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Dubljanin E, Zunic J, Vujcic I, Colovic Calovski I, Sipetic Grujicic S, Mijatovic S, Dzamic A. Host-Pathogen Interaction and Resistance Mechanisms in Dermatophytes. Pathogens 2024; 13:657. [PMID: 39204257 PMCID: PMC11357293 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are widely distributed in the environment, with an estimated prevalence of 20-25% of the the global population yearly. These fungi are keratinophilic and keratinolytic and cause the infection of keratin-rich structures such as skin, hair, and nails. The pattern of this infectious disease covers a wide spectrum from exposed individuals without symptoms to those with acutely inflammatory or non-inflammatory, chronic to invasive, and even life-threatening symptoms. This review summarizes current information on the pathogenicity, virulence factors, and drug resistance mechanisms associated with dermatophytes. A greater number of virulence factors of these fungi are important for the occurrence of infection and the changes that occur, including those regarding adhesins, the sulfite efflux pump, and proteolytic enzymes. Other virulence factors include mechanisms of evading the host defense, while the development of resistance to antifungal drugs is increasing, resulting in treatment failure. The investigation of host-pathogen interactions is essential for developing a more complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying dermatophyte pathogenesis and host response to inform the use of diagnostics methods and antifungal therapeutics to minimize the high fungal burden caused by dermatophytes and to control the spread of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Dubljanin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Zunic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isidora Vujcic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Colovic Calovski
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Sipetic Grujicic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Mijatovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Dzamic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Kabtani J, Ranque S. A Comparative Description of Dermatophyte Genomes: A State-of-the-Art Review. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:1007-1025. [PMID: 37812320 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The nomenclature and phylogeny of dermatophytes is currently based on the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of a few genomic regions. However, the limitations of this multilocus sequence-based approach makes dermatophyte species identification difficult. Variation and adaptation are key to the persistence of species. Nevertheless, this heterogeneity poses a genuine problem for the classification and nomenclature of dermatophytes. The relatively high intra-species and low inter-species polymorphisms of this keratinophilic group of fungi hampers both species delineation and identification. Establishing the taxonomic boundaries of dermatophyte species complexes remains controversial. Furthermore, until recently, knowledge of molecular biology, genetics and genomics remained limited. This systematic review highlights the added value of whole genome sequencing and analysis data in dermatophyte classification that might enhance identification and, consequently, the diagnosis and management of dermatophytoses. Our approach consisted in describing and comparing the dermatophyte mitochondrial genomes, secretomes (Adhesins, LysM domains, proteases) and metabolic pathways, with the aim to provide new insights and a better understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kabtani
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - S Ranque
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.
- AP-HM, IRD, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France.
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3
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de Hoog S, Walsh TJ, Ahmed SA, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Alexander BD, Arendrup MC, Babady E, Bai FY, Balada-Llasat JM, Borman A, Chowdhary A, Clark A, Colgrove RC, Cornely OA, Dingle TC, Dufresne PJ, Fuller J, Gangneux JP, Gibas C, Glasgow H, Gräser Y, Guillot J, Groll AH, Haase G, Hanson K, Harrington A, Hawksworth DL, Hayden RT, Hoenigl M, Hubka V, Johnson K, Kus JV, Li R, Meis JF, Lackner M, Lanternier F, Leal Jr. SM, Lee F, Lockhart SR, Luethy P, Martin I, Kwon-Chung KJ, Meyer W, Nguyen MH, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Palavecino E, Pancholi P, Pappas PG, Procop GW, Redhead SA, Rhoads DD, Riedel S, Stevens B, Sullivan KO, Vergidis P, Roilides E, Seyedmousavi A, Tao L, Vicente VA, Vitale RG, Wang QM, Wengenack NL, Westblade L, Wiederhold N, White L, Wojewoda CM, Zhang SX. A conceptual framework for nomenclatural stability and validity of medically important fungi: a proposed global consensus guideline for fungal name changes supported by ABP, ASM, CLSI, ECMM, ESCMID-EFISG, EUCAST-AFST, FDLC, IDSA, ISHAM, MMSA, and MSGERC. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0087323. [PMID: 37882528 PMCID: PMC10662369 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00873-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid pace of name changes of medically important fungi is creating challenges for clinical laboratories and clinicians involved in patient care. We describe two sources of name change which have different drivers, at the species versus the genus level. Some suggestions are made here to reduce the number of name changes. We urge taxonomists to provide diagnostic markers of taxonomic novelties. Given the instability of phylogenetic trees due to variable taxon sampling, we advocate to maintain genera at the largest possible size. Reporting of identified species in complexes or series should where possible comprise both the name of the overarching species and that of the molecular sibling, often cryptic species. Because the use of different names for the same species will be unavoidable for many years to come, an open access online database of the names of all medically important fungi, with proper nomenclatural designation and synonymy, is essential. We further recommend that while taxonomic discovery continues, the adaptation of new name changes by clinical laboratories and clinicians be reviewed routinely by a standing committee for validation and stability over time, with reference to an open access database, wherein reasons for changes are listed in a transparent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren de Hoog
