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Parvanta C, Hammond RW, He W, Zemen R, Boddupalli S, Walker K, Chen H, Harner RN. Face Value: Remote facial expression analysis adds predictive power to perceived effectiveness for selecting anti-tobacco PSAs. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 27:281-291. [PMID: 35838201 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2022.2100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perceived effectiveness (PE) is a validated tool for predicting the potential impact of anti-tobacco public service announcements (PSAs). We set out to evaluate the added predictive value of facial expression analysis when combined with PE in a remote (online) survey. Each of 302 tobacco users watched 3 PSAs and allowed transmission of webcam videos from which metrics for "attention" (head position) and "facial action units" (FAU) were computed. The participants completed scales for their subjective emotions, willingness to share on social media, and intention to quit smoking using the Tobacco Free Florida website. Based on PE, both ready to quit (RTQ) and not ready (NR) respondents favored the same PSAs but RTQs assigned higher PE scores. Negative PSAs ("sad" or "frightening") were more compelling overall but RTQs also favored surprising ads and were more willing to share them on social media. Logistic regression showed that the combination of Attention + FAU+ PE (AUC = .816, p < .0001) outperformed single factors or factor combinations in distinguishing RTQ from NR. This study demonstrates that on-line assessment of facial expressions enhances the predictive value of PE and can be deployed on large remote samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Parvanta
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - R W Hammond
- Muma College of Business, Center for Marketing and Sales Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - W He
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - R Zemen
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - S Boddupalli
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - K Walker
- Zimmerman School of Mass Communication and Advertising, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - H Chen
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - R N Harner
- Muma College of Business, Center for Marketing and Sales Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Deng T, Ekachai D, Pokrywczynski J. Global COVID-19 Advertisements: Use of Informational, Transformational and Narrative Advertising Strategies. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 37:628-636. [PMID: 33349050 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1859725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study employs the informational and transformational approaches from Taylor's Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel and narrative transportation theory to understand the use of different advertising message strategies in COVID-19 advertisements on a global scale. Understanding how advertisers constructed their public messages during a global pandemic is a necessary first step before follow-up research can be done to assess which message strategies were most effective. Content analysis was performed on the entire COVID-19 video ad library (N = 354) from Ads of the World website that were published from March to September 2020 from 49 countries. Results suggested that most of the ads used a transformational strategy with a focus on the social aspect of limiting community spread instead of an informational approach. Many of the ads also employed a narrative message strategy that used storytelling to transport and persuade viewers. Perhaps the most interesting finding is that the use of narrative message strategy was related to storytelling, ad length, music, and humor, but independent from the use of informational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Deng
- College of Communication, DePaul University
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Durkin SJ, Brennan E, Wakefield MA. Optimising tobacco control campaigns within a changing media landscape and among priority populations. Tob Control 2022; 31:284-290. [PMID: 35241601 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Reviews published over the past decade confirm tobacco control campaigns can be effective for influencing adult and youth tobacco use behaviours, with strengthening evidence for high cost-effectiveness. Evidence is also accumulating for positive campaign effects on interpersonal discussions, social norms and policy support that can help motivate and sustain quitting and reduce uptake. Research needs over the next decade centre on the rapidly changing media environment and the equity of campaign effects among high smoking prevalence communities. The field needs specific evidence on: how to measure total campaign reach and frequency across the diverse range of media platforms and channels; the optimum mix of traditional, digital and social media to achieve behaviour change, especially among high smoking prevalence communities; the relative reach and impact of the wide variety of integrated, digital and social media message delivery methods; the relative effectiveness of messages that aim to build capacity to quit and optimum methods for combining motivational and capacity-building messages, especially for high prevalence groups who face additional barriers to staying quit; the ongoing effectiveness of traditional versus new versions of messages highlighting tobacco industry practices; the influence of e-cigarette use on tobacco control campaign effects; and the effectiveness of different types of campaigns aiming to prevent e-cigarette uptake and motivate e-cigarette cessation. Research is also needed to investigate the potential for campaigns to influence the public's understanding and support for endgame tobacco control policies and for campaign elements that may influence the social and environmental contexts surrounding smokers that support and maintain behaviour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Brennan
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie A Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Audet CM, Graves E, Emílio AM, Matino A, Paulo P, Aboobacar AM, Fonseca CL, Van Rompaey S, De Schacht C. Effect of a storytelling intervention on the retention of serodiscordant couples in ART/PrEP services at antenatal clinic in Namacurra province in Zambézia, Mozambique. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 22:100782. [PMID: 34095604 PMCID: PMC8167234 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sub-Saharan Africa reported 550,000 new HIV infections among women in 2018. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are associated with an increased risk of HIV acquisition (adjusted risk ratio [RR]: 2.8 during pregnancy and 4.0 in postpartum period vs. non-pregnant or postpartum women, respectively). Acquisition of HIV during pregnancy and breastfeeding increases risk of mother to child transmission. We propose to test the impact of a peer-delivered oral storytelling intervention to increase retention in, and adherence to, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)/combination antiretroviral treatment (ART) among expectant couples. Design We propose a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (35 intervention and 35 control couples) at a health facility where 11% of expectant couples were in serodiscordant relationships in 2018. Couples randomized to the storytelling arm will be visited by a two community volunteers and who successfully adhered to PrEP/ART during a recent pregnancy. This expert couple will orate to participating couples three stories (at 1, 3 and 5 weeks after study enrollment) designed to empower, educate, and establish “ideal” interpersonal communication strategies within couples/families, and support adherence practices among participants. The primary outcome among HIV-uninfected women will be adherence to PrEP at 3 months. Conclusions PrEP among at-risk pregnant women must be implemented so that high levels of adherence and retention are achievable for them and their partners. We will test our storytelling intervention to identify an optimal strategy for PrEP education and family engagement in a region with high HIV prevalence. Our results will have an impact by effectively engaging serodiscordant couples in prevention/treatment during pregnancy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Audet
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Ave, Suite 750, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Health Policy, 2525 West End Ave, Suite 1200, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Erin Graves
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Ave, Suite 750, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Almiro M Emílio
- Friends in Global Health, Avenida dos Trabalhadores, 424, Quelimane, Mozambique
| | - Ariano Matino
- Friends in Global Health, Avenida dos Trabalhadores, 424, Quelimane, Mozambique
| | - Paula Paulo
- Friends in Global Health, Avenida dos Trabalhadores, 424, Quelimane, Mozambique
| | - Arifo M Aboobacar
- Provincial Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Province of Zambézia, Quelimane, Mozambique
| | - Carlota L Fonseca
- Friends in Global Health, Avenida da Maguiguana, 32 R/C, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sara Van Rompaey
- Friends in Global Health, Avenida da Maguiguana, 32 R/C, Maputo, Mozambique
