in insulin signaling, as well as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (IRS1, SREBF1 and ChREBP). Interestingly, in addition to reducing protein levels of an inflammatory marker (TNF-α), the Afriplex GRTTM could ameliorate oleic acid-induced hepatic steatotic damage by decreasing the protein expression of oxidative stress and apoptosis related markers such as GSTZ1 and caspase-3. CONCLUSION Afriplex GRTTM reduced hepatic steatosis in oleic acid induced C3A liver cells by modulating SREBF1, ChREBP and IRS-1 gene expression. The extract may also play a role in alleviating inflammation by reducing TNF-α expression, suggesting that additional experiments are required for its development as a suitable therapeutic option against NAFLD. Importantly, further research is needed to explore its antioxidant role in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwazi Gabuza
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thendo I. Mabuda
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Oelfah Patel
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Noxolo Khuboni
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, eMpangeni, South Africa
| | - Ruzayda van Aarde
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sylvia Riedel
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlakanipho F. Sangweni
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shantal Windvogel
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christo J. F. Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Parow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, eMpangeni, South Africa
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
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Wilkinson C, Brooks J, Stander MA, Malgas R, Roodt-Wilding R, Makunga NP. Metabolomic profiling of wild rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) ecotypes and their antioxidant-derived phytopharmaceutical potential. Metabolomics 2024; 20:45. [PMID: 38615312 PMCID: PMC11016507 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspalathus linearis (commonly known as rooibos) is endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and is a popular herbal drink and skin phytotherapeutic ingredient, with health benefits derived primarily from its unique phenolic content. Several, seemingly habitat-specific ecotypes from the Cederberg (Western Cape) and Northern Cape have morphological, ecological, genetic and biochemical differences. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Despite the commercial popularity of the cultivated variety, the uncultivated ecotypes are largely understudied. To address gaps in knowledge about the biochemical constituency, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fifteen populations was performed, enabling high-throughput metabolomic fingerprinting of 50% (v/v) methanolic extracts. Antioxidant screening of selected populations was performed via three assays and antimicrobial activity on two microbial species was assessed. The metabolomic results were corroborated with total phenolic and flavonoid screening of the extracts. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Site-specific chemical lineages of rooibos ecotypes were confirmed via multivariate data analyses. Important features identified via PLS-DA disclosed higher relative abundances of certain tentative metabolites (e.g., rutin, aspalathin and apiin) present in the Dobbelaarskop, Blomfontein, Welbedacht and Eselbank sites, in comparison to other locations. Several unknown novel metabolites (e.g., m/z 155.0369, 231.0513, 443.1197, 695.2883) are responsible for metabolomic separation of the populations, four of which showed higher amounts of key metabolites and were thus selected for bioactivity analysis. The Welbedacht and Eselbank site 2 populations consistently displayed higher antioxidant activities, with 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of 679.894 ± 3.427 µmol Trolox/g dry matter and 635.066 ± 5.140 µmol Trolox/g dry matter, respectively, in correlation with a high number of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The contribution of the individual metabolites to the pharmacological effectiveness of rooibos remains unknown and as such, further structural elucidation and phytopharmacological testing is thus urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wilkinson
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - J Brooks
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - M A Stander
- Department of Biochemistry, and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - R Malgas
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - R Roodt-Wilding
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - N P Makunga
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa.
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de Beer D, Human C, van der Rijst M, Joubert E. Reaction kinetics of aspalathin degradation and flavanone isomer formation in aqueous model solutions: Effect of temperature, pH and metal chelators. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113188. [PMID: 37689940 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The poor stability of aspalathin in aqueous solutions is a major challenge in delivering a shelf-stable ready-to-drink (RTD) green rooibos iced tea. The kinetics of aspalathin degradation and the formation of eriodictyol glucoside isomers [(S/R)-6-β-D-glucopyranosyleriodictyol and (S/R)-8-β-D-glucopyranosyleriodictyol] in aqueous buffers were modeled to understand and predict aspalathin losses during heat processing. The effects of temperature and pH on the rate constants of aspalathin degradation and eriodictyol glucoside isomer formation were determined in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer with 5.7 mM citric acid. The zero-order model best described the reaction kinetics of aspalathin degradation and eriodictyol glucoside isomer formation. Increasing the temperature and pH increased the reaction rate constants. The activation energies of the reactions were much lower at pH 6 than at pH 4, indicating that pH affected the temperature dependence of the reactions. The 8-C-glucosyl eriodictyol derivatives (RE8G and SE8G) formed at much lower rates than the 6-C-glucosyl eriodictyol derivatives (RE6G and SE6G). The metal chelators, citric acid, citrate and EDTA, drastically reduced the reaction rate constants, indicating the catalytic role of metal ions in aspalathin autoxidation. The results of the study could assist manufacturers to improve the shelf life of rooibos RTD beverages by changing the formulation and adjusting heat processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalene de Beer
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Chantelle Human
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Marieta van der Rijst
- Biometry Unit, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Abdul NS, Marnewick JL. What Has Been the Focus of Rooibos Health Research? A Bibliometric Overview. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hawk Tea Flavonoids as Natural Hepatoprotective Agents Alleviate Acute Liver Damage by Reshaping the Intestinal Microbiota and Modulating the Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173662. [PMID: 36079919 PMCID: PMC9459715 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawk tea (Litsea coreana Levl. var. lanuginosa) is a traditional herbal tea in southwestern China, and was found to possess hepatoprotective effects in our previous study. However, it is unclear whether hawk tea flavonoids (HTF) can alleviate alcoholic liver damage (ALD). Firstly, we extracted and identified the presence of 191 molecules categorized as HTFs, with reynoutrin, avicularin, guaijaverin, cynaroside, and kaempferol-7-O-glucoside being the most prevalent. After taking bioavailability into consideration and conducting comprehensive sorting, the contribution of guaijaverin was the highest (0.016 mg/mice). Then, by daily intragastric administration of HTF (100 mg/kg/day) to the ALD mice, we found that HTF alleviated liver lipid deposition (inhibition of TG, TC, LDL-C) by reducing liver oxidative-stress-mediated inflammation (up-regulation NRF2/HO-1 and down-regulation TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway) and reshaping the gut microbiota (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus increased). Overall, we found HTF could be a potential protective natural compound for treating ALD via the gut–liver axis and guaijaverin might be the key substance involved.