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, the Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), Working Group Nomenclature
| | - Thomas J. Walsh
- International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), Working Group Nomenclature
- Center for Innovative Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Nomenclature Committee for Fungi, International Mycological Association (IMA)
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Mycoses Study Group, Education and Research Consortium (MSG-ERC)
- European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
- Medical Mycological Society of the Americas (MMSA)
- ISHAM Working Group on Diagnostics
| | - Sarah A. Ahmed
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, the Netherlands
- International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), Working Group Nomenclature
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), Working Group Nomenclature
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
- Fungal Infection Study Group, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EFISG/ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara D. Alexander
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maiken Cavling Arendrup
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of European Committee of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-AFST)
| | - Esther Babady
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical Microbiology Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Feng-Yan Bai
- Mycology Committee of Chinese Society for Microbiology
- Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Medical Mycology Society of Chinese Medicine and Education Association
- Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology
- ISHAM Working Group Veterinary Mycology and One Health
- Mycological Society of China (MSC)
| | - Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical Microbiology at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Borman
- National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Fungal Infection Study Group, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EFISG/ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Medical Mycology Unit, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Andrew Clark
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Robert C. Colgrove
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA)
| | - Oliver A. Cornely
- European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
- Fungal Infection Study Group, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EFISG/ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tanis C. Dingle
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
- Alberta Precision Laboratories, Public Health Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philippe J. Dufresne
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
- Mycology Department, Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeff Fuller
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
- Department of Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Connie Gibas
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Heather Glasgow
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Department of Parasitology (Charité), Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacques Guillot
- ISHAM Working Group Veterinary Mycology and One Health
- Onoris, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Nantes, France
| | - Andreas H. Groll
- Fungal Infection Study Group, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EFISG/ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology and Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Haase
- Laboratory Diagnostic Center, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kimberly Hanson
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Amanda Harrington
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Loyola University Health System, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - David L. Hawksworth
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Jilin Agricultural University, Chanchung, China
- General Committee for Nomenclature, International Botanical Congress (IBC)
- Advisory Board of International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF)
| | - Randall T. Hayden
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
- Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Mycoses Study Group, Education and Research Consortium (MSG-ERC)
- European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Translational Medical Mycology Research Unit, ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- European Hematology Association, Specialized Working Group for Infections in Hematology, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristie Johnson
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, UMMC Laboratories of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julianne V. Kus
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Canada and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- ISHAM Working Group on Diagnostics
- Fungal Infection Study Group, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EFISG/ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
- Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of European Committee of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-AFST)
- Medical Mycology Society of Chinese Medicine and Education Association
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- ISHAM Working Group on Diagnostics
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Lackner
- International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), Working Group Nomenclature
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Sixto M. Leal Jr.