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Durkin SJ, Schoenaker D, Brennan E, Bayly M, Wakefield MA. Are anti-smoking social norms associated with tobacco control mass media campaigns, tax and policy changes? Findings from an Australian serial cross-sectional population study of smokers. Tob Control 2021; 30:177-184. [PMID: 32269172 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-smoking social norms are associated with subsequent quitting behaviours. We examined if exposure to tobacco control advertisements and policy changes predict subjective (perceived disapproval of smoking among close family and friends) and internalised injunctive norms (embarrassed about telling others you are a smoker). METHODS A serial cross-sectional population survey of Australian adult smokers (n=6649; 2012 to 2015). Logistic regression analyses examined associations of social norms with exposure to different types of tobacco control advertisements, tax increases and other tobacco control policies, adjusting for key demographic, smoking and media exposure covariates. Interaction analyses examined differences by age and socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS Greater past month exposure to predominantly fear-evoking advertisements was associated with increased odds of perceiving disapproval (per 1000 gross rating points: adjusted OR (AOR) 2.69, 95% CI: 1.34 to 5.39), while exposure to advertisements evoking multiple negative emotions (fear, guilt, sadness) reduced perceived disapproval (AOR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.87). Increased perceived disapproval was also associated with anticipation (AOR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.88), and implementation of a series of annual 12.5% tobacco tax rises (AOR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.94). Associations were consistent across age and SES. There were no associations nor subgroup interactions between advertisement exposure or policy changes and feeling embarrassed about telling others you are a smoker. CONCLUSION Smokers' perceptions of family and friends' disapproval of their smoking was more common after exposure to fear-evoking tobacco control campaigns and after large tobacco tax increases were announced and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Schoenaker
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily Brennan
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Bayly
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie A Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Karletsos D, Hutchinson P, Leyton A, Meekers D. The effect of interpersonal communication in tobacco control campaigns: A longitudinal mediation analysis of a Ghanaian adolescent population. Prev Med 2021; 142:106373. [PMID: 33340636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of anti-smoking messages in positively shifting perceptions of risks related to smoking among adolescents in urban Ghana, both directly through exposure to messaging and indirectly through catalyzing discussions among peers and adults. We used data from two waves of a population-based survey of 3775 adolescent girls and 3279 adolescent boys aged 13-16 years in the urban areas of Accra, Teshie, Kumasi and Sunyani in Ghana. Using an interviewer-directed questionnaire, information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco knowledge, exposure to messages about tobacco, frequency of conversations with peers and adults about the health risks associated with smoking, as well as beliefs and attitudes towards smoking. The outcome measure is smoking risk perception in relation to shisha and cigarettes. Using causal mediation analysis, we examine the direct and indirect effects of social media relative to mass media as they work to spur discussions among peers, as well as between peers and adults, about smoking risks and about aligning risk perceptions with objective risk. We find that media exposure - both social and mass media - can impact risk perceptions. We find in particular an 8.6 percentage point increase in shisha smoking risk perceptions due to social media campaign exposure (95% CI: 3.71-13.50) and a 2.3 percentage point increase in cigarette smoking risk perception due to mass media campaign exposure (95% CI: 0.26-4.27). We further find that the indirect effect of conversations with peers mediated 16.3% of the total effect of mass media campaign exposure on cigarette smoking risk perception and 4.8% of the total effect of social media campaigns on shisha smoking risk perception. Social media campaigns increased shisha smoking risk perception among girls by 11.6 percentage points (95% CI: 5.59-17.61), of which 6.8% was mediated by conversations with peers, while conversations with peers did not significantly mediate campaign effect among boys. Conversations with adults were never found to significantly mediate smoking prevention campaigns effects in this sample of Ghanaian adolescents. Behavior change communication programs that rely solely on traditional mass media can miss important opportunities for shifting smoking risk perceptions and sharing information on the harms of smoking. Evaluations that ignore the indirect effects of conversations among peers mediating campaign effects may fail to identify important channels that can be targeted and triggered by mass and social media tobacco control campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Karletsos
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Paul Hutchinson
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alejandra Leyton
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Dominique Meekers
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Unger JB, Chaloupka FJ, Vallone D, Thrasher JF, Nettles DS, Hendershot TP, Swan GE. PhenX: Environment measures for Tobacco Regulatory Research. Tob Control 2020; 29:s35-s42. [PMID: 31992662 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A Working Group (WG) of tobacco regulatory science experts identified measures for the tobacco environment domain. METHODS This article describes the methods by which measures were identified, selected, approved and placed in the PhenX Toolkit. FINDINGS The WG identified 20 initial elements relevant to tobacco regulatory science and determined whether they were already in the PhenX Toolkit or whether novel or improved measures existed. In addition to the 10 complementary measures already in the Toolkit, the WG recommended 13 additional measures: aided and confirmed awareness of televised antitobacco advertising, interpersonal communication about tobacco advertising, media use, perceived effectiveness of antitobacco advertising, exposure to smoking on television and in the movies, social norms about tobacco (for adults and for youth), worksite policies, youth cigarette purchase behaviours and experiences, compliance with cigarette packaging and labelling policies, local and state tobacco control public policies, and neighbourhood-level racial/ethnic composition. Supplemental measures included youth social capital and compliance with smoke-free air laws and with point of sale and internet tobacco marketing restrictions. Gaps were identified in the areas of policy environment (public and private), communications environment, community environment and social environment (ie, the norms/acceptability of tobacco use). CONCLUSIONS Consistent use of these tobacco environment measures will enhance rigor and reproducability of tobacco research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Department of Health Policy and Administration and Health Policy Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donna Vallone
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Truth Initiative, Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Thrasher JF, Brewer NT, Niederdeppe J, Peters E, Strasser AA, Grana R, Kaufman AR. Advancing Tobacco Product Warning Labels Research Methods and Theory: A Summary of a Grantee Meeting Held by the US National Cancer Institute. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:855-862. [PMID: 29444268 PMCID: PMC6775856 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control recommends prominent pictorial health warnings on tobacco products. To advance research methods, theory and understanding of how tobacco product warning labels (TPWLs) work, the US National Cancer Institute convened a grantee meeting. Our article describes the key insights that emerged from the meeting, situated within the context of the scientific literature. RESULTS & RECOMMENDATIONS First, presentations confirmed that large, pictorial TPWLs motivate people to try to quit and encourage smoking cessation. Second, pictorial TPWLs increase attention, knowledge, negative affect, and thinking about the warning. Third, TPWL studies have primarily used brief-exposure laboratory studies and observational studies of sustained exposure through national policy implementation, with a few randomized trials involving several weeks of exposure-with generally consistent results found across study designs. Fourth, novel assessment methods include brain imaging, eye tracking and "best-worst" discrete choice experiments. To make TPWL even more effective, research is needed to confirm the mechanisms of their influence, their impact across vulnerable populations, and their effect on social media posts about tobacco products. Research is also needed on the effect of trial design choices, the predictive validity of new measurement approaches, and warning labels for non-cigarette tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS To improve scientific understanding of TPWL effects, this grantee meeting summary describes emerging research methods, theory and study results. Directions for future research include examination of the mechanisms of how warning labels work across diverse tobacco products and across different populations and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Ellen Peters
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel Grana
