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Nalladiyil A, Sughosh P, Babu GLS, Ramaswami S. Landfill leachate treatment using fungi and fungal enzymes: a review. Biodegradation 2024; 35:225-247. [PMID: 37688749 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate raises a huge risk to human health and the environment as it contains a high concentration of organic and inorganic contaminants, heavy metals, ammonia, and refractory substances. Among leachate treatment techniques, the biological methods are more environmentally benign and less expensive than the physical-chemical treatment methods. Over the last few years, fungal-based treatment processes have become popular due to their ability to produce powerful oxidative enzymes like peroxidases and laccases. Fungi have shown better removal efficiency in terms of color, ammonia, and COD. However, their use in the treatment of leachate is relatively recent and still needs to be investigated. This review article assesses the potential of fungi and fungal-derived enzymes in treating landfill leachate. The review also compares different enzymes involved in the fungal catabolism of organic pollutants and the enzyme degradation mechanisms. The effect of parameters like pH, temperature, contact time, dosage variation, heavy metals and ammonia are discussed. The paper also explores the reactor configuration used in the fungal treatment and the techniques used to improve leachate treatment efficacy, like pretreatment and fungi immobilisation. Finally, the review summarises the limitations and the future direction of work required to adapt the fungal application for leachate treatment on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree Nalladiyil
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - P Sughosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - G L Sivakumar Babu
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sreenivasan Ramaswami
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Narciso A, Barra Caracciolo A, Grenni P, Rauseo J, Patrolecco L, Spataro F, Mariani L. Application of the Aliivibrio fischeri bacterium bioassay for assessing single and mixture effects of antibiotics and copper. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad125. [PMID: 37822015 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aliivibrio fischeri bioassay was successfully applied in order to evaluate the acute effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), chlortetracycline (CTC) and copper (Cu), alone or in binary, ternary, and overall mixture. The toxicity results are reported in terms of both effective concentrations, which inhibited 50% of the bacterium bioluminescence (EC50%), and in Toxic Units (TUs). The TUs were compared with predicted values obtained using the Concentration Addition model (CA). Finally, the toxicity of water extracts from a soil contaminated by the three antibiotics (7 mg Kg-1 each) in the presence/absence of copper (30 mg Kg-1) was also evaluated. Copper was the most toxic chemical (EC50: 0.78 mg L-1), followed by CTC (EC50: 3.64 mg L-1), CIP (96 mg L-1) and SMX (196 mg L-1). Comparing the TU and CA values of the mixtures, additive effects were generally found. However, a synergic action was recorded in the case of the CIP+Cu co-presence and antagonistic effects in the case of CTC+Cu and the ternary mixture (containing each antibiotic at 0.7 mg L-1), were identified. Soil water extracts did not show any toxicity, demonstrating the buffering ability of the soil to immobilize these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Narciso
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), SP 35d, km 0.7 Montelibretti 00010 (Rome), Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Barra Caracciolo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), SP 35d, km 0.7 Montelibretti 00010 (Rome), Italy
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), SP 35d, km 0.7 Montelibretti 00010 (Rome), Italy
| | - Jasmin Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), SP 35d, km 0.7 Montelibretti 00010 (Rome), Italy
| | - Luisa Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), SP 35d, km 0.7 Montelibretti 00010 (Rome), Italy
| | - Francesca Spataro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), SP 35d, km 0.7 Montelibretti 00010 (Rome), Italy
| | - Livia Mariani
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), SP 35d, km 0.7 Montelibretti 00010 (Rome), Italy
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Tripathy BK, Kumar M. Leachate treatment using sequential microwave and algal photo-bioreactor: Effect of pretreatment on reactor performance and biomass productivity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114830. [PMID: 35279493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to design a lab-scale hybrid reactor, primarily focused on the removal of organics, nutrients, heavy metal and other toxic compounds, thereby, minimizing risk associated with the disposal of landfill leachate. The potential of a designed hybrid treatment system (i.e., sequential microwave (MW) with algal bioreactor) with and without pretreatment, i.e., coagulation-flocculation (CF), was evaluated based on several parameters. The CF pretreatment under optimized conditions has resulted in 90% turbidity and 76% COD removals from leachate; furthermore, the MW treatment achieved 91% ammonia removal from raw leachate. As a result, substantial algal growth was observed in the preliminary algal batch experiment conducted with MW and MW-CF treated samples. Subsequently, leachate treatment was carried out using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems, i.e., MW-algal SBR and CF-MW-algal SBR. Algal biomass growth and increment in DO level were observed in algal-SBR experiments. Under the optimized reactor conditions, TN and TP removal rates in the algal-SBR were found to be 1.67-20 mg/L/d and 0.6-9.6 mg/L/d, respectively. The majority of heavy metals present in the leachate were removed due to algal-uptake (mainly Zn2+) and bio-sorption (total-Fe, Cu2+ and Pb2+). Meanwhile, some amount of energy can be recovered from algal biomass as inferred from the cost benefit analysis. Overall, the hybrid treatment combining MW and algal-SBR has shown immense potential for sustainable leachate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binay Kumar Tripathy
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600036, India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600036, India.
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Costa AM, Dos Santos Valentim MR, da Silva LF, de Almeida R, Daflon SDA, Quintaes BR, Campos JC. Comparison between Aliivibrio fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms in the evaluation of the toxic pollutants of leachates from Brazilian landfills. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1546-1558. [PMID: 34351579 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological assessment of landfill leachate has become a priority to determine its impacts on the ecosystem. Toxicity assays with microorganisms stand out due to their quick response, low cost and ease of testing. In this context, the present study evaluated the acute toxic effects of leachates from two landfills of different ages and modes of operation to bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms and the ammonia nitrogen and humic substances (HS) sensitivity to these organisms. Reductions greater than 30% in leachate toxicity were observed after ammonia removal for A. fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms. After 97% removal of HS, the greater reductions in toxicity (44.28 to 79.82%) were verified for microbial species studied, indicating that the organic compounds (measured as chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and humic substances) were the primary pollutants responsible for the toxicity of the leachates. Concerning the organisms studied, A. fischeri showed greater sensitivity to the leachates' pollutants compared to the activated sludge microorganisms. Nevertheless, a strong correlation was observed between A. fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms' toxicity responses, suggesting that respirometry assay can be used to determine leachate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne Moraes Costa
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | | | - Livia Ferreira da Silva
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ronei de Almeida
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Sarah Dario Alves Daflon
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ramalho Quintaes
- Municipal Company of Urban Cleaning of Rio de Janeiro, Américo de Souza Braga street 647, Rio de Janeiro, 22783-385, Brazil
| | - Juacyara Carbonelli Campos
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.