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Mycoses Study Group, Education and Research Consortium (MSG-ERC)
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Francesca Lee
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shawn R. Lockhart
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul Luethy
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, UMMC Laboratories of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabella Martin
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kyung J. Kwon-Chung
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Nomenclature Committee for Fungi, International Mycological Association (IMA)
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Hong Nguyen
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Mycoses Study Group, Education and Research Consortium (MSG-ERC)
- Medical Mycological Society of the Americas (MMSA)
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner
- Mycoses Study Group, Education and Research Consortium (MSG-ERC)
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Palavecino
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Preeti Pancholi
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical Microbiology at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter G. Pappas
- Mycoses Study Group, Education and Research Consortium (MSG-ERC)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gary W. Procop
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
- The American Board of Pathology, Tampa, Florida, USA
- American Board of Pathology (ABP)
| | - Scott A. Redhead
- Nomenclature Committee for Fungi, International Mycological Association (IMA)
- National Mycological Herbarium, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel D. Rhoads
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stefan Riedel
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bryan Stevens
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaede Ota Sullivan
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paschalis Vergidis
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emmanuel Roilides
- International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), Working Group Nomenclature
- European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM)
- Fungal Infection Study Group, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EFISG/ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
- Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Amir Seyedmousavi
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Fungal Infection Study Group, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EFISG/ESCMID), Basel, Switzerland
- ISHAM Working Group Veterinary Mycology and One Health
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lili Tao
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vania A. Vicente
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Roxana G. Vitale
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Unidad de Parasitología, Sector Micología, Hospital J.M. Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Qi-Ming Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Nancy L. Wengenack
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lars Westblade
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Nathan Wiederhold
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Mycoses Study Group, Education and Research Consortium (MSG-ERC)
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
- Medical Mycological Society of the Americas (MMSA)
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lewis White
- Public Health Wales Microbiology, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M. Wojewoda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sean X. Zhang
- International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), Working Group Nomenclature
- Fungal Diagnostics Laboratory Consortium (FDLC)
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Pérez-Rodríguez A, Duarte-Escalante E, Frías-De-León MG, Acosta Altamirano G, Meraz-Ríos B, Martínez-Herrera E, Arenas R, Reyes-Montes MDR. Phenotypic and Genotypic Identification of Dermatophytes from Mexico and Central American Countries. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040462. [PMID: 37108916 PMCID: PMC10143779 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi included in the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Nannizzia, Paraphyton, Lophophyton, and Arthroderma. Molecular techniques have contributed to faster and more precise identification, allowing significant advances in phylogenetic studies. This work aimed to identify clinical isolates of dermatophytes through phenotypic (macro- and micromorphology and conidia size) and genotypic methods (sequences of ITS regions, genes of β tubulin (BT2), and elongation factor α (Tef-1α)) and determine the phylogenetic relationships between isolates. Ninety-four dermatophyte isolates from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic were studied. The isolates presented macro- and micromorphology and conidia size described for the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Genotypic analysis classified the isolates into the genera Trichophyton (63.8%), Nannizzia (25.5%), Arthroderma (9.6%), and Epidermophyton (1.1%). The most frequent species were T. rubrum (26 isolates, 27.6%), T. interdigitale (26 isolates, 27.6%), and N. incurvata (11 isolates, 11.7%), N. gypsea and A. otae (nine isolates, 9.6%), among others. The genotypic methods clarified the taxonomic status of closely related species. For instance, the ITS and BT2 markers of T. rubrum/T. violaceum did not differ but the Tef-1α gene did. On the other hand, the three markers differed in T. equinum/T. tonsurans. Therefore, the ITS, BT2, and Tef-1α genes are useful for typing in phylogenetic analyses of dermatophytes, with Tef-1α being the most informative locus. It should be noted that isolate MM-474 was identified as T. tonsurans when using ITS and Tef-1α, but when using BT2, it was identified as T. rubrum. On the other hand, no significant difference was found when comparing the methods for constructing phylogenies, as the topologies were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Pérez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria No. 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Esperanza Duarte-Escalante
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria No. 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Frías-De-León
