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Okumura K, Mikami B, Oiki S, Ogura K, Hashimoto W. Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of bacterial transmembrane protein EfeU for iron import. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 219:106487. [PMID: 38657915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial Efe system functions as an importer of free Fe2+ into cells independently of iron-chelating compounds such as siderophores and consisted of iron-binding protein EfeO, peroxidase EfeB, and transmembrane permease EfeU. While we and other researchers reported crystal structures of EfeO and EfeB, that of EfeU remains undetermined. In this study, we constructed expression system of EfeU derived from Escherichia coli, selected E. coli Rosetta-gami 2 (DE3) as an expression host, and succeeded in purification of the proteins which were indicated to form an oligomer by blue native PAGE. We obtained preliminary data of the X-ray crystallography, suggesting that expression and purification methods we established in this study enable structural analysis of the bacterial Efe system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okumura
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Bunzo Mikami
- Laboratory of Metabolic Sciences of Forest Plants and Microorganisms, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Sayoko Oiki
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Wataru Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan.
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2
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Pires IS, Berthiaume F, Palmer AF. Engineering Therapeutics to Detoxify Hemoglobin, Heme, and Iron. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 25:1-21. [PMID: 37289555 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081622-031203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemolysis (i.e., red blood cell lysis) can increase circulatory levels of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) and its degradation by-products, namely heme (h) and iron (Fe). Under homeostasis, minor increases in these three hemolytic by-products (Hb/h/Fe) are rapidly scavenged and cleared by natural plasma proteins. Under certain pathophysiological conditions, scavenging systems become overwhelmed, leading to the accumulation of Hb/h/Fe in the circulation. Unfortunately, these species cause various side effects such as vasoconstriction, hypertension, and oxidative organ damage. Therefore, various therapeutics strategies are in development, ranging from supplementation with depleted plasma scavenger proteins to engineered biomimetic protein constructs capable of scavenging multiple hemolytic species. In this review, we briefly describe hemolysis and the characteristics of the major plasma-derived protein scavengers of Hb/h/Fe. Finally, we present novel engineering approaches designed to address the toxicity of these hemolytic by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Pires
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA;
| | - François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA;
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3
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Islam ST, Jolivet NY, Cuzin C, Belgrave AM, My L, Fleuchot B, Faure LM, Mahanta U, Kezzo AA, Saïdi F, Sharma G, Fiche JB, Bratton BP, Herrou J, Nollmann M, Shaevitz JW, Durand E, Mignot T. Unmasking of the von Willebrand A-domain surface adhesin CglB at bacterial focal adhesions mediates myxobacterial gliding motility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq0619. [PMID: 36812310 PMCID: PMC9946355 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The predatory deltaproteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus uses a helically-trafficked motor at bacterial focal-adhesion (bFA) sites to power gliding motility. Using total internal reflection fluorescence and force microscopies, we identify the von Willebrand A domain-containing outer-membrane (OM) lipoprotein CglB as an essential substratum-coupling adhesin of the gliding transducer (Glt) machinery at bFAs. Biochemical and genetic analyses reveal that CglB localizes to the cell surface independently of the Glt apparatus; once there, it is recruited by the OM module of the gliding machinery, a heteroligomeric complex containing the integral OM β barrels GltA, GltB, and GltH, as well as the OM protein GltC and OM lipoprotein GltK. This Glt OM platform mediates the cell-surface accessibility and retention of CglB by the Glt apparatus. Together, these data suggest that the gliding complex promotes regulated surface exposure of CglB at bFAs, thus explaining the manner by which contractile forces exerted by inner-membrane motors are transduced across the cell envelope to the substratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim T. Islam
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Y. Jolivet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Clémence Cuzin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Akeisha M. Belgrave
- Integrated Sciences Program, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA 17101, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Laetitia My
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Betty Fleuchot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Laura M. Faure
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Utkarsha Mahanta
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronic City, Bengaluru-560100, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana-502284, India
| | - Ahmad A. Kezzo
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Fares Saïdi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Université du Québec, Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO, the Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronic City, Bengaluru-560100, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana-502284, India
| | - Jean-Bernard Fiche
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048, INSERM U1054, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin P. Bratton
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julien Herrou
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marcelo Nollmann
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR5048, INSERM U1054, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Joshua W. Shaevitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Eric Durand
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Tâm Mignot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille UMR7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
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Yatsentyuk S, Pobolelova J, Gordeeva V, Timofeeva I. Whole-genome sequencing of Histophilus somni strains isolated in Russia. Vet World 2023; 16:272-280. [PMID: 37042002 PMCID: PMC10082713 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.272-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Histophilus somni is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family that can cause bovine histophilosis. Histophilus may act as a commensal or opportunistic bacterial cattle pathogen. Comparing genomes of the pathogenic strain 2336 with the non-pathogenic preputial 129Pt isolate revealed some putative virulence factors. The study of the complete genomes of H. somni strains circulating in Russia has never been conducted before. This study aimed to identify genetic features of the H. somni strains isolated in Russia and evaluate the possibility of using strains for vaccine development.