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Annette R Kaufman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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Robbins R, Niederdeppe J. Testing the Role of Narrative and Gain-Loss Framing in Messages to Promote Sleep Hygiene among High School Students. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 24:84-93. [PMID: 30774040 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2019.1581305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient sleep is common during high school and associated with adverse developmental and health outcomes. School-based health promotion efforts hold promise for improving student sleep health. This study examines two message strategies, short personal narratives and gain versus loss message framing, in shaping intentions to get healthy sleep and intentions to talk about the information received. We also examine the mediating roles of transportation and positive emotions (happy, content) and negative emotions (fear, anger). We utilize a 2 (narrative vs. non-narrative) by 2 (gain vs. loss framing) between-subjects, randomized experimental design, to test the effect of print messages on these outcomes among a sample of high school students (N = 378). Exposure to the narrative message was directly associated with greater talk intentions but not sleep intentions. Message framing was not directly associated with sleep intentions or talk intentions. Mediation analyses revealed that exposure to the narrative was indirectly associated with sleep intentions and talk intentions via transportation, and indirectly with talk intentions via both participant-reported happiness and fear. Exposure to gain-framed messages was indirectly associated with talk intentions via positive emotion. These findings extend and complicate our understanding of the roles of narrative and equivalence framing in shaping key health promotion outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Robbins
- a Department of Population Health , Center for Healthful Behavior Change, NYU School of Medicine , New York , New York , USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- b Department of Communication , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York , USA
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10
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Morgan JC, Golden SD, Noar SM, Ribisl KM, Southwell BG, Jeong M, Hall MG, Brewer NT. Conversations about pictorial cigarette pack warnings: Theoretical mechanisms of influence. Soc Sci Med 2018; 218:45-51. [PMID: 30340152 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social interactions are a key mechanism through which health communication campaigns influence behavior. Little research has examined how conversations about pictorial warnings motivate behavior. PURPOSE We sought to establish whether and how smokers' conversations explain the effect of pictorial warnings on quit attempts. METHODS US adult smokers (n = 2149) participated in a controlled trial that randomly assigned them to have their cigarette packs labeled with pictorial or text-only warnings for four weeks. Surveys assessed the number of conversations sparked by pictorial warnings and the theoretical mechanisms cognitive elaboration and social norms at each visit. Analyses used structural equation modeling to test our theorized mediation models. RESULTS The number of conversations about the warnings mediated the relationship between exposure to pictorial warnings and quit attempts (p < .001). In serial mediation analysis examining possible theoretical mechanisms, the number of conversations was associated with greater cognitive elaboration, which in turn was associated with being more likely to make a quit attempt (p < .05). Social norms did not explain the influence of conversations on quit attempts. CONCLUSIONS Pictorial warnings increased conversations about the warnings, which led to greater cognitive elaboration, which led to greater quit attempts. Our findings suggest designing warnings that increase conversations in order to better inform and motivate smokers. Furthermore, these findings improve our understanding of why conversations matter in health communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Morgan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Seth M Noar
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Brian G Southwell
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Michelle Jeong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Marissa G Hall
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA
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11
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Jeong M, Bae RE. The Effect of Campaign-Generated Interpersonal Communication on Campaign-Targeted Health Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018. [PMID: 28622003 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2017.1331184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of mass media campaign-generated conversations on campaign-targeted health outcomes, via a systematic meta-analysis of 28 studies (including 124 sub-studies and a total of 138,898 participants). The study also conducted a series of moderation analyses to examine the conditions under which interpersonal communication has larger effects on bringing about the desired outcomes. The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that campaign-generated conversations have a positive effect on inducing campaign-targeted outcomes (OR = 1.28) and show that this effect is moderated by health topic addressed by the campaign, the type of outcome being targeted by the campaign, and with whom people converse, along with several other campaign-relevant and study-relevant variables. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jeong
- a Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- b Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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12
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Lee SJ. Testing the Replication and Extension of Why-Quit and How-To-Quit Antismoking Health Messages. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 23:597-605. [PMID: 29979913 PMCID: PMC6671865 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2018.1493062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on health campaigns and interpersonal communication has seldom examined how campaign message exposure can influence the transmission of campaign-relevant information into interpersonal communication. Specifically, an individual exposed to a campaign message may send the message's core argument (replication) or other campaign-consistent information (extension) to additional campaign targets. Replication and extension may enhance campaign effects because they are expected to extend a campaign's reach and produce more campaign-consistent communication. Using a randomized controlled experiment, this study examined how exposure to why-quit and how-to-quit themed antismoking messages influences replication and extension. Study results showed that while both why-quit and how-to-quit messages were successful in increasing replication, only why-quit messages were successful in influencing extension. The study results demonstrate that there is variation in the degree of how messages can successfully be replicated or extended in interpersonal contexts, which can inform campaign development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Juhyun Lee
- a Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, MA, USA. , Boston , MA
- b Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA , Boston , MA
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13
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Ma Z, Nan X. Friends Don't Let Friends Smoke: How Storytelling and Social Distance Influence Nonsmokers' Responses to Antismoking Messages. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 33:887-895. [PMID: 28586249 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2017.1321162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examines nonsmokers' responses to antismoking messages. Informed by construal-level theory (CLT), it investigates whether and how evidence type (narrative vs. non-narrative) and social distance might interact to influence nonsmokers' attitudes toward others' quitting smoking and intentions to persuade others to quit smoking. Results of a controlled experiment (N = 281) revealed an approximately significant two-way interaction pertaining to attitudes. Simple effects analyses revealed that narratives produced less-favorable attitudes toward others' quitting smoking than nonnarratives when participants thought about their best friend. Yet, there was no difference in attitudes between narratives and nonnarratives when participants thought about socially distant others. The results also indicated that nonnarratives overpowered narratives to influence participants' attitudes toward others' quitting smoking. Moreover, social distance had a consistent impact on their risk beliefs, such that they perceive fewer health risks of their close friends than an average college student. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Ma
- a Department of Communication , University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Xiaoli Nan
- a Department of Communication , University of Maryland, College Park
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14