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km. 34.5, Pueblo de Zoquiapan, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Acosta Altamirano
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km. 34.5, Pueblo de Zoquiapan, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria No. 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km. 34.5, Pueblo de Zoquiapan, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico
| | - Erick Martínez-Herrera
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arenas
- Departamento de Dermatología, Sección de Micología, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City 10480, Mexico
| | - María Del Rocío Reyes-Montes
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria No. 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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5
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Tang C, Ahmed SA, Deng S, Zhang L, Zoll J, Al-Hatmi AMS, Meis JF, Thakur R, Kang Y, de Hoog GS. Detection of emerging genotypes in Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex: A proposal for handling biodiversity in dermatophytes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960190. [PMID: 36081804 PMCID: PMC9445586 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A resistant and hypervirulent dermatophyte from India has been described as a taxonomic novelty, Trichophyton indotineae, a species of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. Rapid detection and correct identification of closely similar dermatophytes with different predilections are essential for efficient clinical management. We evaluated the efficacy of rapid diagnostic methods clinical and environmental strains in the T. mentagrophytes complex. The methods included Real-time-PCR, DermaGenius, LAMP, and MALDI-ToF MS, using rDNA ITS sequences as taxonomic standard. The results show that only MALDI-ToF MS can distinguish 96.97% T. indotineae from other closely related species. The complex comprises numerous clones which may differ in anonymous markers but with similar evolutionary behavior. Therefore, we recommend to distinguish species only when they show an appreciable degree of adaptation and thus are clinically significant. The distinction of remaining clonal diversity is an epidemiological query and can be solved by haplotype numbering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou and Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sarah A. Ahmed
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Shuwen Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jan Zoll
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rameshwari Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Yingqian Kang
- The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou and Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yingqian Kang,
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- The key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou and Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- G. Sybren de Hoog,
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6
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Abstract
AbstractThe order Onygenales is classified in the class Eurotiomycetes of the subphylum Pezizomycotina. Families in this order have classically been isolated from soil and dung, and two lineages contain causative agents of superficial, cutaneous and systemic infections in mammals. The ecology and habitat choices of the species are driven mainly by the keratin and cellulose degradation abilities. The present study aimed to investigate whether the ecological trends of the members of Onygenales can be interpreted in an evolutionary sense, linking phylogenetic parameters with habitat preferences, to achieve polyphasic definitions of the main taxonomic groups. Evolutionary processes were estimated by multiple gene genealogies and divergence time analysis. Previously described families, namely, Arthrodermataceae, Ajellomycetaceae, Ascosphaeraceae, Eremascaceae, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenaceae and Spiromastigoidaceae, were accepted in Onygenales, and two new families, Malbrancheaceae and Neogymnomycetaceae, were introduced. A number of species could not be assigned to any of the defined families. Our study provides a revised overview of the main lines of taxonomy of Onygenales, supported by multilocus analyses of ITS, LSU, TUB, TEF1, TEF3, RPB1, RPB2, and ribosomal protein 60S L10 (L1) (RP60S) sequences, combined with available data on ecology, physiology, morphology, and genomics.
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7
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Vitale RG, Giudicessi SL, Romero SM, Al-Hatmi AMS, Li Q, de Hoog GS. Recent developments in less known and multi-resistant fungal opportunists. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:762-780. [PMID: 34096817 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1927978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have increased in recent years due to host factors, such as oncohaematological and transplant-related disorders, immunosuppressive therapy, and AIDS. Additionally, molecular and proteomic facilities have become available to identify previously unrecognizable opportunists. For these reasons, reports on less-known and recalcitrant mycoses, such as those caused by black fungi, hyaline filamentous fungi, coelomycetes, Mucorales, and non-Candida yeasts have emerged. In this review, novel taxonomy in these groups, which often are multi-resistant to one or several classes of antifungals, is discussed. Clinical presentations, diagnosis and current treatment of some major groups are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G Vitale
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Parasitología, Sector Micología, Hospital J. M. Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana L Giudicessi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biotecnología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stella M Romero
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Abdullah M S Al-Hatmi
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud, University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Natural & Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Omán
| | - Qirui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud, University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, People's Hospital of Suzhou, National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Suzhou, PR China
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8
