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Streit F, Völker MP, Klinger-König J, Zillich L, Frank J, Reinhard I, Foo JC, Witt SH, Sirignano L, Becher H, Obi N, Riedel O, Do S, Castell S, Hassenstein MJ, Karch A, Stang A, Schmidt B, Schikowski T, Stahl-Pehe A, Brenner H, Perna L, Greiser KH, Kaaks R, Michels KB, Franzke CW, Peters A, Fischer B, Konzok J, Mikolajczyk R, Führer A, Keil T, Fricke J, Willich SN, Pischon T, Völzke H, Meinke-Franze C, Loeffler M, Wirkner K, Berger K, Grabe HJ, Rietschel M. The interplay of family history of depression and early trauma: associations with lifetime and current depression in the German national cohort (NAKO). FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1099235. [PMID: 38523800 PMCID: PMC10959537 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1099235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Family history of depression and childhood maltreatment are established risk factors for depression. However, how these factors are interrelated and jointly influence depression risk is not well understood. The present study investigated (i) if childhood maltreatment is associated with a family history of depression (ii) if family history and childhood maltreatment are associated with increased lifetime and current depression, and whether both factors interact beyond their main effects, and (iii) if family history affects lifetime and current depression via childhood maltreatment. Methods Analyses were based on a subgroup of the first 100,000 participants of the German National Cohort (NAKO), with complete information (58,703 participants, mean age = 51.2 years, 53% female). Parental family history of depression was assessed via self-report, childhood maltreatment with the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS), lifetime depression with self-reported physician's diagnosis and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and current depressive symptoms with the depression scale of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Generalized linear models were used to test main and interaction effects. Mediation was tested using causal mediation analyses. Results Higher frequencies of the childhood maltreatment measures were found in subjects reporting a positive family history of depression. Family history and childhood maltreatment were independently associated with increased depression. No statistical interactions of family history and childhood maltreatment were found for the lifetime depression measures. For current depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 sum score), an interaction was found, with stronger associations of childhood maltreatment and depression in subjects with a positive family history. Childhood maltreatment was estimated to mediate 7%-12% of the effect of family history on depression, with higher mediated proportions in subjects whose parents had a depression onset below 40 years. Abuse showed stronger associations with family history and depression, and higher mediated proportions of family history effects on depression than neglect. Discussion The present study confirms the association of childhood maltreatment and family history with depression in a large population-based cohort. While analyses provide little evidence for the joint effects of both risk factors on depression beyond their individual effects, results are consistent with family history affecting depression via childhood maltreatment to a small extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maja P. Völker
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Klinger-König
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Zillich
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Iris Reinhard
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jerome C. Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lea Sirignano
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heiko Becher
- Institute of Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadia Obi
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Riedel
- Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie – BIPS, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Do
- Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie – BIPS, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Castell
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Max J. Hassenstein
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- PhD Programme “Epidemiology”, Braunschweig-Hannover, Germany
| | - André Karch
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Stang
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF—Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Stahl-Pehe
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Network Ageing Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology & Ageing Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Perna
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Halina Greiser
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Div. of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Div. of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin B. Michels
- Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claus-Werner Franzke
- Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate Fischer
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Konzok
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health, Site Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Jena, Germany
| | - Amand Führer
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Julia Fricke
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan N. Willich
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Max-Delbrueck-Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrueck-Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Biobank Technology Platform, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Meinke-Franze
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology & Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Bourdon JL, Dorsey A, Zalik M, Pietka A, Salyer P, Bray MJ, Bierut LJ, Ramsey AT. In-vivo design feedback and perceived utility of a genetically-informed smoking risk tool among current smokers in the community. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:139. [PMID: 34039360 PMCID: PMC8152342 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of genetically-informed personalized risk information for behavioral disorders, namely smoking and smoking-related behaviors, is a promising yet understudied area. The Genetics and Smoking Risk Profile, or RiskProfile, leverages genetic and environmental information to communicate one's risk for smoking-related diseases. Although prior studies have examined attitudes toward genetic results, little research has investigated these perceptions through a lens of in-vivo testing; that is, user-centered design feedback in response to personalized genetic results being returned contemporaneously. This qualitative study engaged current smokers in usability testing of the RiskProfile within the context of concurrently receiving this personalized, genetically-informed smoking cessation intervention. METHODS Eighty-nine participants who were current smokers responded to open-ended interview questions on perceptions of smoking-related genetic information and the content and format of the RiskProfile intervention that they had received moments before. Data were analyzed via the conventional content analysis approach in which themes were allowed to emerge throughout the analysis. RESULTS Participants were able to reference and offer design input on specific elements of the RiskProfile. Overall, current smokers perceived the RiskProfile to have high potential utility. Constructive feedback that current smokers offered about the tool centered around suggested improvements to optimize its usability and technical content. CONCLUSIONS The detailed and constructive feedback from participants highlights that in-vivo feedback offers a useful design approach that addresses concerns of rigor and relevance when returning genetic results. This unique method demonstrated perceived utility and constructive design feedback for the RiskProfile among current smokers and can play an important role in optimizing the design and implementation of personalized genetic risk interventions moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bourdon
- Wellbridge Center for Addiction Treatment and Research, Center for Addiction Science, 525 Jan Way, Room 1523, Calverton, NY, 11922, USA.
