1
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Rowlands CE, Folberg AM, Beickman ZK, Devor EJ, Leslie KK, Givens BE. Particles and Prejudice: Nanomedicine Approaches to Reducing Health Disparities in Endometrial Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2300096. [PMID: 37312613 PMCID: PMC10716380 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy worldwide and unfortunately has a much higher mortality rate in Black women compared with White women. Many potential factors contribute to these mortality rates, including the underlying effects of systemic and interpersonal racism. Furthermore, other trends in medicine have potential links to these rates including participation in clinical trials, hormone therapy, and pre-existing health conditions. Addressing the high incidence and disparate mortality rates in endometrial cancer requires novel methods, such as nanoparticle-based therapeutics. These therapeutics have been growing in increasing prevalence in pre-clinical development and have far-reaching implications in cancer therapy. The rigor of pre-clinical studies is enhanced by the likeness of the model to the human body. In systems for 3D cell culture, for example, the extracellular matrix mimics the tumor more closely. The increasing emphasis on precision medicine can be applied to cancer using nanoparticle-based methods and applied to pre-clinical models by using patient-derived model data. This review highlights the intersections of nanomedicine, precision medicine, and racial disparities within endometrial cancer and provides insights into reducing health disparities using recent scientific advances on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Rowlands
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 512 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Abigail M Folberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6100 W. Dodge Road, ASH 347E, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Zachary K Beickman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Eric J Devor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kimberly K Leslie
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center | The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1021 Medical Arts Ave NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Brittany E Givens
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, 512 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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2
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Kim F, Williams LA, Johnston EL, Fan Y. Bias intervention messaging in student evaluations of teaching: The role of gendered perceptions of bias. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37140. [PMID: 39296176 PMCID: PMC11409104 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many studies have documented discrepancies in student evaluation of teaching ratings between male and female instructors and between ethnic majority and minority instructors. Given the importance of such ratings to academic careers and the likelihood of potential intergroup bias, it is crucial that institutions consider approaches to mitigate such biases. Several recent studies have found that simple bias mitigation messaging can be effective in reducing gender and other biases. In the present research, students enrolled in several large Faculty of Science undergraduate courses at an Australian university were recruited on a volunteer basis via the course learning management system. Half of the participants were randomly assigned an intervention message highlighting potential biases relating to gender and language background. Data from 185 respondents were analysed using Bayesian ordinal regression models assessing the impact of message exposure on evaluation scores. Reading a bias intervention message caused students to significantly adjust their scores, with the nature of that change dependent on student and instructor characteristics. Among male students, the bias intervention message significantly increased scores for all except male instructors with English speaking backgrounds, for whom there was no significant impact of the message. In contrast, among female students, the bias intervention message significantly decreased scores for male instructors with English speaking backgrounds only. The sample showed an overall decrease in scores in the intervention group relative to the control group. This is the first study to detect a negative impact of bias intervention messaging on SET scores. Our results suggest students may not acknowledge their own potential bias towards instructors with whom they share similar demographic backgrounds. In conclusion, bias intervention messaging may be a simple method of mitigating bias, but it may lead to consequences in which one or more groups receive lower ratings as a result of the correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Kim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Emma L Johnston
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Yanan Fan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Data61, CSIRO, NSW, 2015, Australia
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3
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Lee S, Kim B. Exploring How Stereotype Modification Mediates the Relationship between Social Dominance and Multicultural Acceptance. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:745. [PMID: 39335961 PMCID: PMC11429021 DOI: 10.3390/bs14090745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This research examines the mediating role of stereotype modification in the relationship between social dominance orientation (SDO) and multicultural acceptance in South Korea's increasingly diverse society. We obtained a sample of 402 participants between the ages of 20 and 65 through an online survey. We used SPSS 26.0 for statistical analyses, including frequency, correlation, and regression analyses. Employing Hayes' Model 4, we examined the mediation effect with a bootstrap sample of 10,000 iterations, determining the significance of the effect with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The results revealed nuanced relationships among the variables, shedding light on the complex dynamics of social cognition and intergroup relationships in the South Korean context. The research concludes that individuals with a higher social dominance orientation tend to have lower acceptance of multiculturalism and are more likely to hold prejudiced attitudes toward outgroups. This finding suggests that SDO is a significant factor in integrating and adapting migrants into host societies and can lead to social conflict. The study implies that addressing SDO is crucial for fostering positive attitudes toward multiculturalism and reducing discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowon Lee
- College of Nursing, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Kim
- College of Nursing, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
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4
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Motzny SJ, Tratner AE, McDonald MM. Motivations for Endogamous Relationship Preferences. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:3205-3228. [PMID: 38888703 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
People tend to select romantic partners who belong to the same social group as themselves (i.e., endogamy). However, there is limited research on the proximal psychological motivations for choosing endogamous relationship partners. The purpose of this research was to develop a measure of motivations for endogamous relationship preferences and to assess whether such motivations were associated with actual dating experiences and attitudes toward endogamy across four common social categories: race and/or ethnicity, religion, social class, and education. Data from an online sample of participants (Study 1, n = 341) were used to generate items assessing motivations for endogamous relationship preferences. This initial set of items was administered to a new sample of participants (Study 2, n = 193) to establish the component structure of the measure and to examine whether the motivational components were associated with participants' past exogamous dating experiences as well as the perceived importance of dating within one's own racial and/or ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, and educational group. Endogamy motivations characterized by intergroup prejudice were the strongest and most consistent correlates of endogamous relationships and the perceived importance of endogamy. Study 3 (n = 332) replicated the component structure of the measure and the general pattern of associations documented in Study 2, and provided evidence for the measure's construct validity. The overall findings suggest that intergroup prejudice partially explains preferences for endogamous relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Motzny
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Adam E Tratner
- Florida State University, Avenida Jacinto Palacios Cobos, Edificio 227, Office 201, Ciudad del Saber, Panama City, 07144, Republic of Panama.