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Tang C, Kong X, Ahmed SA, Thakur R, Chowdhary A, Nenoff P, Uhrlass S, Verma SB, Meis JF, Kandemir H, Kang Y, de Hoog GS. Taxonomy of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale Species Complex Harboring the Highly Virulent, Multiresistant Genotype T. indotineae. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:315-326. [PMID: 33847867 PMCID: PMC8249266 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A severe outbreak of highly virulent and multi-resistant dermatophytosis by species in the Trichophyton mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale complex is ongoing in India. The correct identity of the etiologic agent is a much-debated issue. In order to define species limits, a taxonomic study was undertaken combining molecular, morphological, and physiological characteristics as evidence of classification. Molecular characteristics show that T. mentagrophytes s. str. and T. interdigitale s. str. can be distinguished with difficulty from each other, but are unambiguously different from the Indian genotype, T. indotineae by sequences of the HMG gene. The entities were confirmed by multilocus analysis using tanglegrams. Phenotypic characters of morphology and physiology are not diagnostic, but statistically significant differences are observed between the molecular siblings. These properties may be drivers of separate evolutionary trends. Trichophyton mentagrophytes represents the ancestral, homothallic cloud of genotypes with a probable geophilic lifestyle, while T. indotineae and T. interdigitale behave as anthropophilic, clonal offshoots. The origin of T. indotineae, which currently causes a significant public health problem, is zoonotic, and its emergence is likely due to widespread misuse of antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xue Kong
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 0210042, China
| | - Sarah A Ahmed
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rameshwari Thakur
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Muzaffarnagar Medical College and Hospital, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | - Silke Uhrlass
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Germany
| | | | - Jacques F Meis
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hazal Kandemir
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yingqian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou & Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Sharma B, Nonzom S. Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario-an updated analysis. Mycoses 2021; 64:890-908. [PMID: 33665915 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Superficial mycoses of skin, nails and hair are among the common fungal infections. They are caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds, yeasts and yeast-like fungi. Such fungal infections are widespread all over the world and are predominant in tropical as well as subtropical regions. Environmental factors, such as warm, humid and pitiable hygienic conditions, are conducive for their growth and proliferation. Although it does not cause mortality, it is known to be associated with excessive morbidity which may be psychological or physical. This affects the quality of life of the infected individuals which leads to a negative impact on their occupational, emotional and social status. Such infections are increasing on a global scale and, therefore, are of serious concern worldwide. This review article covers the global and Indian scenario of superficial mycoses taking into account the historical background, aetiological agents, prevalence, cultural and environmental factors, risk factors, pathogenesis and hygienic practices for the prevention of superficial mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Skarma Nonzom
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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10
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Čmoková A, Kolařík M, Dobiáš R, Hoyer LL, Janouškovcová H, Kano R, Kuklová I, Lysková P, Machová L, Maier T, Mallátová N, Man M, Mencl K, Nenoff P, Peano A, Prausová H, Stubbe D, Uhrlaß S, Větrovský T, Wiegand C, Hubka V. Resolving the taxonomy of emerging zoonotic pathogens in the Trichophyton benhamiae complex. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Gupta AK, Nakrieko KA. Trichophyton rubrum DNA Strains in Patients with Onychomycosis with Persistent Mixed Infections Involving a Nondermatophyte Mold. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2020; 110:442557. [PMID: 32810210 DOI: 10.7547/17-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onychomycosis is estimated to occur in approximately 10% of the global population, with most cases caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Some persistent onychomycosis is caused by mixed infections of T rubrum and one or more co-infecting nondermatophyte molds (NDMs). In onychomycosis, T rubrum strain types may naturally switch and may also be triggered to switch in response to antifungal therapy. T rubrum strain types in mixed infections of onychomycosis have not been characterized. METHODS T rubrum DNA strains in mixed infections of onychomycosis containing co-infecting NDMs were compared with a baseline North American population through polymerase chain reaction amplification of ribosomal DNA tandemly repetitive subelements (TRSs) 1 and 2. The baseline DNA strain types were determined from 102 clinical isolates of T rubrum. The T rubrum DNA strain types from mixed infections were determined from 63 repeated toenail samples from 15 patients. RESULTS Two unique TRS-2 types among the clinical isolates contributed to four unique TRS-1 and TRS-2 strain types. Six TRS-1 and TRS-2 strain types represented 92% of the clinical isolates of T rubrum. Four TRS-1 and TRS-2 strain types accounted for 100% of the T rubrum within mixed infections. CONCLUSIONS Four unique North American T rubrum strains were identified. In support of a shared ancestry, the T rubrum DNA strain types found in mixed infections with NDMs were among the most abundant types. A population of T rubrum strains in mixed infections of onychomycosis has been characterized, with more than one strain detected in some nails. The presence of a co-infecting NDM in mixed infections may contribute to failed therapy by stabilizing the T rubrum strain type, possibly preventing the antifungal therapy-induced strain type switching observed with infections caused by T rubrum alone.