Materials and Methods: Three strains of H. somni were isolated from different sources. Strain 188-VIEV was isolated from a vaginal swab sample of cattle with endometritis. 532-VIEV and 551-VIEV were cultured from the cryopreserved bull semen samples imported from Canada. Histophilus somni strain ATCC 700025 provided by ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) was also used in the study. DNA extraction was performed using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, USA). The whole-genome sequencing of the four strains was performed using Illumina Miseq. The comparison of the resulting sequences with the complete genomes of H. somni 2336 and 129Pt, and detection of the resistance genes and virulence factors, was performed using the ResFinder and Virulence Factor Database web services.
Results: The genome size of the samples varied from 1.9 to 2.3 Mb. The number of coding sequences varied from 1795 to 2256. The average sequence density was 90%. The total guanine-cytosine (GC) content was 36.8%–37.2%, which coincided with data previously obtained for H. somni. Three out of four studied strains encoded putative virulence factors such as filamentous hemagglutinin homologs, lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis proteins, and proteins involved in iron transport and utilization. The Ser83Ile substitution was identified in the DNA topoisomerase II (gyrA) in H. somni strains 532-VIEV and 551-VIEV cultured from bull semen which led to resistance to fluoroquinolones. The gene (AAC-6-Ia + APH-2”) encoding a bifunctional aminoglycoside modification enzyme was detected in strain 551-VIEV.
Conclusion: Strains with virulence genes identified could be candidates for designing vaccines and potentially represent antigen sources. The results show that antibiotic-resistant H. somni can be spread with semen used for artificial insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Yatsentyuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, 5, Zvenigorodskoe Highway, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Pobolelova
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, 5, Zvenigorodskoe Highway, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika Gordeeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, 5, Zvenigorodskoe Highway, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Timofeeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, 5, Zvenigorodskoe Highway, Moscow, Russia
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Greenawalt AN, Stoudenmire J, Lundquist K, Noinaj N, Gumbart JC, Cornelissen CN. Point Mutations in TbpA Abrogate Human Transferrin Binding in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0041422. [PMID: 36321833 PMCID: PMC9670983 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00414-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
TonB-dependent transporters (TDTs) are essential proteins for metal acquisition, an important step in the growth and pathogenesis of many pathogens, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of gonorrhea. There is currently no available vaccine for gonorrhea; TDTs are being investigated as vaccine candidates because they are highly conserved and expressed in vivo. Transferrin binding protein A (TbpA) is an essential virulence factor in the initiation of experimental infection in human males and functions by acquiring iron upon binding to host transferrin (human transferrin [hTf]). The loop 3 helix (L3H) is a helix finger that inserts into the hTf C-lobe and is required for hTf binding and subsequent iron acquisition. This study identified and characterized the first TbpA single-point substitutions resulting in significantly decreased hTf binding and iron acquisition, suggesting that the helix structure is more important than charge for hTf binding and utilization. The tbpA D355P ΔtbpB and tbpA A356P ΔtbpB mutants demonstrated significantly reduced hTf binding and impaired iron uptake from Fe-loaded hTf; however, only the tbpA A356P ΔtbpB mutant was able to grow when hTf was the sole source of iron. The expression of tbpB was able to restore function in all tbpA mutants. These results implicate both D355 and A356 in the key binding, extraction, and uptake functions of gonococcal TbpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Nicole Greenawalt
- Center for Translational Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julie Stoudenmire
- Center for Translational Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karl Lundquist
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - James C. Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia Nau Cornelissen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ahmed Abdelmaksoud A, Nafady A, Ezzeldin Sayed Bazeed S, Khalefa M, Elsamman MK, Abdelrhman Sayed MA, Qubaisy HM, Ghweil AA, Aref ZF. Lactoferrin versus Long-Acting Penicillin in Reducing Elevated Anti-Streptolysin O Titer in Cases of Tonsillopharyngitis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5257-5263. [PMID: 36097531 PMCID: PMC9464002 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s376401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beta-Hemolytic streptococci are the most frequent bacteria causing tonsillitis. Lactoferrin may play a role in the treatment of chronic tonsillitis due to its direct antimicrobial activity. Objective To assess the possible role of lactoferrin in reduction of raised serum Anti-Streptolysin O Titer (ASOT) in cases of chronic tonsillopharyngitis in comparison to long acting penicillin. Methods This study included 117 children with tonsillopharyngitis with high ASOT randomly divided into three groups; group 1 treated with lactoferrin, group 2 treated with long acting penicillin and group 3 treated with both drugs. For all patients ASOT was measured after three and six months of starting treatment. Results This study included 60 males and 57 females with the mean age (8.5 ± 2.4). There is statistically significant reduction in ASOT in all groups after three months of treatment. ASOT after 3 months was significantly lower in group1 (370±440) and group 3 (350±450) in comparison to group 2 (420±560) with p value 0.02, 0.004, respectively, with no significant difference in comparing group 1 to group 3 p value 0.4. Also, ASO titre after 6 months was significantly lower in group1 (350±420) and group 3 (340±440) in comparison to group 2 (420±550) with p value 0.02, 0.007, respectively, with no significant difference in comparing group 1 to group 3 p value 0.5. In comparing ASOT at three months and six months of treatment in the three studied groups; it decreased by 2% in group 1, and 1.6% in group 3 and no change in group 2. Conclusion Lactoferrin alone or in combination with long acting penicillin is safe and more effective than long acting penicillin alone in reducing ASOT. Treatment for six months with lactoferrin alone or in combination with long acting penicillin could offer a better response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa Nafady