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5
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Buhl S, Asbrock F, Sibley CG, Houkamau C. Damned if she does: The subordinate male target hypothesis and discrimination of social dominant female minority members. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:1073-1090. [PMID: 38158875 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
According to the subordinate male target hypothesis (SMTH), racism is based on an ethnicity-by-gender interaction, with a stronger link between experiencing racist discrimination and subordinate or dominant ethnic group status for men compared to women. This study reevaluates the SMTH, originally focused on objective discrimination, by applying it to self-reported active harm as a theoretically derived measure of racist discrimination and by exploring interindividual differences in female ethnic minority members' discriminatory experiences. We proposed that social dominance orientation (SDO) among female ethnic minorities would influence SMTH predictions. We tested this using multiple linear regression analyses among a sample of New Zealand Europeans as the majority in New Zealand and non-Europeans as the minority. As hypothesized, male non-Europeans reported disproportionally more active harm than female non-Europeans. Unexpectedly, not only female but also male, non-Europeans high in SDO reported more active harm than non-Europeans low in SDO. Therefore, applied to self-reported racist experiences, oppression of ethnic minorities is driven by interindividual differences rather than by gender. Together, these findings provide evidence that the SMTH cannot be unreservedly extended to reports of racist discrimination and that other processes may underlie these subjective experiences of discrimination that need to be considered in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buhl
- Department of Social Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Frank Asbrock
- Department of Social Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Chris G Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carla Houkamau
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Higginbotham GD. The Dark Side of Safety: A Call for a More Thorough Consideration of Racism and Collective Power Motivations in the Social Psychology of Firearms. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241252773. [PMID: 38830782 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241252773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This paper situates current social psychological research on the symbolic use of firearms (e.g., as a source of personal safety) in broader historical context to motivate a more thorough consideration of collective power motives. Historically, firearms have been used to dominate racial outgroup members (e.g., White Americans use of firearms and firearm laws to dispossess indigenous people of land or control free and enslaved Black people) or, at times, attempt to resist group-based oppression (e.g., Black Americans use of firearms to struggle against White Jim Crow terrorism). Given most gun owners report self-protection as their primary reason for firearm ownership and yet anti-Black attitudes are still a consistently important predictor of firearm ownership among dominant group members (e.g., White Americans), this paper examines how guns may function as a perceived source of personal safety and collective power. I center the persistent role of White supremacy and anti-Blackness in original U.S. firearm psychology and policy to illuminate the interrelatedness of personal safety and collective power perceptions, and how perceived threats to in-group power may motivate the use of guns and policies that selectively regulate gun access to mitigate associated safety concerns. Seeking to nudge social psychology to more thoroughly examine firearms' potential function as a symbolic source of collective power, I end by discussing how considering collective power can help us better understand how historically dominant and historically marginalized groups view firearms today while also illuminating some barriers to the pursuit of gun safety for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald D Higginbotham
- Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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7
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Cocco VM, Vezzali L, Stathi S, Di Bernardo GA, Dovidio JF. Mobilizing or Sedative Effects? A Narrative Review of the Association Between Intergroup Contact and Collective Action Among Advantaged and Disadvantaged Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:119-180. [PMID: 37864514 PMCID: PMC11010580 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231203141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT In this narrative review, we examined 134 studies of the relationship between intergroup contact and collective action benefiting disadvantaged groups. We aimed to identify whether, when, and why contact has mobilizing effects (promoting collective action) or sedative effects (inhibiting collective action). For both moderators and mediators, factors associated with the intergroup situation (compared with those associated with the out-group or the in-group) emerged as the most important. Group status had important effects. For members of socially advantaged groups (examined in 98 studies, 100 samples), contact had a general mobilizing effect, which was stronger when contact increased awareness of experiences of injustice among members of disadvantaged groups. For members of disadvantaged groups (examined in 49 studies, 58 samples), contact had mixed effects. Contact that increased awareness of injustice mobilized collection action; contact that made the legitimacy of group hierarchy or threat of retaliation more salient produced sedative effects. PUBLIC ABSTRACT We present a review of existing studies that have investigated the relationship between intergroup contact and collective action aimed at promoting equity for disadvantaged groups. We further consider the influence of contact that is positive or negative and face-to-face or indirect (e.g., through mass or social media), and we distinguish between collective action that involves socially acceptable behaviors or is destructive and violent. We identified 134 studies, considering both advantaged (100 samples) and disadvantaged groups (58 samples). We found that intergroup contact impacts collective action differently depending on group status. Contact generally leads advantaged groups to mobilize in favor of disadvantaged groups. However, contact has variable effects on members of disadvantaged groups: It sometimes promotes their collective action in support of their own group; in other cases, it leads them to be less likely to engage in such action. We examine when and why contact can have these different effects.
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Cheng L, Wang X, Jetten J, Klebl C, Li Z, Wang F. Subjective economic inequality evokes interpersonal objectification. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38520243 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Interpersonal objectification, treating people as tools and neglecting their essential humanness, is a pervasive and enduring phenomenon. Across five studies (N = 1183), we examined whether subjective economic inequality increases objectification through a calculative mindset. Study 1 revealed that the perceptions of economic inequality at the national level and in daily life were positively associated with objectification. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated a causal relationship between subjective economic inequality and objectification in a fictitious organization and society, respectively. Moreover, the effect was mediated by a calculative mindset (Studies 3-4). In addition, lowering a calculative mindset weakened the effect of subjective inequality on objectification (Study 4). Finally, increased objectification due to subjective inequality further decreased prosociality and enhanced exploitative intentions (Study 5). Taken together, our findings suggest that subjective economic inequality increases objectification, which further causes adverse interpersonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xijing Wang
- College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christoph Klebl
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zifei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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9
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Schippers MC, Ioannidis JPA, Luijks MWJ. Is society caught up in a Death Spiral? Modeling societal demise and its reversal. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2024; 9:1194597. [PMID: 38533441 PMCID: PMC10964949 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1194597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Just like an army of ants caught in an ant mill, individuals, groups and even whole societies are sometimes caught up in a Death Spiral, a vicious cycle of self-reinforcing dysfunctional behavior characterized by continuous flawed decision making, myopic single-minded focus on one (set of) solution(s), denial, distrust, micromanagement, dogmatic thinking and learned helplessness. We propose the term Death Spiral Effect to describe this difficult-to-break downward spiral of societal decline. Specifically, in the current theory-building review we aim to: (a) more clearly define and describe the Death Spiral Effect; (b) model the downward spiral of societal decline as well as an upward spiral; (c) describe how and why individuals, groups and even society at large might be caught up in a Death Spiral; and (d) offer a positive way forward in terms of evidence-based solutions to escape the Death Spiral Effect. Management theory hints on the occurrence of this phenomenon and offers turn-around leadership as solution. On a societal level strengthening of democracy may be important. Prior research indicates that historically, two key factors trigger this type of societal decline: rising inequalities creating an upper layer of elites and a lower layer of masses; and dwindling (access to) resources. Historical key markers of societal decline are a steep increase in inequalities, government overreach, over-integration (interdependencies in networks) and a rapidly decreasing trust in institutions and resulting collapse of legitimacy. Important issues that we aim to shed light on are the behavioral underpinnings of decline, as well as the question if and how societal decline can be reversed. We explore the extension of these theories from the company/organization level to the society level, and make use of insights from both micro-, meso-, and macro-level theories (e.g., Complex Adaptive Systems and collapsology, the study of the risks of collapse of industrial civilization) to explain this process of societal demise. Our review furthermore draws on theories such as Social Safety Theory, Conservation of Resources Theory, and management theories that describe the decline and fall of groups, companies and societies, as well as offer ways to reverse this trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaéla C. Schippers
