Uncertainty management and communication preferences related to genetic relativism among families affected by down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and neurofibromatosis

An Examination of Visually Impaired Individuals' Uncertainty Management

Being visually impaired or legally blind (having vision that is uncorrectable or cannot be corrected to a legally acceptable level) is inherently uncertain. Although uncertainty can result in positive, negative, or neutral consequences, little is known about how uncertainty is experienced and negotiated in this understudied population. Thus, through in-depth, semi-structured interviews of 24 individuals with a visual impairment, we apply uncertainty management theory (UMT) to examine the communication strategies visually impaired individuals used to manage the personal, vision-related, and social uncertainty they experienced. Many participants appraised the uncertainty negatively and consequently aimed to reduce it by seeking social support and information, using instrumental strategies, and proactively disclosing their visual impairment. Interviewees who preferred to remain uncertain maintained it by avoiding thinking about their visual impairment or worsening vision and/or by concealing their low vision and passing as sighted. Last, some participants, particularly those who were born with low vision or had been visually impaired longer, learned to adapt to the uncertainty through reframing and accepting, self-care, and by turning to God. The study also uncovered that some participants' uncertainty management was limited by ableist constraints, such as inadequate support systems, systemic barriers, and stigma. The study also underscores the universal and fluid nature of uncertainty and uncovers tangible ways individuals with visual impairment can navigate uncertainty within a pervasive cultural biomedical model of disability.

Path analysis of illness uncertainty and psychosocial adaptation of patients with Marfan syndrome

AIMS

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder that causes sudden or chronic cardiovascular problems, which can be fatal. Since MFS patients require regular close medical observation, it is important to understand the factors and pathways associated with psychosocial adaptation to the disease. This study aimed to identify the relationships among illness uncertainty, uncertainty appraisal, and psychosocial adaptation in MFS patients using path analysis.

METHOD AND RESULTS

This descriptive cross-sectional survey study was conducted from October 2020 to March 2021, in compliance with STROBE guidelines. Using data from 179 participants aged older than 18 years, we constructed a hypothetical path model to identify determinants of illness uncertainty, uncertainty appraisal, and psychosocial adaptation. In the path analysis, disease severity, illness uncertainty, anxiety, and social support were significant factors influencing MFS patients' psychosocial adaptation. Disease severity and illness uncertainty exerted direct effects, while anxiety and social support exerted both direct and indirect (through illness uncertainty) effects. Finally, anxiety showed the greatest total effect.

CONCLUSION

These findings are useful for enhancing MFS patients' psychosocial adaptation. Medical professionals should focus on managing disease severity, decreasing anxiety, and increasing social support.

PRISM and Emotions: Understanding the Role of Fear and Hope toward Vaccine Information Seeking Intentions

Vaccines represent one of the greatest health efforts to help combat diseases, yet they often evoke emotional responses among individuals. These emotional responses can influence an individual's desire to seek information about vaccines. The purpose of this research was to examine these relationships further using the Planned Risk Information Seeking Model (PRISM) and explore the role of emotions, specifically fear and hope, on vaccine-related information seeking intentions. Two separate models were tested using the PRISM model, one for fear and one for hope. Results suggest fear did not have a significant direct effect on vaccine information seeking, while hope had a positive and significant relationship. Interestingly, both attitude toward seeking and perceived current knowledge each had a positive relationship with information seeking intentions in the fear and hope models. Future research should continue to examine the role of specific emotions within the PRISM model to better predict information seeking intentions.

Being PAL: Uncertainty and Coping in r/PregnancyAfterLoss

Women who become pregnant again following miscarriage or stillbirth are in a particularly vulnerable position as they grapple with uncertainty about the current pregnancy's viability and outcomes. In this study, we examine the types of uncertainty that emerge in pregnancy after loss (PAL) and how women manage that uncertainty. Framed by the theory of communication and uncertainty management, we thematically analyzed threads (N = 636) from the online discussion board Reddit, focusing on the specific subreddit community r/PregnancyAfterLoss. Themes of physiological, emotional, and social uncertainty dominated the PAL experiences of these online community members. Uncertainty management and coping strategies included direct information seeking, bracing, mantras, and accepting uncertainty as part of the PAL experience. Theoretical contributions of this study include an initial conceptualization of emotional uncertainty in health communication. In addition, we draw parallels between uncertainty in PAL and in illness and highlight the unique features of PAL that expand our understanding of uncertainty in health. Practical implications are drawn from members' expressed needs and uncertainty management practices, and provide direction for supporting women through the PAL experience.