| | - Amelia Dorsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maia Zalik
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda Pietka
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patricia Salyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Bray
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alex T Ramsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Sabatello M, Chen Y, Herrera CF, Brockhoff E, Austin J, Appelbaum PS. Teenagers and Precision Psychiatry: A Window of Opportunity. Public Health Genomics 2021; 24:14-25. [PMID: 33503628 PMCID: PMC7920903 DOI: 10.1159/000512475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Precision medicine raises hope for translating genetic-based knowledge about psychiatric risks into mental health benefits by motivating health-related, risk-reducing behaviors. Teenagers (ages 14-17) are an important age-group to engage in preventive efforts but, their views about psychiatric genetics are understudied. METHOD An online survey with a nationally representative sample of teenagers (n = 417) was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 handouts, 1 emphasizing the genetic underpinnings of psychiatric conditions; the other agency-oriented and focusing on gene-environment interactions. Survey questions queried their views about behavioral changes in response to psychiatric genetic risk information and expressed willingness to undertake them. Participants' decision-making characteristics (i.e., self-efficacy, empowerment, intolerance of uncertainty, and sensation-seeking) were assessed at baseline. RESULTS Teenagers strongly valued the information provided and its potential usefulness for their mental health. Information about psychiatric genetics alone impacted views about the causes of mental illness. Contrary to our hypothesis, the type of handout did not impact participants' expressed willingness to make behavioral changes to reduce their risk of developing a psychiatric condition, but their sense of empowerment played a key role in their responses. CONCLUSION Educating teenagers about gene-environment interactions may help facilitate the translational efforts of precision psychiatry. Research with teenagers across racial/ethnic groups, especially those with family histories, is needed to better understand the factors that impact teenagers' empowerment in psychiatric genomic settings and to identify measures, including the best enablers of empowerment (e.g., educators, parents), which would allow them to reap the benefits of precision psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sabatello
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA,
- Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA,
| | - Ying Chen
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul S Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Bourdon JL, Davies RA, Long EC. Four Actionable Bottlenecks and Potential Solutions to Translating Psychiatric Genetics Research: An Expert Review. Public Health Genomics 2020; 23:171-183. [PMID: 33147585 PMCID: PMC7854816 DOI: 10.1159/000510832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric genetics has had limited success in translational efforts. A thorough understanding of the present state of translation in this field will be useful in the facilitation and assessment of future translational progress. PURPOSE A narrative literature review was conducted. Combinations of 3 groups of terms were searched in EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, and PubMed. The review occurred in multiple steps, including abstract collection, inclusion/exclusion criteria review, coding, and analysis of included papers. RESULTS One hundred and fourteen articles were analyzed for the narrative review. Across those, 4 bottlenecks were noted that, if addressed, may provide insights and help improve and increase translation in the field of psychiatric genetics. These 4 bottlenecks are emphasizing linear translational frameworks, relying on molecular genomic findings, prioritizing certain psychiatric disorders, and publishing more reviews than experiments. CONCLUSIONS These entwined bottlenecks are examined with one another. Awareness of these bottlenecks can inform stakeholders who work to translate and/or utilize psychiatric genetic information. Potential solutions include utilizing nonlinear translational frameworks as well as a wider array of psychiatric genetic information (e.g., family history and gene-environment interplay) in this area of research, expanding which psychiatric disorders are considered for translation, and when possible, conducting original research. Researchers are urged to consider how their research is translational in the context of the frameworks, genetic information, and psychiatric disorders discussed in this review. At a broader level, these efforts should be supported with translational efforts in funding and policy shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bourdon
- Department of Psychiatry, Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA,
| | - Rachel A Davies
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatric Disorders, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Long
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Assessing Stakeholder Perceptions of the Utility of Genetic Information for the Clinical Care of Mental Health Disorders: We Have a Will but Need to See the Way. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2020; 48:363-376. [PMID: 32564165 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-020-01058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Academic stakeholders' (primarily mental health researchers and clinicians) practices and attitudes related to the translation of genetic information into mental health care were assessed. A three-part survey was administered at two large, urban universities. Response frequencies were calculated. Participants (N = 64) reported moderate levels of translational practice, adequate levels of genetic knowledge, and variable levels of genetic competence. They held positive attitudes toward translating genetic information about mental health broadly but negative attitudes about the impact that such information would have on specific aspects of care. The current study lays the groundwork for further inquiry into translating genetic information to mental health care.