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali A Ghweil
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Zaki F Aref
- ENT, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.,Department and Institution, ENT Department, Clinical and Chemical Chemistry Department Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Grossman AS, Escobar CA, Mans EJ, Mucci NC, Mauer TJ, Jones KA, Moore CC, Abraham PE, Hettich RL, Schneider L, Campagna SR, Forest KT, Goodrich-Blair H. A Surface Exposed, Two-Domain Lipoprotein Cargo of a Type XI Secretion System Promotes Colonization of Host Intestinal Epithelia Expressing Glycans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:800366. [PMID: 35572647 PMCID: PMC9100927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.800366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The only known required component of the newly described Type XI secretion system (TXISS) is an outer membrane protein (OMP) of the DUF560 family. TXISSOMPs are broadly distributed across proteobacteria, but properties of the cargo proteins they secrete are largely unexplored. We report biophysical, histochemical, and phenotypic evidence that Xenorhabdus nematophila NilC is surface exposed. Biophysical data and structure predictions indicate that NilC is a two-domain protein with a C-terminal, 8-stranded β-barrel. This structure has been noted as a common feature of TXISS effectors and may be important for interactions with the TXISSOMP. The NilC N-terminal domain is more enigmatic, but our results indicate it is ordered and forms a β-sheet structure, and bioinformatics suggest structural similarities to carbohydrate-binding proteins. X. nematophila NilC and its presumptive TXISSOMP partner NilB are required for colonizing the anterior intestine of Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes: the receptacle of free-living, infective juveniles and the anterior intestinal cecum (AIC) in juveniles and adults. We show that, in adult nematodes, the AIC expresses a Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA)-reactive material, indicating the presence of N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylneuraminic acid sugars on the AIC surface. A role for this material in colonization is supported by the fact that exogenous addition of WGA can inhibit AIC colonization by X. nematophila. Conversely, the addition of exogenous purified NilC increases the frequency with which X. nematophila is observed at the AIC, demonstrating that abundant extracellular NilC can enhance colonization. NilC may facilitate X. nematophila adherence to the nematode intestinal surface by binding to host glycans, it might support X. nematophila nutrition by cleaving sugars from the host surface, or it might help protect X. nematophila from nematode host immunity. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses of wild type X. nematophila compared to those lacking nilB and nilC revealed differences in cell wall and secreted polysaccharide metabolic pathways. Additionally, purified NilC is capable of binding peptidoglycan, suggesting that periplasmic NilC may interact with the bacterial cell wall. Overall, these findings support a model that NilB-regulated surface exposure of NilC mediates interactions between X. nematophila and host surface glycans during colonization. This is a previously unknown function for a TXISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Grossman
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Cristian A. Escobar
- Department of Bacteriology, The University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erin J. Mans
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Mucci
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Terra J. Mauer
- Department of Bacteriology, The University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Katarina A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Cameron C. Moore
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Paul E. Abraham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Robert L. Hettich
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Liesel Schneider
- Department of Animal Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- The University of Tennessee Oak Ridge Innovation Institute, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Katrina T. Forest
- Department of Bacteriology, The University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Katrina T. Forest,
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Bacteriology, The University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Heidi Goodrich-Blair,
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Sun Y, Wang X, Gong Q, Li J, Huang H, Xue F, Dai J, Tang F. Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Utilizes Surface-Located Elongation Factor G to Acquire Iron from Holo-Transferrin. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0166221. [PMID: 35477220 PMCID: PMC9045202 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01662-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) can cause systemic infections in both humans and animals. As an essential nutrient, iron is strictly sequestered by the host. Circumventing iron sequestration is a determinant factor for ExPEC infection. However, the ExPEC iron acquisition mechanism, particularly the mechanism of transferrin (TF) acquisition, remains unclear. This study reports that iron-saturated holo-TF can be utilized by ExPEC to promote its growth in culture medium and survival in macrophages. ExPEC specifically bound to holo-TF instead of iron-free apo-TF via the surface located elongation factor G (EFG) in both culture medium and macrophages. As a moonlighting protein, EFG specifically bound holo-TF and also released iron in TF. These two functions were performed by different domains of EFG, in which the N-terminal domains were responsible for holo-TF binding and the C-terminal domains were responsible for iron release. The functions of EFG and its domains have also been further confirmed by surface-display vectors. The surface overexpression of EFG bound significantly more holo-TF in macrophages and significantly improved bacterial intracellular survival ability. Our findings reveal a novel iron acquisition mechanism involving EFG, which suggests novel research avenues into the molecular mechanism of ExPEC resistance to nutritional immunity. IMPORTANCE Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is an important pathogen causing systemic infections in humans and animals. The competition for iron between ExPEC and the host is a determinant for ExPEC to establish a successful infection. Here, we sought to elucidate the role of transferrin (TF) in the interaction between ExPEC and the host. Our results revealed that holo-TF could be utilized by ExPEC to enhance its growth in culture medium and survival in macrophages. Furthermore, the role of elongation factor G (EFG), a novel holo-TF-binding and TF-iron release protein, was confirmed in this study. Our work provides insights into the iron acquisition mechanism of ExPEC, deepens understanding of the interaction between holo-TF and pathogens, and broadens further researches into the molecular mechanism of ExPEC pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhang Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianwen Gong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haosheng Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Sun Y, Wang X, Li J, Xue F, Tang F, Dai J. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli utilizes the surface-expressed elongation factor Tu to bind and acquire iron from holo-transferrin. Virulence 2022; 13:698-713. [PMID: 35443872 PMCID: PMC9037478 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2066274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a common anthropozoonotic pathogen that causes systemic infections. To establish infection, ExPEC must utilize essential nutrients including iron from the host. Transferrin is an important iron source for multiple bacteria. However, the mechanism by which ExPEC utilizes transferrin remains unclear. In this study, we found that iron-saturated holo-transferrin rather than iron-free apo-transferrin promoted the vitality of ExPEC in heat-inactivated human serum. The multifunctional protein Elongation factor Tu (EFTu) worked as a holo-transferrin binding protein. EFTu not only bound holo-transferrin rather than apo-transferrin but also released transferrin-related iron, with all domains of EFTu involved in holo-transferrin binding and iron release events. We also identified the surface location of EFTu on ExPEC. Overexpression of EFTu on the surface of nonpathogenic E. coli not only promoted the binding of bacteria to holo-transferrin but also facilitated the uptake of transferrin-related iron. More importantly, it significantly enhanced the survival of E. coli in heat-inactivated human serum, which was positively correlated with holo-transferrin but not apo-transferrin. Our research revealed a novel function of EFTu in binding holo-transferrin to promote iron uptake by bacteria, suggesting that EFTu was a potential virulence factor of ExPEC. In addition, our study provided research avenues into the iron acquisition and pathogenicity mechanisms of ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhang Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Tian M, Li Z, Qu J, Fang T, Yin Y, Zuo D, Abdelgawad HA, Hu H, Wang S, Qi J, Wang G, Yu S. The novel LysR-family transcriptional regulator BvtR is involved in the resistance of Brucella abortus to nitrosative stress, detergents and virulence through the genetic regulation of diverse pathways. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109393. [PMID: 35259600 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brucella is a facultative intracellular bacterium lacking classical virulence factors; its virulence instead depends on its ability to invade and proliferate within host cells. After entering cells, Brucella rapidly modulates the expression of a series of genes involved in metabolism and immune evasion. Here, a novel LysR-family transcriptional regulator, designated Brucellavirulence-related transcriptional regulator (BvtR), was found to be associated with Brucella abortus virulence. We first successfully constructed a BvtR mutant, ΔbvtR, and a complemented strain, ΔbvtR-Com. Subsequently, we performed cell infection experiments, which indicated that the ΔbvtR strain exhibited similar adhesion, invasion and survival within HeLa cells or RAW264.7 macrophages to those of the wild-type strain. In stress resistance tests, the ΔbvtR strain showed enhanced sensitivity to sodium nitroprusside and sodium dodecyl sulfate, but not to hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, polymyxin B and natural serum. Mouse infection experiments indicated that the virulence of the ΔbvtR strain significantly decreased at 4 weeks post-infection. Finally, we analyzed differentially expressed genes regulated by BvtR with RNA-seq, COG classification and KEGG pathway analysis. Nitrogen metabolism, siderophore biosynthesis and oligopeptide transport were found to be the predominantly altered functions, and key metabolic and regulatory networks were delineated in the ΔbvtR mutant. Thus, we identified a novel Brucella virulence-related regulator, BvtR, and demonstrated that BvtR regulation affects Brucella resistance to killing by sodium nitroprusside and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The differentially expressed genes responding to BvtR are involved in diverse functions or pathways in Brucella, thus, suggesting the breadth of BvtR's regulatory functions. This study provides novel clues regarding Brucella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zichen Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; Songjiang District Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201699, China
| | - Tian Fang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Zuo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hosny Ahmed Abdelgawad
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guijun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China.