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MAZIBUKO-MBEJE SE, MTHEMBU SXH, MULLER CJF, ZIQUBU K, MUVHULAWA N, MODIBEDI RV, TIANO L, DLUDLA PV. Aspalathin alleviates skeletal muscle insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction. Physiol Res 2022; 71:643-656. [PMID: 36047722 PMCID: PMC9841809 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds may bear promising therapeutic benefits against metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which are characterized by a state of insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we examined the cellular mechanisms by which aspalathin, a dihydrochalcone C-glucoside unique to rooibos, may ameliorate palmitate-induced insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured C2C12 myotubules. This current study demonstrated that aspalathin remains effective in improving glucose uptake in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells, supported by the upregulation of insulin-dependent signaling that involves the activation of insulin receptor (IR) and direct phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT). Interestingly, aspalathin also improved mitochondrial respiration and function, which was evident by an increased expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (Cpt1), fatty acid transport protein 1 (Fatp1), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), and transcription factor A, mitochondrial (Tfam). Importantly, our results showed that aspalathin treatment was effective in ameliorating the devastating outcomes of insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction that are linked with an undesired pro-inflammatory response, by reducing the levels of well-known pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and protein kinase C-theta (PKC-theta). Thus, beyond improving glucose uptake and insulin signaling, the current study brings a new perspective in the therapeutic benefits of aspalathin in improving mitochondrial respiration and blocking inflammation to attenuate the detrimental effect of palmitate in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinenhlanhla X. H. MTHEMBU
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa,Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Christo J. F. MULLER
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa,Centre for Cardiometabolic Research Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Khanyisani ZIQUBU
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Ndivhuwo MUVHULAWA
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Reneilwe V. MODIBEDI
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Luca TIANO
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. DLUDLA
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Chemical Fingerprinting Profile and Targeted Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Rooibos Tea (Aspalathus linearis) and Dietary Supplements Using UHPLC-PDA-MS. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9070159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren, commonly known as rooibos tea, was consumed traditionally by the indigenous South African inhabitants as an herbal remedy. Beside antioxidant properties, it displays antiallergic, antispasmodic, and hypoglycemic activities. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors were developed for the determination of 14 phenolic constituents from leaves and stems of A. linearis. The efficient separation was performed within 30 min at a temperature of 30 °C by using C-18 column as the stationary phase and water/acetonitrile with 0.05% formic acid as the mobile phase. Method validation for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection, and limits of quantification was achieved. The limits of detection from 0.2–1 μg/mL were reported for the standard compounds. Their total content varied substantially (1.50–9.85 mg/100 mg sample) in 21 dietary supplements. The presence of regioisomers and diastereomers which co-elute on a variety of stationary phases make separation for quantification purposes challenging. This method was found to be efficient in providing low retention times and excellent resolution for this type of phytochemicals. The established method is suitable for chemical fingerprint analysis of A. linearis and cost-effective for quality control of rooibos tea products.
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Determination of Pesticide Residues in Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Teas in South Africa. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:852-857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Muvhulawa N, Dludla PV, Ziqubu K, Mthembu SX, Mthiyane F, Nkambule BB, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE. Rutin ameliorates inflammation and improves metabolic function: A comprehensive analysis of scientific literature. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ashaolu TJ, Adeyeye SA. African Functional Foods and Beverages: A Review. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2022.2034697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope J. Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan UniversityDa NangVietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan UniversityDa NangVietnam
| | - Samuel A.O. Adeyeye
- Department of Food Technology, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Hindustan University, Padur, Chennai, India
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Smit SE, Manirafasha C, Marais E, Johnson R, Huisamen B. Cardioprotective Function of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Extract Supplementation in Ex Vivo Ischemic Prediabetic Rat Hearts. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:62-78. [PMID: 33285593 DOI: 10.1055/a-1239-9236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients develop ischemic heart disease and strokes more readily. Following an ischemic event, restoration of blood flow increases oxidative stress resulting in myocardial damage, termed ischemia/reperfusion injury. Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), rich in the antioxidant phenolic compound aspalathin, has been implicated as cardioprotective against ischemia/reperfusion injury with undefined mechanism in control rats. Primarily, the therapeutic potential of Afriplex green rooibos extract to prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiovascular disease-compromised rats was investigated. Additionally, Afriplex Green rooibos extract's cardioprotective signaling on metabolic markers and stress markers was determined using western blotting. Three hundred male Wistar rats received either 16-wk standard diet or high-caloric diet. During the final 6 wk, half received 60 mg/kg/day Afriplex green rooibos extract, containing 12.48% aspalathin. High-caloric diet increased body weight, body fat, fasting serum triglycerides, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance - indicative of prediabetes. High-caloric diet rats had increased heart mass, infarct size, and decreased heart function. Afriplex green rooibos extract treatment for 6 wk lowered pre-ischemic heart rate, reduced infarct size, and improved heart function pre- and post-ischemia, without significantly affecting biometric parameters. Stabilized high-caloric diet hearts had decreased insulin independence via adenosine monophosphate activated kinase and increased inflammation (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase), whereas Afriplex green rooibos extract treatment decreased insulin dependence (protein kinase B) and conferred anti-inflammatory effect. After 20 min ischemia, high-caloric diet hearts had upregulated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase decreased insulin independence, and downregulated insulin dependence and glycogen synthase kinase 3 β inhibition. In contrast, Afriplex green rooibos extract supplementation downregulated insulin independence and inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2. During reperfusion, all protective signaling was decreased in high-caloric diet, while Afriplex green rooibos extract supplementation reduced oxidative stress (c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2) and inflammation. Taken together, Afriplex green rooibos extract supplementation for 6 wk preconditioned cardiovascular disease-compromised rat hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury by lowering inflammation, oxidative stress, and heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybrand Engelbrecht Smit
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Claudine Manirafasha
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Erna Marais
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Barbara Huisamen
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
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Muller CJF, Joubert E, Chellan N, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. New Insights into the Efficacy of Aspalathin and Other Related Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010356. [PMID: 35008779 PMCID: PMC8745648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pursuit of bioactive phytochemicals as a therapeutic strategy to manage metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), aspalathin, C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone from rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), has received much attention, along with its C-glucosyl flavone derivatives and phlorizin, the apple O-glucosyl dihydrochalcone well-known for its antidiabetic properties. We provided context for dietary exposure by highlighting dietary sources, compound stability during processing, bioavailability and microbial biotransformation. The review covered the role of these compounds in attenuating insulin resistance and enhancing glucose metabolism, alleviating gut dysbiosis and associated oxidative stress and inflammation, and hyperuricemia associated with T2D, focusing largely on the literature of the past 5 years. A key focus of this review was on emerging targets in the management of T2D, as highlighted in the recent literature, including enhancing of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 signaling via protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition, increasing glycolysis with suppression of gluconeogenesis by sirtuin modulation, and reducing renal glucose reabsorption via sodium-glucose co-transporter 2. We conclude that biotransformation in the gut is most likely responsible for enhancing therapeutic effects observed for the C-glycosyl parent compounds, including aspalathin, and that these compounds and their derivatives have the potential to regulate multiple factors associated with the development and progression of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo J. F. Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (MRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (N.C.)
- Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa;
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Nireshni Chellan
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (MRC), Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (N.C.)
- Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Kazumi Yagasaki
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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Rooibos Flavonoids, Aspalathin, Isoorientin, and Orientin Ameliorate Antimycin A-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Improving Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206289. [PMID: 34684871 PMCID: PMC8539189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the physiological effects of flavonoids found in daily consumed rooibos tea, aspalathin, isoorientin, and orientin on improving processes involved in mitochondrial function in C2C12 myotubes. To achieve this, C2C12 myotubes were exposed to a mitochondrial channel blocker, antimycin A (6.25 µM), for 12 h to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Thereafter, cells were treated with aspalathin, isoorientin, and orientin (10 µM) for 4 h, while metformin (1 µM) and insulin (1 µM) were used as comparators. Relevant bioassays and real-time PCR were conducted to assess the impact of treatment compounds on some markers of mitochondrial function. Our results showed that antimycin A induced alterations in the mitochondrial respiration process and mRNA levels of genes involved in energy production. In fact, aspalathin, isoorientin, and orientin reversed such effects leading to the reduced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. These flavonoids further enhanced the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function, such as Ucp 2, Complex 1/3, Sirt 1, Nrf 1, and Tfam. Overall, the current study showed that dietary flavonoids, aspalathin, isoorientin, and orientin, have the potential to be as effective as established pharmacological drugs such as metformin and insulin in protecting against mitochondrial dysfunction in a preclinical setting; however, such information should be confirmed in well-established in vivo disease models.
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Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Mthembu SXH, Tshiitamune A, Muvhulawa N, Mthiyane FT, Ziqubu K, Muller CJF, Dludla PV. Orientin Improves Substrate Utilization and the Expression of Major Genes Involved in Insulin Signaling and Energy Regulation in Cultured Insulin-Resistant Liver Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206154. [PMID: 34684734 PMCID: PMC8538794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has progressively reported on the impact of bioactive compounds found in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and their capacity to modulate glucose homeostasis to improve metabolic function in experimental models of type 2 diabetes. In the current study, we investigated how the dietary flavone, orientin, modulates the essential genes involved in energy regulation to enhance substrate metabolism. We used a well-established hepatic insulin resistance model of exposing C3A liver cells to a high concentration of palmitate (0.75 mM) for 16 hrs. These insulin-resistant liver cells were treated with orientin (10 µM) for 3 h to assess the therapeutic effect of orientin. In addition to assessing the rate of metabolic activity, end point measurements assessed include the uptake or utilization of glucose and palmitate, as well as the expression of genes involved in insulin signaling and regulating cellular energy homeostasis. Our results showed that orientin effectively improved metabolic activity, mainly by maintaining substrate utilization which was marked by enhanced glucose and palmitate uptake by liver cells subjected to insulin resistance. Interestingly, these effects can be explained by the improvement in the expression of genes involved in glucose transport (Glut2), insulin signaling (Irs1 and Pi3k), and energy regulation (Ampk and Cpt1). These preliminary findings lay an important foundation for future research to determine the bioactive properties of orientin against dyslipidemia or insulin resistance in reliable and well-established models of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Department of Biochemistry, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.X.H.M.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (F.T.M.); (K.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-18-399-2854
| | - Sinenhlanhla X. H. Mthembu
- Department of Biochemistry, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.X.H.M.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (F.T.M.); (K.Z.)
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (P.V.D.)
| | - Andani Tshiitamune
- Department of Biochemistry, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.X.H.M.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (F.T.M.); (K.Z.)
| | - Ndivhuwo Muvhulawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.X.H.M.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (F.T.M.); (K.Z.)
| | - Fikile T. Mthiyane
- Department of Biochemistry, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.X.H.M.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (F.T.M.); (K.Z.)
| | - Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.X.H.M.); (A.T.); (N.M.); (F.T.M.); (K.Z.)
| | - Christo J. F. Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (P.V.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (P.V.D.)
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Kondo S, Adachi SI, Yoshizawa F, Yagasaki K. Antidiabetic Effect of Taxifolin in Cultured L6 Myotubes and Type 2 Diabetic Model KK-A y/Ta Mice with Hyperglycemia and Hyperuricemia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1293-1306. [PMID: 34698101 PMCID: PMC8929065 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle is the largest tissue in our body and plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and hence diabetes. In the present study, we examined the effects of taxifolin (TXF) on glucose metabolism in cultured L6 muscle cells (myotubes) and in type 2 diabetic (T2D) model KK-Ay/Ta mice. TXF dose-dependently increased glucose uptake (GU) in L6 myotubes under the condition of insulin absence. This increase in GU was partially, but significantly canceled by TXF treatment in combination with either LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates protein kinase B (Akt) or Compound C, an inhibitor of 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, TXF was demonstrated to activate (=phosphorylate) both Akt and AMPK, and promote glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane from cytosol of L6 myotubes via both PI3K/Akt and AMPK signaling pathways. Based on these in vitro findings, we conducted an in vivo experiment in KK-Ay/Ta mice with hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, uric acid levels and an index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) increased significantly in the T2D model mice compared with normal ones. Such rises in the T2D state were significantly suppressed by oral administration of TXF for four weeks. These results suggest that TXF is a potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperuricemic phytochemical in the T2D state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kondo
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan; (S.K.); (S.-i.A.)
| | - Shin-ichi Adachi
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan; (S.K.); (S.-i.A.)
| | - Fumiaki Yoshizawa
- School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan;
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yagasaki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan; (S.K.); (S.-i.A.)
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Correspondence:
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16
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Zawisza B, Musielak M, de Beer D, Joubert E, Walczak B. Non-destructive elemental analysis of herbal teas from South Africa. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Shelf-Life Stability of Ready-to-Use Green Rooibos Iced Tea Powder-Assessment of Physical, Chemical, and Sensory Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175260. [PMID: 34500693 PMCID: PMC8433966 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Green rooibos extract (GRE), shown to improve hyperglycemia and HDL/LDL blood cholesterol, has potential as a nutraceutical beverage ingredient. The main bioactive compound of the extract is aspalathin, a C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone. The study aimed to determine the effect of common iced tea ingredients (citric acid, ascorbic acid, and xylitol) on the stability of GRE, microencapsulated with inulin for production of a powdered beverage. The stability of the powder mixtures stored in semi-permeable (5 months) and impermeable (12 months) single-serve packaging at 30 °C and 40 °C/65% relative humidity was assessed. More pronounced clumping and darkening of the powders, in combination with higher first order reaction rate constants for dihydrochalcone degradation, indicated the negative effect of higher storage temperature and an increase in moisture content when stored in the semi-permeable packaging. These changes were further increased by the addition of crystalline ingredients, especially citric acid monohydrate. The sensory profile of the powders (reconstituted to beverage strength iced tea solutions) changed with storage from a predominant green-vegetal aroma to a fruity-sweet aroma, especially when stored at 40 °C/65% RH in the semi-permeable packaging. The change in the sensory profile of the powder mixtures could be attributed to a decrease in volatile compounds such as 2-hexenal, (Z)-2-heptenal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-decenal associated with "green-like" aromas, rather than an increase in fruity and sweet aroma-impact compounds. Green rooibos extract powders would require storage at temperatures ≤ 30 °C and protection against moisture uptake to be chemically and physically shelf-stable and maintain their sensory profiles.