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Morgan JC, Southwell BG, Noar SM, Ribisl KM, Golden SD, Brewer NT. Frequency and Content of Conversations About Pictorial Warnings on Cigarette Packs. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:882-887. [PMID: 29059415 PMCID: PMC5991214 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Social interactions are a key mechanism through which health communication efforts, including pictorial cigarette pack warnings, may exert their effects. We sought to better understand social interactions elicited by pictorial cigarette pack warnings. Methods A controlled trial randomly assigned US adult smokers (n = 2149) to have their cigarette packs labeled with pictorial or text-only warnings for 4 weeks. Smokers completed surveys during the baseline visit and each of the subsequent 4 weekly visits. Results Smokers with pictorial warnings on their packs had more conversations throughout the trial compared to those with text-only warnings (8.2 conversations vs 5.0, p<.01). The highest number of conversations occurred during the first week. Smokers with pictorial warnings were more likely than those with text-only warnings to discuss the health effects of smoking, whether the warnings would make them want to quit and whether the warnings would make others want to quit (all p < .05). Smokers were more likely to describe pictorial warnings as scary, gross, or depressing and gloomy during conversations than text-only warnings (all p < .05). Conclusions Pictorial warnings sparked more conversations about the warnings, the health effects of smoking, and quitting smoking than text-only warnings. These social interactions may extend the reach of pictorial warnings beyond the targeted smoker and may be one of the processes by which pictorial warnings have impact. Implications Health communication can influence behavior by changing social interactions. Our trial characterized social interactions about pictorial cigarette pack warnings with a large longitudinal sample in a real-world setting. Understanding these conversations can inform the United States and other countries as they improve existing warnings and help tobacco control policy makers and health communication theorists understand how social interactions triggered by warnings affect smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Morgan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Brian G Southwell
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park North Carolina, NC
| | - Seth M Noar
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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15
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Brennan E, Durkin SJ, Wakefield M, Kashima Y. Why Do Smokers Talk About Antismoking Campaigns? Predictors of the Occurrence and Content of Campaign-Generated Conversations. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 32:1539-1556. [PMID: 27902887 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1239301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Smokers often talk about antismoking campaigns, and these conversations can contribute to campaign effectiveness. However, little is known about the predictors and content of naturally occurring campaign-generated conversations. In two studies (Study 1, N = 480; Study 2, N = 232), we systematically examined whether the occurrence and content of smokers' conversations after exposure to one of eight antismoking television advertisements were predicted by characteristics of (a) the message, (b) intrapersonal responses to the message, (c) the individual, and (d) the social context in which exposure occurred. In multivariable models, we found that conversations were more likely to occur when advertisement exposure occurred in the presence of others, and as the amount of anxiety elicited by the advertisement increased. Conversations were more likely to contain a favorable appraisal of the advertisement when the message elicited higher levels of sadness, and less likely to contain favorable appraisals when the respondent had finished secondary education (vs. lower levels of education). Stronger feelings of guilt reduced the likelihood that conversations contained unfavorable appraisals, and increased the likelihood that they contained quitting talk. These findings suggest several promising avenues for future investigations into why smokers talk and talk in particular ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brennan
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- b Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah J Durkin
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- b Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- b Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- b Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences , University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Whelan ME, Morgan PS, Sherar LB, Orme MW, Esliger DW. Can functional magnetic resonance imaging studies help with the optimization of health messaging for lifestyle behavior change? A systematic review. Prev Med 2017; 99:185-196. [PMID: 28214544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy behaviors, including smoking, poor nutrition, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles, are global risk factors for non-communicable diseases and premature death. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers a unique approach to optimize health messages by examining how the brain responds to information relating to health. Our aim was to systematically review fMRI studies that have investigated variations in brain activation in response to health messages relating to (i) smoking; (ii) alcohol consumption; (iii) physical activity; (iv) diet; and (v) sedentary behavior. The electronic databases used were Medline/PubMed, Web of Science (Core Collection), PsychINFO, SPORTDiscuss, Cochrane Library and Open Grey. Studies were included if they investigated subjects aged ≥10years and were published before January 2017. Of the 13,836 studies identified in the database search, 18 studies (smoking k=15; diet k=2; physical activity/sedentary behavior k=1) were included in the review. The prefrontal cortex was activated in seven (47%) of the smoking-related studies and the physical activity study. Results suggest that activation of the ventromedial, dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex regions were predictive of subsequent behavior change following exposure to aversive anti-smoking stimuli. Studies investigating the neurological responses to anti-smoking material were most abundant. Of note, the prefrontal cortex and amygdala were most commonly activated in response to health messages across lifestyle behaviors. The review highlights an important disparity between research focusing on different lifestyle behaviors. Insights from smoking literature suggest fMRI may help to optimize health messaging in relation to other lifestyle behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine E Whelan
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul S Morgan
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom; Medical Physics & Clinical Engineering, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom; Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity, Biomedical Research Unit, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark W Orme
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom.
| | - Dale W Esliger
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom; Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity, Biomedical Research Unit, United Kingdom.
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17
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Nan X, Futerfas M, Ma Z. Role of Narrative Perspective and Modality in the Persuasiveness of Public Service Advertisements Promoting HPV Vaccination. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 32:320-328. [PMID: 27224002 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1138379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the context of public service advertisements promoting human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, the current research examines 1) the relative persuasiveness of narrative vs. non-narrative messages and 2) the influence of narrative perspective (first- vs. third-person) and modality (text-based vs. audio-based) on message effectiveness. Results of a controlled experiment (N = 121) suggested that both a non-narrative message and a first-person narrative message led to greater perceived risk of getting HPV than a third-person narrative message. There was no difference in risk perception between the non-narrative and first-person narrative conditions. These findings were confined to the text-based condition, however. When the messages were audio-based, no differential message effects were detected. The analysis also provided partial evidence for an indirect effect of narrative perspective on intentions to vaccinate against HPV through HPV risk perception. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Nan
- a Department of Communication , University of Maryland
| | | | - Zexin Ma
- a Department of Communication , University of Maryland
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18
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Ramanadhan S, Nagler RH, McCloud R, Kohler R, Viswanath K. Graphic health warnings as activators of social networks: A field experiment among individuals of low socioeconomic position. Soc Sci Med 2017; 175:219-227. [PMID: 28108053 PMCID: PMC5320580 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Graphic health warnings (GHWs) on cigarette packages present an important tobacco control opportunity, particularly for vulnerable populations suffering a disproportionate tobacco burden. One mechanism by which GHWs may influence smoking outcomes is by prompting interpersonal discussions within health discussion networks (the set of personal contacts with whom an individual discusses health issues). OBJECTIVE The study examined the association between GHW-prompted conversations within health discussion networks and key tobacco-related outcomes, with attention to valence and content of the discussions. METHOD Between August 2013 and April 2014, we recruited 1200 individuals from three communities in Massachusetts, emphasizing recruitment of individuals of low socioeconomic position (SEP) and members of other selected vulnerable groups. Respondents were exposed to the nine GHWs proposed by the FDA in 2011, asked a series of questions, and assessed at follow-up a few weeks later. RESULTS A total of 806 individuals were included in this analysis. About 51% of respondents reported having a health discussion network, with significantly lower reports among African-Americans and Hispanics compared to Whites. Around 70% of respondents (smokers and nonsmokers) with health discussion networks reported having one or more conversations about the GHWs with network members, the bulk of which were negative and focused on warning others about smoking. For smokers, we found a small but positive association between the percentage of network conversations that were negative and reports of quit attempts. CONCLUSION The results point to a potential mechanism by which GHWs may impact tobacco-related outcomes, prompting further inquiry into the role of health discussion networks (and discussion networks, more broadly) in tobacco control among low SEP individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba Ramanadhan