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11
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Silva AM, Moniz T, de Castro B, Rangel M. Human transferrin: An inorganic biochemistry perspective. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Liu S, Lin L, Yang H, Wu W, Guo L, Zhang Y, Wang F, Wang X, Song W, Hua L, Liang W, Tang X, Chen H, Peng Z, Wu B. Pasteurella multocida capsular: lipopolysaccharide types D:L6 and A:L3 remain to be the main epidemic genotypes of pigs in China. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:26. [PMID: 34778886 PMCID: PMC8561366 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a leading cause of respiratory disorders in pigs. This study was designed to understand the genotypical and antimicrobial resistant characteristics of P. multocida from pigs in China. To achieve this, we briefly investigated 158 P. multocida isolates from pigs with respiratory disorders in China between 2019 and 2020. Genotyping through multiplex PCR assays assigned these 158 isolates into capsular genotypes A (60.13%, 95/158), D (35.44%, 56/158), F (4.43%, 7/158), and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotypes L3 (28.48%, 45/158) and L6 (66.46%, 105/158). In addition, eight isolates (5.06%, 8/158) were found to be nontypable using the LPS genotyping method. When combining the capsular genotypes and the LPS genotypes, D: L6 (34.81%, 55/158) and A: L6 (31.65%, 50/158) were the predominant genotypes, followed by A: L3 (24.05%, 38/158). PCR detection of virulence factor-encoding genes showed that over 80% of the isolates were positive for exbB, tonB, exbD, ompH, ptfA, fimA, sodA, sodC, fur, ompA, oma87, plpB, hsf-2, nanH and hgbB, suggesting the presence of these genes were broad characteristics of P. multocida. We also found approximately 63.92% (101/158), 51.27% (81/158), 8.86% (14/158), 7.59% (12/158), 3.16% (5/158), 0.63% (1/158), and 0.63% (1/158) of the isolates grew well in media with the presence of colistin (4 μg/mL), tetracycline (16 μg/mL), tigecycline (1 μg/mL), ampicillin (32 μg/mL), chloramphenicol (32 μg/mL), cefepime (16 μg/mL), and ciprofloxacin (1 μg/mL), respectively. This study contributes to the understanding of genotypes and antimicrobial resistance profile of P. multocida currently circulation in pigs of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Guo
- MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan Liang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOST International Research Center for Animal Disease, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Duran GN, Özbil M. Structural rearrangement of Neisseria meningitidis transferrin binding protein A (TbpA) prior to human transferrin protein (hTf) binding. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:1146-1154. [PMID: 34707440 PMCID: PMC8517614 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2102-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, responsible for human infectious disease meningitis, acquires the iron (Fe3+) ion needed for its survival from human transferrin protein (hTf). For this transport, transferrin binding proteins TbpA and TbpB are facilitated by the bacterium. The transfer cannot occur without TbpA, while the absence of TbpB only slows down the transfer. Thus, understanding the TbpA-hTf binding at the atomic level is crucial for the fight against bacterial meningitis infections. In this study, atomistic level of mechanism for TbpA-hTf binding is elucidated through 100 ns long all-atom classical MD simulations on free (uncomplexed) TbpA. TbpA protein underwent conformational change from ‘open’ state to ‘closed’ state, where two loop domains, loops 5 and 8, were very close to each other. This state clearly cannot accommodate hTf in the cleft between these two loops. Moreover, the helix finger domain, which might play a critical role in Fe3+ ion uptake, also shifted downwards leading to unfavorable Tbp-hTf binding. Results of this study indicated that TbpA must switch between ‘closed’ state to ‘open’ state, where loops 5 and 8 are far from each other creating a cleft for hTf binding. The atomistic level of understanding to conformational switch is crucial for TbpA-hTf complex inhibition strategies. Drug candidates can be designed to prevent this conformational switch, keeping TbpA locked in ‘closed’ state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Nur Duran
- Department of Chemistry, Marmara University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özbil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli Turkey
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14
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Mayneris-Perxachs J, Cardellini M, Hoyles L, Latorre J, Davato F, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Arnoriaga-Rodríguez M, Serino M, Abbott J, Barton RH, Puig J, Fernández-Real X, Ricart W, Tomlinson C, Woodbridge M, Gentileschi P, Butcher SA, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Pérez-Brocal V, Moya A, Clain DM, Burcelin R, Dumas ME, Federici M, Fernández-Real JM. Iron status influences non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity through the gut microbiome. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:104. [PMID: 33962692 PMCID: PMC8106161 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome and iron status are known to play a role in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), although their complex interaction remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we applied an integrative systems medicine approach (faecal metagenomics, plasma and urine metabolomics, hepatic transcriptomics) in 2 well-characterised human cohorts of subjects with obesity (discovery n = 49 and validation n = 628) and an independent cohort formed by both individuals with and without obesity (n = 130), combined with in vitro and animal models. Serum ferritin levels, as a markers of liver iron stores, were positively associated with liver fat accumulation in parallel with lower gut microbial gene richness, composition and functionality. Specifically, ferritin had strong negative associations with the Pasteurellaceae, Leuconostocaceae and Micrococcaea families. It also had consistent negative associations with several Veillonella, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, but positive associations with Bacteroides and Prevotella spp. Notably, the ferritin-associated bacterial families had a strong correlation with iron-related liver genes. In addition, several bacterial functions related to iron metabolism (transport, chelation, heme and siderophore biosynthesis) and NAFLD (fatty acid and glutathione biosynthesis) were also associated with the host serum ferritin levels. This iron-related microbiome signature was linked to a transcriptomic and metabolomic