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12
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Shamsizadeh F, Pchelin IM, Makimura K, Alshahni MM, Satoh K, Katiraee F, Ahmadi B, Rezaei-Matehhkolaei A. DNA topoisomerase 2 gene polymorphism in dermatophytes. Mycoses 2020; 63:694-703. [PMID: 32277529 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi of medical importance. Despite a relatively long history of molecular taxonomic studies, there is still a need for information on genetic polymorphism in wider variety of genomic loci. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to study partial DNA topoisomerase 2 gene (TOP2) polymorphism in dermatophytes. METHODS We performed DNA sequencing of TOP2 in 26 dermatophyte species along with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. RESULTS The number of polymorphic sites in TOP2 data set was similar to that one in ITS data set. Nannizzia species formed paraphyletic group in TOP2 tree. Trichophyton simii was paraphyletic in concatenated TOP2-ITS tree, one of its two clades contained solely Iranian isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed several unresolved problems in the taxonomy of dermatophytes, including probable polyphyly of the genus Nannizzia and the species T simii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Shamsizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ivan M Pchelin
- Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohamed Mahdi Alshahni
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Satoh
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Farzad Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehhkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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13
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A. Major challenges and perspectives in the diagnostics and treatment of dermatophyte infections. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:212-232. [PMID: 32048417 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the aetiological factors of a majority of superficial fungal infections. What distinguishes them from other pathogenic filamentous fungi is their unique ability to degrade keratin. The remarkable ability of this group of fungi to survive in different ecosystems results from their morphological and ecological diversity as well as high adaptability to changing environmental conditions. Paradoxically, despite the progress in medicine, the prevalence of dermatophyte infections is increasing from year to year. At the beginning of the third millennium, practical diagnostic and therapeutic options are still very limited. This review focuses on understanding the major problems in this aspect of dermatophyte infections and indicates future strategies and perspectives for novel approaches to identification and drugs for elimination of dermatophytes. Particular importance is placed on development of a strategy for a diagnostic pathway and implementation of rapid and reliable diagnostics methods designed by international teams. Furthermore, among compounds that currently arouse great interest, representatives of terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and essential oils deserve attention. Many of these compounds are undergoing clinical trials as potential antifungal agents, and future research should focus on attempts at determination of the applicability of tested substances. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages in implementation of new diagnostic paths and medicinal substances for routine use are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Begum J, Mir NA, Lingaraju MC, Buyamayum B, Dev K. Recent advances in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:293-303. [PMID: 32003043 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a disease of global significance caused by pathogenic keratinolytic fungi called dermatophytes in both animals and humans. The recent taxonomy of dermatophytes classifies them into six pathogenic genera, namely Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Nannizzia, Lophophyton and Arthroderma. It is because of the delayed diagnostic nature and low accuracy of dermatophyte detection by conventional methods that paved the path for the evolution of molecular diagnostic techniques, which provide the accurate and rapid diagnosis of dermatophytosis for an appropriate, timely antifungal therapy that prevents the nonspecific over-the-counter self-medication. This review focuses on the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis of dermatophytosis, limitations of conventional methods, selection of targets in diagnosis, and factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of various molecular diagnostic technologies in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Generally, all the molecular techniques have a significant edge over the conventional methods of culture and microscopy in the dermatophytosis diagnosis. However, in mycology laboratory, the suitability of any molecular diagnostic technique in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis is driven by the requirement of time, economy, complexity, the range of species spectrum detected and the scale of diagnostic output required. Thus, various choices involved in the pursuit of a diagnosis of dermatophytosis are determined by the available conditions and the facilities in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubeda Begum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, India
| | - Nasir A Mir
- AN & FT Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Madhu C Lingaraju
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bidyarani Buyamayum
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Science, Porompat, Manipur, India
| | - Kapil Dev
- AN & FT Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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15