- Department of Organisation and Personnel Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John P. A. Ioannidis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Matthias W. J. Luijks
- Department of History of Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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10
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Puffer H, Hodson G, Prusaczyk E. Attitudes Toward Cisgender Women's Participation in Sex Work: Opportunity for Agency or Harmful Exchange? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1169-1185. [PMID: 38285296 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite the stigmatization of sex work in society, little empirical research has examined attitudes toward sex work, especially its modern incarnations (e.g., sugar relationships, webcamming). Here, a sample of 298 US residents (Mage = 40.06 years; 59.1% male, 40.9% female) was recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Various theoretical predictors (e.g., right-wing authoritarianism [RWA]), sociosexuality) were set to predict the degree to which four sex work domains (prostitution, pornography, sugar relationships, webcamming) provide cisgender women agency (beneficial) or harm them (detrimental). We found that the domains of sex work were organized hierarchically, as theorized by the so-called "whorearchy," whereby the more "unfavorable" domains (e.g., prostitution) fall at the bottom, and the more "favorable" ones (e.g., webcamming) sit at the top. Additionally, multiple regression analyses revealed that RWA (negatively) and sociosexuality (positively) were the strongest predictors of sex work agency across various domains. In predicting harm, RWA, feminism, religiosity, and age were unique positive predictors, whereas sociosexuality and male (vs. female) self-identified sex were unique negative predictors, across the four domains of sex work. Moreover, individual differences (e.g., RWA) were often significantly stronger predictors of agency or harm among female than male participants. The results suggest that although sex work domains vary in agency and harm ratings, individual differences (most notably, RWA and sociosexuality) are important predictors across domains, especially for cisgender women. Given the growing prevalence of such online forms of sex work, along with growing evidence of sugar relationships, it will become increasingly important to track reactions as these forms of sex work evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Puffer
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Elvira Prusaczyk
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
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Desai MU, Guy K, Brown M, Thompson D, Manning B, Johnson S, Davidson L, Bellamy C. "That Was a State of Depression by Itself Dealing with Society": Atmospheric racism, mental health, and the Black and African American faith community. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 73:104-117. [PMID: 37006193 PMCID: PMC10545810 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased societal focus on structural racism, and its negative impact on health, empirical research within mental health remains limited relative to the magnitude of the problem. The current study-situated within a community-engaged project with members of a predominantly Black and African American church in the northeastern US-collaboratively examined depressive experience, recovery, and the role of racism and racialized structures. This co-designed study featured individual interviews (N = 11), a focus group (N = 14), and stakeholder engagement. A form of qualitative, phenomenological analysis that situates psychological phenomena within their social structural contexts was utilized. Though a main focal point of the study was depressive and significantly distressing experience, participant narratives directed us more towards a world that was structured to deplete and deprive-from basic neighborhood conditions, to police brutality, to workplace discrimination, to pervasive racist stereotypes, to differential treatment by health and social services. Racism was thus considered as atmospheric, in the sense of permeating life itself-with social, affective, embodied, and temporal dimensions, alongside practical (e.g., livelihood, vocation, and care) and spatial (e.g., neighborhood, community, and work) ones. The major thematic subsections-world, body, time, community, and space-reflect this fundamental saturation of racism within lived reality. There are two, interrelated senses of structural racism implicated here: the structures of the world and their impact on the structural dimensions of life. This study on the atmospheric nature of racism provides a community-centered complement to existing literature on structural racism and health that often proceed from higher, more population level scales. This combined literature suggests placing ever-renewed emphasis on addressing the causes and conditions that make this kind of distorted world possible in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miraj U Desai
- Program for Recovery and Community Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Guy
- Program for Recovery and Community Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mychal Brown
- Beulah Heights First Pentecostal Church, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Denisha Thompson
- Beulah Heights First Pentecostal Church, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bobby Manning
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Spencer Johnson
- Equity Research and Innovation Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Larry Davidson
- Program for Recovery and Community Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chyrell Bellamy
- Program for Recovery and Community Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Yang Y, Liang W, Zhang Y, Wang C. The Longitudinal Effect of Peer-Nominated Popularity on Defending Behaviors in Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Manipulative Traits, Desired Popularity, and Gender. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:581-594. [PMID: 38147187 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The factors influencing popular adolescents to defend victims require further exploration, particularly concerning their traits and the desire for higher peer status. In this one-year longitudinal study, 2464 Chinese adolescents (48.50% girls, Mage = 13.40 years, SD = 0.61) were investigated to examine the relationship between peer-nominated popularity, manipulative traits, desired popularity, and defending behaviors. The results revealed that peer-nominated popularity had a positive predictive effect on Chinese adolescents' defending behaviors. Furthermore, this longitudinal association was accentuated by desired popularity and manipulative traits in girls but was not in boys. Specifically, popular girls with high desired popularity demonstrated a higher likelihood of engaging in defending behaviors compared to other girls. These findings carry significant implications for understanding the influencing factors behind peer status and adolescents' defending behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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13
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Üzümçeker E, Akfırat S. The Norm of Reciprocity in Intergroup Context: A Normative-Identity Model. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024; 58:338-360. [PMID: 36988861 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-023-09760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocity, regarded as a fundamental psychological phenomenon, may underlie a wide range of interpersonal and intergroup behaviors. Various disciplines such as behavioral economics, anthropology, sociology, and psychology as well documented how reciprocity is a strong determinant of human behavior. On the other hand, less is known about intergroup reciprocity, its functions and consequences as well as the psychological mechanisms through which these effects manifest, remain mostly unknown. In this paper, we propose a model to understand how the reciprocity norm operates in the intergroup contexts, through employing the Personal Norm of Reciprocity model (Perugini et al., 2003) and the Self-Categorization Theory (Turner et al., 1987). We suggest that the conditions that give rise to intergroup reciprocal behavior are ingroup identification, labeling outgroup behavior as a favor or transgression, and the internalization of the reciprocity norm. We also propose that the intergroup outcomes, such as ingroup favoritism, discrimination, collective action, and conflict resolution, might become more understandable when taking into account the reciprocity as an explanatory variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Üzümçeker
- Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Konak, Türkiye.