signature associated to the degree of liver fat accumulation through hepatic glucose metabolism. In particular, we found a consistent association among serum ferritin, Pasteurellaceae and Micrococcacea families, bacterial functions involved in histidine transport, the host circulating histidine levels and the liver expression of GYS2 and SEC24B. Serum ferritin was also related to bacterial glycine transporters, the host glycine serum levels and the liver expression of glycine transporters. The transcriptomic findings were replicated in human primary hepatocytes, where iron supplementation also led to triglycerides accumulation and induced the expression of lipid and iron metabolism genes in synergy with palmitic acid. We further explored the direct impact of the microbiome on iron metabolism and liver fact accumulation through transplantation of faecal microbiota into recipient's mice. In line with the results in humans, transplantation from 'high ferritin donors' resulted in alterations in several genes related to iron metabolism and fatty acid accumulation in recipient's mice. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, a significant interplay among the gut microbiome, iron status and liver fat accumulation is revealed, with potential significance for target therapies. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Girona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, University of Girona, Girona and Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - Marina Cardellini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Jèssica Latorre
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Girona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, University of Girona, Girona and Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - Francesca Davato
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - José Maria Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Girona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, University of Girona, Girona and Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - María Arnoriaga-Rodríguez
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Girona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, University of Girona, Girona and Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - Matteo Serino
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Heart Failure', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - James Abbott
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard H Barton
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josep Puig
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Girona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, University of Girona, Girona and Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Girona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, University of Girona, Girona and Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain
| | - Christopher Tomlinson
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark Woodbridge
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Sarah A Butcher
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO) and Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, Universitat de València and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO) and Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, Universitat de València and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Donald Mc Clain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
- The W. G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, NC, 28144, USA
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Heart Failure', 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Section of Genomic and Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, CNRS UMR 8199, INSERM UMR 1283, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, 59045, Lille, France
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Girona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques, University of Girona, Girona and Biomedical Research Institute of Girona (IdibGi), Girona, Spain.
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Girona, Spain.
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15
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Nairz M, Weiss G. Iron in infection and immunity. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100864. [PMID: 32461004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for virtually all living cells. In infectious diseases, both invading pathogens and mammalian cells including those of the immune system require iron to sustain their function, metabolism and proliferation. On the one hand, microbial iron uptake is linked to the virulence of most human pathogens. On the other hand, the sequestration of iron from bacteria and other microorganisms is an efficient strategy of host defense in line with the principles of 'nutritional immunity'. In an acute infection, host-driven iron withdrawal inhibits the growth of pathogens. Chronic immune activation due to persistent infection, autoimmune disease or malignancy however, sequesters iron not only from infectious agents, autoreactive lymphocytes and neoplastic cells but also from erythroid progenitors. This is one of the key mechanisms which collectively result in the anemia of chronic inflammation. In this review, we highlight the most important interconnections between iron metabolism and immunity, focusing on host defense against relevant infections and on the clinical consequences of anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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16
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Antelo GT, Vila AJ, Giedroc DP, Capdevila DA. Molecular Evolution of Transition Metal Bioavailability at the Host-Pathogen Interface. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:441-457. [PMID: 32951986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular evolution of the adaptive response at the host-pathogen interface has been frequently referred to as an 'arms race' between the host and bacterial pathogens. The innate immune system employs multiple strategies to starve microbes of metals. Pathogens, in turn, develop successful strategies to maintain access to bioavailable metal ions under conditions of extreme restriction of transition metals, or nutritional immunity. However, the processes by which evolution repurposes or re-engineers host and pathogen proteins to perform or refine new functions have been explored only recently. Here we review the molecular evolution of several human metalloproteins charged with restricting bacterial access to transition metals. These include the transition metal-chelating S100 proteins, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 (NRAMP-1), transferrin, lactoferrin, and heme-binding proteins. We examine their coevolution with bacterial transition metal acquisition systems, involving siderophores and membrane-spanning metal importers, and the biological specificity of allosteric transcriptional regulatory proteins tasked with maintaining bacterial metallostasis. We also discuss the evolution of metallo-β-lactamases; this illustrates how rapid antibiotic-mediated evolution of a zinc metalloenzyme obligatorily occurs in the context of host-imposed nutritional immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano T Antelo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405BWE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Vila