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Austin JC. Evidence-Based Genetic Counseling for Psychiatric Disorders: A Road Map. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036608. [PMID: 31501264 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, are common conditions that arise as a result of complex and heterogeneous combinations of genetic and environmental factors. In contrast to childhood neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism and intellectual disability, there are no clinical practice guidelines for applying genetic testing in the context of these conditions. But genetic counseling and genetic testing are not synonymous, and people who live with psychiatric disorders and their family members are often interested in what psychiatric genetic counseling can offer. Further, research shows that it can improve outcomes like empowerment for this population. Despite this, psychiatric genetic counseling is not yet routinely or widely offered. This review describes the state of the evidence about the process and outcomes of psychiatric genetic counseling, focusing on its clinical implications and remaining research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehannine C Austin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 2A9, Canada
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7
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Moldovan R, McGhee KA, Coviello D, Hamang A, Inglis A, Ingvoldstad Malmgren C, Johansson-Soller M, Laurino M, Meiser B, Murphy L, Paneque M, Papsuev O, Pawlak J, Rovira Moreno E, Serra-Juhe C, Shkedi-Rafid S, Laing N, Voelckel MA, Watson M, Austin JC. Psychiatric genetic counseling: A mapping exercise. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:523-532. [PMID: 31222934 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric genetic counseling (PGC) is gradually developing globally, with countries in various stages of development. In some, PGC is established as a service or as part of research projects while in others, it is just emerging as a concept. In this article, we describe the current global landscape of this genetic counseling specialty and this field's professional development. Drawing on information provided by expert representatives from 16 countries, we highlight the following: (a) current understanding of PGC; (b) availability of services for patients; (c) availability of training; (d) healthcare system disparities and cultural differences impacting practice; and (e) anticipated challenges going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Moldovan
- Department of Psychology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A McGhee
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Coviello
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Research Institute and Children Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Anniken Hamang
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital
| | - Angela Inglis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charlotta Ingvoldstad Malmgren
- Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mercy Laurino
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Bettina Meiser
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren Murphy
- University of Texas Genetic Counseling Program, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Milena Paneque
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CGPP - Centre for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Oleg Papsuev
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eulàlia Rovira Moreno
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Serra-Juhe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Genetics, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shiri Shkedi-Rafid
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
| | - Nakita Laing
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Melanie Watson
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jehannine C Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED) are heritable conditions that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of AN have identified specific genetic loci implicated in AN, and genetic correlations have implicated both psychiatric and metabolic factors in its origin. No GWAS have been performed for BN or BED. Genetic counseling is an important tool and can aid families and patients in understanding risk for these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina, CB 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lauren Blake
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Cummings Life Science Center, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Translational Lab Building Room a3-112 - 3rd Floor, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Translational Lab Building Room a3-112 - 3rd Floor, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic testing for mental illness is likely to become increasingly prevalent as the science behind it is refined. This article identifies anticipated ethical challenges for patients, psychiatrists, and genetic counselors and makes recommendations for addressing them. RECENT FINDINGS Many of the ethical challenges of psychiatric genetic testing are likely to stem from failures to comprehend the nature and implications of test results. Recent studies have identified gaps in the knowledge base of psychiatrists and genetic counselors, which limit their abilities to provide patients with appropriate education. A small number of studies have demonstrated the value of counseling in empowering patients to deal with relevant genetic information. Psychiatrists and other health professionals must be able to assist patients and families in making informed decisions about genetic testing and interpreting test results. Filling their knowledge gaps on these issues will be a critical step towards meeting these responsibilities.
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Moldovan R, Pintea S, Austin J. The Efficacy of Genetic Counseling for Psychiatric Disorders: a Meta-Analysis. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:1341-1347. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hopes and Expectations Regarding Genetic Testing for Schizophrenia Among Young Adults at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis. J Psychiatr Pract 2016; 22:442-449. [PMID: 27824776 PMCID: PMC5111622 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetic tests for schizophrenia could introduce both risks and benefits. Little is known about the hopes and expectations of young adults at clinical high-risk for psychosis concerning genetic testing for schizophrenia, despite the fact that these youth could be among those highly affected by such tests. We conducted semistructured interviews with 15 young adults at clinical high-risk for psychosis to ask about their interest, expectations, and hopes regarding genetic testing for schizophrenia. Most participants reported a high level of interest in genetic testing for schizophrenia, and the majority said they would take such a test immediately if it were available. Some expressed far-reaching expectations for a genetic test, such as predicting symptom severity and the timing of symptom onset. Several assumed that genetic testing would be accompanied by interventions to prevent schizophrenia. Participants anticipated mixed reactions on finding out they had a genetic risk for schizophrenia, suggesting that they might feel both a sense of relief and a sense of hopelessness. We suggest that genetic counseling could play an important role in counteracting a culture of genetic over-optimism and helping young adults at clinical high-risk for psychosis understand the limitations of genetic testing. Counseling sessions could also invite individuals to explore how receiving genetic risk information might impact their well-being, as early evidence suggests that some psychological factors help individuals cope, whereas others heighten distress related to genetic test results.
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Genetic Counselling for Psychiatric Disorders: Accounts of Psychiatric Health Professionals in the United Kingdom. J Genet Couns 2016; 25:1243-1255. [PMID: 27453210 PMCID: PMC5114337 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-016-9990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic counselling is not routinely offered for psychiatric disorders in the United Kingdom through NHS regional clinical genetics departments. However, recent genomic advances, confirming a genetic contribution to mental illness, are anticipated to increase demand for psychiatric genetic counselling. This is the first study of its kind to employ qualitative methods of research to explore accounts of psychiatric health professionals regarding the prospects for genetic counselling services within clinical psychiatry in the UK. Data were collected from 32 questionnaire participants, and 9 subsequent interviewees. Data analysis revealed that although participants had not encountered patients explicitly demanding psychiatric genetic counselling, psychiatric health professionals believe that such a service would be useful and desirable. Genomic advances may have significant implications for genetic counselling in clinical psychiatry even if these discoveries do not lead to genetic testing. Psychiatric health professionals describe clinical genetics as a skilled profession capable of combining complex risk communication with much needed psychosocial support. However, participants noted barriers to the implementation of psychiatric genetic counselling services including, but not limited to, the complexities of uncertainty in psychiatric diagnoses, patient engagement and ethical concerns regarding limited capacity.