- Center for Community-based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, LW601, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Rebekah H Nagler
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota, 206 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Rachel McCloud
- Center for Community-based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, LW601, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Racquel Kohler
- Center for Community-based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, LW601, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Kasisomayajula Viswanath
- Center for Community-based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, LW601, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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19
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Lubinga E, Maes A, Jansen C. How peer conversations about HIV/AIDS media messages affect comprehension and beliefs of young South African women. SAHARA J 2016; 13:68-80. [PMID: 27310424 PMCID: PMC5642442 DOI: 10.1080/17290376.2016.1197146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most existent research on the effects of interpersonal discussions about health campaign messages is based on surveys. In this study, we analysed actual conversations about an HIV/AIDS poster to find out possible effects. Young South African women in 59 dyads (n = 118) participated in conversations about a deliberately puzzling HIV and AIDS poster that cautioned the target group to be faithful to one sexual partner. We measured their comprehension of the poster and beliefs about the message, before and after the conversations. Overall, actual comprehension (AC) was low, and we observed a large discrepancy between actual and perceived comprehension. In general, conversations did not improve AC. It proved to be even more probable that a correct interpretation before a conversation turned into an incorrect interpretation than the other way around. However, having a well-informed conversation partner increased the chance of acquiring adequate subsequent comprehension. We found, in general, that conversations did not decrease undesirable beliefs. One important undesirable belief even became reinforced after the conversations. Conversations among peers might be valuable in health campaigns, but our study shows that intended positive effects do not automatically follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Lubinga
- PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in Communication Studies in the Department of Communication, Media and Information Studies, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - A.A. Maes
- PhD, is a Full Professor, and Head of the Department of Communication and Information Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - C.J.M. Jansen
- PhD, is a Full Professor, and Head of the Department of Communication and Information Studies, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. He is also affiliated with the Language Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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20
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Morley B, Niven P, Dixon H, Swanson M, Szybiak M, Shilton T, Pratt IS, Slevin T, Hill D, Wakefield M. Population-based evaluation of the 'LiveLighter' healthy weight and lifestyle mass media campaign. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2016; 31:121-35. [PMID: 26956039 PMCID: PMC4802349 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Western Australian (WA) 'LiveLighter' (LL) mass media campaign ran during June-August and September-October 2012. The principal campaign ad graphically depicts visceral fat of an overweight individual ('why' change message), whereas supporting ads demonstrate simple changes to increase activity and eat healthier ('how' to change message). Cross-sectional surveys among population samples aged 25-49 were undertaken pre-campaign (N= 2012) and following the two media waves (N= 2005 and N= 2009) in the intervention (WA) and comparison state (Victoria) to estimate the population impact of LL. Campaign awareness was 54% after the first media wave and overweight adults were more likely to recall LL and perceive it as personally relevant. Recall was also higher among parents, but equal between socio-economic groups. The 'why' message about health-harms of overweight rated higher than 'how' messages about lifestyle change, on perceived message effectiveness which is predictive of health-related intention and behaviour change. State-by-time interactions showed population-level increases in self-referent thoughts about the health-harms of overweight (P < 0.05) and physical activity intentions (P < 0.05). Endorsement of stereotypes of overweight individuals did not increase after LL aired. LL was associated with some population-level improvements in proximal and intermediate markers of campaign impact. However, sustained campaign activity will be needed to impact behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morley
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Vic. 3004,
| | - P Niven
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Vic. 3004
| | - H Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Vic. 3004
| | - M Swanson
- Heart Foundation (Western Australia), Subiaco, WA 6008 and
| | - M Szybiak
- Heart Foundation (Western Australia), Subiaco, WA 6008 and
| | - T Shilton
- Heart Foundation (Western Australia), Subiaco, WA 6008 and
| | - I S Pratt
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Shenton Park, WA 6005, Australia
| | - T Slevin
- Cancer Council Western Australia, Shenton Park, WA 6005, Australia
| | - D Hill
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Vic. 3004
| | - M Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Vic. 3004
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21
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Hall MG, Peebles K, Bach LE, Noar SM, Ribisl KM, Brewer NT. Social Interactions Sparked by Pictorial Warnings on Cigarette Packs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13195-208. [PMID: 26506363 PMCID: PMC4627025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121013195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Message Impact Framework suggests that social interactions may offer smokers the opportunity to process pictorial warnings on cigarette packs more deeply. We aimed to describe adult smokers’ social interactions about pictorial cigarette pack warnings in two longitudinal pilot studies. In Pilot Study 1, 30 smokers used cigarette packs with one of nine pictorial warnings for two weeks. In Pilot Study 2, 46 smokers used cigarette packs with one of five pictorial warnings for four weeks. Nearly all smokers (97%/96% in Pilot Study 1/2) talked about the warnings with other people, with the most common people being friends (67%/87%) and spouses/significant others (34%/42%). Pilot Study 2 found that 26% of smokers talked about the warnings with strangers. Discussions about the health effects of smoking and quitting smoking were more frequent during the first week of exposure to pictorial warnings than in the week prior to beginning the study (both p < 0.05). Pictorial warnings sparked social interactions about the warnings, the health effects of smoking, and quitting smoking, indicating that pictorial warnings may act as a social intervention reaching beyond the individual. Future research should examine social interactions as a potential mediator of the impact of pictorial warnings on smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa G Hall
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kathryn Peebles
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Laura E Bach
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Seth M Noar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina, Carroll Hall, CB 3365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Rosenau Hall CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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22
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Brennan E, Durkin SJ, Wakefield MA, Kashima Y. Talking About Antismoking Campaigns: What Do Smokers Talk About, and How Does Talk Influence Campaign Effectiveness? JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2015; 21:33-45. [PMID: 26376358 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1039675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Campaign-stimulated conversations have been shown to increase the effectiveness of antismoking campaigns. In order to explore why such effects occur, in the current study we coded the content of naturally occurring conversations. We also examined whether the short-term effects of talking, and of different types of talk, on quitting intentions were mediated through intrapersonal message responses. Using the Natural Exposure(SM) methodology, we exposed 411 smokers to 1 of 6 antismoking advertisements while they were watching television at home. Responses to the advertisement-conversation participation and content, emotional responses, personalized perceived effectiveness, and changes in intentions to quit-were measured within 3 days of exposure. Conversations were coded for appraisal of the advertisement (favorable, neutral, or unfavorable) and the presence of quitting talk and emotion talk. Mediation analyses indicated that the positive effects of talking on intention change were mediated through personalized perceived effectiveness and that the positive effects were driven by conversations that contained a favorable appraisal and/or quitting talk. Conversely, conversations that contained an unfavorable appraisal of the advertisement were negatively associated with campaign effectiveness. These findings highlight the importance of measuring interpersonal communication when evaluating campaigns and the need for further research to identify the message characteristics that predict when smokers talk and when they talk only in desirable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brennan
