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Vance DE, Billings R, Lambert CC, Fazeli PL, Goodin BR, Kempf MC, Rubin LH, Turan B, Wise J, Hellemann G, Lee J. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Social Cognition Among People Living with HIV: Implications for Non-Social Cognition and Social Everyday Functioning. Neuropsychol Rev 2024:10.1007/s11065-024-09643-5. [PMID: 38869661 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-024-09643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Social cognition-the complex mental ability to perceive social stimuli and negotiate the social environment-has emerged as an important cognitive ability needed for social functioning, everyday functioning, and quality of life. Deficits in social cognition have been well documented in those with severe mental illness including schizophrenia and depression, those along the autism spectrum, and those with other brain disorders where such deficits profoundly impact everyday life. Moreover, subtle deficits in social cognition have been observed in other clinical populations, especially those that may have compromised non-social cognition (i.e., fluid intelligence such as memory). Among people living with HIV (PLHIV), 44% experience cognitive impairment; likewise, social cognitive deficits in theory of mind, prosody, empathy, and emotional face recognition/perception are gradually being recognized. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize the current knowledge of social cognitive ability among PLHIV, identified by 14 studies focused on social cognition among PLHIV, and provides an objective consensus of the findings. In general, the literature suggests that PLHIV may be at-risk of developing subtle social cognitive deficits that may impact their everyday social functioning and quality of life. The causes of such social cognitive deficits remain unclear, but perhaps develop due to (1) HIV-related sequelae that are damaging the same neurological systems in which social cognition and non-social cognition are processed; (2) stress related to coping with HIV disease itself that overwhelms one's social cognitive resources; or (3) may have been present pre-morbidly, possibly contributing to an HIV infection. From this, a theoretical framework is proposed highlighting the relationships between social cognition, non-social cognition, and social everyday functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Rebecca Billings
- UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Pariya L Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Burel R Goodin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bulent Turan
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Caddesi, Turkey
| | - Jenni Wise
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gerhard Hellemann
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Cheek NN, Reutskaja E, Schwartz B. Balancing the Freedom-Security Trade-Off During Crises and Disasters. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1024-1049. [PMID: 35100077 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211034499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During crises and disasters, such as hurricanes, terrorist threats, or pandemics, policymakers must often increase security at the cost of freedom. Psychological science, however, has shown that the restriction of freedom may have strong negative consequences for behavior and health. We suggest that psychology can inform policy both by elucidating some negative consequences of lost freedom (e.g., depression or behavioral reactance) and by revealing strategies to address them. We propose four interlocking principles that can help policymakers restore the freedom-security balance. Careful consideration of the psychology of freedom can help policymakers develop policies that most effectively promote public health, safety, and well-being when crises and disasters strike.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Reutskaja
- Marketing Department, IESE Business School, University of Navarra
| | - Barry Schwartz
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
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Zhu Z, Guo M, Dong T, Han S, Hu Y, Wu B. Assessing psychological symptom networks related to HIV-positive duration among people living with HIV: a network analysis. AIDS Care 2021; 34:725-733. [PMID: 34043459 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2021.1929815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore and visualize relationships among multiple psychological symptoms among people living with HIV (PLWH) with different HIV-positive durations and to compare centrality indices and densities of psychological symptom networks. We used subsets of data collected from five designated HIV/AIDS hospitals in China. Networks were constructed among 16 psychological symptoms. Centrality properties, including strength and closeness, were adopted to describe relationships among symptoms. The results showed that PLWH with longer HIV-positive durations had denser emotional networks, which indicated that they had more emotional neuroticism than their newly diagnosed counterparts. Sadness, self-abasement, and self-loathing were the most central psychological symptoms across different HIV-positive durations. Our study suggests the need to provide psychosocial support services targeting PLWH according to changing symptom severity and neuroticism trajectories. Interventions should focus on increasing empathy for PLWH and enhancing the ability to consider the situation from different perspectives to avoid the development of neuroticism in long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhu
- School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Fudan University Centre for Evidence-based Nursing: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengdi Guo
- School of Government and Public Affairs, Communication University of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingyue Dong
- Beijing Administration Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyu Han
- School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Fudan University Centre for Evidence-based Nursing: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Fudan University Centre for Evidence-based Nursing: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Wu
- NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York City, New York, USA
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Liekefett L, Becker J. Compliance with governmental restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic: A matter of personal self-protection or solidarity with people in risk groups? BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:924-946. [PMID: 33393680 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus pandemic, governments across the globe ordered physical-distancing and hygiene restrictions to slow down the spread of COVID-19. The present work was conducted during the peak of restrictions in Germany (April/May 2020). In a convenient (N = 218) and representative sample (N = 715), we examined people's motivations to comply with these restrictions during the lockdown: Were they motivated by personal self-protection, or rather by solidarity with people in risk groups? Specifically, we investigated predictors of personal self-protection (compliance to protect the self against infection) and group-protection behaviours (compliance for reasons of solidarity in protecting people in risk groups). Results indicate that self- and group-protection result from different psychological processes: Whereas personal self-protection seems to be a form of coping with personal anxieties (epistemic and existential needs, personal threat), group protection is an intergroup phenomenon that is enabled by identification with a collective goal (common identity), the perception that society is capable of dealing with the virus (group efficacy), and concern for people in risk groups. We discuss potential implications for behavioural change in pandemics.
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Thaxton RE, Jones WS, Hafferty FW, April CW, April MD. Self vs. Other Focus: Predicting Professionalism Remediation of Emergency Medicine Residents. West J Emerg Med 2018; 19:35-40. [PMID: 29383054 PMCID: PMC5785199 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2017.11.35242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Unprofessionalism is a major reason for resident dismissal from training. Because of the high stakes involved, residents and educators alike would benefit from information predicting whether they might experience challenges related to this competency. Our objective was to correlate the outcome of professionalism-related remedial actions during residency with the predictor variable of resident response to a standardized interview question: “Why is Medicine important to you?” Methods We conducted a professional development quality improvement (QI) initiative to improve resident education and mentorship by achieving a better understanding of each resident’s reasons for valuing a career in medicine. This initiative entailed an interview administered to each resident beginning emergency medicine training at San Antonio Military Medical Center during 2006–2013. The interviews uniformly began with the standardized question “Why is Medicine important to you?” The residency program director documented a free-text summary of each response to this question, the accuracy of which was confirmed by the resident. We analyzed the text of each resident’s response after a review of the QI data suggested an association between responses and professionalism actions (retrospective cohort design). Two associate investigators blinded to all interview data, remedial actions, and resident identities categorized each text response as either self-focused (e.g., “I enjoy the challenge”) or other-focused (e.g., “I enjoy helping patients”). Additional de-identified data collected included demographics, and expressed personal importance of politics and religion. The primary outcome was a Clinical Competency Committee professionalism remedial action. Results Of 114 physicians starting residency during 2006–2013, 106 (93.0%) completed the interview. There was good inter-rater reliability in associate investigator categorization of resident responses as either self-focused or other-focused (kappa coefficient 0.85). Thirteen of 50 residents (26.0%) expressed self-focus versus three of 54 (5.4%) residents expressed other-focus experienced professionalism remedial actions (p<0.01). This association held in a logistic regression model controlling for measured confounders (p=0.02). Conclusion Self-focused responses to the question “Why is Medicine important to you?” correlated with professionalism remedial actions during residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Thaxton
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Woodson S Jones
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Department of Graduate Medical Education, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Fred W Hafferty
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn W April
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, Department of Medicine, San Antonio Texas
| | - Michael D April
- San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio, Texas
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