Care Coordination Needs of Families of Children with Down Syndrome: A Scoping Review to Inform Development of mHealth Applications for Families

Care coordination is a critical component of health management aimed at linking care providers and health-information-involved care management. Our intent in this scoping review was to identify care coordination needs of families of children with Down syndrome (DS) and the strategies they used to meet those needs, with the goal of contributing to the evidence base for developing interventions by using an mHealth application (mHealth apps) for these families. Using established guidelines for scoping reviews, we searched five databases, yielding 2149 articles. Following abstract and full-text review, we identified 38 articles meeting our inclusion criteria. Studies incorporated varied in regard to research designs, samples, measures, and analytic approaches, with only one testing an intervention by using mHealth apps. Across studies, data came from 4882 families. Common aspects of families' care coordination needs included communication and information needs and utilization of healthcare resources. Additional themes were identified related to individual, family, and healthcare contextual factors. Authors also reported families' recommendations for desirable characteristics of an mHealth apps that addressed the design of a personal health record, meeting age-specific information needs, and ensuring access to up-to-date information. These results will further the development of mHealth apps that are tailored to the needs of families with a child with DS.

Adaptation of the working alliance inventory for the assessment of the therapeutic alliance in genetic counseling

The concept of therapeutic alliance is central to genetic counseling as the mechanism through which the outcomes of empowerment and effective coping are likely to be achieved. To date, there have been no published systematic assessments of the therapeutic relationship in genetic counseling. We adapted a previously validated measure of the therapeutic alliance to genetic counseling and assessed its reliability and validity. Participants were enrolled in a clinical genomic study where they were randomized to receive education about carrier results via a Web platform or via a genetic counselor and then further randomized to receive genetic counseling (without additional education) or not. We rated the therapeutic alliance from audio recordings of 120 genetic counseling sessions. We modified the observer version of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-O), initially designed to assess therapeutic relationships in psychotherapy. We examined internal consistency reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha and inter-rater reliability through both percent agreement and Gwet's alternative agreement coefficient (AC). Regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship of WAI-O scores with session length and with the designation of the session as one in which prior education was delivered by the genetic counselor or not. The adapted scale had high-reliability characteristics with agreement of 88%-93%, Gwet's AC of 0.84-0.90, and Cronbach's alpha of 0.89-0.93 for the three WAI-O subscales (bonds, goals, and tasks). Although there was no difference in alliance based on whether prior education was provided by the genetic counselor, the total WAI-O score significantly increased with increasing session length (beta =0.667, p<.001), providing preliminary evidence of construct validity. The WAI-O that we have adapted can be used reliably with two independent raters to assess the therapeutic alliance in studies of genetic counseling. The initial evidence for construct validity is promising and should be reassessed in future genetic counseling studies using the WAI-O.

Interactions among Actual Uncertainty, Desired Uncertainty, and Uncertainty Discrepancy on Anxiety and Information Seeking

This study investigated the role of uncertainty in information management processes by integrating insights from uncertainty management theory and the theory of motivated information management. Specifically, we examined the extent to which uncertainty appraisals moderated the effects of uncertainty on anxiety and information seeking about family health history (FHH) from spouses. Data from 626 married individuals suggested that desired uncertainty moderated uncertainty's effect on anxiety such that uncertainty led to more anxiety when individuals wanted to be more certain. Uncertainty also exerted stronger effects on anxiety and information seeking when one's actual uncertainty was low. Efficacy remained a predictor of information seeking, consistent with the literature. Findings offer theoretical implications about the interaction effects among different conceptualizations of uncertainty (i.e., actual, desired, and uncertainty discrepancy) and practical applications for encouraging information seeking about FHH.

Social Media Use Among Young Adults With Connective Tissue Disorders: Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

BACKGROUND

Young people with genetic conditions often face challenges coping with their health condition. It can be difficult for them to meet someone with a similar condition, which is important for reinforcement of chronic illness management recommendations. Social media is used by 97% of young people in the United States and may provide those with these disorders a space for emotional expression and support. However, there is a scarcity of literature related to the use of social media among adolescents with genetic conditions as an indicator of their perception regarding their own condition.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this pilot study was to obtain preliminary data to assess and understand social media use by young people with connective tissue disorders and determine whether they use social media to connect with patients with similar conditions or whether they would be interested in doing so.

METHODS

We undertook a pilot study of selected connective tissue disorders occurring in young people between the ages of 11 and 25 years, including Marfan syndrome; Ehlers-Danlos syndrome subtypes classical, classical-like, cardiac-valvular, and vascular; Beals congenital contractual arachnodactyly; and Alport hereditary nephritis. The study took place within one pediatric clinical system. Patients were identified through electronic medical record search and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, coding at a Midwest university-based clinical system. Study subjects completed a short survey describing their experiences with their connective tissue disorders, their means of self-expression, their existing network of persons to communicate with, and their use of social media. Data analysis included nominal and bivariate regressions to compare social media use in relation to age.