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Lavado GJ, Baderna D, Gadaleta D, Ultre M, Roy K, Benfenati E. Ecotoxicological QSAR modeling of the acute toxicity of organic compounds to the freshwater crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130652. [PMID: 34162072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing interest in environmental toxicity assessment using Thamnocephalus platyurus as organism has led to an increased availability of acute toxicity data. Despite this growing interest in tests with this organism, however, to the best of our knowledge there are no computational models to predict the acute toxicity in T. platyurus. In view of the limited number of in silico models for this crustacean, we developed Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for the prediction of acute toxicity towards T. platyurus, reflected by the 24h LC50, using publicly available data according to the ISO 14380:2011 guideline. Two models were developed following the principles of QSAR modeling recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We used partial least squares and gradient boosting machine techniques, which gave encouraging statistical quality in our data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna J Lavado
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Domenico Gadaleta
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Ultre
- ECOTOX LDS S.r.l., via G. Battista Vico 7, 20010, Milan, Italy
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Wdowczyk A, Szymańska-Pulikowska A. Analysis of the possibility of conducting a comprehensive assessment of landfill leachate contamination using physicochemical indicators and toxicity test. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112434. [PMID: 34153539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable consequence of the operation of landfills is the emission of leachate, which is considered to be one of the main polluters of the ground and water environment. The leachate contains soluble organic compounds, inorganic contaminants, suspended solids, heavy metals and dangerous substances. The selection of the leachate disposal method requires a comprehensive assessment of its properties. Therefore, the physicochemical parameters and toxicity tests were chosen for a comprehensive assessment of the properties of leachate. Four municipal waste landfills (operational and non-operational) were selected for the study, for which multidimensional statistical analyses were carried out. The study was conducted between the period of April 2018 and December 2019. The comprehensive assessment showed that pollutants in leachate from the analyzed landfills remained at a level which did not allow them to be discharged to water or soil. The presence of substances particularly harmful to the aquatic environment (e.g AN, chromium, copper) may hinder their treatment together with household sewage, as it involves obtaining a permit required under laws. Toxicity of leachate may also be a problem, as it may persist after the treatment process is completed. The values of pH, EC and the concentrations of ON, TDS, TSS, chloride, iron and manganese had the strongest influence on the properties of leachate from all landfills. For operational landfills, these were also calcium concentrations, for non-operational ones COD, TU and the concentrations of TKN, AN, TS, sodium, potassium and magnesium. The mentioned parameters also showed strong correlation with other physicochemical properties of the leachate, which indicate their suitability for the monitoring of leachate and the aquatic environment in the vicinity of municipal waste landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wdowczyk
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agata Szymańska-Pulikowska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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7
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Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Wydro U, Wołejko E, Pietryczuk A, Cudowski A, Leszczyński J, Rodziewicz J, Janczukowicz W, Butarewicz A. Potential toxicity of leachate from the municipal landfill in view of the possibility of their migration to the environment through infiltration into groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3683-3698. [PMID: 33675453 PMCID: PMC8405471 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Leachate from landfills is a product of complex biological and physicochemical processes occurring during waste storage. In the present study, the toxicity of landfill leachate (LL) to human and bacterial cells was investigated for better understanding of LL environmental toxicity. Studies regarding LL physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity analysis were conducted. In Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, fibroblasts and melanoma A-375 cells, cell viability assays were applied. For the determination of LL antibacterial activity, twofold dilution series of LL were prepared in the range from 50% to 0.1% (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.13%, 1.56%, 0.78%, 0.39%, 0.2%, 0.1%). Human cells viability was examined at LL concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%. ROS (reactive oxygen species) content and apoptosis level were also measured in bacterial and human cells under the influence of LL. Unexpectedly obtained results indicate stimulation of bacterial viability by LL. Fibroblasts under the influence of LL showed decrease in their viability and increase in apoptosis level and A-375 melanoma cells showed an increase in relative viability and decrease in apoptosis. ROS level in bacterial cells was elevated in higher LL concentrations and decreased in lower LL concentrations. In human cells, ROS content was rather high in both tested cell lines. Presented results indicate cytotoxic potential of analyzed LL and the necessity of LL monitoring because it may pose a health hazard for exposed human populations and the whole human environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Urszula Wydro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Pietryczuk
- Department of Water Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J Street, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Cudowski
- Department of Water Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J Street, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jacek Leszczyński
- Department of Environmental Engineering Technology and Systems, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Rodziewicz
- Department of Environment Engineering, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska Street 117a, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Janczukowicz
- Department of Environment Engineering, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska Street 117a, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Butarewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Białystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
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Keyikoglu R, Karatas O, Rezania H, Kobya M, Vatanpour V, Khataee A. A review on treatment of membrane concentrates generated from landfill leachate treatment processes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Mariani L, Grenni P, Barra Caracciolo A, Donati E, Rauseo J, Rolando L, Patrolecco L. Toxic response of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri to sodium lauryl ether sulphate residues in excavated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:815-824. [PMID: 32291616 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) is the main chemical component in several lubricant products used for soil conditioning in the mechanized excavation industry using Earth Pressure Balance-Tunnel Boring Machines. During the tunnelling process, huge amounts of excavated soil are produced and the SLES presence can affect the subsequent re-use of this material as a by-product. Currently, there is still no regulatory indication of reliable and sensitive bioassays for monitoring soil quality during the excavation process. The main objective of this work was to verify if the Vibrio fischeri screening test was suitable as a consistent and precautionary tool for this specific purpose. Firstly, the ecotoxicity (EC20 and EC50) of the SLES standard solution and three commercial products (SLES content from 10 to 50%) were evaluated to select the most environmental friendly product. Subsequently, soil samples from about 2 years of tunnelling in a real construction site, conditioned with the selected product, were evaluated for their environmental compatibility with the prescriptions of an Italian site-specific protocol. The latter established 2 mg/L as a threshold value for SLES concentration in soil water extracts and a no toxic response (≤20%) for the Vibrio fischeri test. The comparison of the bacterium bioluminescence inhibition values (%) with analytical determinations showed an ecotoxicity when SLES was >2 mg/L. The toxicity was directly related to SLES concentration, indicating that the V. fischeri test and the SLES analyses are suitable tools for assessing excavated soil as a by-product, ensuring its safe reuse in accordance with a green production process (circular economy).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mariani
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - P Grenni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | - E Donati
- Institute for Biological Systems, National Research Council (ISB-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - J Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Science, National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - L Rolando
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Rome, Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, Rome, Italy
| | - L Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Science, National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy
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Prospects of integrating algae technologies into landfill leachate treatment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:39. [PMID: 32095995 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-2810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Landfilling of municipal waste, an environmental challenge worldwide, results in the continuous formation of significant amounts of leachate, which poses a severe contamination threat to ground and surface water resources. Landfill leachate (LL) is generated by rainwater percolating through disposed waste materials and must be treated effectively before safe discharge into the environment. LL contains numerous pollutants and toxic substances, such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic chemicals, heavy metals, and anthropogenic organic compounds. Currently, LL treatment is carried out by a combination of physical, chemical, and microbial technologies. Microalgae are now viewed as a promising sustainable addition to the repertoire of technologies for treating LL. Photosynthetic algae have been shown to grow in LL under laboratory conditions, while some species have also been employed in larger-scale LL treatments. Treating leachate with algae can contribute to sustainable waste management at existing landfills by remediating low-quality water for recycling and reuse and generating large amounts of algal biomass for cost-effective manufacturing of biofuels and bioproducts. In this review, we will examine LL composition, traditional leachate treatment technologies, LL toxicity to algae, and the potential of employing algae at LL treatment facilities. Emphasis is placed on how algae can be integrated with existing technologies for biological treatment of LL, turning leachate from an environmental liability to an asset that can produce value-added biofuels and bioproducts for the bioeconomy.
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Luo H, Zeng Y, Cheng Y, He D, Pan X. Recent advances in municipal landfill leachate: A review focusing on its characteristics, treatment, and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135468. [PMID: 31753496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, sanitary landfilling is the most common approach to eliminate municipal solid waste, but a major drawback is the generation of heavily polluted leachates. These leachates must be appropriately treated before being discharged into the environment. Generally, the leachate characteristics such as COD, BOD/COD ratio, and landfill age are necessary determinants for selection of suitable treatment technologies. Rapid, sensitive and cost-effective bioassays are required to evaluate the toxicity of leachate before and after the treatment. This review summarizes extensive studies on leachate treatment methods and leachate toxicity assessment. It is found that individual biological or physical-chemical treatment is unable to meet strict effluent guidelines, whereas a combination of biological and physical-chemical treatments can achieve satisfactory removal efficiencies of both COD and ammonia nitrogen. In order to assess the toxic effects of leachate on different trophic organisms, we need to develop an appropriate matrix of bioassays based on their sensitivity to various toxicants and a multispecies approach using organisms representing different trophic levels. In this regard, a reduction in toxicity of the treated leachate will contribute to assessing the effectiveness of a specific remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yifeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongqin He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Ančić M, Huđek A, Rihtarić I, Cazar M, Bačun-Družina V, Kopjar N, Durgo K. PHYSICO chemical properties and toxicological effect of landfill groundwaters and leachates. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124574. [PMID: 31445332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Waste landfills represent a global problem, which is more pronounced in developing countries because of the lack of resources to implement procedures that include separation and waste processing. The aim of this research was to analyze leachate and ground waters samples at the site, upstream and downstream from the landfill during different year seasons on a registered non-hazardous waste dump and to conduct physico-chemical and biological assays to determine potential risk for the ecosystem. Potential cytotoxic, prooxidative and mutagenic effects of leachates and water samples were evaluated on human laryngeal cell line (HEp2). Leachates collected at landfill site caused genotoxic effect and had a higher pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and elevated concentrations of phosphorus, chloride, nitrogen compounds and sulphate. Genotoxicity of the leachate was increased in samples collected in dry and warm period of the year. These results are in accordance to the physico-chemical analysis which revealed that during summer period, because of intense degradation process at high temperatures increased concentrations of different chemicals can be found in leachate. Groundwater collected downstream and upstream from landfill did not show statistically significant (geno)toxic effect, irrespective of the sampling season. Chemical analysis revealed that all compounds in groundwater were below permitted values. Purification process at landfill is effective and compounds that reach groundwater do not represent a toxicological threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ančić