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Ocampo and Esmeralda, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina; Área Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Daiana A Capdevila
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405BWE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Omoshola Aleru
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew F. Barber
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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18
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Transferrin Binding Protein B and Transferrin Binding Protein A2 Expand the Transferrin Recognition Range of Histophilus somni. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00177-20. [PMID: 32366593 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00177-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial bipartite transferrin receptor is an iron acquisition system that several important human and animal pathogens require for survival. It consists of the TonB-dependent transporter transferrin binding protein A (TbpA) and the surface lipoprotein transferrin binding protein B (TbpB). Curiously, the Tbps are only found in host-specific pathogens and are themselves host specific, meaning that they will bind to the transferrin of their host species but not to the transferrins of other animal species. While this phenomenon has long been established, neither the steps in the evolutionary process that led to this exquisite adaptation for the host nor the steps that could alter it are known. We sought to gain insight into these processes by studying Tbp specificity in Histophilus somni, an economically important pathogen of cattle. A past study showed that whole cells of H. somni specifically bind bovine transferrin but not transferrin from sheep and goats, two bovids whose transferrins share 93% amino acid sequence identity with bovine transferrin. To our surprise, we found that H. somni can use sheep and goat transferrins as iron sources for growth and that HsTbpB, but not HsTbpA, has detectable affinity for sheep and goat transferrins. Furthermore, a third transferrin binding protein found in H. somni, HsTbpA2, also showed affinity for sheep and goat transferrins. Our results suggest that H. somni TbpB and TbpA2 may contribute to broadening the host transferrin recognition range of H. somni IMPORTANCE Host-restricted pathogens infect a single host species or a narrow range of host species. Histophilus somni, a pathogen that incurs severe economic losses for the cattle industry, infects cattle, sheep, and goats but not other mammals. The transferrin binding proteins, TbpA and TbpB, are thought to be a key iron acquisition system in H. somni; however, despite their importance, H. somni TbpA and TbpB were previously shown to be cattle transferrin specific. In our study, we find that H. somni TbpB and another little-studied Tbp, TbpA2, bind sheep and goat transferrins, as well as bovine transferrin. Our results suggest that TbpB and TbpA2 may allow for host range expansion and provide a mechanism for how host specificity in Tbp-encoding pathogens can be altered.
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19
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Kell DB, Heyden EL, Pretorius E. The Biology of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein That Can Help Defend Against Viruses and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1221. [PMID: 32574271 PMCID: PMC7271924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a nutrient classically found in mammalian milk. It binds iron and is transferred via a variety of receptors into and between cells, serum, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid. It has important immunological properties, and is both antibacterial and antiviral. In particular, there is evidence that it can bind to at least some of the receptors used by coronaviruses and thereby block their entry. Of importance are Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as based on other activities lactoferrin might prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from attaching to the host cells. Lactoferrin (and more specifically enteric-coated LF because of increased bioavailability) may consequently be of preventive and therapeutic value during the present COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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20
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When might transferrin, hemopexin or haptoglobin administration be of benefit following the transfusion of red blood cells? Curr Opin Hematol 2019; 25:452-458. [PMID: 30281034 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW After transfusion, a percentage of red blood cells undergo hemolysis within macrophages. Intravascular exposures to hemin and hemoglobin (Hb) can occur after storage bag hemolysis, some transfusion reactions, during use of medical assist devices and in response to bacterial hemolysins. Proteins that regulate iron, hemin and Hb either become saturated after iron excess (transferrin, Tf) or depleted after hemin (hemopexin, Hpx) and Hb (haptoglobin, Hp) excess. Protein saturation or stoichiometric imbalance created by transfusion increases exposure to non-Tf bound iron, hemin and Hb. Tf, Hpx and Hp are being developed for hematological disorders where iron, hemin and Hb contribute to pathophysiology. However, complexed to their ligands, each represents a potential iron source for pathogens, which may complicate the use of these proteins. RECENT FINDINGS Erythrophagocytosis by macrophages and processes of cell death that lead to reactive iron exposure are increasingly described. In addition, the effects of transfusion introduced circulatory hemin and Hb are described in the literature, particularly following large volume transfusion, infection and during concomitant medical device use. SUMMARY Supplementation with Tf, Hpx and Hp suggests therapeutic potential in conditions of extravascular/intravascular hemolysis. However, their administration following transfusion may require careful assessment of concomitant disease.