| | - Serap Akfırat
- Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Konak, Türkiye
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14
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Kleppesto TH, Czajkowski NO, Sheehy-Skeffington J, Vassend O, Roysamb E, Eftedal NH, Kunst JR, Ystrom E, Thomsen L. The genetic underpinnings of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation explain political attitudes beyond Big Five personality. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38386613 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Political attitudes are predicted by the key ideological variables of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO), as well as some of the Big Five personality traits. Past research indicates that personality and ideological traits are correlated for genetic reasons. A question that has yet to be tested concerns whether the genetic variation underlying the ideological traits of RWA and SDO has distinct contributions to political attitudes, or if genetic variation in political attitudes is subsumed under the genetic variation underlying standard Big Five personality traits. METHOD We use data from a sample of 1987 Norwegian twins to assess the genetic and environmental relationships between the Big Five personality traits, RWA, SDO, and their separate contributions to political policy attitudes. RESULTS RWA and SDO exhibit very high genetic correlation (r = 0.78) with each other and some genetic overlap with the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. Importantly, they share a larger genetic substrate with political attitudes (e.g., deporting an ethnic minority) than do Big Five personality traits, a relationship that persists even when controlling for the genetic foundations underlying personality traits. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the genetic foundations of ideological traits and political attitudes are largely non-overlapping with the genetic foundations of Big Five personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haarklau Kleppesto
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Center for the Experimental Philosophical Investigation of Discrimination, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olav Vassend
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roysamb
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jonas R Kunst
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lotte Thomsen
- Center for the Experimental Philosophical Investigation of Discrimination, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Nicol AAM, De France K. Nonjudgmental Regard of Others: Investigating the Links Between Other-Directed Trait Mindfulness and Prejudice. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:178-211. [PMID: 35733337 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although researchers predict that experiencing greater trait mindfulness should be related to less prejudiced attitudes towards others, the evidence has been inconsistent. We suggest that this is due to the narrow operationalizations of mindfulness that have been utilized thus far. Specifically, research to date has relied solely on mindfulness as it pertains to the self. We therefore examined an expanded definition of mindfulness to study the role of nonjudgmental attitudes towards others and its relation with prejudice. Using a new measure of Nonjudgmental Regard towards Others (NRO), the current study found that Ideological Acceptance, or judgments of another's actions, ideas, and personality, and Emotion Acceptance, or acceptance of another's emotions and emotional expressions, were independently associated with prejudiced attitudes towards numerous different outgroups such as drug users, people who are overweight, homosexuals, and people with disabilities. Furthermore, they were able to explain variance over and above the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism. Having a nonjudgmental regard towards others, not just the self, may be an important component of mindfulness that has not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid A M Nicol
- Department of Military Psychology and Leadership, The Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kalee De France
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Shuman E, van Zomeren M, Saguy T, Knowles E, Halperin E. Defend, Deny, Distance, and Dismantle: A New Measure of Advantaged Identity Management. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672231216769. [PMID: 38284619 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231216769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The experience of privilege can trigger psychological conflict among advantaged group members. Nonetheless, little work has explored strategies that advantaged group members use to manage their identities as privileged actors. Building on Knowles et al.'s framework and theories of intergroup relations, we address the conceptualization and measurement of advantaged group identity-management strategies. We aim to refine theorizing and validate a measure of these strategies across three contexts (U.S.'s White-Black relations, Israel's Jewish-Arab/Palestinian relations, and U.S.'s gender relations). This process yielded two novel conceptual and empirical contributions. First, we add a strategy-defend-in which advantaged-group members overtly justify inequality. Second, we discover that distancing has two facets (distancing from inequality and from identity). Across six studies, we find support for our proposed factor structure, measurement invariance, and construct validity. We discuss how advantaged groups contend with privilege and offer a tool for studying these strategies across domains and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Shuman
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Fu X, Fu R, Chang Y, Yang Z. Bidirectional Relationship between Adolescent Gender Egalitarianism and Prosocial Behavior. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:33. [PMID: 38247685 PMCID: PMC10812801 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the bidirectional associations between gender egalitarianism and prosocial behavior in adolescents, and the moderating effect of gender in the associations, as well as gender differences and longitudinal changes in both. We recruited 543 Chinese adolescents (284 girls, 259 boys; mean age at Time 1 = 11.27 years) and collected three waves of data measuring gender egalitarianism and prosocial behavior at one-year intervals. According to the results, girls expressed greater gender egalitarianism than boys did; girls reported more prosocial behavior than boys in the sixth grade, but there were no significant gender differences in the seventh and eighth grades. Adolescents' gender egalitarianism stayed stable from the sixth to the seventh grade then increased from the seventh to the eighth grade, and there was a decrease in prosocial behavior from the sixth to the seventh grade. More importantly, the results of the multi-group cross-lagged panel model revealed that adolescents' gender egalitarianism in the previous year positively predicted prosocial behavior in the next year, and vice versa; such bidirectional associations equally applied to boys and girls. These findings add to the knowledge of adolescent gender egalitarianism and prosocial behavior, and the dynamic interplay between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Fu
- Department of Psychology, School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruoran Fu
- Department of Psychology, School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanping Chang
- Department of Psychology, School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhixu Yang
- School of Labor Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China
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18
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Castellanos M, Wettstein A, Wachs S, Bilz L. Direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration via empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents: A multilevel mediation model. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22100. [PMID: 37405843 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Although it is known that social dominance orientation directly affects hate speech perpetration, few studies have explored the mechanisms by which this effect takes place during adolescence. Based on the socio-cognitive theory of moral agency, we aimed to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration in offline and online settings. The sample included seventh, eigth, and ninth graders (N = 3225) (51.2% girls, 37.2% with an immigrant background) from 36 Swiss and German schools who completed a survey about hate speech, social dominance orientation, empathy, and moral disengagement. A multilevel mediation path model revealed that social dominance orientation had a direct effect on offline and online hate speech perpetration. Moreover, social dominance also had indirect effects via low levels of empathy and high levels of moral disengagement. No gender differences were observed. Our findings are discussed regarding the potential contribution to preventing hate speech during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Castellanos
- Institute for Research, Development and Evaluation, Bern University of Teacher Education, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Wettstein
- Institute for Research, Development and Evaluation, Bern University of Teacher Education, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wachs
- Institute of Education, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ludwig Bilz
- Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
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19
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Chen J, Xiong Y, Wang Q, Xu X, Qin X, Ren P. Peer victimization and Internet addiction among adolescents: The role of anger rumination and social dominance orientation. J Adolesc 2023; 95:1578-1589. [PMID: 37538030 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Internet addiction has garnered growing attention in recent years, and peer victimization plays a major contributor to adolescents' Internet addiction. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms in the association between peer victimization and Internet addiction. Guided by cognitive behavioral model and worldview verification model, this study examined a moderated mediation model in which anger rumination at Time 1 (T1) mediated the association between peer victimization at T1 and Internet addiction at Time 2 (T2), and this mediation effect was moderated by T1 social dominance orientation (SDO). METHODS A short-term longitudinal design was adopted, incorporating two measurement occasions (with approximately 6-month intervals). Participants were 2597 adolescents (51.5% male, Mage = 13.9, SD = 0.60) from seven secondary schools in Zhengzhou City, China. All participants were invited to complete the self-reported questionnaires assessing peer victimization, anger rumination, SDO at T1 (December 2015) and Internet addiction at T2 (June 2016), respectively. A short-term longitudinal moderated mediation model was conducted to analyze the association between variables. RESULTS The results showed that T1 peer victimization was positively associated with T2 Internet addiction in which association was mediated by T1 anger rumination. T1 SDO moderated the associations between T1 peer victimization and T1 anger rumination and this effect was stronger with lower levels of SDO. In terms of gender differences, SDO moderated the associations between peer victimization and anger rumination only for boys. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight that anger rumination is a potential mechanism explaining how peer victimization is related to Internet addiction and that this relation may be moderated by SDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuke Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Quanquan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingna Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, TG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ping Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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20
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Contu F, Tesi A, Aiello A. Intergroup Contact Is Associated with Less Negative Attitude toward Women Managers: The Bolstering Effect of Social Dominance Orientation. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:973. [PMID: 38131829 PMCID: PMC10740908 DOI: 10.3390/bs13120973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined the intergroup contact hypothesis in the workplace by enrolling 150 Italian employees. Within the framework of social dominance theory, the purpose of this study was to test the assumption that individuals with higher levels of social dominance orientation are more likely to exhibit prejudice against women in managerial positions and benefit more from intergroup contact with a female supervisor. In particular, we found that individuals with higher levels of social dominance orientation exhibited more negative attitudes towards women in manager positions, but this effect only appeared when their superiors were women, as opposed to men. In addition, participants with higher social dominance orientation experienced more positive outcomes from intergroup contact, resulting in less negative attitudes toward women managers, than those with lower social dominance orientation. Overall, these findings yield insights into how intergroup contact affects individuals with prejudice tendencies, indicating that contact with the targeted group (i.e., women in managerial positions) is negatively associated with negative attitudes towards the group, even when the prejudice is driven by social dominance orientation. These results could shed light on new routes to design practical intervention aimed at solving prejudice towards women in leadership roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Contu
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “La Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- UniSR-Social.Lab, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Tesi
- Department of Political Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Aiello
- Department of Political Science, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.T.); (A.A.)