- Euroinspekt Croatiakontrola, d.o.o., Karlovačka cesta 4L, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ana Huđek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Iva Rihtarić
- Euroinspekt Croatiakontrola, d.o.o., Karlovačka cesta 4L, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mario Cazar
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Višnja Bačun-Družina
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Institute for Medicine Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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13
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Sackey LNA, Kočí V, van Gestel CAM. Ecotoxicological effects on Lemna minor and Daphnia magna of leachates from differently aged landfills of Ghana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134295. [PMID: 31505355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Management of leachates generated by solid waste disposal is a very challenging aspect of landfill management in most parts of the world. In most developing countries, the leachates generated are discharged into the environment without treatment, leading to contamination of ground and surface waters and causing human health problems. Even though its potential risk has been established through chemical analyses, less work has been conducted on its effect on ecosystems. This study assessed the toxicity of leachates from three landfill sites of different ages from Ghana, namely Tema, Mallam and Oblogo, to aquatic organisms. Duckweed (Lemna minor) and crustaceans (Daphnia magna) toxicity tests were performed using exposures to concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mL/L of the landfill leachates in control growth media. Physico-chemical properties of the leachates were also determined. The leachates from all the sites were toxic with IC 50 values ranging from 2.8 to 29.5%. The Oblogo landfill leachate (the oldest site) being most toxic to duckweed and Tema landfill leachate (the youngest site) most toxic to D. magna. Leachates characterized had varying concentrations of heavy metals (0.2-42.3 mg/L) with Cu and Cd below detectable limit. The organic component COD was below the permissible level (110-541 mg/L) and the TOC exceeded the permissible level (350-6920 mg/L). These results indicate that the age and other characteristics of the landfill sites contribute to the difference in the toxicity of the Ghana landfill leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon N A Sackey
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology,Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kočí
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology,Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Costa AM, da Costa E Silva CAM, Alves Daflon SD, Quintaes BR, Ferreira JA, Campos JC. Evaluation of toxic potential of leachate originating from experimental landfill cells containing household waste and healthcare waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2019; 37:1003-1011. [PMID: 31023151 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19843159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two experimental cells with household solid waste and healthcare solid waste were monitored in order to evaluate the pollution potential, and its toxicity effects corresponding to the chemical substances present in the leachates generated, correlating the physico-chemical composition with the ecotoxicity results (organisms Aliivibrio fischeri and Danio rerio). From the statistical evaluation of the physico-chemical analysis results, leachate generated in the household solid waste cell presented greater or equal values than to the healthcare solid waste cell, except for the turbidity parameter. The ecotoxicity results showed the same behaviour as that obtained with the physico-chemical analysis. A significant positive correlation was verified between chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity and ammonia nitrogen parameters with the leachate toxicity. This study concluded that healthcare solid waste presented less or equal polluting potential compared with household solid waste, and the co-disposal can be considered a viable alternative in sanitary landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne Moraes Costa
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Fernandes A, Pastorinho MR, Sousa AC, Silva W, Silva R, Nunes MJ, Rodrigues AS, Pacheco MJ, Ciríaco L, Lopes A. Ecotoxicological evaluation of electrochemical oxidation for the treatment of sanitary landfill leachates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24-33. [PMID: 29961224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation to treat a sanitary landfill leachate was evaluated by the reduction in physico-chemical parameters and in ecotoxicity. The acute toxicity of the sanitary landfill leachates, before and after treatment, was assessed with the model organism Daphnia magna. Electrochemical oxidation treatment was effective in the removal of organic load and ammonium nitrogen and in the reduction of metal ions concentrations. Furthermore, a reduction of 2.5-fold in the acute toxicity towards D. magna after 36 h of treatment was noticed. Nevertheless, the toxicity of the treated leachate is still very high, and further treatments are necessary in order to obtain a non-toxic effluent to this aquatic organism. Toxicity results were also compared with others described in the literature for different leachate treatments and test organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Fernandes
- FibEnTech/UBI and Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Ramiro Pastorinho
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
- CNRS LabEx DRIIHM; CNRS-INEE-ECCOREV (Unité FR3098); OHMi Estarreja-OHM Bassin Minier de Provence; Europôle méditerranéen de L'Arbois, Bât du CEREGE-BP 80, 13545, Aix en Provence, Cedex 4, France.
- CICECO and Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Wilson Silva
- FibEnTech/UBI and Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Silva
- FibEnTech/UBI and Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria João Nunes
- FibEnTech/UBI and Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Rodrigues
- FibEnTech/UBI and Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria José Pacheco
- FibEnTech/UBI and Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Ciríaco
- FibEnTech/UBI and Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Lopes
- FibEnTech/UBI and Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
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Baderna D, Caloni F, Benfenati E. Investigating landfill leachate toxicity in vitro: A review of cell models and endpoints. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:21-30. [PMID: 30448364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is a complex mixture characterized by high toxicity and able to contaminate soils and waters surrounding the dumpsite, especially in developing countries where engineered landfills are still rare. Leachate pollution can severely damage natural ecosystems and harm human health. Traditionally, the hazard assessment of leachate is based on physicochemical characterization but the toxicity is not considered. In the last few decades, different bioassays have been used to assess the toxicity of this complex matrix, including human-related in vitro models. This article reviews the cell bioassays successfully used for the risk assessment of leachate and to evaluate the efficiency of toxicity removal of several processes for detoxification of this wastewater. Articles from 2003 to 2018 are covered, focusing mainly on studies that used human cell lines, highlighting the usefulness and adequacy of in vitro models for assessing the hazard involved with exposure to leachate, particularly as an integrative supporting tool for chemical-based risk assessment. Leachate is generally toxic, mutagenic, genotoxic and estrogenic in vitro, and these effects can be measured in the cells exposed to already low concentrations, confirming the serious hazard of this wastewater for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy.
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
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17
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Petrova AS, Lukonina AA, Dementyev DV, Ya Bolsunovsky A, Popov AV, Kudryasheva NS. Protein-based fluorescent bioassay for low-dose gamma radiation exposures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6837-6844. [PMID: 30062510 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The study suggests an application of a coelenteramide-containing fluorescent protein (CLM-CFP) as a simplest bioassay for gamma radiation exposures. "Discharged obelin," a product of the bioluminescence reaction of the marine coelenterate Obelia longissima, was used as a representative of the CLM-CFP group. The bioassay is based on a simple enzymatic reaction-photochemical proton transfer in the coelenteramide-apoprotein complex. Components of this reaction differ in fluorescence color, providing, by this, an evaluation of the proton transfer efficiency in the photochemical process. This efficiency depends on the microenvironment of the coelenteramide within the protein complex, and, hence, can evaluate a destructive ability of gamma radiation. The CLM-CFP samples were exposed to gamma radiation (137Cs, 2 mGy/h) for 7 and 16 days at 20 °C and 5 °C, respectively. As a result, two fluorescence characteristics (overall fluorescence intensity and contributions of color components to the fluorescence spectra) were identified as bioassay parameters. Both parameters demonstrated high sensitivity of the CLM-CFP-based bioassay to the low-dose gamma radiation exposure (up to 100 mGy). Higher temperature (20 °C) enhanced the response of CLM-CFP to gamma radiation. This new bioassay can provide fluorescent multicolor assessment of protein destruction in cells and physiological liquids under exposure to low doses of gamma radiation. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena S Petrova
- Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Mira Avenue 90, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia
| | - Anna A Lukonina
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyy Ave 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Dementyev
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | | | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 N Broad St., Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nadezhda S Kudryasheva
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyy Ave 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia. .,Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
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18
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Spina F, Tigini V, Romagnolo A, Varese GC. Bioremediation of Landfill Leachate with Fungi: Autochthonous vs. Allochthonous Strains. Life (Basel) 2018; 8:E27. [PMID: 29973501 PMCID: PMC6161071 DOI: 10.3390/life8030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autochthonous fungi from contaminated wastewater are potential successful agents bioremediation thanks to their adaptation to pollutant toxicity and to competition with other microorganisms present in wastewater treatment plant. Biological treatment by means of selected fungal strains could be a potential tool to integrate the leachate depuration process, thanks to their fungal extracellular enzymes with non-selective catalytical activity. In the present work, the treatability of two real samples (a crude landfill leachate and the effluent coming from a traditional wastewater treatment plant) was investigated in decolorization experiments with fungal biomasses. Five autochthonous fungi, Penicillium brevicompactum MUT 793, Pseudallescheria boydii MUT 721, P. boydii MUT 1269, Phanerochaete sanguinea MUT 1284, and Flammulina velutipes MUT 1275, were selected in a previous miniaturized decolorization screening. Their effectiveness in terms of decolorization, enzymatic activity (laccases and peroxidases), biomass growth and ecotoxicity removal was compared with that of five allochthonous fungal strains, Pleurotus ostreatus MUT 2976, Porostereum spadiceum MUT 1585, Trametespubescens MUT 2400, Bjerkanderaadusta MUT 3060 and B. adusta MUT 2295, selected for their well known capability to degrade recalcitrant pollutants. Moreover, the effect of biomass immobilization on polyurethane foam (PUF) cube was assessed. The best decolorization (60%) was achieved by P. spadiceum MUT 1585, P. boydii MUT 721 and MUT 1269. In the first case, the DP was achieved gradually, suggesting a biodegradation process with the involvement of peroxidases. On the contrary, the two autochthonous fungi seem to bioremediate the effluent mainly by biosorption, with the abatement of the toxicity (up to 100%). The biomass immobilization enhanced enzymatic activity, but not the DP. Moreover, it limited the biomass growth for the fast growing fungi, MUT 721 and MUT 1269. In conclusion, robust and versatile strains coming from well-characterized collections of microorganisms can obtain excellent results comparing and even exceeding the bioremediation yields of strains already adapted to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Spina