RESULTS

Our 31 participants (42% response rate) were 55% female (17/31) and their average age was 18 years (SD 5). All participants used social media and there were no statistically significant differences between social media use and age. The majority of participants (25/30, 83%) reported that they never used social media to discuss their condition (P=.09), and only 17% (5/30) knew someone online with a similar condition (P=.50). Most participants (19/30, 63%) said they would communicate with someone with a similar disorder (P=.64).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that young individuals with connective tissue disorders use at least one type of social media. A majority did not use social media to discuss their condition or know someone online with a similar condition. However, many persons were interested in finding others similarly affected. Social media could serve as a platform for young people with connective tissue disorders to connect. Peer support is important in disease management and adolescent development. Future studies should aim at understanding social media use among young people with connective tissue disorders and helping them connect with other people who have similar conditions.

Spirituality, Illness Unpredictability, and Math Anxiety Effects on Negative Affect and Affect-Management Coping for Individuals Diagnosed with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

A growing number of genetic tests are included in diagnostic protocols associated with many common conditions. A positive diagnosis associated with the presence of some gene versions in many instances predicts a range of possible outcomes, and the uncertainty linked to such results contributes to the need to understand varied responses and plan strategic communication. Uncertainty in illness theory (UIT; Mishel, 1988, 1990) guided the investigation of efforts to feel in control and hopeful regarding genetic testing and diagnosis for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). Participants included 137 individuals with AATD recruited from the Alpha-1 Research Registry who were surveyed about their subjective numeracy, anxiety about math, spirituality, perceptions of illness unpredictability, negative affect regarding genetic testing, and coping strategies about a diagnosis. Results revealed that experiencing more fear and worry contributed both directly and indirectly to affect-management coping strategies, operating through individual perceptions of illness unpredictability. The inability to predict the symptoms and course of events related to a genetic illness and anxiety regarding math heightened fear and worry. Spirituality lessened both illness unpredictability and negative affective responses to a diagnosis. Results affirm the importance of clinician and counselor efforts to incorporate attention to patient spirituality. They also illustrate the complexity associated with strategic efforts to plan communication about the different versions of a gene's effects on well-being, when some versions align with mild health effects and others with severe effects.

Marfan syndrome patient experiences as ascertained through postings on social media sites

Marfan syndrome (MS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects thousands of adolescents [Population Reference Bureau, 2013]. Some adolescent patients with MS may use social media to express their experiences and emotions, but little is known about what patients choose to share online. To investigate social media content related to Marfan syndrome we used search terms "Marfan syndrome" and "Marfans" on six different social media sites. The top five recent and popular posts for each site were collected and coded weekly for five weeks. Posts were excluded if they were reshared content or not in English. A codebook was developed using an iterative process to categorize posts and comments. Out of 300 posts collected 147 posts (49.0%) were included for evaluation. Categories of displayed content included personal pictures, memes and pictures featuring symptoms of MS (41.5%) and personal MS experiences (27.1% of posts). One quarter of the posts specifically mentioned a positive experience or how thankful the profile owner was for their life. A unique category of posts (13.7%) referenced Austin Carlile, a celebrity singer with MS, as a role model. Physicians and healthcare providers may consider using social media to understand common MS concerns and to place future health education materials.

Information Seeking in Uncertainty Management Theory: Exposure to Information About Medical Uncertainty and Information-Processing Orientation as Predictors of Uncertainty Management Success

Uncertainty management theory outlines the processes through which individuals cope with health-related uncertainty. Information seeking has been frequently documented as an important uncertainty management strategy. The reported study investigates exposure to specific types of medical information during a search, and one's information-processing orientation as predictors of successful uncertainty management (i.e., a reduction in the discrepancy between the level of uncertainty one feels and the level one desires). A lab study was conducted in which participants were primed to feel more or less certain about skin cancer and then were allowed to search the World Wide Web for skin cancer information. Participants' search behavior was recorded and content analyzed. The results indicate that exposure to two health communication constructs that pervade medical forms of uncertainty (i.e., severity and susceptibility) and information-processing orientation predicted uncertainty management success.

Segmenting by risk perceptions: predicting young adults' genetic-belief profiles with health and opinion-leader covariates

With a growing interest in using genetic information to motivate young adults' health behaviors, audience segmentation is needed for effective campaign design. Using latent class analysis, this study identifies segments based on young adults' (N = 327) beliefs about genetic threats to their health and personal efficacy over genetic influences on their health. A four-class model was identified. The model indicators fit the risk perception attitude framework (Rimal & Real, 2003), but the covariates (e.g., current health behaviors) did not. In addition, opinion leader qualities covaried with one profile: Those in this profile engaged in fewer preventative behaviors and more dangerous treatment options, and also liked to persuade others, making them a particularly salient group for campaign efforts. The implications for adult-onset disorders, like alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, are discussed.