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Wang Y, Garrido-Oter R, Wu J, Winkelmüller TM, Agler M, Colby T, Nobori T, Kemen E, Tsuda K. Site-specific cleavage of bacterial MucD by secreted proteases mediates antibacterial resistance in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2853. [PMID: 31253808 PMCID: PMC6599210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant innate immunity restricts growth of bacterial pathogens that threaten global food security. However, the mechanisms by which plant immunity suppresses bacterial growth remain enigmatic. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana secreted aspartic protease 1 and 2 (SAP1 and SAP2) cleave the evolutionarily conserved bacterial protein MucD to redundantly inhibit the growth of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Antibacterial activity of SAP1 requires its protease activity in planta and in vitro. Plants overexpressing SAP1 exhibit enhanced MucD cleavage and resistance but incur no penalties in growth and reproduction, while sap1 sap2 double mutant plants exhibit compromised MucD cleavage and resistance against P. syringae. P. syringae lacking mucD shows compromised growth in planta and in vitro. Notably, growth of ΔmucD complemented with the non-cleavable MucDF106Y is not affected by SAP activity in planta and in vitro. Our findings identify the genetic factors and biochemical process underlying an antibacterial mechanism in plants. During innate immune responses, plant cells secrete proteases into apoplastic spaces where they contribute to pathogen resistance. Here Wang et al. show that the Arabidopsis SAP1 and SAP2 proteases cleave the bacterial MucD protein to inhibit growth of Pseudomonas syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruben Garrido-Oter
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jingni Wu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas M Winkelmüller
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew Agler
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Plant Microbiosis Lab, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Colby
- Plant Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9B, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Nobori
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.
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22
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Kang D, Kirienko NV. Interdependence between iron acquisition and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Microbiol 2018; 56:449-457. [PMID: 29948830 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms remain a persistent threat to human healthcare due to their role in the development of antimicrobial resistance. To combat multi-drug resistant pathogens, it is crucial to enhance our understanding of not only the regulation of biofilm formation, but also its contribution to bacterial virulence. Iron acquisition lies at the crux of these two subjects. In this review, we discuss the role of iron acquisition in biofilm formation and how hosts impede this mechanism to defend against pathogens. We also discuss recent findings that suggest that biofilm formation can also have the reciprocal effect, influencing siderophore production and iron sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Kang
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, USA
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23
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Rosa L, Cutone A, Lepanto MS, Paesano R, Valenti P. Lactoferrin: A Natural Glycoprotein Involved in Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:1985. [PMID: 28914813 PMCID: PMC5618634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091985&n948647=v984776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf), an iron-binding multifunctional cationic glycoprotein secreted by exocrine glands and by neutrophils, is a key element of host defenses. HLf and bovine Lf (bLf), possessing high sequence homology and identical functions, inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm dependently from iron binding ability while, independently, bacterial adhesion to and the entry into cells. In infected/inflamed host cells, bLf exerts an anti-inflammatory activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus up-regulating ferroportin (Fpn) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and down-regulating ferritin (Ftn), pivotal actors of iron and inflammatory homeostasis (IIH). Consequently, bLf inhibits intracellular iron overload, an unsafe condition enhancing in vivo susceptibility to infections, as well as anemia of inflammation (AI), re-establishing IIH. In pregnant women, affected by AI, bLf oral administration decreases IL-6 and increases hematological parameters. This surprising effect is unrelated to iron supplementation by bLf (80 μg instead of 1-2 mg/day), but to its role on IIH. AI is unrelated to the lack of iron, but to iron delocalization: cellular/tissue overload and blood deficiency. BLf cures AI by restoring iron from cells to blood through Fpn up-expression. Indeed, anti-inflammatory activity of oral and intravaginal bLf prevents preterm delivery. Promising bLf treatments can prevent/cure transitory inflammation/anemia/oral pathologies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Paesano
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetric and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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24
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Rosa L, Cutone A, Lepanto MS, Paesano R, Valenti P. Lactoferrin: A Natural Glycoprotein Involved in Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1985. [PMID: 28914813 PMCID: PMC5618634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf), an iron-binding multifunctional cationic glycoprotein secreted by exocrine glands and by neutrophils, is a key element of host defenses. HLf and bovine Lf (bLf), possessing high sequence homology and identical functions, inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm dependently from iron binding ability while, independently, bacterial adhesion to and the entry into cells. In infected/inflamed host cells, bLf exerts an anti-inflammatory activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus up-regulating ferroportin (Fpn) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and down-regulating ferritin (Ftn), pivotal actors of iron and inflammatory homeostasis (IIH). Consequently, bLf inhibits intracellular iron overload, an unsafe condition enhancing in vivo susceptibility to infections, as well as anemia of inflammation (AI), re-establishing IIH. In pregnant women, affected by AI, bLf oral administration decreases IL-6 and increases hematological parameters. This surprising effect is unrelated to iron supplementation by bLf (80 μg instead of 1-2 mg/day), but to its role on IIH. AI is unrelated to the lack of iron, but to iron delocalization: cellular/tissue overload and blood deficiency. BLf cures AI by restoring iron from cells to blood through Fpn up-expression. Indeed, anti-inflammatory activity of oral and intravaginal bLf prevents preterm delivery. Promising bLf treatments can prevent/cure transitory inflammation/anemia/oral pathologies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Paesano
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetric and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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