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Lutz-Zois CJ, Selvey AM, Anderson KL, Smidt AM. The Role of Mistrust in Sexual Revictimization: An Analysis of Serial Indirect Effects. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:1477-1497. [PMID: 36540934 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221145294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
A sample of 819 female college students completed measures of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), adult sexual victimization (ASV), mistrust, trauma-related symptoms, and drinking problems. Using a serial indirect effects model, we hypothesized that CSA would be associated with ASV through the indirect effects of mistrust → trauma-related symptoms → drinking problems. The results indicated that this serial indirect effects model was significant. When the order of the first two indirect effects was reversed, the model was not significant. These results highlight the importance of examining potential factors involved in sexual revictimization in tandem rather than in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia M Selvey
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kirsten L Anderson
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Alec M Smidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Alley JC, McDonnell AS, Diamond LM. Early adversity and sexual diversity: the importance of self-reported and neurobiological sexual reward sensitivity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8717. [PMID: 38622142 PMCID: PMC11018754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58389-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Work shows that sexually-diverse individuals face high rates of early life adversity and in turn increased engagement in behavioral outcomes traditionally associated with adversity, such as sexual risk taking. Recent theoretical work suggests that these associations may be attributable to heightened sexual reward sensitivity among adversity-exposed women. We aimed to test these claims using a combination of self-report and EEG measures to test the relationship between early adversity, sexual reward sensitivity (both self-reported and EEG measured) and sexual risk taking in a sexually diverse sample of cis-gender women (N = 208) (Mage = 27.17, SD = 6.36). Results showed that childhood SES predicted self-reported sexual reward sensitivity which in turn predicted numbers of male and female sexual partners. In contrast we found that perceived childhood unpredictability predicted neurobiological sexual reward sensitivity as measured by EEG which in turn predicted male sexual partner number. The results presented here provide support for the notion that heightened sexual reward sensitivity may be a pathway through which early life adversity augments future sexual behavior, and underscores the importance of including greater attention to the dynamics of pleasure and reward in sexual health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Alley
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Amy S McDonnell
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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3
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Fava NM, Coxe SJ, Fortenberry JD, Bay-Cheng LY. Sexual Self-Concept After Child Maltreatment: The Role of Resilient Coping and Sexual Experience Among U.S. Young Adults. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:359-373. [PMID: 37847345 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence supports sexual experience as normative and health-promoting for many, but this picture is less clear for people with histories of adversity. Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) was used to garner data from a sample of 362 young adults (aged 18-25) wherein 44.5% (n = 161) identified as women. We assessed longitudinal associations between child maltreatment and sexual self-concept, as mediated by sexual behaviors and sexual partners, and whether resilient coping moderated these associations using structural equation modeling. Although both child maltreatment and resilient coping were directly associated with aspects of sexual experience, only resilient coping was directly associated with sexual self-concept. In addition, we found support for sexual experience as a mediator between child maltreatment/resilient coping and sexual self-concept. Specifically, cumulative maltreatment was associated with more sexual partners, which was associated with higher sexual self-monitoring. Resilient coping was associated with more sexual partners and more sexual behaviors, which was associated with higher sexual self-monitoring and higher sexual self-consciousness, sexual assertiveness, sexual self-esteem, and sexual motivation, respectively. Thus, sexual behaviors and sexual partners operated independently. Findings contrast messaging that sexual experience is universally risky regardless of maltreatment history. Rather, sexual experience may foster positive sexual self-concept for some. Sexual health advocates must attend to differences between sexual behaviors and sexual partners in relation to sexual well-being, and support resilience in the sexual domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Fava
- School of Social Work, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, AHC-5, Room 587, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Stefany J Coxe
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Laina Y Bay-Cheng
- Psychology Department, LaMarsh Centre for Child & Youth Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Allen A, Tully-Wilson C. Early Adaptive Schemas and Sexual Wellbeing in Women: Exploring Differences in Menopausal Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37361625 PMCID: PMC10185943 DOI: 10.1007/s41042-023-00100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
There is limited research concerning the relationship between early adaptive schema, from Young's Schema Theory, and women's sexual wellbeing. Schema Theory posits that early adaptive schema start forming in early childhood from core emotional needs being met, and positively influence individuals' concept of self, relationships with others, and their behaviours. Building on this theory, the current study explored the relationship of early adaptive schema and adult women's sexual wellbeing at pre-, peri-, and post-menopause. Four hundred and sixty-seven women, mostly partnered and heterosexual, from over ten countries, participated in an online survey measuring relationships between early adaptive schema and sexual wellbeing, measured by sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. The strength of association of early adaptive schema and sexual well-being were evaluated in addition to known predictors. The results showed higher early adaptive schema were associated with higher sexual wellbeing, measured by sexual satisfaction and sexual functioning,with medium-to-large effect sizes, at pre and peri-menopause, and produced a non-significant result for post-menopause. The association of early adaptive schema continued after known factors were accounted for. The results support the use of early adaptive schema to promote sexual wellbeing for women at pre- and peri-menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Allen
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556 Australia
| | - Colleen Tully-Wilson
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556 Australia
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5