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18
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Sirotkin AV. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) influence on health and ovarian functions. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:995-999. [PMID: 34402103 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews provenance, processing and properties of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis, Brum.f) and its numerous biologically active constituents, as well as the currently available knowledge concerning their physiological and medicinal effects and their possible extra- and intracellular mechanisms of action. Search for literature was performed in agreement with the preferred reporting items for systematic review criteria in Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases between the years 2000 and 2021. The limited number of in vitro studies suggests an influence of rooibos on basic ovarian cell functions, as well as its potential applicability to control female reproduction and prevent the effect of environmental contaminants on ovarian functions. Nevertheless, further studies are required for better understanding of the character and mechanisms of action, as well as of rooibos' application in reproductive biology and medicine.
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Fahmy A, Abuelenain GL, Rasheed N, Abdou A. 'de Novo' repurposing of Daflon as anti-intestinal parasitic drug in experimental giardiasis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 226-227:108124. [PMID: 34139241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a necessity to develop or discover an alternative drug to combat the drug resistance by Giardia duodenalis and minimize the multiple doses and frequency of the conventional drug administration. Progressive repositioning or 'repurposing' of drugs has become widespread due to economic circumstances and medical emergency needs. Daflon 500 mg (DFL) is a natural product used safely as a nutrient supplement and an antidiabetic drug in many European countries and the US. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the efficiency of DFL, in vivo, in a murine model as a safe alternative or co-drug for giardiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swiss Albino mice (n = 32) were inoculated with 1X104Giardia cysts and assigned to four groups: One group was the infected non-treated control mice and three experimental groups that were treated differently, either with Metronidazole (MTZ), DFL, or combined therapy of DFL/MTZ. Also, eight normal mice served as a control group. All mice were sacrificed 13 days post-infection for the parasitic, histopathological, and oxidative stress analysis. RESULTS MTZ, DFL, and the combined therapy significantly reduced the number of trophozoites and cysts compared to their counterparts of the infected mice. The histopathological analysis of the small intestines of the mice treated with the combined therapy retained typical intestinal architecture and normal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione. CONCLUSION This study indicated promising actions of Daflon 500 as an anti-giardial drug, and the results demonstrated its potential effect in improving the intestinal epithelial tissue and disturbing the Giardia stages when it was taken collectively with Metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Fahmy
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Egypt
| | - Gehan Labib Abuelenain
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Egypt.
| | | | - Amr Abdou
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, NRC, Giza, Egypt
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20
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The Potential Role of Polyphenols in Modulating Mitochondrial Bioenergetics within the Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092791. [PMID: 34068459 PMCID: PMC8125960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are naturally derived compounds that are increasingly being explored for their various health benefits. In fact, foods that are rich in polyphenols have become an attractive source of nutrition and a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate the untoward effects of metabolic disorders. The last decade has seen a rapid increase in studies reporting on the bioactive properties of polyphenols against metabolic complications, especially in preclinical models. Various experimental models involving cell cultures exposed to lipid overload and rodents on high fat diet have been used to investigate the ameliorative effects of various polyphenols against metabolic anomalies. Here, we systematically searched and included literature reporting on the impact of polyphenols against metabolic function, particularly through the modulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics within the skeletal muscle. This is of interest since the skeletal muscle is rich in mitochondria and remains one of the main sites of energy homeostasis. Notably, increased substrate availability is consistent with impaired mitochondrial function and enhanced oxidative stress in preclinical models of metabolic disease. This explains the general interest in exploring the antioxidant properties of polyphenols and their ability to improve mitochondrial function. The current review aimed at understanding how these compounds modulate mitochondrial bioenergetics to improve metabolic function in preclinical models on metabolic disease.
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21
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Mertens N, Heymann T, Glomb MA. Oxidative Fragmentation of Aspalathin Leads to the Formation of Dihydrocaffeic Acid and the Related Lysine Amide Adduct. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13111-13120. [PMID: 32023062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the degradation of C-glucosidic dihydrochalcone aspalathin as the major phenolic compound in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) was investigated. Analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of aqueous aspalathin-lysine incubations after silylation showed the formation of dihydrocaffeic acid [3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid] under oxidative conditions as a novel degradation product up to 10 mol %. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed the concurrent formation of the dihydrocaffeic acid lysine amide at about 30-fold lower concentrations, which was unequivocally verified by synthesis of an authentic reference standard. The amide was also verified in aspalathin-protein incubations after enzymatic hydrolysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Thus, the covalent interaction of phenolic plant compounds with proteins under mild conditions (ambient temperatures and neutral pH) was confirmed for the first time. Acid and free amide were also quantitated in rooibos teas with significantly higher values in fermented varieties. The mechanism of formation was clarified to be initiated by singlet oxygen and to include a rearrangement-fragmentation mechanism with 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene as the counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Mertens
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thomas Heymann
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marcus A Glomb
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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22
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Cold brewing of rooibos tea affects its sensory profile and physicochemical properties compared to regular hot, and boiled brewing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Stander EA, Williams W, Mgwatyu Y, van Heusden P, Rautenbach F, Marnewick J, Le Roes-Hill M, Hesse U. Transcriptomics of the Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Species Complex. BIOTECH 2020; 9:biotech9040019. [PMID: 35822822 PMCID: PMC9258316 DOI: 10.3390/biotech9040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), widely known as a herbal tea, is endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa (SA). It produces a wide range of phenolic compounds that have been associated with diverse health promoting properties of the plant. The species comprises several growth forms that differ in their morphology and biochemical composition, only one of which is cultivated and used commercially. Here, we established methodologies for non-invasive transcriptome research of wild-growing South African plant species, including (1) harvesting and transport of plant material suitable for RNA sequencing; (2) inexpensive, high-throughput biochemical sample screening; (3) extraction of high-quality RNA from recalcitrant, polysaccharide- and polyphenol rich plant material; and (4) biocomputational analysis of Illumina sequencing data, together with the evaluation of programs for transcriptome assembly (Trinity, IDBA-Trans, SOAPdenovo-Trans, CLC), protein prediction, as well as functional and taxonomic transcript annotation. In the process, we established a biochemically characterized sample pool from 44 distinct rooibos ecotypes (1–5 harvests) and generated four in-depth annotated transcriptomes (each comprising on average ≈86,000 transcripts) from rooibos plants that represent distinct growth forms and differ in their biochemical profiles. These resources will serve future rooibos research and plant breeding endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Amor Stander
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (E.A.S.); (W.W.); (Y.M.); (P.v.H.)
| | - Wesley Williams
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (E.A.S.); (W.W.); (Y.M.); (P.v.H.)