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Valeria Tigini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Alice Romagnolo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Cristina Varese
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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19
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Scandelai APJ, Cardozo Filho L, Martins DCC, Freitas TKFDS, Garcia JC, Tavares CRG. Combined processes of ozonation and supercritical water oxidation for landfill leachate degradation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 77:466-476. [PMID: 29705045 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leachate is a highly variable, heterogeneous and recalcitrant wastewater generated in landfills which may contain high concentrations of many organic and inorganic compounds, hampering the application of a single technique in its treatment. Therefore, this paper assessed leachate degradation through supercritical water oxidation (ScWO) as well as combined processes of ozonation and supercritical water oxidation (O3/ScWO and ScWO/O3), a yet innovative combination. Ozonation was carried out at different reaction times (30-120 min). ScWO was developed at 600 °C, 23 MPa, and spatial time (τ) from 29 to 52 s. A combination of ozonation (30 min) and supercritical water oxidation process (O3-30'/ScWO) was the most efficient technique for the degradation of the leachate assessed. These conditions enabled to remove high values of apparent and true color (92% and 97%, respectively), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5,20) (95%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (92%), total organic carbon (TOC) (79%), nitrite (78%), nitrate (84%), total (96%), dissolved (96%) and suspended (94%) solids. In addition, the combined process presented significant decrease in electric conductivity (EC) (68%) and less leachate turbidity removal (43%). Except for ammonia and nitrite, all parameters of the leachate treated by O3-30'/ScWO met the specifications of Brazilian legislation (CONAMA Resolutions No. 357/2005 and No. 430/2011) for the disposal of wastewater in water bodies. Besides, both processes are considered to be clean technologies. This shows the great possibility of applying the O3/ScWO combination to landfills leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Jambers Scandelai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jd. Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Lúcio Cardozo Filho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jd. Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Danielly Cruz Campos Martins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jd. Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana Carla Garcia
- Department of Chemical, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jd. Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Célia Regina Granhen Tavares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jd. Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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20
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Abbas M, Adil M, Ehtisham-Ul-Haque S, Munir B, Yameen M, Ghaffar A, Shar GA, Asif Tahir M, Iqbal M. Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for ecotoxicity assessment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1295-1309. [PMID: 29898537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay (VFBIA) has been widely applied for the monitoring of toxicity on account of multiple advantages encompassing shorter test duration, sensitive, cost-effective and ease of operation. Moreover, this bioassay found to be equally applicable to all types of matrices (organic & inorganic compounds, metals, wastewater, river water, sewage sludge, landfill leachate, herbicides, treated wastewater etc.) for toxicity monitoring. This review highlights the apparent significance of Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for ecotoxicological screening and evaluation of diverse chemical substances toxicity profile. The biochemical and genetic basis of the bioluminescence assay and its regulatory mechanism have been concisely discussed. The basic test protocol with ongoing improvements, widespread applications, typical advantages and probable limitations of the assay have been overviewed. The sensitivity of VFBIA and toxicity bioassays has also been compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Abbas
- CVAS, Jhang Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil
- CVAS, Jhang Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Bushra Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yameen
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Abbas Shar
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - M Asif Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Singh M, Verma M, Kumar RN. Effects of open dumping of MSW on metal contamination of soil, plants, and earthworms in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:139. [PMID: 29442190 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Influence of open dumping of municipal solid wastes (MSW) on metal contamination of soil, plants, and earthworms in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, was studied over 6-month period. Dumpsite in the study area exists in two sections, old section where waste dumping has stopped and new section where wastes are currently disposed. Soil around dumpsite had high concentration of Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn than that at control site. Geoaccumulation index indicated uncontaminated to moderate level of soil contamination at old dumpsite and soil at new dumpsite was found to be uncontaminated. Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara, and Calotropis procera were the main plants found in patchy distribution around dumpsite. Plants exhibited almost similar levels of metal concentration in roots and shoots. P. hysterophorus and L. camara showed high bioaccumulation capacity and low translocation capacity. C. procera showed moderate bioaccumulation capacity and high translocation capacity as the concentration of metals was higher in the shoot. P. hysterophorus and L. camara due to higher bioaccumulation capacity and lower translocation capacity appear to be suitable for phytostabilization of metal-contaminated soil. Earthworms present at the dumpsite showed high concentration of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn with bioconcentration factor > 1. Results highlights that soil contamination due to metals is occurring at the dumpsite which is also leading to transfer of metals to plants and earthworms which can pose serious risk to environment and human health. The plants identified can be used for decontamination of metals from the dumpsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Singh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Mohini Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - R Naresh Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
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22
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Reis BG, Silveira AL, Tostes Teixeira LP, Okuma AA, Lange LC, Amaral MCS. Organic compounds removal and toxicity reduction of landfill leachate by commercial bakers' yeast and conventional bacteria based membrane bioreactor integrated with nanofiltration. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 70:170-180. [PMID: 28974334 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the performance of a commercial bakers' yeast (MBRy) and conventional bacteria (MBRb) based membrane bioreactor integrated with nanofiltration (NF) in the removal of landfill leachate toxicity. Performances were evaluated using physicochemical analyses, toxicity tests and identification of organic compounds. The MBRb and MBRy were operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48h and solids retention time (SRT) of 60 d. The MBRy demonstrated better removal efficiencies for COD (69±7%), color (54±11%) and ammoniacal nitrogen (34±7%) compared to MBRb, which showed removal efficiencies of 27±5%, 33±4% and 27±7%, for COD, color and ammoniacal nitrogen. Although the MBRy seems to be the configuration that presented the highest efficiency; it generated toxic permeate whose toxicity cannot be explained by physicochemical results. The identification of compounds shows that there is a wide range of compounds in the landfill leachate in addition to others that are produced in the biological treatment steps. The NF plays a crucial role in the polishing of the final effluents by the either complete or partial retention of compounds, that attribute toxicity to the leachate, and inorganic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gasparini Reis
- Dept. of Sanitary and Environmental Engeneering, Federal University Of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Engeneering School - 4th flloor, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte/MG CEP: 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lemes Silveira
- Dept. of Chemistry, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Campus I, Amazonas Avenue, 5253, Belo Horizonte/MG CEP: 30.421-169, Brazil
| | - Luiza Procópio Tostes Teixeira
- Dept. of Sanitary and Environmental Engeneering, Federal University Of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Engeneering School - 4th flloor, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte/MG CEP: 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana Akemi Okuma
- Dept. of Chemistry, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Campus I, Amazonas Avenue, 5253, Belo Horizonte/MG CEP: 30.421-169, Brazil
| | - Liséte Celina Lange
- Dept. of Sanitary and Environmental Engeneering, Federal University Of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Engeneering School - 4th flloor, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte/MG CEP: 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Miriam Cristina Santos Amaral
- Dept. of Sanitary and Environmental Engeneering, Federal University Of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Engeneering School - 4th flloor, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte/MG CEP: 31.270-901, Brazil.
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23
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Mandal P, Dubey BK, Gupta AK. Review on landfill leachate treatment by electrochemical oxidation: Drawbacks, challenges and future scope. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 69:250-273. [PMID: 28865908 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various studies on landfill leachate treatment by electrochemical oxidation have indicated that this process can effectively reduce two major pollutants present in landfill leachate; organic matter and ammonium nitrogen. In addition, the process is able to enhance the biodegradability index (BOD/COD) of landfill leachate, which make mature or stabilized landfill leachate suitable for biological treatment. The elevated concentration of ammonium nitrogen especially observed in bioreactor landfill leachate can also be reduced by electrochemical oxidation. The pollutant removal efficiency of the system depends upon the mechanism of oxidation (direct or indirect oxidation) which depends upon the property of anode material. Applied current density, pH, type and concentration of electrolyte, inter-electrode gap, mass transfer mode, total anode area to volume of effluent to be treated ratio, temperature, flow rate or flow velocity, reactor geometry, cathode material and lamp power during photoelectrochemical oxidation may also influence the system performance. In this review paper, past and present scenarios of landfill leachate treatment efficiencies and costs of various lab scale, pilot scale electrochemical oxidation studies asa standalone system or integrated with biological and physicochemical processes have been reviewed with the conclusion that electrochemical oxidation can be employed asa complementary treatment system with biological process for conventional landfill leachate treatment as well asa standalone system for ammonium nitrogen removal from bioreactor landfill leachate. Furthermore, present drawbacks of electrochemical oxidation process asa landfill leachate treatment system and relevance of incorporating life cycle assessment into the decision-making process besides process efficiency and cost, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubali Mandal
- Environmental Engineering and Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Brajesh K Dubey
- Environmental Engineering and Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Ashok K Gupta
- Environmental Engineering and Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Ghosh P, Thakur IS, Kaushik A. Bioassays for toxicological risk assessment of landfill leachate: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:259-270. [PMID: 28359992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Landfilling is the most common solid waste management practice. However, there exist a potential environmental risk to the surface and ground waters due to the possible leaching of contaminants from the landfill leachates. Current municipal solid waste landfill regulatory approaches consider physicochemical characterization of the leachate and do not assess their potential toxicity. However, assessment of toxic effects of the leachates using rapid, sensitive and cost-effective biological assays is more useful in assessing the risks as they measure the overall toxicity of the chemicals in the leachate. Nevertheless, more research is needed to develop an appropriate matrix of bioassays based on their sensitivity to various toxicants in order to evaluate leachate toxicity. There is a need for a multispecies approach using organisms representing different trophic levels so as to understand the potential impacts of leachate on different trophic organisms. The article reviews different bioassays available for assessing the hazard posed by landfill leachates. From the review it appears that there is a need for a multispecies approach to evaluate leachate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Anubha Kaushik
- University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi 110078, India.