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Fitzgerald M, Wright LE, Bishop AJ. Does Forgiveness Enhance Or Detract From Relationship Quality Among Sexual Abuse Survivors? JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2023; 32:455-474. [PMID: 36760013 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2023.2174469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many women experience childhood sexual abuse (CSA) during their childhood and CSA often negatively impacts adult's romantic relationships. Consequently, it is important to understand the protective factors that buffer against the detrimental impact of CSA on the quality of women's romantic relationships. Forgiveness may be one such factor. The current study looked at trait forgiveness as a moderator of CSA and overall relationship quality, positive relationship quality, and negative relationship quality. A sample of 171 women completed an online survey. Using hierarchical regression, forgiveness was found to moderate the association between CSA and overall relationship quality and negative relationship quality, but not positive relationship quality. Findings indicate that the interaction between CSA and forgiveness was significant, but higher levels of forgiveness actually decreased overall relationship quality and increased negative relationship quality. The relationship between CSA and overall reports of relationship quality and negative relationship quality were stable at low levels of forgiveness, but when forgiveness was high overall relationship quality decreased and negative relationship quality increased. CSA was also directly associated with lower levels of positive relationship quality. Findings from the study indicate continued conceptual refinement when considering CSA, forgiveness, and relationship quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay E Wright
- University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alex J Bishop
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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6
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Bruysters NYF, Pilkington PD. Overprotective parenting experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adolescence and adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:10-23. [PMID: 35927065 PMCID: PMC10088016 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Young's schema model identifies overprotection as a type of childhood experience associated with early maladaptive schemas. This review evaluated the evidence base examining overprotective parenting as a predictor of schema endorsement in adolescence and adulthood. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021258990). PsycINFO, CINAHL and PubMed databases were searched on 5 June 2021 for eligible studies reporting original data on unadjusted association(s) between overprotective parenting and schema endorsement in samples with a mean age of 12 years or older. Studies were excluded if they were not in English or peer reviewed or participants were exposed to an intervention. Meta-analyses using Meta-Essentials software examined the relationship between maternal and paternal overprotective parenting with Young's 18 schemas. An adapted version of the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) was used to assess methodological quality. A total of 16 articles were included. Based on 36 meta-analyses (Pooled N = 1,496 to 3,218), several schemas demonstrated positive small correlations with maternal overprotective parenting (range: r = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.19 [Entitlement] to r = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.43 [Enmeshment]) and paternal overprotective parenting (range: r = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.20 [Abandonment] to r = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.10, .36 [Enmeshment]). Considerable heterogeneity was detected, but subgroup analyses were not significant. Overall, recollections of overprotective parenting experiences were primarily associated with schemas relating to disconnection and rejection, and impaired autonomy and performance. However, the literature has thus far relied on retrospective measures of parenting, and longitudinal research is needed to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Yuen Fen Bruysters
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
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7
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DeFoor M, Amiri A. A Conceptual Analysis of Mental Health Maladaptation in Postpartum. J Perinat Educ 2023; 32:14-22. [PMID: 36632513 PMCID: PMC9822563 DOI: 10.1891/jpe-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This concept analysis aims to explore how the concept of maladaptation applies to mental health changes among postpartum women. Background: The concept of maladaptation is utilized throughout various disciplines but minimally in women's health, including a limited focus on maladaptive body dissatisfaction and perfectionistic beliefs of women in the postpartum period. Methods: The Walker and Avant eight-phase model was used to guide this analysis. Data Source: A search for maladaptation articles through Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Complete, ProQuest, and PubMed databases, as well as Google Scholar, was conducted. Results: A review of the literature concerning maladaptation in postpartum mental health resulted in defining two key attributes, including conforming to cultural norms of body image and pressure of perfection. In understanding maladaptation and its attributes, childbirth educators and health-care professionals will be able to better determine more contributing factors for postpartum depression (PPD) and formulate a plan that includes early intervention and support. Conclusion: This concept analysis is intended to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes by understanding mental health maladaptations related to PPD.
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Criddle J, Sease TB, Malm EK. Exploring the interpersonal consequences of adverse childhood experiences in college students. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Alaftar İ, Uzer T. Understanding intergenerational transmission of early maladaptive schemas from a memory perspective: Moderating role of overgeneral memory on adverse experiences. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 127:105539. [PMID: 35151211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrated that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are transmitted from mothers to children through adverse childhood experiences, such as maltreatment and unfulfilled core needs. The traumatic memory literature demonstrated that people with a history of trauma recall their traumatic and/or other negative experiences as categories of events-a phenomenon called overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM)-to avoid the accompanying intense negative feelings. In the long run, OGM originating from an affect-regulation process after childhood traumatic experiences can facilitate the development of EMSs in children. OBJECTIVE This study expands the previous literature by studying whether OGM facilitates the transmission of EMSs by strengthening maladaptive thinking patterns after traumatic experiences. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS A total of 120 mothers and late adolescents participated in this study. The mothers filled out the forms online through a link sent to their e-mail addresses, and the adolescents completed the forms online through a link posted on social media. METHOD Late adolescents completed the Autobiographical Memory Recall Task, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Mothers filled out the YSQ-SF3 and BDI. RESULTS The results confirmed that adverse childhood experiences significantly mediated the relationship between mothers' and children's disconnection and rejection schemas. Furthermore, this relationship was stronger, especially for children with a higher tendency of overgeneral retrieval of negative experience (β = 0.26 (0.10), 95% CI [0.09, 0.49]). CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that OGM facilitates the transmission of early maladaptive schemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- İdil Alaftar
- TED University, Psychology Department, Ziya Gokalp Blv. No. 48, 06420 Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Uzer
- TED University, Psychology Department, Ziya Gokalp Blv. No. 48, 06420 Çankaya/Ankara, Turkey.