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Sarah J Durkin
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Melanie A Wakefield
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , Cancer Council Victoria , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- b Psychological Sciences , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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McQueen A, Kreuter MW, Boyum S, Thompson VS, Caburnay CA, Waters EA, Kaphingst KA, Rath S, Fu Q. Reactions to FDA-Proposed Graphic Warning Labels Affixed to U.S. Smokers' Cigarette Packs. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:784-95. [PMID: 25589676 PMCID: PMC4542680 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Graphic warning labels have been shown to be more effective than text-only labels in increasing attention and perceived health risks, but most U.S. studies have involved single exposures in laboratory or Internet settings. METHODS We recruited a convenience sample (N = 202) of U.S. adult smokers from population subgroups with higher rates of smoking and smoking-related deaths who had participated in a larger survey about graphic warning labels. Participants were randomized to get 1 of 9 graphic + text labels or a text-only label. Research staff affixed a warning label sticker to participants' cigarette pack(s) at enrollment. Color graphic labels covered slightly more than the lower half of packs. Black and white labels of current U.S. text-only warnings covered the existing side warning to prompt attention to the label (i.e., attention control). Participants received extra stickers of the same label for subsequent packs, and completed 3 telephone interviews in 1 week. RESULTS Participants reported low avoidance (<34%) and consistent use of the stickers (91%). Smokers consistently paid more attention to graphic than text-only labels. Only 5 of the 9 graphic warning labels were significantly associated with greater thoughts of health risks. Thinking about quitting and stopping smoking did not differ by label. Qualitative data illustrated differences in the "stickiness," self-referencing, and counterarguments of graphic warning labels. CONCLUSIONS U.S. smokers' reactions to graphic warning labels on their own packs were similar to other, more controlled studies. Qualitative findings underscore the need for warning labels that encourage self-referential processing without increasing defensive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McQueen
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO;
| | - Matthew W Kreuter
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sonia Boyum
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Vetta S Thompson
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Charlene A Caburnay
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Erika A Waters
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biostatistics, Saint Louis University, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Salus Center, St. Louis, MO
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Thrasher JF, Abad-Vivero EN, Huang L, O'Connor RJ, Hammond D, Bansal-Travers M, Yong HH, Borland R, Markovsky B, Hardin J. Interpersonal communication about pictorial health warnings on cigarette packages: Policy-related influences and relationships with smoking cessation attempts. Soc Sci Med 2015; 164:141-149. [PMID: 26092600 PMCID: PMC4747859 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship between interpersonal communication about cigarette health warning labels (HWLs), psychological responses to HWLs, and smoking cessation attempts. Data were analyzed from online consumer panels of adult smokers in Australia, Canada and Mexico, during implementation of new pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) on cigarette packs. Approximately 1000 adult smokers were surveyed in each country every four months (September 2012, January 2013, May 2013, September 2013, January 2014). Only smokers followed for at least two waves were included in the analytic sample. Participants reported the frequency of talking about HWLs in the last month (in general, with family members, and with friends). For each country, poisson generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were estimated to assess the bivariate and adjusted correlates of talking about HWLs. Logistic GEE models regressed having attempted to quit by the subsequent wave on HWL talk, socio-demographics and psychological responses to HWLs. The frequency of HWL talk gradually decreased in Canada (48%–36%) after new HWLs were implemented; an increase (30%–58%) in Australia corresponded with implementation of new HWLs, after which talking stabilized; and the frequency of HWL talk in Mexico was stable over time, where new HWLs are implemented every six months. Talk about HWLs was an independent predictor of subsequent quit attempts in Canada (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.11 –2.02), Australia (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.05–1.89), and Mexico (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.11–2.10), as was cognitive responses to HWLs (Australia AOR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.22–2.24; Canada AOR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.15–2.11; Mexico AOR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.91–1.85). No interaction between talk and cognitive reactions to HWLs were found. These results suggest that interpersonal communication about HWLs influences smoking cessation attempts independent of other established predictors of smoking cessation, including cessation-related HWL responses. Future research should determine ways to catalyze interpersonal communication about HWLs and thereby potentiate HWL effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA; Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Erika N Abad-Vivero
- Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Liling Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | | | | | - Ron Borland
- Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Barry Markovsky
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - James Hardin
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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Jeong M, Tan ASL, Brennan E, Gibson L, Hornik RC. Talking About Quitting: Interpersonal Communication as a Mediator of Campaign Effects on Smokers' Quit Behaviors. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2015; 20:1196-205. [PMID: 26147367 PMCID: PMC4703310 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1018620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the role of interpersonal communication in the context of a mass media anti-smoking campaign. Specifically, it explored whether conversations about campaign ads and/or about quitting mediated campaign exposure effects on 2 quitting behaviors (sought help to quit and tried to quit smoking completely), as well as the relation between ad-related and quitting-related conversations. Data were collected before the campaign and monthly for 16 months during the campaign through cross-sectional telephone surveys among a sample of 3,277 adult Philadelphia smokers. Follow-up interviews were conducted among 877 participants 3 months after their first survey. Cross-sectional and longitudinal mediation models with bootstrap procedures assessed the indirect effects of campaign exposure on outcomes through conversations, and the indirect effects of conversations about ads on outcomes through conversations about quitting. In addition, lagged regression analyses tested the causal direction of associations between the variables of interest. The results partially support hypotheses that conversations about quitting mediate campaign effects on quitting-related behaviors and, in line with previous research, that conversations about the ads have indirect effects on quitting-related behaviors by triggering conversations about quitting. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering interpersonal communication as a route of campaign exposure effects when evaluating and designing future public health campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jeong
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Andy S L Tan
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Emily Brennan
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Laura Gibson
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Robert C Hornik
- a Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
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Anderson C, Holody KJ. Stimulating Dialogue: Measuring Success of the “Smoke Free Horry” Campaign. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2014; 34:331-49. [DOI: 10.2190/iq.34.4.d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Smoke Free Horry was an anti-secondhand smoke media campaign that ran in Horry County, South Carolina in 2011 and 2012. The present study assessed the campaign's ability to stimulate interpersonal dialogue about the campaign—specifically its four television public service announcements (PSAs)—as well as about other smoking-related topics, among a sample of 285 Horry County young adults. Survey data suggested talking about anti-smoking PSAs was related to subsequent discussion about smoking-related topics and positive perceptions of the campaign's effectiveness. PSAs using emotional appeals and that discussed the negative health effects of smoking/secondhand smoke were related to the most interpersonal discussions about smoking, secondhand smoking, and smoking bans. Implications for future anti-smoking campaign design are discussed.