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Gupta A, Paulraj R. Leachate composition and toxicity assessment: an integrated approach correlating physicochemical parameters and toxicity of leachates from MSW landfill in Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:1599-1605. [PMID: 27735215 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1238515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Landfills are considered the most widely practiced method for disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 95% of the total MSW collected worldwide is disposed of in landfills. Leachate produced from MSW landfills may contain a number of pollutants and pose a potential environmental risk for surface as well as ground water. In the present study, chemical analysis and toxicity assessment of landfill leachate have been carried out. Leachate samples were collected from Ghazipur landfill site, New Delhi. Leachates were characterized by measuring the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, electrical conductivity and SO42-. For toxicity testing of leachate, Triticum aestivum (wheat) was selected and testing was done in a time- and dose-dependent manner using the crude leachate. Median lethal concentration after 24 and 48 h of exposure was observed. The main objective of this study was to evaluate toxicity of MSW landfill leachate and establish a possible correlation between the measured physicochemical parameters and resultant toxicity. Statistical analysis showed that toxicity was dependent on the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cu), conductivity, and organic matter (COD and BOD5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Gupta
- a School of Environmental Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - R Paulraj
- a School of Environmental Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
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Alieva RR, Kudryasheva NS. Variability of fluorescence spectra of coelenteramide-containing proteins as a basis for toxicity monitoring. Talanta 2017; 170:425-431. [PMID: 28501192 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, physicochemical approach to understanding toxic effects remains underdeveloped. A proper development of such mode would be concerned with simplest bioassay systems. Coelenteramide-Containing Fluorescent Proteins (CLM-CFPs) can serve as proper tools for study primary physicochemical processes in organisms under external exposures. CLM-CFPs are products of bioluminescent reactions of marine coelenterates. As opposed to Green Fluorescent Proteins, the CLM-CFPs are not widely applied in biomedical research, and their potential as colored biomarkers is undervalued now. Coelenteramide, fluorophore of CLM-CFPs, is a photochemically active molecule; it acts as a proton donor in its electron-excited states, generating several forms of different fluorescent state energy and, hence, different fluorescence color, from violet to green. Contributions of the forms to the visible fluorescence depend on the coelenteramide microenvironment in proteins. Hence, CLM-CFPs can serve as fluorescence biomarkers with color differentiation to monitor results of destructive biomolecule exposures. The paper reviews experimental and theoretical studies of spectral-luminescent and photochemical properties of CLM-CFPs, as well as their variation under different exposures - chemicals, temperature, and ionizing radiation. Application of CLM-CFPs as toxicity bioassays of a new type is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza R Alieva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny Prospect 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S Kudryasheva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny Prospect 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
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Gong Y, Tian H, Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang W, Ru S. An in vivo assay performed using multiple biomarkers related to testosterone synthesis and conversion for assessing the androgenic potency of refuse leachate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:82-89. [PMID: 27716536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Refuse leachate is likely an important source of androgens. However, common in vitro bioassays underestimate the potential androgenic activity of leachate, owing to non-receptor-mediated mechanisms that modify the balance of sex hormones and promote the accumulation of endogenous androgens. This study aimed to develop an in vivo assay by using multiple biomarkers related to testosterone synthesis and conversion for assessing the potential androgenic activity of refuse leachate sampled from a municipal solid waste treatment plant in Qingdao, China. The results indicated that exposure to leachate increased the levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone, but decreased those of 17β-estradiol in both male and female goldfish (Carassius auratus), suggesting a potential androgenic activity. Further, Leydig cell hyperplasia and decreased gonadal P450 aromatase mRNA levels were observed; these alterations might promote the biosynthesis of testosterone and hinder the conversion of testosterone to 17β-estradiol, which in turn enhance testosterone accumulation. Exposure to leachate also resulted in reproductive impairments, including decreased gonadosomatic index and plasma vitellogenin levels of female goldfish, as well as decreased testicular enzyme activities in male goldfish. The integrated use of biochemical, molecular, and histological markers not only improved our understanding of the androgenic effects of leachate but also verified the reliability and validity of the results. Therefore, the in vivo bioassay described in this study might allow the investigation of the androgenic effects of other complex contaminant mixtures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Qiu A, Cai Q, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Zhao L. Evaluation of the Treatment Process of Landfill Leachate Using the Toxicity Assessment Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13121262. [PMID: 28009808 PMCID: PMC5201403 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is composed of a complex composition with strong biological toxicity. The combined treatment process of coagulation and sedimentation, anaerobics, electrolysis, and aerobics was set up to treat landfill leachate. This paper explores the effect of different operational parameters of coagulation and sedimentation tanks and electrolytic cells, while investigating the combined process for the removal efficiency of physicochemical indices after processing the landfill leachate. Meanwhile, a battery of toxicity tests with Vibrio fischeri, zebrafish larvae, and embryos were conducted to evaluate acute toxicity and calculated the toxicity reduction efficiency after each treatment process. The combined treatment process resulted in a 100% removal efficiency of Cu, Cd and Zn, and a 93.50% and an 87.44% removal efficiency of Ni and Cr, respectively. The overall removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and total nitrogen (TN) were 93.57%, 97.46% and 73.60%, respectively. In addition, toxicity test results showed that the acute toxicity of landfill leachate had also been reduced significantly: toxicity units (TU) decreased from 84.75 to 12.00 for zebrafish larvae, from 82.64 to 10.55 for zebrafish embryos, and from 3.41 to 0.63 for Vibrio fischeri. The combined treatment process was proved to be an efficient treatment method to remove heavy metals, COD, NH4+-N, and acute bio-toxicity of landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Qiu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 1 GeHu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, No. 705, Yatai Road, Nanhu District, Jiaxing 314006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiang Cai
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, No. 705, Yatai Road, Nanhu District, Jiaxing 314006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 1 GeHu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yingqing Guo
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 1 GeHu Road, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liqian Zhao
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, No. 705, Yatai Road, Nanhu District, Jiaxing 314006, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang G, Lu G, Yin P, Zhao L, Yu QJ. Genotoxicity assessment of membrane concentrates of landfill leachate treated with Fenton reagent and UV-Fenton reagent using human hepatoma cell line. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 307:154-162. [PMID: 26780702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane concentrates of landfill leachates contain organic and inorganic contaminants that could be highly toxic and carcinogenic. In this paper, the genotoxicity of membrane concentrates before and after Fenton and UV-Fenton reagent was assessed. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity was determined by using the methods of methyltetrazolium (MTT), cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) and comet assay in human hepatoma cells. MTT assay showed a cytotoxicity of 75% after 24h of exposure to the highest tested concentration of untreated concentrates, and no cytotoxocity for UV-Fenton and Fenton treated concentrates. Both CBMN and comet assays showed increased levels of genotoxicity in cells exposed to untreated concentrates, compared to those occurred in cells exposed to UV-Fenton and Fenton reagent treated concentrates. There was no significant difference between negative control and UV-Fenton treated concentrates for micronucleus and comet assay parameters. UV-Fenton and Fenton treatment, especially the former, were effective methods for degradation of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in concentrates. These findings showed UV-Fenton and Fenton reaction were effective methods for treatment of such complex concentrates, UV-Fenton reagent provided toxicological safety of the treated effluent, and the genotoxicity assays were found to be feasible tools for assessment of toxicity risks of complex concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Research Center of Analysis and Test, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiming Jimmy Yu
- Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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30