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10
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Alley J, Jenkins V, Everett B, Diamond LM. Understanding the Link Between Adolescent Same-Gender Contact and Unintended Pregnancy: The Role of Early Adversity and Sexual Risk Behavior. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1839-1855. [PMID: 34816359 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Past research suggests an apparent paradox: Women who engage in same-gender sexual behavior show higher rates of unintended pregnancy than women with exclusive other-gender sexual behavior. Such women also have disproportionate rates of early adversity (both harshness, such as abuse or neglect, and unpredictability, such as father absence). We used the Add Health data (N = 5,617 cisgender women) to examine the relative contributions of early adversity, adolescent same-gender sexual behavior, and general sexual risk behavior to women's risks for adult unintended pregnancy. Women who engaged in adolescent same-gender sexual behavior were more likely to report childhood adversity, and both childhood adversity and adolescent same-gender behavior made independent contributions to subsequent rates of unintended pregnancy. The association between adolescent same-gender sexual behavior and adult unintended pregnancy was partially attributable to the fact that women with adolescent same-gender sexual behavior engaged in greater sexual risk behavior more broadly. These findings suggest that same-gender sexual behavior in adolescence may relate to a broader set of sexual risk behaviors that augment future risk for unintended pregnancy, independent of sexual identity. We draw on life history theory to explain this pattern of results and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Alley
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0251, USA.
| | - Virginia Jenkins
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bethany Everett
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0251, USA
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11
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Hirschmann R, Martins RC, Gonçalves H. [Child abuse and sexual risk behavior in adulthood: a systematic review]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:5057-5068. [PMID: 34787198 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320212611.3.31562019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Child abuse is a public health problem and can lead to serious consequences, such as involvement in sexual risk behavior (SRB). The scope of this article is to identify the studies that evaluated the association between different types of child maltreatment and SRB in adulthood through a systematic review. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycNET and Lilacs databases. The inclusion criteria were: cross-sectional, cohort or case-control design; assessment of individuals who have been exposed to maltreatment before the age of 18; evaluation of SRB in adulthood. The search identified 18,951 articles, 34 of which were included in this study. The selection process was performed by two researchers independently. Studies have generally shown that sexual abuse is a risk factor for the tendency of SRB in adulthood, however there is less evidence of this association for other forms of child abuse, such as domestic violence, emotional abuse and neglect. Child maltreatment negatively influences SRB in early adulthood. Further studies are needed to evaluate this relationship longitudinally, including the different types of abuse and the possible mechanisms of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Hirschmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Marechal Deodoro 1160, 3° andar, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Rafaela Costa Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Marechal Deodoro 1160, 3° andar, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Marechal Deodoro 1160, 3° andar, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
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12
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Fava NM, Fortenberry JD. Trauma-Informed Sex Positive Approaches to Sexual Pleasure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2021; 33:537-549. [PMID: 38595781 PMCID: PMC10903666 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2021.1961965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This paper develops a trauma-informed sex-positive framework as a public health, clinical, and research approach to sexual experience over the life course. The framework centers trauma-informed sex positivity as the linkage for sexual pleasure (along with sexual wellbeing and sexual health) to the social, cultural, and legal concepts of sexual justice. By providing a conceptual distinction of sexual pleasure from sexual wellbeing and sexual health, the framework improves clarity about how these constructs are related as well as provides possibilities for detailed operationalization in public health surveillance and in the new research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Fava
- Center for Children and Families, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL
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13
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Alley J, Diamond LM. Early childhood adversity and Women’s sexual behavior: The role of sensitivity to sexual reward. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Jaffe AE, Duckworth J, Blayney JA, Lewis MA, Kaysen D. A Prospective Study of Predictors and Consequences of Hooking Up for Sexual Minority Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1599-1612. [PMID: 33977424 PMCID: PMC8493811 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hooking up, which refers to a sexual encounter (ranging from kissing to penetrative sex) between individuals who are not in a committed relationship, is an increasingly normative form of sexual exploration among emerging adults. Past research has focused on hookups within a heteronormative context, and some of this work has examined hookups as a way to cope with distress. Building on this work, we examined the role of hookups as a means for lesbian and bisexual women to cope with minority stress through increasing connection and engagement with the LGBTQ (lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender/queer or questioning) community. A nationally recruited sample of 520 lesbian and bisexual women ages 18 to 25 years completed questionnaires regarding their hookup behaviors as part of a longitudinal study. Childhood sexual abuse, posttraumatic stress symptoms, alcohol use, minority stress, and involvement and connectedness with the LGBTQ community were also assessed. First, regression analyses were used to examine baseline predictors of hookup behaviors reported at a 12-month follow-up. Findings revealed that alcohol use was associated with a greater likelihood of any subsequent hookups, and individuals reporting more minority stress subsequently hooked up with more partners. Second, hookup behaviors at 12 months were examined as predictors of outcomes at a 24-month follow-up, after controlling for baseline variables. Findings revealed that hookup behaviors were associated with reduced minority stress as well as increased involvement with and connectedness to the LGBTQ community, suggesting hookups may serve a protective function. Overall, findings support the notion that, for sexual minority women, hookups may operate as a means of coping and connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Jennifer Duckworth
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jessica A Blayney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Abstract