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Hippman C, Ringrose A, Inglis A, Cheek J, Albert AYK, Remick R, Honer WG, Austin JC. A pilot randomized clinical trial evaluating the impact of genetic counseling for serious mental illnesses. J Clin Psychiatry 2016; 77:e190-8. [PMID: 26930535 PMCID: PMC4864025 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.14m09710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serious mental illnesses schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder are complex conditions affecting 1% to 4% of the population. Individuals with serious mental illnesses express interest in genetic counseling, an intervention showing promise for increasing patient knowledge and adaptation. This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of genetic counseling for people with serious mental illnesses as compared to an educational intervention or wait list. METHOD A pilot 3-arm (each n = 40; genetic counseling, a control intervention involving an educational booklet, or wait list), parallel-group, randomized clinical trial was conducted from September 2008 through November 2011 in Vancouver, Canada. Participants with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV) completed outcome measures assessing knowledge, risk perception, internalized stigma, and perceived control over illness at baseline and 1-month follow-up. The Brief Symptom Inventory was administered to control for current symptoms. Analyses included linear mixed-effects models and χ(2) tests. RESULTS Knowledge increased for genetic counseling/educational booklet compared to wait list at follow-up (LRT1 = 19.33, Holm-adjusted P = .0003, R(2)LMM(m) = 0.17). Risk perception accuracy increased at follow-up for genetic counseling compared to wait list (Yates continuity corrected χ(2)1 = 9.1, Bonferroni P = .003) and educational booklet (Yates continuity corrected χ(2)1 = 8.2, Bonferroni P = .004). There were no significant differences between groups for stigma or perceived control scores. CONCLUSIONS Genetic counseling and the educational booklet improved knowledge, and genetic counseling, but not the educational booklet, improved risk perception accuracy for this population. The impact of genetic counseling on internalized stigma and perceived control is worth further investigation. Genetic counseling should be considered for patients with serious mental illnesses. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00713804.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hippman
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Vancouver, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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Egalite N, Groisman IJ, Godard B. Genetic Counseling Practice in Next Generation Sequencing Research: Implications for the Ethical Oversight of the Informed Consent Process. J Genet Couns 2014; 23:661-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-014-9703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Costain G, Esplen MJ, Toner B, Hodgkinson KA, Bassett AS. Evaluating genetic counseling for family members of individuals with schizophrenia in the molecular age. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:88-99. [PMID: 23104866 PMCID: PMC3885286 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myths and concerns about the extent and meaning of genetic risk in schizophrenia may contribute to significant stigma and burden for families. Genetic counseling has long been proposed to be a potentially informative and therapeutic intervention for schizophrenia. Surprisingly, however, available data are limited. We evaluated a contemporary genetic counseling protocol for use in a community mental health-care setting by non-genetics professionals. METHODS We used a pre-post study design with longitudinal follow-up to assess the impact of genetic counseling on family members of individuals with schizophrenia, where molecular testing had revealed no known clinically relevant genetic risk variant. We assessed the outcome using multiple measures, including standard items and scales used to evaluate genetic counseling for other complex diseases. RESULTS Of the 122 family members approached, 78 (63.9%) actively expressed an interest in the study. Participants (n = 52) on average overestimated the risk of familial recurrence at baseline, and demonstrated a significant improvement in this estimate postintervention (P < .0001). This change was associated with an enduring decrease in concern about recurrence (P = .0003). Significant and lasting benefits were observed in other key areas, including increased knowledge (P < .0001) and a decreased sense of stigma (P = .0047). Endorsement of the need for genetic counseling was high (96.1%). CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial evidence of the efficacy of schizophrenia genetic counseling for families, even in the absence of individually relevant genetic test results or professional genetics services. The findings support the integration of contemporary genetic counseling for families into the general management of schizophrenia in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Room 1100, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1; tel: +1-416-535-8501 ext. 2731, fax: +1-416-535-7199, e-mail:
| | - Mary Jane Esplen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Behavioural Sciences and Health Research Division, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda Toner
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Social Equity and Health Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen A. Hodgkinson
- Clinical Epidemiology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Room 1100, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1; tel: +1-416-535-8501 ext. 2731, fax: +1-416-535-7199, e-mail:
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Meiser B, Schofield PR, Trevena L, Wilde A, Barlow-Stewart K, Proudfoot J, Peate M, Dobbins T, Christensen H, Sherman KA, Karatas J, Mitchell PB. Cluster randomized controlled trial of a psycho-educational intervention for people with a family history of depression for use in general practice. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:325. [PMID: 24289740 PMCID: PMC3897985 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The strongest risk factor for depression is having a family history of the condition. Many individuals with a family history of depression are concerned about their personal risk for depression and report unmet educational and psychological support needs. No supportive and/or educational interventions are currently available that target this group of individuals. In this study we will develop and evaluate the first online psycho-educational intervention targeted to individuals with a family history of depression. Genetic risk information and evidence-rated information on preventive strategies for depression will be provided to such individuals in a general practice setting. The intervention will also incorporate a risk assessment tool. The content and delivery of the intervention will be pilot-tested. METHODS/DESIGN The proposed intervention will be evaluated in the general practitioner (GPs) setting, using a cluster randomized controlled trial. GP practices will be randomized to provide either access to the online, targeted psycho-educational intervention or brief generic information about depression (control) to eligible patients. Eligibility criteria include having at least one first-degree relative with either major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD). The primary outcome measure is 'intention to adopt, or actual adoption of, risk-reducing strategies'. Secondary outcome measures include: depression symptoms, perceived stigma of depression, knowledge of risk factors for development of depression and risk-reducing strategies, and perceived risk of developing depression or having a recurrence of family history. Over the course of the study, participants will complete online questionnaires at three time points: at baseline, and two weeks and six months after receiving the intervention or control condition. DISCUSSION This novel psycho-educational intervention will provide individuals with a family history of depression with information on evidence-based strategies for the prevention of depression, thus, we hypothesize, enabling them to make appropriate lifestyle choices and implement behaviors designed to reduce their risk for depression. The online psycho-educational intervention will also provide a model for similar interventions aimed at individuals at increased familial risk for other psychiatric disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Group (Registration no: ACTRN12613000402741).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Meiser