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Lilienthal KR, Holm J, Vogeltanz-Holm N. The Influence of Friend Presence and Discussion on Young Adults’ Responses to Anti-sugary Drinks Television Ads. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-014-9265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dunlop SM, Cotter T, Perez D. When your smoking is not just about you: antismoking advertising, interpersonal pressure, and quitting outcomes. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2014; 19:41-56. [PMID: 23967804 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2013.798375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The authors investigated the potential for antismoking advertising to generate interpersonal pressure on smokers to quit using the Cancer Institute NSW's Tobacco Tracking Survey, a telephone tracking survey of adult smokers conducted throughout the year with approximately 50 interviews per week (N = 5,448). The survey includes questions relating to recently broadcast antismoking advertisements, including whether smokers have received pressure from family and friends as a result of their seeing the advertisements. The authors conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses to predict: (a) receiving ad-stimulated interpersonal pressure; and (b) quitting outcomes. All analyses controlled for smoker characteristics and potential exposure to the advertisements. Compared with ads coded as having a low level of emotion (by independent coders), ads coded as highly emotional were more likely to have generated interpersonal pressure. Ad-stimulated interpersonal pressure was associated with an increased likelihood of recent quit attempts and with salient quitting thoughts, with a greater effect on quitting thoughts for interpersonal pressure generated by highly and moderately emotional ads. These results support previous research suggesting that highly emotional antismoking ads with personal stories or graphic imagery are effective in promoting smoking cessation, and these results help to identify communication processes that contribute to the ads' success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Dunlop
- a Sydney School of Public Health , University of Sydney , Sydney
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Wong NCH, Harvell LA, Harrison KJ. The unintended target: assessing nonsmokers' reactions to gain- and loss-framed antismoking public service announcements. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2013; 18:1402-1421. [PMID: 24015773 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2013.798376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined nonsmokers' emotional responses and intentions to promote smoking cessation after exposure to a gain- or loss-framed antismoking public service announcement (PSA). Participants were 183 nonsmokers, and results reveal that gain- and loss-framed antismoking PSAs elicited different types and levels of affect as a function of the message theme for the antismoking PSA. Although secondhand smoke PSAs elicited higher levels of anger toward smokers and fear of secondhand smoke, smoking addiction PSAs tended to elicit more guilt among nonsmokers. Elicited emotions were significant predictors of intentions, and overall, loss-framed appeals worked better than gain-framed appeals at increasing nonsmokers' intentions to talk to friends who smoke about quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C H Wong
- a Department of Communication , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma , USA
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30
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Richards AS. Predicting attitude toward methamphetamine use: the role of antidrug campaign exposure and conversations about meth in Montana. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2013; 29:124-136. [PMID: 23448547 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2012.728469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This investigation utilized the integrative model of behavioral prediction to assess the Montana Meth Project (MMP) campaign by testing theoretical antecedents of attitude toward methamphetamine (meth) use. College students in Montana (N = 403) were surveyed about their exposure to MMP ads and communication about meth in conversation. Structural equation modeling showed that the data fit the specified model well. Significant parameters indicated that only beliefs about the negative relational outcomes of meth use, and not about personal well-being or physical appearance, were related to attitude. Attention, rather than encoded exposure, to MMP ads related to each belief about meth use. Conversation frequency related to engagement with MMP ads, and a conversational partner's conveyed attitude toward meth use related to personal and physical beliefs as well as attitudes. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Hammond D, Wakefield M, Durkin S, Brennan E. Tobacco packaging and mass media campaigns: research needs for Articles 11 and 12 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:817-31. [PMID: 23042986 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Communicating the health risks of smoking remains a primary objective of tobacco-control policy. Articles 11 and 12 of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control establish standards for two important forms of communication: packaging regulations (Article 11), and mass media campaigns (Article 12). METHODS A narrative review approach was used to identify existing evidence in the areas of package labeling regulations (including health warnings, constituent and emission messages, and prohibitions on misleading information) and communication activities (including mass media campaigns and news media coverage). When available, recent reviews of the literature were used, updated with more recent high-quality studies from published literature. RESULTS Implementation of Articles 11 and 12 share several important research priorities: (a) identify existing consumer information needs and gaps, (b) research on the message source to identify effective types of content for health warnings and media campaigns, (c) research on how messages are processed and the extent to which the content and form of messages need to be tailored to different cultural and geographic groups, as well as subgroups within countries, and (d) research to identify the most cost-effective mix and best practices for sustaining health communications over time. CONCLUSION A unifying theme of effective health communication through tobacco packaging and mass media campaigns is the need to provide salient, timely, and engaging reminders of the consequences of tobacco use in ways that motivate and support tobacco users trying to quit and make tobacco use less appealing for those at risk of taking it up.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hammond
- Department of Health Studies & Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
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Durkin SJ, Wakefield MA, Spittal MJ. Which types of televised anti-tobacco campaigns prompt more quitline calls from disadvantaged groups? HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2011; 26:998-1009. [PMID: 21715652 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To examine the efficacy of different types of mass media ads in driving lower socio-economic smokers (SES) to utilize quitlines. This study collected all 33 719 calls to the Victorian quitline in Australia over a 2-year period. Negative binomial regressions examined the relationship between weekly levels of exposure to different types of anti-smoking ads and quitline calls, after adjusting for covariates. Interaction terms were added to determine whether relationships differed by SES. In total, smokers were exposed 88.39 times to anti-smoking ads over the 2-year period, as estimated by target audience ratings points. Higher emotion narrative ad exposure had the strongest association with quitline calls, increasing call rates by 13% for every additional ad exposure per week (per 100 points, rate ratio = 1.132, P = 0.001). Substantially, greater increases in calls to quitline from lower SES groups were observed when higher emotion narrative ads were on air compared with when other ad types were on air, and this advantage was not as strong among higher SES groups. Airing higher emotion narrative anti-smoking ads may contribute to reducing, but not eliminating, socio-economic disparities in calls to the quitline through maximizing the responses of the lower SES smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, The Cancer Council Victoria, 1 Rathdowne Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia.
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Stewart HS, Bowden JA, Bayly MC, Sharplin GR, Durkin SJ, Miller CL, Givans SE, Warne CD, Wakefield MA. Potential effectiveness of specific anti-smoking mass media advertisements among Australian Indigenous smokers. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2011; 26:961-975. [PMID: 21893685 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (Indigenous Australians) have more than twice the smoking prevalence of non-Indigenous Australians. Anti-smoking campaigns have demonstrated success in the general population but little is known about their impact among Indigenous people. A total of 143 Indigenous and a comparison group of 156 non-Indigenous smokers from South Australia were shown 10 anti-smoking advertisements representing a range of advertisements typically aired in Australia. Participants rated advertisements on a five-point Likert scale assessing factors including message acceptance and personalized effectiveness. On average, Indigenous people rated the mainstream advertisements higher than non-Indigenous people and were more likely to report that they provided new information. Advertisements with strong graphic imagery depicting the health effects of smoking were rated highest by Indigenous smokers. Advertisements featuring real people describing the serious health consequences of smoking received mixed responses. Those featuring an ill person were rated higher by Indigenous people than those featuring the family of the person affected by a smoking-related disease. With limited Indigenous-specific messages available and given the finite resources of most public health campaigns, exposure to mainstream strong graphic and emotive first-person narratives about the health effects of smoking are likely to be highly motivating for Indigenous smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Stewart
- Aboriginal Health Council of South Australia, Unley 5061, Australia
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Boster FJ, Carpenter CJ, Andrews KR, Mongeau PA. Employing interpersonal influence to promote multivitamin use. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2011; 27:399-407. [PMID: 21957941 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2011.595771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Boster, Kotowski, Andrews, and Serota (2011 ) proposed that superdiffusers are well connected, persuasive, and a maven in a content area. They proposed that superdiffusers, if recruited, could promote the adoption of health practices. In this article a model of this process is presented, and an intervention designed to test the efficacy of this influence strategy is introduced. Specifically, superdiffusers were recruited to persuade their peers to take a daily multivitamin. Evidence was found consistent with the intervention's effectiveness.