This article documents the increasing numbers of children impacted annually by 1 or more types of violence against children and describes the range of types of injuries and their immediate and long-term impacts on child outcomes. The article describes the growing number of international collaborations to decrease the numbers of children impacted by violence and to mitigate the consequences thereof, with a particular emphasis on children living in war zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonita Stanton
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
| | - Brittney Davis
- New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Danielle Laraque-Arena
- New York Academy of Medicine, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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16
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Ménard AD, MacIntosh HB. Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Sexual Risk Behavior: A Review and Critique. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2021; 30:298-331. [PMID: 33403939 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2020.1869878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a global problem with serious repercussions for survivors in various domains of adult interpersonal functioning, including sexual risk behavior. This review aimed to summarize findings from the recent literature on the connections between CSA and later adult sexual risk behaviors (e.g., unprotected intercourse, sexually transmitted infection [STSI] diagnosis). The sexual risk behaviors consistently associated with CSA were having sex under the influence of alcohol/substances and reports of concurrent sexual partners/infidelity. Notably, studies investigating the links between CSA and history of STI diagnosis and CSA and reports of unprotected sex (with the exception of samples comprised men who have sex with men) produced inconsistent findings. The methodological limitations of existing studies are considered and suggestions for future research are offered.
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17
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Childhood maltreatment and adulthood proneness to shame and guilt: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Carter A, Newman C, de Visser R, Yeung A, Rissel C, Grulich A, Haire B, Bateson D, Vaughn C, McGeechan K, Donovan B, Richters J, Guy R. Unwanted Sex Due to Intoxication among Australians Aged 16-69 Years. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:74-85. [PMID: 33052063 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1829530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intoxication can be a factor in unwanted sex, but research on the extent of the issue in both women and men is limited. We assessed the prevalence, correlates, and 10-year time-trends of unwanted sex due to intoxication among a representative sample of 4,279 women and 3,875 men aged 16-69 years in Australia and considered how these vary by gender. In 2012-13, 16% of women and 10% of men reported ever having had a sexual experience when they "did not want to because they were too drunk or high at the time." For both women and men, this was associated with younger age, bisexual activity, and reports of lifetime injection drug use, sexually transmitted infections, and forced sex. Among women only, it was associated with drinking above guideline levels and ever having terminated a pregnancy. Among men only, it was associated with current tobacco smoking, elevated psychosocial distress, and poor general health. Compared with 2001-02 data, fewer men reported unwanted intoxicated sex, while there were no changes for women as a whole. Interpreting these findings through an intersectional assemblage framework supports stronger understanding of the multiple factors influencing sexuality and substance use with implications for promoting equity, safety, and sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Carter
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University
| | | | | | - Anna Yeung
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St Michael's Hospital
| | - Chris Rissel
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney
| | | | | | - Deborah Bateson
- Family Planning New South Wales
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, University of Sydney
| | - Cathy Vaughn
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne
| | | | - Basil Donovan
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital
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Pilkington PD, Bishop A, Younan R. Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:569-584. [PMID: 33270299 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schema Therapy is based on the theory that trauma and neglect in childhood lead to early maladaptive schemas and psychopathology in adulthood. The aim of this review was to evaluate support for this theory by synthesizing the literature on childhood adversity and schemas. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were completed in compliance with PRISMA. PsycInfo, CINAHL and PubMed were searched to identify eligible studies that reported unadjusted association(s) between adverse childhood events and schema scores when participants were 18 years or older. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the pooled effect size of associations between schemas and experiences of childhood adversity. RESULTS A total of 33 studies met inclusion criteria and provided sufficient data for meta-analyses on childhood experiences relating to toxic frustration of needs (emotional neglect and physical neglect) and trauma and victimization (emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual abuse). Of the 124 meta-analyses, 65 indicated that schemas show small to large correlations with emotional neglect (range: r = .16 [Failure] to r = .51 [Emotional Deprivation]); small to moderate correlations with emotional abuse (range: r = .20 [Vulnerability to Harm] to r = .44 [Emotional Deprivation]); and small correlations with physical neglect, physical abuse and sexual abuse (range: r = .16 [Vulnerability to Harm] to .26 [Emotional Deprivation and Social Isolation]). CONCLUSIONS Of the 33 included studies, only one used a longitudinal design. However, based on the correlational studies available, early maladaptive schemas in adulthood are associated with a history of childhood abuse and neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D Pilkington
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Bishop
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rita Younan
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Schema Therapy Institute of Australia, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Costa IFD, Tomaz MP, Pessoa GDN, Miranda HDS, Galdino MK. Early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance as mediating factors between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2020; 42:489-495. [PMID: 32401874 PMCID: PMC7524406 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated how factors of temperament and early maladaptive schemas predict psychiatric symptoms, as well as how they mediate the relation between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 200 university students. Data was collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Adult Self-Report Inventory, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Young Schema Questionnaire, and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Results: A model including early maladaptive schemas, harm avoidance (temperament factor), and early life stress explained 69% of the variation of the psychiatric symptoms; among the predictors, early maladaptive schemas explained 31% of psychiatric symptoms, while harm avoidance explained 25%. Most of the predictive power associated with early life stress can be better explained by early maladaptive schemas and, to a lesser extent, harm avoidance. Conclusion: By managing these processes therapeutically, deleterious effects associated with early life stress can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria P Tomaz