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Yamkela Mgwatyu
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (E.A.S.); (W.W.); (Y.M.); (P.v.H.)
| | - Peter van Heusden
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (E.A.S.); (W.W.); (Y.M.); (P.v.H.)
| | - Fanie Rautenbach
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (F.R.); (J.M.); (M.L.R.-H.)
| | - Jeanine Marnewick
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (F.R.); (J.M.); (M.L.R.-H.)
| | - Marilize Le Roes-Hill
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (F.R.); (J.M.); (M.L.R.-H.)
| | - Uljana Hesse
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (E.A.S.); (W.W.); (Y.M.); (P.v.H.)
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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24
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Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Ziqubu K, Dludla PV, Tiano L, Silvestri S, Orlando P, Nyawo TA, Louw J, Kappo AP, Muller CJ. Isoorientin ameliorates lipid accumulation by regulating fat browning in palmitate-exposed 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Metabol Open 2020; 6:100037. [PMID: 32812911 PMCID: PMC7424791 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of fat browning using natural bioactive products is regarded as one of the promising approaches to treat obesity and insulin resistance. Here, we investigated the physiological effects of isoorientin on glucose uptake and lipid accumulation in insulin resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To achieve this, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to 0.75 mM palmitate for 24 h, to induce insulin resistance, before treatment with 10 μM isoorientin or the comparative controls such as CL-316,243 (10 μM), pioglitazone (10 μM) and compound C (1 μM) for 4 h. Relevant bioassays and Western blot analysis were conducted on these insulin resistant cells. Our results showed that palmitate exposure could induce insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction as measured by reduction in glucose uptake and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters. However, treatment with isoorientin reversed these effects by improving glucose uptake, blocking lipid accumulation, and modulating the process of mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, isoorientin could mediate lipid metabolism by activating 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), while also effectively modulating the expression of genes involved in fat browning such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR)γ/α and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In conclusion, isoorientin impacts insulin resistance in vitro by improving glucose uptake and mitochondrial function, consistent to modulating the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism and fat browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Thembeka A. Nyawo
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Abidemi P. Kappo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - Christo J.F. Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
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25
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Ziqubu K, Dludla PV, Joubert E, Muller CJF, Louw J, Tiano L, Nkambule BB, Kappo AP, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE. Isoorientin: A dietary flavone with the potential to ameliorate diverse metabolic complications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104867. [PMID: 32407953 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Isoorientin is a natural C-glucosyl flavone that is generating a lot of interest due to its multiple pharmacological activities. Increasing experimental data have shown that the robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of isoorientin remain important in ameliorating a number of metabolic complications. In fact, plants rich in isoorientin have demonstrated strong ameliorative properties against complications such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. However, while such evidence is accumulating, it has not been reviewed to better inform on the therapeutic potential of this flavone in improving human health. This review examines and extrapolates available literature on the potential beneficial or detrimental effects associated with the use of isoorientin in mitigating metabolic diseases, with a specific focus on diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance, including associated complications. The discussion includes effective doses in various experimental settings and proposed molecular mechanisms by which isoorientin may exert its therapeutic effects. In addition, the protective effects of extracts of a number of isoorientin-rich plants against metabolic complications will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Bongani B Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Abidemi P Kappo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Sithandiwe E Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
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Dludla PV, Muller CJF, Louw J, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Tiano L, Silvestri S, Orlando P, Marcheggiani F, Cirilli I, Chellan N, Ghoor S, Nkambule BB, Essop MF, Huisamen B, Johnson R. The Combination Effect of Aspalathin and Phenylpyruvic Acid-2- O-β-D-glucoside from Rooibos against Hyperglycemia-Induced Cardiac Damage: An In Vitro Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041151. [PMID: 32325968 PMCID: PMC7231041 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that rooibos compounds, aspalathin and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-d-glucoside (PPAG), can independently protect cardiomyocytes from hyperglycemia-related reactive oxygen species (ROS). While aspalathin shows more potency by enhancing intracellular antioxidant defenses, PPAG acts more as an anti-apoptotic agent. Thus, to further understand the protective capabilities of these compounds against hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage, their combinatory effect was investigated and compared to metformin. An in vitro model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to chronic glucose concentrations was employed to study the impact of such compounds on hyperglycemia-induced damage. Here, high glucose exposure impaired myocardial substrate utilization by abnormally enhancing free fatty acid oxidation while concomitantly suppressing glucose oxidation. This was paralleled by altered expression of genes involved in energy metabolism including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα). The combination treatment improved myocardial substrate metabolism, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, and attenuated various markers for oxidative stress including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and glutathione content. It also showed a much-improved effect by ameliorating DNA damage when compared to metformin. The current study demonstrates that rooibos compounds offer unique cardioprotective properties against hyperglycemia-induced and potentially against diabetes-induced cardiac damage. These data also support further exploration of rooibos compounds to better assess the cardioprotective effects of different bioactive compound combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (J.L.); (S.E.M.-M.); (N.C.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (R.J.)
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (F.M.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-938-0333
| | - Christo J. F. Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (J.L.); (S.E.M.-M.); (N.C.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (R.J.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (J.L.); (S.E.M.-M.); (N.C.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (R.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
| | - Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (J.L.); (S.E.M.-M.); (N.C.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (R.J.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (F.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (F.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (F.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (F.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Ilenia Cirilli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (F.M.); (I.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Nireshni Chellan
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (J.L.); (S.E.M.-M.); (N.C.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (R.J.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Samira Ghoor
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (J.L.); (S.E.M.-M.); (N.C.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - M. Faadiel Essop
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Barbara Huisamen
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (J.L.); (S.E.M.-M.); (N.C.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (R.J.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (C.J.F.M.); (J.L.); (S.E.M.-M.); (N.C.); (S.G.); (B.H.); (R.J.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
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Development and characterization of collagen-based electrospun scaffolds containing silver sulphadiazine and Aspalathus linearis extract for potential wound healing applications. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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28
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Huang SH, Kao YH, Muller CJF, Joubert E, Chuu CP. Aspalathin-rich green Aspalathus linearis extract suppresses migration and invasion of human castration-resistant prostate cancer cells via inhibition of YAP signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 69:153210. [PMID: 32217447 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 80% of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) cases have bone metastasis, with a 5-year survival rate of 25%. Previously, we reported that GRT, a standardized, pharmaceutical-grade aspalathin-rich extract (12.78 g aspalathin/100 g extract), prepared from green rooibos produced from the leaves and fine stems of Aspalathus linearis, inhibits the proliferation of PCa cells, meriting this investigation to determine if GRT can suppress the migration and invasion of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. PURPOSE In the present study, we investigated whether GRT extract can interfere with the migration and invasion of human CRPC cells. METHODS Transwell assays were used to explore the effects of GRT on the migration and invasion of CRPC cells. Micro-Western Array (MWA) and Western blot analysis were carried out to unravel the underlying molecular mechanism(s). RESULTS Treatment with 25-100 μg/ml GRT suppressed the migration and invasion of LNCaP C4-2B and 22Rv1 CRPC cells. MWA and Western blot analysis indicated that GRT treatment suppressed the protein level of yes-associated protein (YAP), macrophage stimulating 1 protein (MST1), phospho-MST1/phospho-MST2 T183/T180, and paxillin, but increased the abundance of E-cadherin. Over-expression of YAP rescued the suppressive effects of GRT on migration and invasion of CRPC cells. Treatment with the major flavonoid of GRT - the C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone, aspalathin - at a concentration of 75-100 μg/ml also reduced the migration and invasion of CRPC cells, and the inhibition was partially rescued by YAP over-expression. CONCLUSIONS GRT treatment suppresses the migration and invasion of CRPC cells via inhibition of YAP signaling and paxillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Han Huang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsi Kao
- Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; PhD Program for Aging and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
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Viraragavan A, Hlengwa N, de Beer D, Riedel S, Miller N, Bowles S, Walczak B, Muller C, Joubert E. Model development for predicting in vitro bio-capacity of green rooibos extract based on composition for application as screening tool in quality control. Food Funct 2020; 11:3084-3094. [PMID: 32195502 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02480h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence of the ability of aspalathin to target underlying metabolic dysfunction relevant to the development or progression of obesity and type 2 diabetes created a market for green rooibos extract as a functional food ingredient. Aspalathin is the obvious choice as a chemical marker for extract standardisation and quality control, however, often the concentration of a single constituent of a complex mixture such as a plant extract is not directly related to its bio-capacity, i.e. the level of in vitro bioactivity effected in a cell system at a fixed concentration. Three solvents (hot water and two EtOH-water mixtures), previously shown to produce bioactive green rooibos extracts, were selected for extraction of different batches of rooibos plant material (n = 10). Bio-capacity of the extracts, tested at 10 μg ml-1, was evaluated in terms of glucose uptake by C2C12 and C3A cells and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. The different solvents and inter-batch plant variation delivered extracts ranging in aspalathin content from 54.1 to 213.8 g kg-1. The extracts were further characterised in terms of other major flavonoids (n = 10) and an enolic phenylpyruvic acid glucoside, using HPLC-DAD. The 80% EtOH-water extracts, with the highest mean aspalathin content (170.9 g kg-1), had the highest mean bio-capacity in the respective assays. Despite this, no significant (P≥ 0.05) correlation existed between aspalathin content and bio-capacity, while the orientin, isoorientin and vitexin content correlated moderately (r≥ 0.487; P < 0.05) with increased glucose uptake by C2C12 cells. Various multivariate analysis methods were then applied with Evolution Program-Partial Least Squares (EP-PLS) resulting in models with the best predictive power. These EP-PLS models, based on all quantified compounds, predicted the bio-capacity of the extracts for the respective cell types with RMSECV values ≤ 11.5, confirming that a complement of compounds, and not aspalathin content alone, is needed to predict the in vitro bio-capacity of green rooibos extracts. Additionally, the composition of hot water infusions of different production batches of green rooibos (n = 29) at 'cup-of-tea' equivalence was determined to relate dietary supplementation with the extract to intake in the form of herbal tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amsha Viraragavan
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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30
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Mgwatyu Y, Stander AA, Ferreira S, Williams W, Hesse U. Rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis) Genome Size Estimation Using Flow Cytometry and K-Mer Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E270. [PMID: 32085566 PMCID: PMC7076435 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes provide information on biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of industrially relevant compounds. Genome size estimates are essential for the initiation of genome projects. The genome size of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis species complex) was estimated using DAPI flow cytometry and k-mer analyses. For flow cytometry, a suitable nuclei isolation buffer, plant tissue and a transport medium for rooibos ecotype samples collected from distant locations were identified. When using radicles from commercial rooibos seedlings, Woody Plant Buffer and Vicia faba as an internal standard, the flow cytometry-estimated genome size of rooibos was 1.24 ± 0.01 Gbp. The estimates for eight wild rooibos growth types did not deviate significantly from this value. K-mer analysis was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing data from one commercial rooibos genotype. For biocomputational estimation of the genome size, four k-mer analysis methods were investigated: A standard formula and three popular programs (BBNorm, GenomeScope, and FindGSE). GenomeScope estimates were strongly affected by parameter settings, specifically CovMax. When using the complete k-mer frequency histogram (up to 9 × 105), the programs did not deviate significantly, estimating an average rooibos genome size of 1.03 ± 0.04 Gbp. Differences between the flow cytometry and biocomputational estimates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamkela Mgwatyu
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Allison Anne Stander
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Stephan Ferreira
- WestCape Biotech, Portion 26 of Farm 27, R304, Koelenhof, Stellenbosh 7605, South Africa;
| | - Wesley Williams
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Uljana Hesse
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.S.); (W.W.)
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Patel O, Muller CJF, Joubert E, Rosenkranz B, Taylor MJC, Louw J, Awortwe C. Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Green Rooibos Extract With Atorvastatin and Metformin in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1243. [PMID: 31708777 PMCID: PMC6822546 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An aspalathin-rich green rooibos extract (Afriplex GRT™) has demonstrated anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic properties, while also moderately inhibiting CYP3A4 activity, suggesting a potential for herb-drug interaction. The present study, therefore, evaluated the effects of orally administered GRT on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and metformin in Wistar rats. Wistar rats were orally treated with GRT (50 mg/kg BW), atorvastatin (40 mg/kg BW) or metformin (150 mg/kg BW) alone or 50 mg/kg BW GRT in combination with 40 mg/kg BW atorvastatin or 150 mg/kg BW metformin. Blood samples were collected at 0, 10, and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h and plasma samples obtained for Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. Non-compartment and two-compartment pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin and metformin in the presence or absence of GRT were determined by PKSolver version 2.0 software. Membrane transporter proteins, ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 2 (Abcc2), solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1b2 (Slco1b2), ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1A (Abcb1a), and organic cation transporter 1 (Oct1) mRNA expression were determined using real-time PCR expression data normalized to β-actin and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), respectively. Co-administration of GRT with atorvastatin substantially increased the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area of the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-8) of atorvastatin by 5.8-fold (p = 0.03) and 5.9-fold (p = 0.02), respectively. GRT had no effect on the plasma levels of metformin. GRT increased Abcc2 expression and metformin downregulated Abcb1a expression while the combination of GRT with atorvastatin or metformin did not significantly alter the expression of Slco1b1 or Oct1 did not significantly alter the expression of Sclo1b2 or Oct1. Co-administration of GRT with atorvastatin in rats may lead to higher plasma concentrations and, therefore, to an increase of the exposure to atorvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oelfah Patel
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Malcolm J C Taylor
- Central Analytical Facility, Mass Spectrometry Unit, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Charles Awortwe
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Damiani E, Carloni P, Rocchetti G, Senizza B, Tiano L, Joubert E, de Beer D, Lucini L. Impact of Cold versus Hot Brewing on the Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis) Herbal Tea. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E499. [PMID: 31640245 PMCID: PMC6826389 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) as herbal tea is growing in popularity worldwide and its health-promoting attributes are mainly ascribed to its phenolic composition, which may be affected by the brewing conditions used. An aspect so far overlooked is the impact of cold brewing vs regular brewing and microwave boiling on the poly(phenolic) profile and in vitro antioxidant capacity of infusions prepared from red ('fermented', oxidized) and green ('unfermented', unoxidized) rooibos, the purpose of the present study. By using an untargeted metabolomics-based approach (UHPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry), 187 phenolic compounds were putatively annotated in both rooibos types, with flavonoids, tyrosols, and phenolic acids the most represented type of phenolic classes. Multivariate statistics (OPLS-DA) highlighted the phenolic classes most affected by the brewing conditions. Similar antioxidant capacities (ORAC and ABTS assays) were observed between cold- and regular-brewed green rooibos and boiled-brewed red rooibos. However, boiling green and red rooibos delivered infusions with the highest antioxidant capacities and total polyphenol content. The polyphenol content strongly correlated with the in vitro antioxidant capacities, especially for flavonoids and phenolic acids. These results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of the preparation method on the potential health benefits of rooibos tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Patricia Carloni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Biancamaria Senizza
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa.