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21
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Amemiya J, Widjanarko K, Chung I, Bian L, Heyman GD. Children can represent complex social status hierarchies: Evidence from Indonesia. Child Dev 2023; 94:1730-1744. [PMID: 37357502 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Children's ethnicity-status associations are often studied in societies where one ethnic group possesses status across multiple dimensions, such as political influence and wealth. This study examined children's (6-12 years) and adults' representations of more complex hierarchies in Indonesia (N = 341; 38% Native Indonesian, 33% Chinese Indonesian, and 27% other ethnicities; 55% female, 36% male; 2021-2022), a society where ethnic groups hold distinct forms of status (on average, Native Indonesians have political influence; Chinese Indonesians have wealth). By 6.5 years, children associated Native Indonesians with political influence and Chinese Indonesians with wealth. Intersectional analyses indicated that ethnicity-status associations were stronger for male than female targets. Children of all ethnicities preferred Chinese Indonesians and preferences were predicted by wealth judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Amemiya
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kiara Widjanarko
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Irene Chung
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lin Bian
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gail D Heyman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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22
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Napp C. Gender stereotypes embedded in natural language are stronger in more economically developed and individualistic countries. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad355. [PMID: 38024410 PMCID: PMC10662454 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Gender stereotypes contribute to gender imbalances, and analyzing their variations across countries is important for understanding and mitigating gender inequalities. However, measuring stereotypes is difficult, particularly in a cross-cultural context. Word embeddings are a recent useful tool in natural language processing permitting to measure the collective gender stereotypes embedded in a society. In this work, we used word embedding models pre-trained on large text corpora from more than 70 different countries to examine how gender stereotypes vary across countries. We considered stereotypes associating men with career and women with family as well as those associating men with math or science and women with arts or liberal arts. Relying on two different sources (Wikipedia and Common Crawl), we found that these gender stereotypes are all significantly more pronounced in the text corpora of more economically developed and more individualistic countries. Our analysis suggests that more economically developed countries, while being more gender equal along several dimensions, also have stronger gender stereotypes. Public policy aiming at mitigating gender imbalances in these countries should take this feature into account. Besides, our analysis sheds light on the "gender equality paradox," i.e. on the fact that gender imbalances in a large number of domains are paradoxically stronger in more developed/gender equal/individualistic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Napp
- CNRS, UMR7088, France
- Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, Place du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 75016 Paris, France
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23
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Strohminger N, Táíwò OMO. Structural problems require structural solutions. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e175. [PMID: 37646260 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Chater & Loewenstein criticize behavioral scientists' reliance on individual-level ("i-frame") analysis, observing that this impoverishes policy interventions and stymies scientific progress. We extend their analysis to argue that structural factors bias and perpetuate behavioral science toward the i-frame. Addressing this problem fully will require structural changes to the training, peer review, and granting structures that confront research scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Strohminger
- Legal Studies and Business Ethics Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ; www.ninastrohminger.com
| | - Olúfẹ Mi O Táíwò
- Department of Philosophy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA ; www.olufemiotaiwo.com
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24
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Tesi A, Di Santo D, Aiello A. The Pathway between Social Dominance Orientation and Drop out from Hierarchy-Attenuating Contexts: The Role of Moral Foundations and Person-Environment Misfit. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:712. [PMID: 37753990 PMCID: PMC10525906 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the role of individuals' preference for unequal intergroup relations in exacerbating a process of differential attrition from organizations that value intergroup equality (i.e., hierarchy-attenuating contexts). We proposed that people functioning within a well-recognized hierarchy-attenuating context (i.e., students of social work) who were higher on social dominance orientation (SDO) would be more likely to leave their institution through two pathways; first, people higher on SDO would have fewer moral concerns of social fairness and human harm-avoidance (i.e., individualizing); in turn, a lack of individualizing morality would stimulate a perceived person-environment misfit, ultimately increasing their intention to leave. We conducted a single cross-sectional design study involving a convenience sample of 245 undergraduate social work students. Overall, the results of the serial mediation model suggest that people higher on SDO intend to leave their organization that supports inclusive equality via reduced individualizing morality and high perceived P-E misfit. These findings contribute to understanding the role of socio-political orientations and moral beliefs in hindering proper adaptation to contexts that value egalitarian social norms, with relevant implications for individuals and groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Tesi
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Pisa, Via F. Serafini, 3, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.D.S.); (A.A.)
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25
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Cada K, Gheorghiev O. Social dominance orientation, intergroup contact and belief in traditional school culture as predictors for parents' attitudes to school segregation in the Czech Republic. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1124781. [PMID: 37599725 PMCID: PMC10433159 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1124781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The over-representation of Roma children in segregated schools is well documented as a prevalent form of institutional racism in the Czech Republic. In the paper, we examine the inclination of parents to support school segregation. Objective The paper looks at parents' preference for school segregation and explores its association to social dominance orientation, intergroup contacts, belief in traditional schooling and the absence of Roma children in school as proof of the school's good quality. The first hypothesis examines an association between parents' preference to withdraw their children from ethnically diverse schools and social dominance orientation (one's degree of preference for inequality among social groups). The second one tests the belief in traditional schooling as a factor contributing to a preference for ethnically motivated withdrawal. The third one studies the extent to which parents' preference to withdraw their children from ethnically diverse schools is affected by contact with Roma in their everyday life. The final hypothesis tests if parents who view Roma students as an indicator of poor education in a given school are more likely to oppose the presence of Roma students among their children's peers. Methods Quantitative data collection was carried out on a sample of 1,803 respondents. The target group were families with at least one child of primary school age (6-14 years). A binary logistic regression analysis was implemented to assess these relationships. Results The study confirmed that ethnically motivated school withdrawal is associated with social dominance orientation, belief in traditional school culture and education. On the other hand, the role of inter-group contact in a school environment was not proved. However, the final statistical model was rather weak explaining approximately 9% of variance in segregation endorsement. The model fit improved significantly when an additional variable - absence of Roma as a sign of a good school - was added. Approximately 15% of the variance in segregation endorsement was explained by the modified set of predictors. Conclusion The study argues that ethnically motivated school withdrawal is a result of individual attitudes and situational factors. This means that researchers interested in informal school segregation will need to consider both groups of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Cada
- Department of Managerial Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Business Administration, Prague University of Economics and Business, Prague, Czechia
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26