- Psychosocial Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, The University of New Sourth Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lyndal Trevena
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alex Wilde
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | | | - Judy Proudfoot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Michelle Peate
- Psychosocial Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, The University of New Sourth Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Timothy Dobbins
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Kerry A Sherman
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Janan Karatas
- Centre for Genetics Education, NSW Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
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Hippman C, Lohn Z, Ringrose A, Inglis A, Cheek J, Austin JC. "Nothing is absolute in life": understanding uncertainty in the context of psychiatric genetic counseling from the perspective of those with serious mental illness. J Genet Couns 2013; 22:625-32. [PMID: 23604904 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-013-9594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
No genetic tests are currently clinically available for serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Rather, the full spectrum of genetic variants that confer susceptibility remain unknown, and estimates of probability of condition recurrence typically have the form of ranges rather than single absolute numbers. Genetic counselors have been shown to feel that the information that can be provided for patients with serious mental illness could be more confusing than helpful. However, how those with serious mental illness perceive this uncertainty remains unknown. So, to investigate this, individuals with serious mental illness participated in a psychiatric genetic counseling (GC) session and responded to a single open ended question about their reactions towards the uncertainty that they encountered in their GC session immediately and one month post-counseling (from which themes were identified), and completed the Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale immediately post-session (descriptive statistics applied). While some of the 37 participants were disappointed with the uncertainty, twice as many were unconcerned. Overall, responses from immediately and one month after GC were very similar; participants were very satisfied with, and found value in GC despite uncertainty, and four approaches to coping with uncertainty emerged. Ultimately, these findings offer insight into providing GC for those with serious mental illness, and potentially could be applied to other areas of GC where uncertainty lies, with downstream impact on GC practice and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hippman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
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Wilde A, Mitchell PB, Meiser B, Schofield PR. Implications of the use of genetic tests in psychiatry, with a focus on major depressive disorder: a review. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:267-75. [PMID: 22987566 DOI: 10.1002/da.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in technology have enabled research to link many genetic markers to specific disease risk. This has led to the commercialization of genetic tests across a wide range of medical disorders. Public interest in one's own future health and an increasing desire for autonomy over one's health care have facilitated a large and growing market for such genetic tests to be sold direct to the consumer (DTC). Amidst a plethora of tests for a broad range of medical conditions, DTC genetic tests currently include a number of tests related to risk for various psychiatric illnesses including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder and also for prediction of individual response to psychotropic medication. Although a large number of studies show that there is strong public interest in genetic susceptibility testing for psychiatric disorders, little is known about the impact on individuals of receiving the results of genetic tests. Moreover, the low predictive power and uncertain clinical validity and utility of DTC genetic tests for psychiatric disorders have led to both controversy and difficulties of interpretation of results. This review summarizes the rationale for using genetic risk tests in psychiatry, as an intervention for protective cognitive and behavioral change, and to predict medication response, with a focus on MDD. Since genetic risk information has the potential to influence major life-changing health decisions, there is an imperative to ensure that there is an appropriate evidence base to support the use of such genetic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wilde
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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19
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Abstract
Advances in neuropsychiatric genetics hold great hopes for improved prevention, diagnosis and treatment. However, the power of genetic testing to identify individuals at increased risk for disorders and to convey information about relatives creates a set of complex ethical issues. Public attitudes are inevitably affected by the shadow of eugenics, with its history of distorting scientific findings to serve socio-political ends. Nonetheless, the growing availability of genetic tests means that more patients will seek genetic information and physicians must manage the process of informed consent to allow meaningful decisions. Patients should be helped to understand the often-limited predictive power of current knowledge, potential psychological impact, risks of stigma and discrimination and possible implications for family members. Decisions for predictive testing of children raise additional concerns, including distortions of family dynamics and negative effects on children's self-image; testing is best deferred until adulthood unless preventive interventions exist. Pharmacogenomic testing, part of personalized medicine, may bring collateral susceptibility information for which patients should be prepared. The implications of genetic findings for families raise the question of whether physicians have duties to inform family members of implications for their health. Finally, participation in research in neuropsychiatric genetics evokes a broad range of ethical concerns, including the contentious issue of the extent to which results should be returned to individual subjects. As genetic science becomes more widely applied, the public will become more sophisticated and will be likely to demand a greater role in determining social policy on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Hoge
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
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Knowledge and attitudes about personalized mental health genomics: narratives from individuals coping with serious mental illness. Community Ment Health J 2012; 48:584-91. [PMID: 21394471 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-011-9400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present qualitative study examined the personal accounts, elicited via semi-structured interview, of nine United States military veterans with serious mental illness to describe their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about psychiatric genetics, genetic testing and counseling for mental illness. The aim of the research was to elucidate issues from the perspective of adults with mental illness that may inform the education and training of mental health providers on basic genetic counseling. Findings suggest that participants had some basic knowledge about genetics, were interested in psychiatric genetic testing, and had an awareness of both positive and negative aspects of genetic test results. Participants tended to have overly optimistic ideas about current advances in psychiatric genetics and were motivated to undergo genetic testing for the good of their families and to benefit society. Implications of findings for research and practice are discussed.