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7602, South Africa.
| | - Dalene de Beer
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest & Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa.
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7602, South Africa.
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Arakaki R, Ushio A, Kisoda S, Sato M, Nakamura Y, Yuyama K, Tateyama R, Morishita S, Monoi N, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N. Novel effects of rooibos extract on tear and saliva secretion mediated by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 in mice. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:179-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Layman JI, Pereira DL, Chellan N, Huisamen B, Kotzé SH. A histomorphometric study on the hepatoprotective effects of a green rooibos extract in a diet-induced obese rat model. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:646-656. [PMID: 31153588 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, type two diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance are associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Unfermented green rooibos is an aspalathin rich variant of traditional fermented rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and has a high polyphenol content. The present study aimed to determine the histologically observable effects of a commercially produced, aspalathin-rich green rooibos extract, Afriplex GRT™ (GRE) in a diet-induced obese rat model. Male Wistar rats (N = 28) were randomly assigned to four study groups (n = 7): control (C), green rooibos (GRT), high-fat diet (HFD) and experimental (HFD-GRT) group. Body mass was determined prior to euthanasia and liver mass was determined after death. The left lateral lobe of the liver was processed to wax and stained using haematoxylin and eosin (H & E), Masson's trichrome stain, Gordons and Sweet's reticulin impregnation and periodic acid-Schiff stain. Frozen liver tissue sections were used for Oil red O staining. Morphometric quantification of steatosis, semiquantitative pathology grading and scoring were performed and verified by a veterinary histopathologist. A significant increase in body and liver mass was observed in the HFD groups while co-treatment with green rooibos significantly reduced both. The volume and area of steatosis were significantly increased in the HFD groups while the area of steatosis significantly reduced with green rooibos co-treatment. The percentage, location and type of steatosis as well as presence of inflammation and hepatocellular injury were reduced in the HFD group co-treated with GRE. These findings suggest that a GRE has potential as an anti-steatotic, anti-inflammatory and weight reducing agent in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Layman
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - D L Pereira
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - N Chellan
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - B Huisamen
- Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - S H Kotzé
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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Pyrzanowska J, Fecka I, Mirowska-Guzel D, Joniec-Maciejak I, Blecharz-Klin K, Piechal A, Wojnar E, Widy-Tyszkiewicz E. Long-term administration of Aspalathus linearis infusion affects spatial memory of adult Sprague-Dawley male rats as well as increases their striatal dopamine content. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111881. [PMID: 31002838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Everyday use of the herbal tea rooibos, produced from Aspalathus linearis (Brum.f) Dahlg. (Fabaceae) is customary in South Africa, a continuation of its historical use by indigenous people. Although evidence of its traditional indications is anecdotal, rooibos tea is regarded as a general health tea. AIMS OF THE STUDY Available contemporary research indicates to broad cell protective activity of rooibos focusing on its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic and antithrombotic features affecting metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk and neuroprotection. Nevertheless little is known about its impact on brain functions. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the possible behavioural and neurochemical effects of long-term oral administration of "fermented"" rooibos herbal tea (FRHT) infusions to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Infusions, prepared using 1, 2 and 4 g of "fermented"" (oxidised) A. linearis leaves for 100 ml of hot water, were characterised in terms of flavonoid content by ultra-high and high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-qTOF-MS, HPLC-DAD) and administered to rats as sole drinking fluid for 12 weeks. Spatial memory behaviour was assessed in a modified version of the Morris water maze. Dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolite levels (DOPAC, 3-MT, HVA, MHPG, 5-HIAA) were quantified in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum by HPLC-ECD. Body weight and blood glucose level were additionally estimated. RESULTS All FRHT-treated rats showed improvement of long-term spatial memory defined as increased number of crossings over the previous platform position in SE quadrant of the water maze. It was not accompanied by excessive motor activity. Striatal dopamine and its metabolite 3-MT (3-methoxytyramine) levels were increased in treated rats. There were no differences in body weight gain between control and treated animals but blood glucose level was significantly lower in the latter ones. CONCLUSION The improvement of long-term memory in FRHT-treated rats and stimulating impact of FRHT on their dopaminergic striatal transmission support the wellness enhancing effect of rooibos tea, contributing to a better understanding of the neurological background of traditional habitual consumption of this herbal tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Pyrzanowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamilla Blecharz-Klin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Piechal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Wojnar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Widy-Tyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Dludla PV, Johnson R, Joubert E, Louw J, Ziqubu K, Tiano L, Silvestri S, Orlando P, Opoku AR, Muller CJF. Aspalathin, a natural product with the potential to reverse hepatic insulin resistance by improving energy metabolism and mitochondrial respiration. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216172. [PMID: 31048842 PMCID: PMC6497260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspalathin is a rooibos flavonoid with established blood glucose lowering properties, however, its efficacy to moderate complications associated with hepatic insulin resistance is unknown. To study such effects, C3A liver cells exposed to palmitate were used as a model of hepatic insulin resistance. These hepatocytes displayed impaired substrate metabolism, including reduced glucose transport and free fatty acid uptake. These defects included impaired insulin signaling, evident through reduced phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) protein expression, and mitochondrial dysfunction, depicted by a lower mitochondrial respiration rate. Aspalathin was able to ameliorate these defects by correcting altered substrate metabolism, improving insulin signaling and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Activation of 5ʹ-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may be a plausible mechanism by which aspalathin increases hepatic energy expenditure. Overall, these results encourage further studies assessing the potential use of aspalathin as a nutraceutical to improve hepatocellular energy expenditure, and reverse metabolic disease-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andy R. Opoku
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Christo J. F. Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
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Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) extract, containing eriodictyol-6-C-β-d-glucoside as the active component, stimulates exocrine glands via the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Stander MA, Joubert E, De Beer D. Revisiting the caffeine-free status of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas using specific MRM and high resolution LC-MS methods. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Human C, De Beer D, Van Der Rijst M, Aucamp M, Joubert E. Electrospraying as a suitable method for nanoencapsulation of the hydrophilic bioactive dihydrochalcone, aspalathin. Food Chem 2018; 276:467-474. [PMID: 30409621 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive hydrophilic dihydrochalcone, aspalathin, has poor stability and bioavailability hampering its use in functional food ingredients with standardised aspalathin content. The aim of the study was to produce nanoparticles with controlled release to overcome these obstacles. Nanoencapsulation was investigated using both natural (chitosan and lecithin) and synthetic (poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and Eudragit S100® (ES100)) polymers by suitable conventional methods and electrospraying for all polymers. All polymer-method combinations produced particles smaller than 1.1 µm. Electrospraying produced more favourable results than conventional methods for the synthetic polymers, resulting in spherical particles with higher (p < 0.05) encapsulation efficiencies (>50%) and loading capacities (>10%). Opposite trends were observed for natural polymers. An in vitro release study revealed biphasic aspalathin release profiles at pH 7.4 with ES100 electrosprayed nanoparticles having the slowest (p < 0.05) release rate (1.67 h-1). Overall, ES100 electrosprayed nanoparticles showed the most favourable combination of parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Human
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (Infruitec-Nietvoorbij), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7600, South Africa
| | - Dalene De Beer
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (Infruitec-Nietvoorbij), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7600, South Africa.