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M. Comparison of in vitro activities of 11 antifungal agents against Trichophyton verrucosum isolates associated with a variety hosts and geographical origin. Mycoses 2019; 63:294-301. [PMID: 31820493 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of dermatophytosis in animals is usually associated with extra expenditure on prevention, diagnosis and long-term treatment. Humans are usually infected from animals, also from asymptomatic carriers, through direct contact or indirectly via fungus-bearing hair, scales and fomites. Despite the medical importance of Trichophyton verrucosum infections, there are limited in vitro data on the fungal susceptibility to antifungal drugs, including new-generation triazoles, imidazoles and allyloamines. The aim of the current study was to evaluate comprehensively the in vitro activity of 11 antifungal drugs against a large collection of T. verrucosum isolates obtained in Poland, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia from humans and animals using a microdilution assay. In vitro susceptibility testing of 11 antifungal drugs was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) document M38. The MICs of clotrimazole, ciclopirox, enilconazole, miconazole, naftifine and terbinafine against all T. verrucosum isolates were below 1 μg/mL, whereas those of fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole were above 1 μg/mL. Ciclopirox was demonstrated to have superior activity against all strains in comparison with the other drugs, whereas fluconazole exerted the weakest in vitro effect and exhibited the highest MIC values. Our study has shown that drugs of different chemical origin have satisfactory antifungal activity and can be promising candidates for the treatment of T. verrucosum dermatophytosis. Moreover, no significant disparity in drug sensitivity between isolates obtained from different hosts and geographical regions have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Łagowski
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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16
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Drenth A, McTaggart AR, Wingfield BD. Fungal clones win the battle, but recombination wins the war. IMA Fungus 2019; 10:18. [PMID: 32647622 PMCID: PMC7325676 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-019-0020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal reproduction is common in fungi and fungal-like organisms during epidemics and invasion events. The success of clonal fungi shaped systems for their classification and some pathogens are tacitly treated as asexual. We argue that genetic recombination driven by sexual reproduction must be a starting hypothesis when dealing with fungi for two reasons: (1) Clones eventually crash because they lack adaptability; and (2) fungi find a way to exchange genetic material through recombination, whether sexual, parasexual, or hybridisation. Successful clones may prevail over space and time, but they are the product of recombination and the next successful clone will inevitably appear. Fungal pathogen populations are dynamic rather than static, and they need genetic recombination to adapt to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Drenth
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Alistair R McTaggart
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102 Australia.,Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, Gauteng South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, Gauteng South Africa
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17
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P. In search of the source of dermatophytosis: Epidemiological analysis of Trichophyton verrucosum infection in llamas and the breeder (case report). Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:982-989. [PMID: 31538413 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the number of cases of Trichophyton verrucosum isolation from humans suffering from mycoses has been constantly increasing, which is correlated with the presence of an increasing number of outdoor breeding farms. Farmers and their families as well as veterinarians and technicians involved in handling the animals are at a higher risk of infection. One of the most important aims of mycological diagnostics is epidemiological analysis. Typically, the history of the disease is not sufficient to indicate reliably and eliminate the outbreak of infection. PCR fingerprinting methods are a useful tool in this type of analysis, which is presented in this study. The main aim is to present diagnostic and epidemiological analyses of dermatophyte isolates from llamas and their breeder. In two llamas, round alopecia sites or ca. 2-cm excoriations covered with thickened scaling epidermis were noticed at the border of the head and neck with a distinct tendency towards hair loss. Tinea unguium was noticed in a nail of the breeder's right hand. Direct analysis of the material from the clinical lesions revealed the presence of arthrospores. The macro- and micromorphology of the isolates were homogeneous and characteristic for T. verrucosum. The identification analysis based on the ITS sequences confirmed the previous morphological diagnostic examination. The MP-PCR and MSP-PCR analysis indicated high invariability of the genomes of the strains isolated from the human and animals. The epidemiological research has indicated an identical source of dermatophyte infection in the breeder and the lamas. To sum up, the number of pets and farm animals is increasing and dermatologists should always be informed about possible dermatophyte transmission sources. The possibility of transmission of zoophilic dermatophytes from humans to animals is a suggestion for further analysis; therefore, this type of transmission should be considered in dermatological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Łagowski
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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18