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Xie S, Ma Y, Strong PJ, Clarke WP. Fluctuation of dissolved heavy metal concentrations in the leachate from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste in commercial scale landfill bioreactors: The effect of pH and associated mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:577-83. [PMID: 26259097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals present in landfill leachate have infrequently been related to complete anaerobic degradation municipal solid waste (MSW) due to discrete ages of deposited MSW layers and leachate channelling in landfills. In this study, anaerobic digestion of MSW was performed in two enclosed 1000 tonne bioreactors using a unique flood and drain process. Leachates were characterised in terms of pH, soluble chemical oxygen demand, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonium nitrogen and heavy metals over the entire course of digestion. All parameters, including pH, fluctuated during acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis, which strongly impacted on the dynamics of dissolved heavy metal concentrations. The simulation of dissolution and precipitation processes indicated that metal sulphide precipitation was not a factor as metal concentrations exceeded solubility limits. The correlation of pH and dissolved heavy metal concentrations indicated that other, mechanisms were involved in the homogenised conditions within the bioreactors. Beside dissolution and precipitation, the main processes most likely involved in metal distributions were adsorption (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd), complexation (Cr) or combinations of both process (As and Co).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xie
- Centre for Solid Waste Bioprocessing, Schools of Civil and Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Y Ma
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - P J Strong
- Centre for Solid Waste Bioprocessing, Schools of Civil and Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - W P Clarke
- Centre for Solid Waste Bioprocessing, Schools of Civil and Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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31
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Kudryasheva NS, Rozhko TV. Effect of low-dose ionizing radiation on luminous marine bacteria: radiation hormesis and toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 142:68-77. [PMID: 25644753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The paper summarizes studies of effects of alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides (americium-241, uranium-235+238, and tritium) on marine microorganisms under conditions of chronic low-dose irradiation in aqueous media. Luminous marine bacteria were chosen as an example of these microorganisms; bioluminescent intensity was used as a tested physiological parameter. Non-linear dose-effect dependence was demonstrated. Three successive stages in the bioluminescent response to americium-241 and tritium were found: 1--absence of effects (stress recognition), 2--activation (adaptive response), and 3--inhibition (suppression of physiological function, i.e. radiation toxicity). The effects were attributed to radiation hormesis phenomenon. Biological role of reactive oxygen species, secondary products of the radioactive decay, is discussed. The study suggests an approach to evaluation of non-toxic and toxic stages under conditions of chronic radioactive exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Kudryasheva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - T V Rozhko
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy, P. Zheleznyaka 1, 660022, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Tarasova AS, Stom DI, Kudryasheva NS. Antioxidant activity of humic substances via bioluminescent monitoring in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:89. [PMID: 25663400 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This work considers antioxidant properties of natural detoxifying agents-humic substances (HS) in solutions of model inorganic and organic compounds of oxidative nature-complex salt K3[Fe(СN)6] and 1,4-benzoquinone. Bioluminescent system of coupled enzymatic reactions catalyzed by NAD(P)H FMN-oxidoreductase and bacterial luciferase was used as a bioassay in vitro to monitor toxicity of the oxidizer solutions. Toxicities of general and oxidative types were evaluated using bioluminescent kinetic parameters-bioluminescence intensity and induction period, respectively. Antioxidant activity of HS was attributed to their ability to decrease both general and oxidative toxicities; the HS antioxidant efficiency was characterized with detoxification coefficients D GT and D OxT, respectively. Dependencies of D GT and D OxT on HS concentration and time of preliminary incubation of the oxidizers with HS were demonstrated. The optimal conditions for detoxification of the oxidizers were >20-min incubation time and 0.5 × 10(-4) to 2 × 10(-4) M of HS concentration. The present study promotes application of the enzymatic luminescent bioassay to monitor toxicity of pollutants of oxidative nature in environmental and waste waters in remediation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Tarasova
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660041,
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Gupta A, Rajamani P. Toxicity Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Collected in Different Seasons from Okhala Landfill Site of Delhi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2015.86034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kudryasheva NS, Tarasova AS. Pollutant toxicity and detoxification by humic substances: mechanisms and quantitative assessment via luminescent biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:155-167. [PMID: 25146119 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper considers mechanisms of detoxification of pollutant solutions by water-soluble humic substances (HSs), natural detoxifying agents. The problems and perspectives of bioassay application for toxicity monitoring of complex solutions are discussed from ecological point of view. Bioluminescence assays based on marine bacteria and their enzymes are of special attention here; they were shown to be convenient tools to study the detoxifying effects on cellular and biochemical levels. The advantages of bioluminescent enzymatic assay for monitoring both integral and oxidative toxicities in complex solutions of model pollutants and HS were demonstrated. The efficiencies of detoxification of the solutions of organic oxidizers and salts of metals (including radioactive ones) by HS were analyzed. The dependencies of detoxification efficiency on time of exposure to HS and HS concentrations were demonstrated. Antioxidant properties of HS were considered in detail. The detoxifying effects of HS were shown to be complex and regarded as 'external' (binding and redox processes in solutions outside the organisms) and/or 'internal' organismal processes. The paper demonstrates that the HS can stimulate a protective response of bacterial cells as a result of (1) changes of rates of biochemical reactions and (2) stabilization of mucous layers outside the cell walls. Acceleration of auto-oxidation of NADH, endogenous reducer, by HS was suggested as a reason for toxicity increase in the presence of HS due to abatement of reduction ability of intracellular media.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Kudryasheva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660036,
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Sorption of Pyrene by Clay Minerals Coated with Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) from Landfill Leachate. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/734610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from landfill leachate with clays could affect significantly the fate of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soils. The complexes of montmorillonite (MT) and kaolinite (KL) with DOM extracted from landfill leachate were prepared under controlled conditions, termed CMT and CKL, respectively. The bare clays and their complexes were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Batch experiments were designed to investigate the sorption behavior of pyrene onto the clays in the presence of DOM. The maximum sorption capacities of pyrene on MT, CMT, KL, and CKL were 22.18, 38.96, 42.00, and 44.99 μg·g−1, respectively, at the initial concentration of 1000 ± 150 μg·L−1. The sorption isotherms of pyrene by the bare clays followed the Henry model well, whereas the Freundlich sorption isotherm provided a better fit to the equilibrium data of the sorption by the complexes. The role of montmorillonite and kaolinite complexes with DOM in the retention of pyrene in soils was different. This may be due to the different crystal structures between montmorillonite and kaolinite.
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Comparison of chronic low-dose effects of alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides on marine bacteria. Open Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-014-0331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEffects of Americium-241 (241Am), alpha-emitting radionuclide of high specific radioactivity, and tritium (3H), beta-emitting radionuclide, on luminous bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum were compared. Bioluminescence intensity served as a marker of bacterial physiological activity. Three successive stages in the bioluminescence response to 241Am and 3H were found under conditions of lowdose irradiation: (1) absence of effects, (2) activation, and (3) inhibition. They were interpreted in terms of bacterial response to stressfactor as stress recognition, adaptive response/syndrome, and suppression of physiological function (i.e. radiation toxicity). Times of bioluminescence activation (TBA) and inhibition (TBI) were suggested as parameters to characterize hormesis and toxic stages in a course of chronic low-dose irradiation of the microorganisms. Values of TBA and TBI of 241Am were shorter than those of 3H, revealing higher impact of alpha-irradiation (as compared to beta-irradiation) under comparable radiation doses. Increases of peroxide concentration and NADH oxidation rates in 241Am aquatic solutions were demonstrated; these were not found in tritiated water. The results reveal a biological role of reactive oxygen species generated in water solutions as secondary products of the radioactive decay. The study provides a scientific basis for elaboration of bioluminescence-based assay to monitor radiotoxicity of alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides in aquatic solutions.