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Mascaro O, Goupil N, Pantecouteau H, Depierreux A, Van der Henst JB, Claidière N. Human and animal dominance hierarchies show a pyramidal structure guiding adult and infant social inferences. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1294-1306. [PMID: 37386104 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the structure of social hierarchies. We hypothesized that if social dominance relations serve to regulate conflicts over resources, then hierarchies should converge towards pyramidal shapes. Structural analyses and simulations confirmed this hypothesis, revealing a triadic-pyramidal motif across human and non-human hierarchies (114 species). Phylogenetic analyses showed that this pyramidal motif is widespread, with little influence of group size or phylogeny. Furthermore, nine experiments conducted in France found that human adults (N = 120) and infants (N = 120) draw inferences about dominance relations that are consistent with hierarchies' pyramidal motif. By contrast, human participants do not draw equivalent inferences based on a tree-shaped pattern with a similar complexity to pyramids. In short, social hierarchies exhibit a pyramidal motif across a wide range of species and environments. From infancy, humans exploit this regularity to draw systematic inferences about unobserved dominance relations, using processes akin to formal reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mascaro
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Goupil
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives-Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229, CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | | | - Adeline Depierreux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Van der Henst
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, U1028, UMR5292, Trajectoires, Bron, France
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27
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Bartusevičius H, van Leeuwen F, Petersen MB. Political repression motivates anti-government violence. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221227. [PMID: 37325594 PMCID: PMC10265031 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether political repression deters citizens from engaging in anti-government behaviour (its intended goal) or in fact motivates it. Analyses of 101 nationally representative samples from three continents (N = 139 266) revealed a positive association between perceived levels of repression and intentions to engage in anti-government violence. Additional analyses of fine-grained data from three countries characterized by widespread repression and anti-government violence (N = 2960) identified a positive association between personal experience with repression and intentions to engage in anti-government violence. Randomized experiments revealed that thoughts about repression also motivate participation in anti-government violence. These results suggest that political repression, aside from being normatively abhorrent, motivates anti-repressor violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrikas Bartusevičius
- Peace Research Institute Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Zivony A, Reggev N. Beliefs About the Inevitability of Sexual Attraction Predict Stereotypes About Asexuality. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023:10.1007/s10508-023-02616-4. [PMID: 37212956 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Similar to other sexual minorities, asexual individuals often face prejudice and stereotyping. However, the source of these attitudes and beliefs is not well understood. We hypothesized that asexual stereotypes stem from the belief that sexual attraction is an inevitable part of human development. This attraction inevitability assumption can lead to the deduction that people who identify as asexual do so because they are going through a transitory stage or excusing socially avoidant tendencies. To test this stereotype deduction account, we examined whether specific asexual stereotypes (immaturity and non-sociality) were associated with adherence to the attraction inevitability assumption. Heterosexual participants (N = 322; 201 women, 114 men; mean age 34.6 yrs.) from the UK and the US read vignettes describing a target character that was either asexual or heterosexual. People who assumed that attraction is inevitable were more likely to evaluate asexual targets (but not heterosexual targets) as immature and non-social. The impact of the sexual inevitability assumption was present even when social dominance orientation, an attitude closely related to negativity toward all sexual minorities, was accounted for. Participants who adhered to the attraction inevitability assumption also showed a reduced inclination to befriend asexual individuals. These findings suggest that generalized negativity toward sexual minorities does not fully explain stereotypes and prejudice against asexual people. Instead, the current study highlights how perceived deviation from the shared understanding of sexuality uniquely contributes to anti-asexual bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Zivony
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Niv Reggev
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Weinberg D, Stevens GWJM, Peeters M, Visser K, Tigchelaar J, Finkenauer C. The social gradient in adolescent mental health: mediated or moderated by belief in a just world? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:773-782. [PMID: 34750712 PMCID: PMC10147736 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A social gradient in adolescent mental health exists: adolescents with higher socioeconomic status (SES) have fewer mental health problems than their peers with lower SES. Little is known about whether adolescents' societal beliefs play a role in this social gradient. Belief in a just world (BJW) may be a mediator or moderator of the social gradient in adolescent mental health. METHODS Using data from 848 adolescents (Mage = 17) in the Netherlands, path analyses examined whether two indicators of BJW (general and personal) mediated or moderated the associations between two indicators of SES (family affluence and perceived family wealth), and four indicators of adolescent mental health problems (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems). RESULTS Adolescents with lower family affluence and lower perceived family wealth reported more emotional symptoms, and the association between perceived family wealth and emotional symptoms was mediated by lower personal and general BJW. Furthermore, higher personal BJW amplified the negative association between SES and peer problems. CONCLUSION This study suggests BJW may both mediate and amplify the social gradient in adolescent mental health. Adolescents' beliefs about society may be important to include in research aimed at understanding this social gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Weinberg
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gonneke W J M Stevens
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Peeters
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Visser
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jet Tigchelaar
- Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Economics and Governance, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catrin Finkenauer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schermer JA, Branković M, Čekrlija Đ, MacDonald KB, Park J, Papazova E, Volkodav T, Iliško D, Wlodarczyk A, Kwiatkowska MM, Rogoza R, Oviedo-Trespalacios O, Ha TTK, Kowalski CM, Malik S, Lins S, Navarro-Carrillo G, Aquino SD, Doroszuk M, Riđić O, Pylat N, Özsoy E, Tan CS, Mamuti A, Ardi R, Jukić T, Uslu O, Buelvas LM, Liik K, Kruger G. Loneliness and Vertical and Horizontal Collectivism and Individualism: A Multinational Study. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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31
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Balagtas JPM, Tolomeo S, Ragunath BL, Rigo P, Bornstein MH, Esposito G. Neuroanatomical correlates of system-justifying ideologies: a pre-registered voxel-based morphometry study on right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230196. [PMID: 36968234 PMCID: PMC10031404 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
System-justifying ideologies are a cluster of ideals that perpetuate a hierarchical social system despite being fraught with inequalities. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are two ideologies that have received much attention in the literature separately and together. Given that these ideologies are considered to be stable individual differences that are likely to have an evolutionary basis, there has yet to be any examination for volumetric brain structures associated with these variables. Here, we proposed an investigation of overlapping and non-overlapping brain regions associated with RWA and SDO in a sample recruited in Singapore. Indeed, it will be interesting to determine how RWA and SDO correlate in a country that proactively promotes institutionalized multi-culturalism such as Singapore. RWA and SDO scores were collected via self-report measures from healthy individuals (39 males and 43 females; age 25.89 ± 5.68 years). Consequently, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) whole brain and region of interest (ROI) analyses were employed to identify neuroanatomical correlates of these system-justifying ideologies. RWA and SDO scores were strongly correlated despite the low ideological contrast in Singapore's sociopolitical context. The whole brain analysis did not reveal any significant clusters associated with either RWA or SDO. The ROI analyses revealed clusters in the bilateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) that were associated with both RWA and SDO scores, whereas two clusters in the left anterior insula were negatively associated with only SDO scores. The study corroborates the claim of RWA and SDO as stable individual differences with identifiable neuroanatomical correlates, but our exploratory analysis suggests evidence that precludes any definitive conclusion based on the present evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paolo M. Balagtas
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Bindiya L. Ragunath
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Paola Rigo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marc H. Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, USA
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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32
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Balagtas JPM, Tolomeo S, Ragunath BL, Rigo P, Bornstein MH, Esposito G. Neuroanatomical correlates of system-justifying ideologies: a pre-registered voxel-based morphometry study on right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230196. [PMID: 36968234 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6461060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