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Nicol A, Mak AS, Murray K, Walker I, Buckmaster D. The Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Youth Mental Health: A Systematic Review. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zeynel Z, Uzer T. Adverse childhood experiences lead to trans-generational transmission of early maladaptive schemas. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104235. [PMID: 31759288 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to schema theory, early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are formed due to unsatisfied core emotional needs in childhood. However, there is limited research about the association between parent's EMS and the child's EMS. OBJECTIVE The current study investigated the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the parent's disconnection and rejection schemas and the child's disconnection and rejection schemas. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING One hundred seventy-nine mother-late adolescent dyads participated in the study. Mothers filled out the forms at home, and adolescents completed the forms in the classroom. METHODS The adolescents completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Father Involvement Scale, and Resilience Scale. The mothers completed only the YSQ-SF3. RESULTS Mothers' EMSs related to the disconnection and rejection domain predicted their children's EMS in the same domain. Adverse childhood experiences also significantly mediated this relationship only when father involvement was low (β = .08, SE = .04, 95% CI [.01, .18]). CONCLUSIONS The current study provides evidence that EMSs are passed on from one generation to the next through adverse childhood experiences especially when fathers do not provide enough support in childrearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Zeynel
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ziya Gokalp Blv. No: 48, 06420 Kolej, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Uzer
- Department of Psychology, TED University, Ziya Gokalp Blv. No: 48, 06420 Kolej, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Vasilopoulou E, Karatzias T, Hyland P, Wallace H, Guzman A. The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Relationship between Childhood Traumatic Events and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Older Adults (>64 Years). JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1661598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vasilopoulou
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thanos Karatzias
- Mental Health, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical Psychology, Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Azucena Guzman
- Health and Aging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Efrati Y, Shukron O, Epstein R. Compulsive sexual behavior and sexual offending: Differences in cognitive schemas, sensation seeking, and impulsivity. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:432-441. [PMID: 31394911 PMCID: PMC7044633 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS People from the community seeking treatment in frameworks such as Sexaholics Anonymous (SA) and sex offenders are preoccupied with sex, sexual fantasies, and behaviors. The rates of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), however, are reported to be substantially lower among sex offenders than SAs. In this study, we examined differences between SAs and sex offenders in CSBD and in processes that might be at the core of CSBD - maladaptive schemas about the self and others, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. METHODS The study comprised 103 sex offenders, 68 SAs, and 81 violence offenders who served as controls aged 18-74 years, who completed self-report measures regarding CSBD, maladaptive schemas, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. RESULTS SAs were higher on CSBD, maladaptive schemas, impulsivity, and sensation seeking than sex offenders. Sex offenders were higher on CSBD and impulsivity than violence offenders. Among all groups, maladaptive schemas were linked with higher CSBD. CONCLUSIONS High rates of CSBD among SAs might partially be accounted by differences in maladaptive schemas. We discuss the implication of the study to the understanding of CSBD, sexual offences, and therapy for CSBD and sexual offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Efrati
- Faculty of Education and Society and Culture, Beit-Berl College, Kefar Sava, Israel,Faculty of Education, Orot-Israel College, Elkana, Israel,Corresponding author: Dr. Yaniv Efrati; Faculty of Education and Society and Culture, Beit-Berl College, Kefar Sava 4490500, Israel; Phone: +972 545 800 094; E-mail:
| | - Ortal Shukron
- Faculty of Education, Orot-Israel College, Elkana, Israel
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25
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Yakın D, Gençöz T, Steenbergen L, Arntz A. An integrative perspective on the interplay between early maladaptive schemas and mental health: The role of self-compassion and emotion regulation. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1098-1113. [PMID: 30735580 PMCID: PMC6593850 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to test whether negative emotion regulation difficulties and self-compassion mediate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and symptoms of psychopathology and life satisfaction. METHODS Data were collected from 296 adults (179 females, 117 males), whose age ranged from 17 to 52 years. The mediating roles of self-compassion and negative emotion regulation were examined via Hayes' procedure (PROCESS) for multiple mediation. RESULTS Negative emotion regulation was the only mediator to psychopathological symptoms, with no additional role for self-compassion, whereas self-compassion mediated only to life satisfaction, with no additional role for negative emotion regulation. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence for unique mediating roles of negative emotion regulation and self-compassion, depending on the outcome variable. That helps to understand how problems that may be identified in terms of positive and negative domains are related to EMSs, and allows to put forward potential strategies within the frame of schema therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Yakın
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Arel UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tülin Gençöz
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Laura Steenbergen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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26
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Estévez A, Ozerinjauregi N, Herrero-Fernández D, Jauregui P. The Mediator Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Impulsive Symptoms in Female Survivors of CSA. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:763-784. [PMID: 27112507 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516645815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Child abuse is a traumatic experience that may have psychological consequences such as dysfunctional beliefs. The aim of this study was to analyze the impulsive behaviors (alcohol abuse, gambling, drug abuse, eating disorders, Internet abuse, videogame abuse, shopping and sex addiction) in sexual abuse survivors and to study the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the appearance of impulsive behaviors in adult female victims. The sample consisted of 182 adult women who had suffered childhood sexual abuse (CSA), mostly referred by associations for the treatment of childhood abuse and maltreatment. Sexual abuse was found to be positively related to the domains of Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy. Moreover, these domains were significantly related to impulsivity and impulsive behaviors. Finally, the Disconnection/Rejection domain was found to mediate between CSA and eating disorders and alcohol abuse. These results may provide important guidance for clinical intervention.