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Foladori P, Bruni L, Tamburini S. Toxicant inhibition in activated sludge: fractionation of the physiological status of bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:758-766. [PMID: 25240645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In wastewater treatment plants the sensitivity of activated sludge to a toxicant depends on the toxicity test chosen, and thus the use of more than one test is suggested. The physiological status of bacteria in response to toxicants was analysed by flow cytometry to distinguish intact, permeabilised, active cells and cells disrupted. Results were compared with respirometry and bioluminescence bioassay (Vibrio fischeri). 3,5-Dichlorophenol (DCP) was used as reference xenobiotic. DCP has a strong effect on cellular integrity, causing an increase in permeabilised and disrupted cells. A reduction of 44-80% of intact cells with 6-30 mgDCP/L for 5h was found. Inhibition of active cells was 25-49%, at 6-30 mgDCP/L for 5h. The bioluminescence bioassay resulted oversensitive to DCP compared to tests based on activated sludge, while oxygen uptake rate was affected similarly to intact cells measured by flow cytometry. Landfill leachate was tested: a detrimental impact on both cellular integrity and enzymatic activity was observed. Reduction of intact cells and active cells was by 32% and 61% respectively after addition of 50% (v/v) of leachate for 5h. The flow cytometry analysis proposed here might be widely applicable in the monitoring of various toxicants and in other aquatic biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Foladori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - L Bruni
- Agenzia per la Depurazione, Autonomous Province of Trento, via S. Giovanni 36, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - S Tamburini
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, Mattarello, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Tigini V, Prigione V, Varese GC. Mycological and ecotoxicological characterisation of landfill leachate before and after traditional treatments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:335-341. [PMID: 24793330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollution caused by landfill leachates is one of the main problems of urbanised areas, on account of their chemical composition, which turn in an ineffective treatment. A characterisation of leachates, which takes into account chemical, ecotoxicological and mycological aspects, is basilar for the evaluation of environmental impact of leachate and the development of suitable treatment techniques. In this study, the toxicity of a raw leachate and an effluent coming from traditional wastewater treatment plant was assessed by means of 4 ecotoxicological assays. Both the samples exceed the legal threshold value according to all the tested organisms, indicating the ineffectiveness of activated sludge treatment in the reduction of toxicity. The autochthonous mycoflora of the two samples was evaluated by filtration. The fungal load was 73 CFU for leachate and 102 CFU for the effluent. Ascomycetes were the dominant fraction (81% and 61%, for leachate and effluent respectively), followed by basidiomycetes (19% and 39%, respectively). Most of them were potential emerging pathogens. A decolourisation screening with autochthonous fungi was set up towards both samples in the presence or absence of glucose. Eleven fungi (basidiomycetes and ascomycetes) achieved up to 38% decolourisation yields, showing to be promising fungi for the bioremediation of leachates. Further experiment will be aimed to the study of decolourisation mechanism and toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Tigini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Valeria Prigione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cristina Varese
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Oliveira LF, Silva SMCP, Martinez CBR. Assessment of domestic landfill leachate toxicity to the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea via biomarkers. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 103:17-23. [PMID: 24561242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of domestic landfill leachate to bivalves Corbicula fluminea, clams were exposed to different leachate concentrations (v/v): 2, 3, 6 and 10 percent, corresponding to dilutions observed along a stream that receives this effluent, or only to clean water for comparisons. After 5 and 15 days of exposure the activity of the biotransformation enzymes 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), the multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXR) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in gills and digestive gland and metallothionein (MT) content in gills were evaluated. Differences in biomarkers responses were observed between gills and digestive gland, except for MXR that decreased in both tissues of clams exposed to 6 percent for 5 days. EROD activity in gills was reduced in all leachate concentrations after 5 days and only in 2 percent after 15 days exposure, while an EROD increase was observed in digestive gland after 15 days exposure to 6 percent. GST activity increased only in the gills of clams exposed to 10 percent for 5 days. LPO varied between tissues and different conditions. A significant increase in LPO was observed in the gills, after 5 days exposure to 2 and 6 percent, and in digestive gland after 5 and 15 days exposure to 2 and 3 percent. MT content in the gills increased after 15 days exposure to 2 percent. In conclusion, different leachate concentrations tested here caused biochemical changes in C. fluminea, but due to the observed variability in biomarkers responses among leachate concentrations, it was difficult to determine patterns or thresholds concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana F Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Animal, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, C.P. 10011, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sandra M C P Silva
- Laboratório de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Departamento de Construção Civil, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, C.P. 10011, 86057-970 Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Claudia B R Martinez
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Animal, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, C.P. 10011, 86057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
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Huerta Buitrago B, Ferrer Muñoz P, Ribé V, Larsson M, Engwall M, Wojciechowska E, Waara S. Hazard assessment of sediments from a wetland system for treatment of landfill leachate using bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 97:255-262. [PMID: 24011859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Four bioassays were used in this study for the hazard assessment of sediments from sediment traps and several ponds in a treatment wetland for landfill leachate at Atleverket, Sweden. In the 6-day solid phase microbiotest with the sediment-dwelling crustacean Heterocypris incongruens both acute and chronic effects were observed with a gradual decrease and loss of toxicity with treatment in the wetland system. Some samples showed a low toxicity in porewater and only one sample was weakly toxic in the whole sediment test when assessed with Aliivibrio fischeri (Vibro fischeri). No genotoxicity was detected in the umu test. The toxicity response in the H4IIE- luc test evaluating the presence of dioxin-like compounds was considerably higher in the samples from the sediment traps. The hazard of the sediment therefore appears to be highest in the sediment traps and pond 1 with the methods employed. The result indicates that the wetland system has a design supporting the concentration and sequestration of toxic substances in the first part of the wetland. Based upon the results we suggest that hazard assessment of sediments from other treatment wetlands for landfill leachate should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Huerta Buitrago
- School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, Box 883, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden.
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Zhu N, Ku T, Li G, Sang N. Evaluating biotoxicity variations of landfill leachate as penetrating through the soil column. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:1750-7. [PMID: 23522605 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of leachate-induced ecotoxicity have focused on crude samples, while little attention has been given to changes in biotoxicity resulting from the environmental behavior of landfill leachate. Therefore, we set up a soil column to simulate the underground penetration of leachate into the soil layer, define the rules of migration and transformation of leachate pollutants, and determine the variation in toxicity of landfill leachate during penetration. The results demonstrated that: (1) landfill leachate inhibited the growth and chlorophyll levels, elevated the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and stimulated the antioxidant enzyme activities of barley seedlings. The effects generally displayed a peak value at 12-24 cm, slowly declined at 36-48 cm, and then rapidly decreased with penetrating distance in the column. (2) Statistical correlation analysis of the properties of leachate and the observed biotoxic effects revealed that COD, conductivity and heavy metals (esp. Ni, Mn, Cd) were positively correlated with variations in biotoxicity. (3) The microbial activity of outflowing leachate sampled from the 48 cm port was significantly higher than the activity from succedent ports, and the types of contaminants increased in the leachate outflowing from the same port, implying that microbial behaviors near the 48 cm port could be used to partially evaluate variations in the composition and biotoxicity of landfill leachate. Taken together, the above results illustrate the polluting characteristics of landfill leachate when penetrating a soil column and provide guidance for pollution control and risk assessment of landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource, Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
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Selivanova MA, Mogilnaya OA, Badun GA, Vydryakova GA, Kuznetsov AM, Kudryasheva NS. Effect of tritium on luminous marine bacteria and enzyme reactions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 120:19-25. [PMID: 23410594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The paper studies chronic effect of tritiated water, HTO, (0.0002-200 MBq/L) on bioluminescent assay systems: marine bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum (intact and lyophilized) and coupled enzyme reactions. Bioluminescence intensity serves as a marker of physiological activity. Linear dependencies of bioluminescent intensity on exposure time or radioactivity were not revealed. Three successive stages in bacterial bioluminescence response to HTO were found: (1) absence of the effect, (2) activation, and (3) inhibition. They were interpreted in terms of reaction of organisms to stress-factor i.e. stress recognition, adaptive response/syndrome, and suppression of physiological function. In enzyme system, in contrast, the kinetic stages mentioned above were not revealed, but the dependence of bioluminescence intensity on HTO specific radioactivity was found. Damage of bacteria cells in HTO (100 MBq/L) was visualized by electron microscopy. Time of bioluminescence inhibition is suggested as a parameter to evaluate the bacterial sensitivity to ionizing radiation.