System-justifying ideologies are a cluster of ideals that perpetuate a hierarchical social system despite being fraught with inequalities. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are two ideologies that have received much attention in the literature separately and together. Given that these ideologies are considered to be stable individual differences that are likely to have an evolutionary basis, there has yet to be any examination for volumetric brain structures associated with these variables. Here, we proposed an investigation of overlapping and non-overlapping brain regions associated with RWA and SDO in a sample recruited in Singapore. Indeed, it will be interesting to determine how RWA and SDO correlate in a country that proactively promotes institutionalized multi-culturalism such as Singapore. RWA and SDO scores were collected via self-report measures from healthy individuals (39 males and 43 females; age 25.89 ± 5.68 years). Consequently, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) whole brain and region of interest (ROI) analyses were employed to identify neuroanatomical correlates of these system-justifying ideologies. RWA and SDO scores were strongly correlated despite the low ideological contrast in Singapore's sociopolitical context. The whole brain analysis did not reveal any significant clusters associated with either RWA or SDO. The ROI analyses revealed clusters in the bilateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) that were associated with both RWA and SDO scores, whereas two clusters in the left anterior insula were negatively associated with only SDO scores. The study corroborates the claim of RWA and SDO as stable individual differences with identifiable neuroanatomical correlates, but our exploratory analysis suggests evidence that precludes any definitive conclusion based on the present evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paolo M Balagtas
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Bindiya L Ragunath
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Paola Rigo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marc H Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, USA
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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33
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Üzümçeker E. Research on Sex Differences in Social Dominance Orientation and the Invariance Hypothesis: A Systematic Review. TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s43076-023-00278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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34
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Dunlop PD, de Vries RE, Jolly AA, Parker SK. Three Nightmare Traits (TNT) and the Similarity Effect Determine which Personality Traits we Like and Dislike. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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35
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Stelter M, Essien I, Rohmann A, Degner J, Kemme S. Shooter biases and stereotypes among police and civilians. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 232:103820. [PMID: 36571894 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research assesses potential correlates of discriminatory police behavior, comparing police and civilian participants in a first person shooter task (FPST) as well as on various self-report measures of intergroup contact, intergroup attitudes, and ideological beliefs in three preregistered studies. Study 1 (N = 330), using a FPST with a short response window (630 ms), did not observe shooter biases in reaction times, error rates and signal detection parameters in neither police nor civilian participants. Study 2a (N = 290), using a longer response window (850 ms), observed a shooter bias in reaction times, error rates, and response criterion in both civilian and police participants. These shooter biases were largely driven by faster reactions, fewer errors, and more liberal shoot decisions for armed Arab (vs. White) targets. Study 2b (N = 191; 850 ms response window) closely replicated shooter biases in reaction times, error rates, and response criterion in a sample of civilian online participants. Across studies, we observed similar results in the shooter task for police and civilian samples. Furthermore, both police and civilian participants expressed anti-Muslim and anti-Arab attitudes across a variety of self-report measures. However, compared to civilians, police participants reported higher levels of anti-Muslim attitudes on some measures as well as higher levels of social dominance orientation, which might pose additional risk factors for discriminatory behavior. Lastly, while we observed reliable individual differences in self-reported intergroup attitudes, ideologies, and intergroup contact, none of these characteristics correlated with shooter biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Stelter
- Universität Hamburg, Germany; FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany.
| | - Iniobong Essien
- FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany; Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Germany.
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36
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Santre S. Cyberbullying in adolescents: a literature review. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2023; 35:1-7. [PMID: 35245420 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyberbullying is a universal public health concern that affects adolescents. The growing usage of electronic gadgets and the Internet has been connected to a rise in cyberbullying. The increasing use of the Internet, along with the negative outcomes of cyberbullying on adolescents, has required the study of cyberbullying. In this paper author reviews existing literature on cyberbullying among adolescents. The concept of cyberbullying is explained, including definitions, types of cyberbullying, characteristics or features of victims and cyberbullies, risk factors or causes underlying cyberbullying, and the harmful consequences of cyberbullying to adolescents. Furthermore, examples of programs or intervention to prevent cyberbullying and recommendations for further studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Santre
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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37
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Collins CR, Macbeth J, Morgan AR, Kohl R, Kenney TM. Disrupting White racial dominance: How White antiracists challenge the racial status quo in interpersonal relationships. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 51:103-119. [PMID: 35611475 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As White activists are growing the racial justice movement, their antiracism frequently disrupts the racial hierarchy, which features whiteness in a dominant role, especially in interpersonal relationships. We investigate how White antiracists disrupt whiteness in interpersonal relationships. We interviewed 16 White antiracists who had experienced significant relationship distance due to their antiracism. We conducted thematic analyses to understand the conflicts that emerged between antiracists and their White counterparts as activists challenged White racial dominance. Antiracists disrupted whiteness by exercising social power to punish racist offenders. In response, their White counterparts resisted these challenges by exerting their instruments of power to sanction antiracists. The conflict with White people led antiracists to build greater personal and social capacity for antiracist activism. This study illustrates how conflicts can emerge during social change efforts even at the microlevel as parties exercise power to contest or support the status quo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Collins
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | - Jeanne Macbeth
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | - Allison R Morgan
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | - Rhianon Kohl
- Boys Town Hall of History, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA
| | - Taylor M Kenney
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Bothell, Washington, USA
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38
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Cocco VM, Bisagno E, Bernardo GAD, Bicocchi N, Calderara S, Palazzi A, Cucchiara R, Zambonelli F, Cadamuro A, Stathi S, Crisp R, Vezzali L. Let's stay close: An examination of the effects of imagined contact on behavior toward children with disability. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Bisagno
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Palazzi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Rita Cucchiara
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Loris Vezzali
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
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39
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Using performance art to promote intergroup prosociality by cultivating the belief that empathy is unlimited. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7786. [PMID: 36526623 PMCID: PMC9756713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy is important for resolving intergroup conflicts. However, people often tend to feel less empathy toward people who do not belong to their social group (i.e., outgroup members). We propose that this tendency is due, in part, to the belief that empathy is a limited resource. To overcome this issue, we develop an intervention synthesizing psychology and art to increase the belief that empathy is unlimited. In six studies (n = 2118), we find that the more people believe empathy is limited, the less outgroup empathy they experience. Moreover, leading people to believe that empathy is unlimited increase outgroup empathy, leads to greater support for prosocial actions toward outgroup members, and encourages more empathic behaviors toward outgroup members in face-to-face intergroup interactions. These intervention effects are observed across various intergroup contexts involving different ethnic, national, religious, and political groups. Thus, changing beliefs about empathy may improve intergroup relations, and conveying this belief through art may promote social change.