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27
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Fava NM, Bay-Cheng LY, Nochajski TH, Bowker JC, Hayes T. A resilience framework: Sexual health trajectories of youth with maltreatment histories. J Trauma Dissociation 2018; 19:444-460. [PMID: 29601293 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2018.1451974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a wealth of knowledge regarding negative sexual outcomes experienced by youth with childhood maltreatment (CM) histories, yet a dearth of research examines healthy sexual development among these youth. This gap exists despite evidence of resilience highlighting alternative and healthy physical, social, and psychological futures for youth who were abused. This study tested whether trajectories of resilience identified in studies of psychological functioning were applicable to sexual health. Using data from the first four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, latent class growth analysis was conducted among individuals with histories of CM (N = 1,437). On average, participants were 15, 16, 21, and 28 years old, respectively, by waves of data collection. About half of the sample was female (55%), the majority were White (66%), and a sizeable portion had experienced multiple forms of CM prior to Wave I (38%). Controlling for CM severity, three distinct sexual health trajectory classes were identified: resilient, survival, and improving, which were differentiated by age and biological sex. Older participants' sexual health was more likely to diminish over time, girls were more likely to show gains in sexual health over time, and significant differences in levels of sexual behaviors between the classes were only present during adolescence. Findings support the need for increased attention on the potential for sexual health despite experiences of CM, and highlight the applicability of resilience theory to youth sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Fava
- a Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA.,e Center for Children and Families , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Laina Y Bay-Cheng
- b School of Social Work , University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | | | - Julie C Bowker
- c Department of Psychology , University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Timothy Hayes
- d Department of Psychology , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA.,e Center for Children and Families , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
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The Association between Food Addiction and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Overweight and Obese Women: A Preliminary Investigation. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111259. [PMID: 29149076 PMCID: PMC5707731 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing focus on early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as core features associated with eating psychopathology. The aims of the present study were to assess in overweight and obese women: (i) the association between dysfunctional eating patterns (i.e., food addiction and binge eating) and EMSs, and (ii) the association between food addiction and EMSs after controlling for potential confounding variables (i.e., binge eating severity and psychopathology). Participants were 70 overweight and obese women seeking low-energy-diet therapy. The patients were administered self-report measures investigating food addiction, binge eating, EMSs, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Food addiction severity was strongly associated with all main schema domains. Binge eating severity was positively related to disconnection/rejection (r = 0.41; p < 0.01), impaired limits (r = 0.26; p < 0.05), and other-directedness domains (r = 0.27; p < 0.05). The disconnection/rejection schema was independently associated with food addiction severity, after controlling for the presence of other potential confounding variables (i.e., binge eating severity and psychopathology) suggesting that this domain may be a crucial factor for the development of food addiction.