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Feret H, Conway L, Austin JC. Genetic counselors' attitudes towards individuals with schizophrenia: desire for social distance and endorsement of stereotypes. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2011; 82:69-73. [PMID: 20211537 PMCID: PMC3726382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE psychiatric disorders are profoundly stigmatized conditions. Many groups of healthcare professionals harbor negative attitudes towards affected individuals, which may interfere with the healthcare relationship, but genetic counselors' attitudes towards individuals with psychiatric disorders have not been investigated. Thus, we conducted an exploratory study to assess genetic counselors' desire for social distance from individuals with schizophrenia, and the degree to which stereotypes about people with schizophrenia were endorsed. METHODS members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors were invited to complete an online survey, which included scales measuring: desire for social distance from individuals with schizophrenia, and endorsement of positive and negative stereotypes about these individuals. RESULTS in total, 142 surveys were completed. Genetic counselors expressed greater desire for social distance from an individual with schizophrenia in more intimate proposed relationship scenarios, and felt negative stereotypes about affected individuals were more typifying than positive stereotypes. Experience with psychiatric disorders did not significantly affect desired social distance or stereotypical attitudes. CONCLUSIONS genetic counselors express some negative attitudes towards individuals with schizophrenia, which may impede the counselor/client relationship. Future research in this area is suggested. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS efforts should be made to promote positive attitudes, which would improve the ability of genetic counselors to provide optimal service for individuals with schizophrenia and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Feret
- Genetic Counseling Department, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA
| | - Laura Conway
- Genetic Counseling Department, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA
| | - Jehannine C. Austin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
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Abstract
The advent of genetic testing for psychiatric conditions raises difficult questions about when and how the tests should be used. Development of policies regarding these issues may be informed in a variety of ways by the views of key stakeholders: patients, family members, healthcare professionals, and the general public. Here, we review empirical studies of attitudes towards genetic testing among these groups. Patients and family members show strong interest in diagnostic and predictive genetic testing, and to a considerable extent psychiatrists share their enthusiasm. Prenatal test utilization seems likely to depend both on parental views on abortion and the seriousness of the disorder. Parents show a surprising degree of interest in predictive testing of children, even when there are no preventive interventions available. Many persons report themselves ready to alter their lifestyles and plans for marriage and family in response to test results. Respondents also fear negative consequences, from discrimination to being unable to cope with knowledge of their "genetic fate." Empirical studies of beliefs about genetic testing suggest tests are likely to be embraced widely, but the studies have methodologic limitations, reducing the certainty of their conclusions, and indicating a need for further research with more representative samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Lawrence
- Resident in the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Paul S. Appelbaum
- Elizabeth K Dollard Professor of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Law, and director of the Center for Research on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic, and Behavioral Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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Hunter MJ, Hippman C, Honer WG, Austin JC. Genetic counseling for schizophrenia: a review of referrals to a provincial medical genetics program from 1968 to 2007. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:147-52. [PMID: 20034078 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that individuals with schizophrenia and their family members are interested in genetic counseling, but few have received this service. We conducted an exploratory, retrospective study to describe (a) the population of individuals who were referred to the BC provincial medical genetics program for genetic counseling for a primary indication of schizophrenia, and (b) trends in number of referrals between 1968 and 2007. Referrals for a primary indication of schizophrenia were identified through the provincial program database. Charts were reviewed and the following information was recorded: discipline of referring physician, demographics, psychiatric diagnosis, referred individual's and partner's (if applicable) family history, and any current pregnancy history. Data were characterized using descriptive statistics. Our results showed that between 1968 and 2007, 288 referrals were made for a primary indication of schizophrenia. Most referrals were made: (a) for individuals who had a first-degree family member with schizophrenia, rather than for affected individuals, (b) for preconception counseling, and (c) by family physicians (69%), with only 2% by psychiatrists. In conclusion, for British Columbia, individuals affected with schizophrenia and their family members are rarely referred for psychiatric genetic counseling. There is a need to identify barriers to psychiatric genetic counseling and develop strategies to improve access.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hunter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Collier DA, Vassos E, Holden S, Patch C, McGuire P, Lewis C. Advances in the genetics of schizophrenia: will high-risk copy number variants be useful in clinical genetics or diagnostics? F1000 MEDICINE REPORTS 2009; 1. [PMID: 20948719 PMCID: PMC2948301 DOI: 10.3410/m1-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable, common mental illness, affecting 1% of the population worldwide. It is currently diagnosed using exclusive clinical criteria, and at present there are no genetic tests to facilitate this process. There are also no reliable means to predict who will develop the disease in later life. Genetic counselling uses crude estimates of risk based on family history, as the strongest predictive factor is having an affected first-degree relative. It has recently become apparent that large de novo deletions in the genome (copy number variants, or CNVs) can increase risk of the disease by tenfold or more. The purpose of this report is to assess whether these ‘high risk’ pathogenic CNVs might be useful in a clinical genetic or diagnostic setting. Routine use of laboratory techniques such as comparative genome hybridisation will reveal these de novo CNVs in standard investigative procedures for referrals to clinical genetics. The lack of disease specificity of CNVs presents problems for their use in diagnosis at present. Currently, there is also insufficient evidence in relation to schizophrenia to suggest that clear clinical benefit would be gained from learning one's genetic status pre-symptomatically. However, this is likely to change rapidly in the near future as knowledge of the genetic and environmental basis of schizophrenia accrues and increasingly effective measures for early intervention and risk reduction are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Collier