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Koné M, Cologgi DL, Lu W, Smith DW, Ulrich AC. Pharmaceuticals in Canadian sewage treatment plant effluents and surface waters: occurrence and environmental risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2013.865793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tarasova AS, Kislan SL, Fedorova ES, Kuznetsov AM, Mogilnaya OA, Stom DI, Kudryasheva NS. Bioluminescence as a tool for studying detoxification processes in metal salt solutions involving humic substances. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 117:164-70. [PMID: 23123596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The paper considers effects of humic substances (HS), as natural attenuators of toxicity, on solutions of model inorganic pollutants, metal salts - Pb(NO(3))(2), СоСl(2), CuSO(4), Eu(NO(3))(3), СrСl(3), and K(3)[Fe(СN)(6)]. Luminous bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum and bioluminescent system of coupled enzymatic reactions were used as bioassays to monitor toxicity of salt solutions. The ability of HS to decrease or increase toxicity was demonstrated. Detoxifying concentrations of HS were determined; detoxification coefficients were calculated at different times of exposure of salt solutions to HS. To study the combined effects of HS and salts on bioluminescent assay systems, the rates of biochemical reactions and bacterial ultrastructure were analyzed. The detoxifying effects were explained by: (1) decrease of free metal content in water solutions under metal-HS binding; (2) increase of biochemical reaction rates in a bioluminescent assay system under HS effect; (3) enhancement of mucous layers on cell surface as a response to unfavorable impact of toxicants. Detoxifying mechanisms (2) and (3) reveal the active role of bioassay systems in detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Tarasova
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
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Ribé V, Nehrenheim E, Odlare M, Gustavsson L, Berglind R, Forsberg A. Ecotoxicological assessment and evaluation of a pine bark biosorbent treatment of five landfill leachates. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:1886-1894. [PMID: 22703999 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When selecting a landfill leachate treatment method the contaminant composition of the leachate should be considered in order to obtain the most cost-effective treatment option. In this study the filter material pine bark was evaluated as a treatment for five landfill leachates originating from different cells of the same landfill in Sweden. The objective of the study was to determine the uptake, or release, of metals and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during a leaching test using the pine bark filter material with the five different landfill leachates. Furthermore the change of toxicity after treatment was studied using a battery of aquatic bioassays assessing luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) acute toxicity (30-min Microtox®), immobility of the crustacean Daphnia magna, growth inhibition of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the aquatic plant Lemna minor; and genotoxicity with the bacterial Umu-C assay. The results from the toxicity tests and the chemical analysis were analyzed in a Principal Component Analysis and the toxicity of the samples before and after treatment was evaluated in a toxicity classification. The pine bark filter material reduced the concentrations of metal contaminants from the landfill leachates in the study, with some exceptions for Cu and Cd. The Zn uptake of the filter was high for heavily contaminated leachates (≥73%), although some desorption of zinc occurred in less contaminated waters. Some of the leachates may require further treatment due to discharge into a natural recipient in order to reduce the risk of possible biological effects. The difference in pH changes between the different leachates was probably due to variations in buffering capacity, affected by physicochemical properties of the leachate. The greatest desorption of phenol during filtration occurred in leachates with high conductivity or elevated levels of metals or salts. Generally, the toxicity classification of the leachates implies that although filter treatment with pine bark removes metal contaminants from the leachates effectively, it does not alter leachate toxicity noticeably. The leachates with the highest conductivity, pH and metal concentrations are most strongly correlated with an increased toxic response in the score plots of both untreated and treated leachates. This is in line with the toxicity classification of the leachate samples. The results from this study highlight the importance of evaluating treatment efficiency from the perspective of potential recipient effects, rather than in terms of residual concentrations of individual contaminants when treating waters with a complex contamination matrix, such as landfill leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ribé
- School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, SE-72123 Västerås, Sweden.
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Tsarpali V, Kamilari M, Dailianis S. Seasonal alterations of landfill leachate composition and toxic potency in semi-arid regions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 233-234:163-171. [PMID: 22819480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates seasonal variations of leachate composition and its toxic potency on different species, such as the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana (formerly Artemia salina), the fairy shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus, the estuarine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and the microalgal flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta. In specific, leachate regularly collected from the municipal landfill site of Aigeira (Peloponissos, Greece) during the year 2011, showed significant alterations of almost all its physicochemical parameters with time. Further analysis showed that seasonal alterations of leachate composition are related with the amount of rainfall obtained throughout the year. In fact, rainfall-related parameters, such as conductivity (Cond), nitrates (NO(3)(-)), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH(4)-N), total dissolved solids (TDS) and the BOD(5)/NH(4)-N ratio could merely reflect the leachate strength and toxicity, as verified by the significant correlations occurred among each of them with the toxic endpoints, 24 h LC(50) and/or 72 h IC(50), obtained in all species tested. According to the result of the present study, it could be suggested that the aforementioned leachate parameters could be used independently, or in combination as a low-cost effective tools for estimating leachate strength and toxic potency, at least in the case of semi-arid areas such as the most of the Mediterranean countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Tsarpali
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Jemec A, Tišler T, Zgajnar-Gotvajn A. Assessment of landfill leachate toxicity reduction after biological treatment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:210-221. [PMID: 21858736 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present article, the efficiency of biological treatment of landfill leachates was evaluated by implementation of physicochemical characterisation and a complex toxicity assessment. An array of toxicity tests using bacterium Vibrio fischeri, alga Desmodesmus subspicatus, crustacean Daphnia magna, and embryo of fish Danio rerio, as well as unconventional methods using biochemical biomarkers (protein content, enzymes cholinesterase, and glutathione-S-transferase), were employed. Toxicity of leachates varied depending on the season of collection in relation to their different physicochemical characteristics. Uncommon effects of leachates on organisms, such as hormetic-like increases of algal growth and reproduction of daphnids, were identified. New approaches using the activities of enzymes were found unsuitable for routine hazard assessment of leachates. Although physicochemical parameters and toxicity decreased significantly after biological treatment, the effluents did not meet the demands of the current Slovenian legislation; thus, the existing biological treatment was found inappropriate. The development of advanced treatment techniques for landfill leachates is thus encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pablos MV, Martini F, Fernández C, Babín MM, Herraez I, Miranda J, Martínez J, Carbonell G, San-Segundo L, García-Hortigüela P, Tarazona JV. Correlation between physicochemical and ecotoxicological approaches to estimate landfill leachates toxicity. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 31:1841-1847. [PMID: 21530225 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills may contain a huge diversity of contaminants; these wastewaters should be considered as potentially hazardous complex mixtures, representing a potential environmental risk for surface and groundwater. Current MSW landfill wastes regulatory approaches deem exclusively on the physicochemical characterization and does not contemplate the ecotoxicological assessment of landfill leachates. However, the presence of highly toxic substances in consumer products requires reconsideration on the need of more specific ecotoxicological assessments. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of different MSW landfill leachates using a battery of toxicity tests including acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and the anuran Xenopus laevis and the in vitro toxicity test with the fish cell line RTG-2. The additional objective was to study the possible correlation between physicochemical properties and the toxicity results obtained for untreated landfill leachates. The results showed that the proposed test battery was effective for the ecotoxicological characterization of MSW landfill leachates. A moderate to strong correlation between the measured physicochemical parameters and the calculated toxicity units was detected for all toxicity assays. Correlation factors of 0.85, 0.86 and 0.55 for Daphnia, Xenopus and RTG-2 tests, respectively, were found. The discriminant analysis showed that certain physicochemical parameters could be used for an initial categorization of the potential aquatic acute toxicity of leachates; this finding may facilitate leachates management as the physicochemical characterization is currently the most common or even only monitoring method employed in a large majority of landfills. Ammonia, alkalinity and chemical oxygen demand (COD), together with chloride, allowed a proper categorization of leachates toxicity for up to 75% of tested samples, with a small percentage of false negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Pablos
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, INIA, Crta. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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49
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Baderna D, Maggioni S, Boriani E, Gemma S, Molteni M, Lombardo A, Colombo A, Bordonali S, Rotella G, Lodi M, Benfenati E. A combined approach to investigate the toxicity of an industrial landfill's leachate: chemical analyses, risk assessment and in vitro assays. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:603-13. [PMID: 21316652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid wastes constitute an important and emerging problem. Landfills are still one of the most common ways to manage waste disposal. The risk assessment of pollutants from landfills is becoming a major environmental issue in Europe, due to the large number of sites and to the importance of groundwater protection. Furthermore, there is lack of knowledge for the environmental, ecotoxicological and toxicological characteristics of most contaminants contained into landfill leacheates. Understanding leachate composition and creating an integrated strategy for risk assessment are currently needed to correctly face the landfill issues and to make projections on the long-term impacts of a landfill, with particular attention to the estimation of possible adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. In the present study, we propose an integrated strategy to evaluate the toxicity of the leachate using chemical analyses, risk assessment guidelines and in vitro assays using the hepatoma HepG2 cells as a model. The approach was applied on a real case study: an industrial waste landfill in northern Italy for which data on the presence of leachate contaminants are available from the last 11 years. Results from our ecological risk models suggest important toxic effects on freshwater fish and small rodents, mainly due to ammonia and inorganic constituents. Our results from in vitro data show an inhibition of cell proliferation by leachate at low doses and cytotoxic effect at high doses after 48 h of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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50
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Alexandrova M, Rozhko T, Vydryakova G, Kudryasheva N. Effect of americium-241 on luminous bacteria. Role of peroxides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:407-411. [PMID: 21388726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of americium-241 ((241)Am), an alpha-emitting radionuclide of high specific activity, on luminous bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum was studied. Traces of (241)Am in nutrient media (0.16-6.67 kBq/L) suppressed the growth of bacteria, but enhanced luminescence intensity and quantum yield at room temperature. Lower temperature (4 °C) increased the time of bacterial luminescence and revealed a stage of bioluminescence inhibition after 150 h of bioluminescence registration start. The role of conditions of exposure the bacterial cells to the (241)Am is discussed. The effect of (241)Am on luminous bacteria was attributed to peroxide compounds generated in water solutions as secondary products of radioactive decay. Increase of peroxide concentration in (241)Am solutions was demonstrated; and the similarity of (241)Am and hydrogen peroxide effects on bacterial luminescence was revealed. The study provides a scientific basis for elaboration of bioluminescence-based assay to monitor radiotoxicity of alpha-emitting radionuclides in aquatic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alexandrova
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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