| | - Marieta Van Der Rijst
- Biometry Unit, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Marique Aucamp
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies, Agricultural Research Council (Infruitec-Nietvoorbij), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch) 7600, South Africa
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Miller N, De Beer D, Aucamp M, Malherbe CJ, Joubert E. Inulin as microencapsulating agent improves physicochemical properties of spray-dried aspalathin-rich green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) extract with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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41
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Sangweni NF, Dludla PV, Mosa RA, Kappo AP, Opoku A, Muller CJF, Johnson R. Lanosteryl triterpenes from Protorhus longifolia as a cardioprotective agent: a mini review. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 24:155-166. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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42
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Dludla PV, Joubert E, Muller CJF, Louw J, Johnson R. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and heart disease-cardioprotective effects of rooibos flavonoids and phenylpyruvic acid-2- O-β-D-glucoside. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 28702068 PMCID: PMC5504778 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing heart failure when compared to their non-diabetic counter parts. Accumulative evidence suggests chronic hyperglycemia to be central in the development of myocardial infarction in these patients. At present, there are limited therapies aimed at specifically protecting the diabetic heart at risk from hyperglycemia-induced injury. Oxidative stress, through over production of free radical species, has been hypothesized to alter mitochondrial function and abnormally augment the activity of the NADPH oxidase enzyme system resulting in accelerated myocardial injury within a diabetic state. This has led to a dramatic increase in the exploration of plant-derived materials known to possess antioxidative properties. Several edible plants contain various natural constituents, including polyphenols that may counteract oxidative-induced tissue damage through their modulatory effects of intracellular signaling pathways. Rooibos, an indigenous South African plant, well-known for its use as herbal tea, is increasingly studied for its metabolic benefits. Prospective studies linking diet rich in polyphenols from rooibos to reduced diabetes associated cardiovascular complications have not been extensively assessed. Aspalathin, a flavonoid, and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a phenolic precursor, are some of the major compounds found in rooibos that can ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte damage in vitro. While the latter has demonstrated potential to protect against cell apoptosis, the proposed mechanism of action of aspalathin is linked to its capacity to enhance the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) expression, an intracellular antioxidant response element. Thus, here we review literature on the potential cardioprotective properties of flavonoids and a phenylpropenoic acid found in rooibos against diabetes-induced oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec- Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Bowles S, Joubert E, de Beer D, Louw J, Brunschwig C, Njoroge M, Lawrence N, Wiesner L, Chibale K, Muller C. Intestinal Transport Characteristics and Metabolism of C-Glucosyl Dihydrochalcone, Aspalathin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040554. [PMID: 28358310 PMCID: PMC6154319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into the mechanisms of intestinal transport and metabolism of aspalathin will provide important information for dose optimisation, in particular for studies using mouse models. Aspalathin transportation across the intestinal barrier (Caco-2 monolayer) tested at 1–150 µM had an apparent rate of permeability (Papp) typical of poorly absorbed compounds (1.73 × 10−6 cm/s). Major glucose transporters, sodium glucose linked transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and efflux protein (P-glycoprotein, PgP) (1.84 × 10−6 cm/s; efflux ratio: 1.1) were excluded as primary transporters, since the Papp of aspalathin was not affected by the presence of specific inhibitors. The Papp of aspalathin was also not affected by constituents of aspalathin-enriched rooibos extracts, but was affected by high glucose concentration (20.5 mM), which decreased the Papp value to 2.9 × 10−7 cm/s. Aspalathin metabolites (sulphated, glucuronidated and methylated) were found in mouse urine, but not in blood, following an oral dose of 50 mg/kg body weight of the pure compound. Sulphates were the predominant metabolites. These findings suggest that aspalathin is absorbed and metabolised in mice to mostly sulphate conjugates detected in urine. Mechanistically, we showed that aspalathin is not actively transported by the glucose transporters, but presumably passes the monolayer paracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bowles
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7130, South Africa.
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - Dalene de Beer
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7130, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Christel Brunschwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Nina Lawrence
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council Drug, Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Christo Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7130, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7507, South Africa.
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Marini F, de Beer D, Walters NA, de Villiers A, Joubert E, Walczak B. Multivariate analysis of variance of designed chromatographic data. A case study involving fermentation of rooibos tea. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:115-125. [PMID: 28189260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An ultimate goal of investigations of rooibos plant material subjected to different stages of fermentation is to identify the chemical changes taking place in the phenolic composition, using an untargeted approach and chromatographic fingerprints. Realization of this goal requires, among others, identification of the main components of the plant material involved in chemical reactions during the fermentation process. Quantitative chromatographic data for the compounds for extracts of green, semi-fermented and fermented rooibos form the basis of preliminary study following a targeted approach. The aim is to estimate whether treatment has a significant effect based on all quantified compounds and to identify the compounds, which contribute significantly to it. Analysis of variance is performed using modern multivariate methods such as ANOVA-Simultaneous Component Analysis, ANOVA - Target Projection and regularized MANOVA. This study is the first one in which all three approaches are compared and evaluated. For the data studied, all tree methods reveal the same significance of the fermentation effect on the extract compositions, but they lead to its different interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dalene de Beer
- Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nico A Walters
- Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Beata Walczak
- University of Silesia, Institute of Chemistry, Szkolna 9, 400-006 Katowice, Poland.
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Walters NA, de Villiers A, Joubert E, de Beer D. Improved HPLC method for rooibos phenolics targeting changes due to fermentation. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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