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Chiang LF, Kress H, Sumner SA, Gleckel J, Kawemama P, Gordon RN. Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS): towards a global surveillance system. Inj Prev 2017; 22 Suppl 1:i17-22. [PMID: 27044493 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS). The survey is a national, household survey that systematically measures the prevalence, nature and consequences of sexual, physical and emotional violence against children. DESIGN This report provides information about the history, implementation, ethical protections, utility, results, limitations, and future directions of the VACS work. RESULTS The study has been implemented in 11 countries in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean, providing each of these countries with baseline data and momentum to address violence against children as a public health and human rights priority. These data are novel in each country, and VACS is well poised to contribute to an existing surveillance system or be used as the basis of a periodic surveillance system. CONCLUSIONS Without ongoing surveillance to assess prevalence and the impact of policy, prevention and response programming, violence will likely continue to be overlooked as the linchpin public health crisis that it is, globally and in individual countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Chiang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard Kress
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven A Sumner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessie Gleckel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Philbert Kawemama
- Department of Social Welfare, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Elmquist J, Shorey RC, Anderson S, Stuart GL. A preliminary investigation of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and compulsive sexual behaviors in a substance-dependent population. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2015; 21:349-354. [PMID: 27482151 DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1029021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Past research has consistently demonstrated high co-occurrence between substance use disorders (SUDs) and compulsive sexual behaviors (CSBs). Numerous studies have also indicated that maladaptive core beliefs and early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are prevalent among individuals with SUDs and CSBs. However, research has yet to examine the relationship between EMS and CSBs among substance-dependent populations. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to examine this relationship in a sample of 198 men and 62 women in residential treatment for SUDs. Findings demonstrated that the five EMS domains were positively associated with CSBs. Results further demonstrated that patients meeting the cutoff score for CSBs scored significantly higher than patients not meeting the cutoff score for CSBs on the EMS domains of disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy, and impaired limit. These findings suggest that there is an important and significant relationship between EMS and CSBs among adults in substance use treatment. Results from the current study indicate that EMS may provide a potentially important focus for treatment, particularly among individuals with co-morbid CSBs and SUDs. Given the preliminary nature of this study, continued research is needed to replicate and extend the findings from the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnna Elmquist
- University of Tennessee- Knoxville, 1404 Circle Drive, 204 Austin Peay Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Ryan C Shorey
- Ohio University, Department of Psychology, 239 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701
| | - Scott Anderson
- Cornerstone of Recovery, Louisville, 1214 Topside Road, Louisville, TN 37777
| | - Gregory L Stuart
- University of Tennessee- Knoxville, 1404 Circle Drive, 204 Austin Peay Bldg, Knoxville, TN 37996
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Chiang LF, Chen J, Gladden MR, Mercy JA, Kwesigabo G, Mrisho F, Dahlberg LL, Nyunt MZ, Brookmeyer KA, Vagi K. HIV and Childhood Sexual Violence: Implications for Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Testing in Tanzania. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2015; 27:474-87. [PMID: 26485236 PMCID: PMC6126531 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2015.27.5.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has established an association between sexual violence and HIV. Exposure to sexual violence during childhood can profoundly impact brain architecture and stress regulatory response. As a result, individuals who have experienced such trauma may engage in sexual risk-taking behavior and could benefit from targeted interventions. In 2009, nationally representative data were collected on violence against children in Tanzania from 13-24 year old respondents (n=3,739). Analyses show that females aged 19-24 (n=579) who experienced childhood sexual violence, were more likely to report no/infrequent condom use in the past 12 months (AOR=3.0, CI [1.5, 6.1], p=0.0017) and multiple sex partners in the past 12 months (AOR=2.3, CI [1.0, 5.1], p=0.0491), but no more likely to know where to get HIV testing or to have ever been tested. Victims of childhood sexual violence could benefit from targeted interventions to mitigate impacts of violence and prevent HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Chiang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jieru Chen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - James A Mercy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Fatma Mrisho
- Tanzania Commission for AIDS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Vagi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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MacDonald K, Sciolla AF, Folsom D, Bazzo D, Searles C, Moutier C, Thomas ML, Borton K, Norcross B. Individual risk factors for physician boundary violations: the role of attachment style, childhood trauma and maladaptive beliefs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015; 37:489-96. [PMID: 26554082 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The assessment and remediation of boundary-challenged healthcare professionals is enhanced through examination of individual risk factors. We assessed three such factors--attachment style, childhood trauma and maladaptive beliefs--in 100 attendees (mostly physicians) of a CME professional boundaries course. We propose a theoretical model which draws a causal arc from childhood maltreatment through insecure attachment and maladaptive beliefs to elevated risk for boundary violations. METHODS We administered the Experiences in Close Relationship Questionnaire (ECR-R), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) to 100 healthcare professionals (mostly physicians) attending a CME course on professional boundaries. Experts rated participant autobiographies to determine attachment style and early adversities. Correlations and relationships among self- and expert ratings and between different risk factors were examined. RESULTS Five percent of participants reported CTQ total scores in the moderate to severe range; eleven percent reported moderate to severe emotional neglect or emotional abuse. Average attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were low, and more than half of participants were rated “secure” by experts. Childhood maltreatment was correlated with attachment anxiety and avoidance and predicted expert-rated insecure attachment and maladaptive beliefs. CONCLUSION Our findings support a potential link between childhood adversity and boundary difficulties, partly mediated by insecure attachment and early maladaptive beliefs. Furthermore, these results suggest that boundary education programs and professional wellness programs may be enhanced with a focus on sequelae of childhood maltreatment, attachment and common maladaptive thinking patterns.
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Individual risk factors for physician boundary violations: the role of attachment style, childhood trauma and maladaptive beliefs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015; 37:81-8. [PMID: 25440724 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The assessment and remediation of boundary-challenged health care professionals is enhanced through examination of individual risk factors. We assessed three such factors - attachment style, childhood trauma and maladaptive beliefs - in 100 attendees (mostly physicians) of a continuing medical education (CME) professional boundaries course. We propose a theoretical model that draws a causal arc from childhood maltreatment through insecure attachment and maladaptive beliefs to elevated risk for boundary violations. METHODS We administered the Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire Revised (ECR-R), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) to 100 health care professionals attending a CME course on professional boundaries. Experts rated participant autobiographies to determine attachment style and early adversities. Correlations and relationships between self-ratings and expert ratings and among different risk factors were examined. RESULTS One fifth of participants reported moderate to severe childhood abuse; sixty percent reported moderate to severe emotional neglect. Despite this, average attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were low, and more than half of participants were rated "secure" by experts. Childhood maltreatment was correlated with attachment anxiety and avoidance and predicted expert-rated insecure attachment and maladaptive beliefs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a potential link between childhood adversity and boundary difficulties, partly mediated by insecure attachment and early maladaptive beliefs. Furthermore, these results suggest that boundary education programs and professional wellness programs may be enhanced with a focus on sequelae of childhood maltreatment, attachment and common maladaptive thinking patterns.