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Frieden TR, Dietz W, Collins J. Reducing childhood obesity through policy change: acting now to prevent obesity. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011; 29:357-63. [PMID: 20194973 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is epidemic in the United States, and is expected to increase the rates of many chronic diseases. Increasing physical activity and improving nutrition are keys to obesity prevention and control. But changing individual behavior is difficult. A comprehensive, coordinated strategy is needed. Policy interventions that make healthy dietary and activity choices easier are likely to achieve the greatest benefits. There is emerging evidence on how to address childhood obesity, but we must take action now to begin to reverse the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Frieden
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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36
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Dunlop SM. Talking "truth": predictors and consequences of conversations about a youth antismoking campaign for smokers and nonsmokers. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2011; 16:708-725. [PMID: 21476165 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2011.552000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the Legacy Media Tracking Survey II, this study investigated relations among youth's evaluations of the "truth" antismoking campaign, campaign-related interpersonal discussion, and campaign-relevant outcomes (n = 8,000). Regression analyses showed that smokers were less likely to have discussed the campaign than nonsmokers, and this effect was mediated by negative campaign evaluation. However, smokers with a negative evaluation of the campaign were more likely to talk about it than were nonsmokers reporting negative evaluation. Nonsmokers who talked about the campaign had beliefs, attitudes, and intentions in greater agreement with campaign messages than those who did not talk about the campaign. For smokers, talking about the campaign was associated with beliefs, attitudes, and intentions in greater agreement with campaign messages, but only if associated with positive campaign evaluation. For smokers with a negative campaign evaluation, talking about the campaign was associated with beliefs and attitudes counter to the campaign messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Dunlop
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, and Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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37
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Hung WT, Dunlop SM, Perez D, Cotter T. Use and perceived helpfulness of smoking cessation methods: results from a population survey of recent quitters. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:592. [PMID: 21791111 PMCID: PMC3160379 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing rates of smoking cessation is one of the most effective measures available to improve population health. To advance the goal of increasing successful cessation at the population level, it is imperative that we understand more about smokers' use of cessation methods, as well as the helpfulness of those methods in real-world experiences of quitting. In this survey of recent quitters, we simultaneously examined rates of use and perceived helpfulness of various cessation methods. METHODS Recent quitters (within 12 months; n = 1097) completed a telephone survey including questions relating to 13 cessation methods. Indices of use and perceived helpfulness for each method were plotted in a quadrant analysis. Socio-demographic differences were explored using bivariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS From the quadrant analysis, cold turkey, NRT and gradual reduction before quitting had high use and helpfulness; GP advice had high use and lower helpfulness. Prescribed medication and online programs had low use but high helpfulness. Remaining methods had low use and helpfulness. Younger quitters were more likely to use unassisted methods such as cold turkey; older or less educated quitters were more likely to use assisted methods such as prescribed medication or advice from a general practitioner. CONCLUSIONS The majority of recent quitters quit cold turkey or cut down before quitting, and reported that these methods were helpful. Efforts to influence population smoking prevalence should attempt to provide support and motivation for smokers choosing these methods, in addition to assessing the effectiveness and accessibility of other methods for smokers who need or choose them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Tak Hung
- Monitoring, Evaluation and Research Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Level 9, 8 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Sally M Dunlop
- Cancer Prevention Division, Cancer Institute NSW, Level 9, 8 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh NSW 2015, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Donna Perez
- Cancer Prevention Division, Cancer Institute NSW, Level 9, 8 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Trish Cotter
- Cancer Prevention Division, Cancer Institute NSW, Level 9, 8 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh NSW 2015, Australia
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Falk EB, Berkman ET, Whalen D, Lieberman MD. Neural activity during health messaging predicts reductions in smoking above and beyond self-report. Health Psychol 2011; 30:177-85. [PMID: 21261410 DOI: 10.1037/a0022259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study tested whether neural activity in response to messages designed to help smokers quit could predict smoking reduction, above and beyond self-report. DESIGN Using neural activity in an a priori region of interest (a subregion of medial prefrontal cortex [MPFC]), in response to ads designed to help smokers quit smoking, we prospectively predicted reductions in smoking in a community sample of smokers (N = 28) who were attempting to quit smoking. Smoking was assessed via expired carbon monoxide (CO; a biological measure of recent smoking) at baseline and 1 month following exposure to professionally developed quitting ads. RESULTS A positive relationship was observed between activity in the MPFC region of interest and successful quitting (increased activity in MPFC was associated with a greater decrease in expired CO). The addition of neural activity to a model predicting changes in CO from self-reported intentions, self-efficacy, and ability to relate to the messages significantly improved model fit, doubling the variance explained (R²self-report = .15, R²self-report + neural activity = .35, R²change = .20). CONCLUSION Neural activity is a useful complement to existing self-report measures. In this investigation, we extend prior work predicting behavior change based on neural activity in response to persuasive media to an important health domain and discuss potential psychological interpretations of the brain-behavior link. Our results support a novel use of neuroimaging technology for understanding the psychology of behavior change and facilitating health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Falk
- Department of Communication Studies, Research Center for Group Dynamics/Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Cotter T, Hung WT, Perez D, Dunlop S, Bishop J. Squeezing new life out of an old Sponge: how to modernise an anti-smoking media campaign to capture a new market. Aust N Z J Public Health 2011; 35:75-80. [PMID: 21299705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The iconic Sponge anti-smoking television advertisement was first made in Sydney, Australia, in 1979. In 2007, it was re-made for a new generation of smokers. This paper examines the impact of the re-made Sponge advertisement. METHODS Qualitative evaluation of the original Sponge ad by younger and older smokers (n=51) was followed by an online pre-test survey of the modernised version (n=301). A continuous tracking telephone survey of smokers and recent quitters (quit in past 12 months) over 18 years monitored performance of the modernised version while on air in late 2007 (total n=453; seen ad n=380). RESULTS Qualitative research found that the concept of the original Sponge ad may motivate younger smokers--who had not previously seen the ad--to quit. Online pre-testing demonstrated that the modernised version provided new information to 54% of 18-24 year olds (compared to 31% of older smokers). Tracking survey results indicated that believability of the modernised version was highest among 18-24 year olds (92%), that the ad was 'attention-grabbing' (86%), and that it was effective at influencing quitting intentions. Effects were amplified by the generation of pressure from family and friends. IMPLICATIONS The re-made Sponge advertisement had a positive impact on smokers, and was particularly effective among the new market of smokers aged less than 40 years. Adapting successful mass media campaign material can be an effective and economical strategy to influence smokers.
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Nicol P, Watkins R, Donovan R, Wynaden D, Cadwallader H. The power of vivid experience in hand hygiene compliance. J Hosp Infect 2009; 72:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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