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's CollegeDe Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AFUK
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's CollegeDe Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AFUK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's CollegeDe Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AFUK
| | - Simon Holden
- Department of Clinical Genetics Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation TrustGreat Maze Pond, London SE1 9RTUK
| | - Christine Patch
- Department of Clinical Genetics Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation TrustGreat Maze Pond, London SE1 9RTUK
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's CollegeGreat Maze Pond, London SE1 9RTUK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's CollegeDe Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AFUK
| | - Cathryn Lewis
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's CollegeDe Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AFUK
- Department of Clinical Genetics Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation TrustGreat Maze Pond, London SE1 9RTUK
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Peay HL, Hooker GW, Kassem L, Biesecker BB. Family risk and related education and counseling needs: perceptions of adults with bipolar disorder and siblings of adults with bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:364-71. [PMID: 19215049 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetics and mental health professionals increasingly provide education and counseling related to risk for psychiatric illness, but there is insufficient evidence about patient perceptions and needs to guide such interventions. Affected individuals and relatives may perceive increased family risk and have interest in genetic education and counseling. Our objectives were to explore perceptions of family vulnerability, perceived control, and coping strategies related to familial risk and needs from genetic counseling. Our methods included conducting semi-structured interviews (n = 48) with individuals with bipolar disorder (BPD) and unaffected siblings. Content analysis generated descriptive data that provide guidance for clinical interventions and themes to evaluate in future studies. The results showed that participants perceived increased personal and family risk, attributing BPD to genes and family environment. Causal attributions were often uncertain and at times inconsistent. Participants wished to modify psychiatric risk to relatives, but were uncertain how to do so; despite the uncertainty, most parents reported risk-modification efforts. Efforts to cope with family vulnerability included monitoring and cognitive distancing. Participants endorsed the usefulness of education and psychological support, but described more ambivalence about receiving risk assessment. Educational and supportive interventions around family risk for BPD should focus on perceptions of cause and vulnerability, reproductive decision-making, and early intervention and risk modification in young relatives. Psychological support is an important component. Providers should evaluate patient coping strategies, which could facilitate or hinder genetic counseling interventions, and should not assume interest in quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Peay
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2073, USA.
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Abstract
Ethical considerations in psychiatric genetics are highly complex and fluid. This review introduces the reader to the wide range of ethical considerations in this field by examining four characteristics of genetic information. First, genetic information may, to a greater or lesser extent, predict a person's future health. Second, learning about one's genotype may have profound psychosocial consequences. Third, genetic information pertains to a person's biological relatives and thus can affect family members, communities, and population groups. Finally, psychiatric genetics is a rapidly evolving field. None of these characteristics is necessarily "exceptional" or unique to genetics, but they provide a useful framework for teasing apart a complex set of ethical considerations. This article reviews conceptual and empirical data that speak to these four characteristics and then presents a set of conceptual frameworks that can be used to systematically analyze the ethics of psychiatric genetic research and clinical genotyping. Finally, directions for future study are described--including the urgent need to gather data on actual risks and benefits of psychiatric genetic research and clinical applications, so that their utility can be assessed and appropriate ethical safeguards identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinger G Hoop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Monaco LC, Conway L, Valverde K, Austin JC. Exploring genetic counselors' perceptions of and attitudes towards schizophrenia. Public Health Genomics 2009; 13:21-6. [PMID: 19321939 DOI: 10.1159/000210096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common complex condition, for which no genetic testing is yet clinically available. Genetic counseling for psychiatric disorders is viewed by genetic counselors as a growth area, and to meet any increase in demand it is important to understand existing context. Thus, we surveyed general practice members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, to examine perceptions and attitudes relating to schizophrenia. A total of 136 genetic counselors completed the survey, of whom 50% were engaged in general practice roles and therefore eligible to participate. Of these, 40% reported 'rarely' or 'never' asking about psychiatric illness when taking a family history. Some respondents expressed concern that discussing genetics of schizophrenia and providing risk assessment with families may be more confusing or worrisome than helpful. Many counselors reported that patients feel frustrated with the inability of genetic counselors to provide individual risk calculations. It appears that genetic counselors are reluctant to ask patients about psychiatric illness, and are concerned that their services might not be helpful in the context of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Monaco
- Genetic Counseling Program, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pa., USA