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40
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Aiello A, Tesi A. “Does this setting really fit with me?”: How support for group‐based social hierarchies predicts a higher perceived misfit in hierarchy‐attenuating settings. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aiello
- Department of Political Science University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Alessio Tesi
- Department of Political Science University of Pisa Pisa Italy
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41
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Paiva TT, Tavares SM, Silva PGND. Relacionamentos durante a quarentena: as justificativas para aceitar o abuso psicológico em mulheres. ACTUALIDADES EN PSICOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.15517/ap.v36i133.45973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo. Analisar o papel das atitudes frente a convivência conjugal durante o período da quarentena, como justificativa da relação entre as ideologias baseadas no tradicionalismo e a aceitação do abuso psicológico em mulheres. Método. Esta pesquisa é do tipo transversal e foi realizada de forma online com 260 mulheres oriundas de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Resultado. Os resultados demonstraram efeitos positivos e significativos (efeito indireto = .14; SE = .04; IC 95% .05; .22), sugerindo que as mulheres, que endossam mais ideologias tradicionalistas, utilizam mais justificativas, por meio da quarentena, e aceitam mais o abuso psicológico. Essa mesma relação ocorreu nas estratégias diretas e indiretas do abuso psicológico. Logo, este estudo apresentou evidências preliminares acerca de um possível reforçador do abuso psicológico.
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42
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Travaglino GA, Friehs M, Kotzur PF, Abrams D. Investigating the social embeddedness of criminal groups: Longitudinal associations between masculine honour and legitimizing attitudes towards the Camorra. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A. Travaglino
- Institute for the Study of Power, Crime, and Society Department of Law & Criminology Royal Holloway, University of London Egham UK
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43
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Wollast R, Lüders A, Nugier A, Khamzina K, de la Sablonnière R, Guimond S. Social dominance and anti‐immigrant prejudice: A cross‐national and prospective test of the mediating role of assimilation, multiculturalism, colour blindness, and interculturalism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wollast
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO UMR6024‐CNRS Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Adrian Lüders
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO UMR6024‐CNRS Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Centre for Social Issues Research University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Armelle Nugier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO UMR6024‐CNRS Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Kamilla Khamzina
- ULR 4072—PSITEC—Psychologie: Interactions, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, Université de Lille Lille France
| | | | - Serge Guimond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO UMR6024‐CNRS Clermont‐Ferrand France
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44
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Shuman E, Hebel-Sela S, Zipris I, Hasson Y, Hameiri B, Halperin E. Advancing support for intergroup equality via a self-affirmation campaign. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221128505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Members of historically advantaged groups are often unwilling to support actions or policies aimed at reducing inequality between advantaged and disadvantaged groups, even if they generally support the principle of equality. Based on past research, we suggest a self-affirmation intervention (an intervention in which people reflect on a positive trait or value in order to affirm their positive self-image) may be effective for increasing the willingness of advantaged group members to address inequality. Importantly, while self-affirmation has been only operationalized as a written exercise in the past, in this project, we adapt it into video messages for use in public campaigns. In Study 1, we experimentally tested an initial video adaptation of self-affirmation and found that it was effective in increasing the willingness of advantaged group members to address inequality in the context of Jewish–Arab relations in Israel. Based on this study, two NGOs developed a real campaign video and used it in their public campaign, and we tested this applied intervention (in Study 2) and found it to be effective compared to a control condition that only presented information about inequality. Together, these studies represent the first implementation of self-affirmation in real-world campaigns and indicate that it can be an effective way to increase support for action to address inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Shuman
- University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Inbal Zipris
- aChord: Social Psychology for Social Change, Israel
| | - Yossi Hasson
- aChord: Social Psychology for Social Change, Israel
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45
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Doubková N, Heissler R, Barcaj M, Sanders E, Preiss M. Does personality functioning relate to attitude toward minorities? Personal Ment Health 2022; 16:319-330. [PMID: 36204774 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between negative attitudes and psychopathology is not yet clear. The current shift to a dimensional approach to mental disorders, as reflected in both the DSM-5 and ICD-11 models of personality disorders, seems to enrich the traditional approach to study attitudes. This study investigates whether and how impairments in personality functioning are linked to attitudes toward minorities. A comparison of levels of impairment in global and Self and interpersonal personality functioning, negative attitudes, social distance, and racism was conducted in the sample of 127 adults from the general population group (n = 69) and a group of people with diagnosed personality disorders (n = 58). Differences between both groups were found. The personality disorders group showed higher impairment in personality functioning, scored higher on negative attitude measures, and was more prone to the blatant expression of attitudes than the general population. The association between attitudes and personality functioning did not fully reflect these trends. However, given the nature of differences, it is suspected that the proclivity to the blatant expression of negative attitudes could go beyond negative attitudes toward minorities themselves and reflect disorder-related characteristics, that is, more problematic and conflicted relationships with others in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Doubková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Heissler
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Barcaj
- Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edel Sanders
- University of New York in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Preiss
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,University of New York in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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46
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Pauketat JV, Anthis JR. Predicting the moral consideration of artificial intelligences. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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47
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Stone A. The relationship between attitudes to human rights and to animal rights is partially mediated by empathy. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 163:367-380. [PMID: 36317660 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2140024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Veganism has become increasingly popular in recent years in many countries including the UK and the USA. Studies have found that vegans tend to be female, lower in Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), and higher in feminist perspectives (FPS). Study 1 (n = 311) investigated the relationships among meat consumption, ethical veganism (using a custom-written scale), RWA, SDO, and FPS, in a series of questionnaires completed online. RWA, SDO, and meat consumption correlated together in one group of variables; FPS and ethical veganism correlated together in a distinct group. In Study 2 participants also completed the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) as a potential mediator variable. The relationship between RWA, SDO, and FPS as predictors, and ethical veganism as target, was partially mediated by empathy. This pattern of results suggests that individuals who hold egalitarian and inclusive views as regards human-human relationships also tend to have similar views as regards human-animal relationships, with empathy as an underlying common factor.
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Guidetti M, Graziani AR, Cavazza N. Veg*ns’ and omnivores’ reciprocal attitudes and dehumanization: The role of social dominance orientation, ingroup identification, and anticipated reproach. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Guidetti
- Department of Communication and Economics University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Anna Rita Graziani
- Department of Communication and Economics University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cavazza
- Department of Communication and Economics University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
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Sajadi P, Vandenberghe C. Supervisors’ social dominance orientation, nation-based exchange relationships, and team-level outcomes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:865429. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.865429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of teams in contemporary organizations and the trend toward diversity in a workforce composed of members from multiple countries have drawn the attention of researchers on the consequences of diversity in workplaces. While there are potential benefits to diversity, relationship conflicts among team members may also result and affect team functioning. The aim of the present study was to explore how supervisors’ social dominance orientation, a tendency to support the arbitrary dominance of specific social groups over others, may relate to relationship conflicts and reduced team commitment within teams. A two-wave study in a sample of 931 individuals from 108 workgroups was conducted to examine the relationship between supervisors’ social dominance orientation and team functioning. Analyses indicated that supervisor social dominance orientation was associated with increased within-team differentiation of leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships based on team members’ national origin. Such LMX differentiation (LMXD) was related to more within-team relationship conflict and in turn to reduced collective team commitment. The implications of these findings for research on supervisor social dominance orientation, within-team nationality diversity, and team functioning are discussed.
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Indirect Intergroup Bargaining: An Evolutionary Psychological Theory of Microaggression. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-022-00338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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