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Childhood maltreatment, adult attachment and psychotic symptomatology: a study in patients, siblings and controls. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:1759-67. [PMID: 24934617 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between childhood maltreatment (ChM) and psychotic disorders is well established. However, there is an ongoing debate about which factors account for this relationship. One explanation is that the relationship between ChM and psychosis is mediated by adult attachment style. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate whether adult attachment style mediates the relationship between ChM and positive and negative symptomatology. METHODS We investigated the relation between ChM and psychotic symptoms, taking into account levels of (insecure) attachment, in 131 patients with psychotic illness, 123 siblings and 72 controls. ChM was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Attachment dimensions of anxiety and avoidance were measured using the Psychosis Attachment Measure (PAM). RESULTS In both patients and siblings, ChM predicted positive symptoms and this relationship was partly mediated by attachment style. This relationship was found to be stronger for siblings than for patients. ChM predicted negative symptoms in patients and siblings. In the patient sample, attachment style did not mediate the relationship between ChM and negative symptoms, whereas attachment style was found to be a mediator in the sibling sample. CONCLUSIONS ChM was associated with positive and negative symptomatology in both patients and siblings. Particularly in siblings, the relationship between ChM and psychosis seems to be mediated by adult attachment style. Perhaps attachment style may play a more prominent role on a subclinical level.
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Kuo C, Johnson J, Rosen R, Wechsberg W, Gobin RL, Reddy MK, Peabody M, Zlotnick C. Emotional dysregulation and risky sex among incarcerated women with a history of interpersonal violence. Women Health 2014; 54:796-815. [PMID: 24965256 PMCID: PMC4074246 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2013.850143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Incarcerated women, in comparison to nonincarcerated women, are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and many have experienced interpersonal violence. The psychological construct of emotional dysregulation-which includes heightened intensity of emotions, poor understanding of emotions, negative reactivity to emotion state, inability to control behaviors when experiencing emotional distress, and maladaptive emotion management responses-is a possible pathway to explain the link between interpersonal violence exposure and STI risk. The present study examined maladaptive emotion management responses for emotional dysregulation (i.e., avoidance and numbing, and dissociation) occurring in the context of risky sexual behavior. We collected qualitative data from 4 focus groups with a sample of n = 21 incarcerated women (aged 18+ years) from urban facilities in New England. Qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Findings indicated that incarcerated women reported engaging in a variety of maladaptive responses for emotion management during sexual encounters. These maladaptive responses for emotion management appear to increase sexual risk behaviors and alter women's ability to implement STI protective behaviors, such as sexual negotiation and condom use. Preventive interventions to reduce sexual risk behaviors should incorporate strategies to promote emotional regulation among incarcerated women with histories of interpersonal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kuo
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Rochelle Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
- The Miriam Hospital
| | - Wendee Wechsberg
- Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluations and Interventions, Research Triangle Institute
| | - Robyn L. Gobin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
| | - Madhavi K. Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
- Butler Hospital
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | | | - Caron Zlotnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
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Shorey RC, Zucosky H, Febres J, Brasfield H, Stuart GL. Males' Reactions to Participating in Research on Dating Violence Victimization and Childhood Abuse. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2013; 22:348-364. [PMID: 23741174 PMCID: PMC3670215 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2013.775987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Childhood abuse and dating violence victimization are prevalent and devastating problems. While there has been an abundance of research on these topics in recent years, researchers and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) often struggle with determining whether asking respondents questions on previous violence will result in increased emotional distress or other negative research outcomes. Empirical data is therefore needed that examines the research reactions of individuals who participate in research on childhood abuse and dating violence. The current study examined this topic among a sample of male college students (N = 193). Results showed that victims of childhood sexual abuse had more negative emotional reactions and victims of physical dating violence had more negative perceived drawbacks to research participation than non-victims. However, victims and non-victims did not differ on positive research reactions. These findings suggest that there are few differences between victims and non-victims on research reactions.
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Walsh K, Galea S, Koenen KC. Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Violence Exposure and Psychosocial Sequelae: A Theoretical and Empirical Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:260-275. [PMID: 25762853 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sexual violence is associated with a range of negative mental health and behavioral sequelae, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, substance abuse/dependence, risky sexual behavior, and interpersonal relationship problems. However, mechanisms underlying these associations are not well understood. Identifying mechanisms that explain linkages between sexual violence and poor outcomes is of paramount importance in determining when and how to intervene to prevent or reduce the magnitude of these outcomes. This review focuses on theories that have been proposed to explain risk of negative outcomes among sexual violence victims, including the development of traumagenic dynamics and emotion dysregulation. We also review promising biological mechanisms that may explain the risk of negative outcomes among sexual violence victims, including studies concerned with epigenetic and neurobiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Sandro Galea
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
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Grace PJ, Willis DG. Nursing responsibilities and social justice: An analysis in support of disciplinary goals. Nurs Outlook 2012; 60:198-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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