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Psychiatrists' attitudes, knowledge, and experience regarding genetics: a preliminary study. Genet Med 2008; 10:439-49. [DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318177014b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Austin JC, Honer WG. Psychiatric genetic counselling for parents of individuals affected with psychotic disorders: a pilot study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2008; 2:80-9. [PMID: 21352137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2008.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM There has been increasing interest in the concept of applying genetic counselling to psychiatric disorders, but despite its relevance to psychiatric illness, and interest from the target group, there have been no empiric investigations of psychiatric genetic counselling. In a population of unaffected parents of individuals with first episode as well as more chronic psychotic disorders, we aimed to investigate whether psychiatric genetic counselling: is perceived to be useful, could increase understanding of the causes of psychiatric illness and decrease concern about other relatives becoming affected. METHODS Subjects (n=13) participated in a genetic counselling session. The session was a clinical intervention similar to what would be carried out as part of a referral for any disease with a hereditary component, but specific for psychosis. Questionnaires were used to assess (pre-counselling): motivations for attending, concern about other relatives developing psychiatric illness, and (post-counselling) whether the intervention: (i) improved understanding of mental illness; (ii) modified concern about other relatives becoming affected; and (iii) was perceived to be useful. RESULTS Desire for knowledge motivated participation. Immediately after the session, and 1 month later >92% and 100% of participants, respectively, felt that the session was useful. Genetic counselling reduced concern about other relatives becoming affected as risks were lower than participants had expected. All participants felt that their understanding of the causes of psychiatric illness had improved through genetic counselling. CONCLUSION Psychiatric genetic counselling may benefit parents of individuals with psychiatric illnesses. Avenues for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehannine C Austin
- Centre for Complex Disorders/UBC Department of Psychiatry, VGH Research Pavilion, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Austin JC, Palmer CGS, Rosen-Sheidley B, Veach PM, Gettig E, Peay HL. Psychiatric Disorders in Clinical Genetics II: Individualizing Recurrence Risks. J Genet Couns 2007; 17:18-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-007-9121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lyus VL. The importance of genetic counseling for individuals with schizophrenia and their relatives: potential clients' opinions and experiences. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:1014-21. [PMID: 17525978 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic counseling is a health service, which has been indicated for individuals with psychiatric conditions in their families. However, little is known about the awareness and/or experiences of genetic counseling of this group. This study was designed to assess the awareness and perceptions of genetic counseling among individuals affected by schizophrenia and their relatives. Data was collected via two online surveys. Study participants either had schizophrenia or had a relative with schizophrenia and were recruited via links from schizophrenia web sites. This study was granted IRB approval. Sixty-eight individuals with schizophrenia and 145 relatives completed the surveys. Ninety-four percent of all respondents had not been offered genetic counseling. Zero percent of affected individuals and only 5% of relatives had received genetic counseling. Forty-four percent of affected individuals and 41% of relatives indicated that their family planning decisions were influenced by the presence of schizophrenia in their family. Seventy four percent of relatives and 72% of people with schizophrenia thought genetic counseling would be useful to them. Respondents indicated that they felt genetic counseling would be useful for them and that they would like to see a genetic counselor. However, few individuals are being offered genetic counseling services. The awareness of genetic counseling needs to be raised among physicians and families affected by schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Lyus
- Department of Human Genetics, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York, USA.
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Peay HL, Veach PM, Palmer CGS, Rosen-Sheidley B, Gettig E, Austin JC. Psychiatric disorders in clinical genetics I: Addressing family histories of psychiatric illness. J Genet Couns 2007; 17:6-17. [PMID: 17963028 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-007-9120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This is the first article of a two-part professional development series addressing genetic counseling for personal and family histories of psychiatric disorders. It is based on an Educational Breakout Session presented by the Psychiatric Special Interest Group of the National Society of Genetic Counselors at the 2006 Annual Education Conference. This article examines issues that arise in addressing family histories of psychiatric illness, while the second article in the series considers the generation and provision of individualized recurrence risks for psychiatric disorders. In this article we discuss the importance of managing uncertainty for affected individuals and their close family members who have been referred to genetics for a number of different indications. We then use four simulated cases to make recommendations about the scope and timing of discussions related to the psychiatric family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Peay
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,
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Hill MK, Sahhar M. Genetic counselling for psychiatric disorders. Med J Aust 2006; 185:507-10. [PMID: 17137456 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Family, adoption and twin studies demonstrate that many adult psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder, have a clear genetic component. The aetiology of psychiatric disorders is a complex combination of both genetic and environmental components. While potential susceptibility genes for psychiatric disorders have been identified, interaction with the environment is a crucial component in disease development. Pharmacogenetics and genetic testing have the potential to play key roles in the future of clinical psychiatry. At present, an increased risk of psychiatric disorders can be identified through a detailed family history. The empirical risk of developing a disorder has been determined for many psychiatric disorders and can be used as a general guide. Genetic counselling can extend and enhance patient care by providing information to patients about the complexities of inheriting psychiatric disorders and the associated risks of recurrence. The genetic counselling process can facilitate informed decision making, alleviate misconceptions and reduce stigma through an improved understanding of the genetic cause of psychiatric disorders, and offer support to patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Hill
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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