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Garcia Garces H, Hamae Yamauchi D, Theodoro RC, Bagagli E. PRP8 Intein in Onygenales: Distribution and Phylogenetic Aspects. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:37-49. [PMID: 31286362 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inteins (internal proteins) are mobile genetic elements, inserted in housekeeping proteins, with self-splicing properties. Some of these elements have been recently pointed out as modulators of genetic expression or protein function. Herein, we evaluated, in silico, the distribution and phylogenetic patterns of PRP8 intein among 93 fungal strains of the order Onygenales. PRP8 intein(s) are present in most of the species (45/49), mainly as full-length inteins (containing both the Splicing and the Homing Endonuclease domains), and must have transferred vertically in all lineages, since their phylogeny reflects the group phylogeny. While the distribution of PRP8 intein(s) varies among species of Onygenaceae family, being absent in Coccidioides spp. and present as full and mini-intein in other species, they are consistently observed as full-length inteins in all evaluated pathogenic species of the Arthrodermataceae and Ajellomycetaceae families. This conservative and massive PRP8 intein presence in Ajellomycetacean and Arthrodermatecean species reinforces the previous idea that such genetic elements do not decrease the fungal fitness significantly and even might play some role in the host-pathogen relationship, at least in these two fungal groups. We may better position the species Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (with no intein) in the Onygenaceae family and Onygena corvina (with a full-length intein) as a basal member in the Arthrodermataceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Garcia Garces
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biosciences Institute of Botucatu, State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Hamae Yamauchi
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biosciences Institute of Botucatu, State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Cordeiro Theodoro
- Tropical Medicine Institute of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biosciences Institute of Botucatu, State University of Sao Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Kandemir H, Dukik K, Hagen F, Ilkit M, Gräser Y, de Hoog GS. Polyphasic Discrimination of Trichophyton tonsurans and T. equinum from Humans and Horses. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:113-122. [PMID: 31278475 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton tonsurans and its zoophilic counterpart T. equinum are phylogenetically closely related. The barcoding marker rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) shows limited variation between these two species. In the current study, we combined molecular approaches with phenotypic data to determine the species boundaries between T. tonsurans (n = 52) and T. equinum (n = 15) strains originating from humans (n = 40), horses (n = 26), and a mouse (n = 1). Culture characteristics and physiology on Trichophyton agar media 1 and 5 were evaluated. Multi-locus sequencing involving ITS, partial large rDNA subunit (LSU), β-tubulin (TUB), 60S ribosomal protein (RPB), and translation elongation factor-3 (TEF3) genes, and the mating-type (MAT) locus was performed. Amplified fragment length polymorphism data were added. None of the test results showed complete mutual correspondence. With the exception of strains from New Zealand, strains of equine origin required niacin for growth, whereas most strains from human origin did not show this dependence. It is concluded that T. tonsurans and T. equinum incompletely diverged from a common lineage relatively recently. MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 are the main distinguishing genes between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Kandemir
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Dukik
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Institute für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie der Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Borman AM, Szekely A, Fraser M, Lovegrove S, Johnson EM. A novel dermatophyte relative, Nannizzia perplicata sp. nov., isolated from a case of tinea corporis in the United Kingdom. Med Mycol 2019; 57:548-556. [PMID: 30329066 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel dermatophyte was isolated from skin scales of a female patient presenting with tinea corporis of the wrist and arm. Her principal risk factor was long-term corticosteroid use for underlying Lupus autoimmune syndrome. Microscopic examination of skin scales from lesions revealed hyphae consistent with dermatophyte infection, and a morphologically identical fungus grew in pure culture on all cultures of skin scales. Repeat isolation of the same organism from persistent lesions five months later confirmed the novel species as the causative agent. Microscopic examination revealed predominantly smooth, thin-walled macroconidia, with large numbers of unicellular aleuriospores of varied shapes and sizes. Since the isolate exhibited considerable microscopic pleomorphism, sharing morphological features consistent with several dermatophyte genera, it was subjected to multi-locus phylogenetic analyses employing a total of six different loci. Sequence analyses of all loci revealed that the isolate clustered with species within Nannizzia but diverged from all known members of the genus by 2 to 13% depending on locus analyzed. The isolate exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentrations for terbinafine in vitro, which might explain why the infection had failed to respond to two cycles of oral treatment with this antifungal agent. Interestingly, sequences in GenBank of an unnamed "Microsporum sp" isolated from leg skin of a patient in the Czech Republic showed greater than 99% identity across all of the loci analysed in common, indicating that this novel organism, which we describe here as Nannizzia perplicata sp. nov., is likely not restricted to the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Borman
- Public Health England UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol
| | - Adrien Szekely
- Public Health England UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol
| | - Mark Fraser
- Public Health England UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol
| | - Simon Lovegrove
- West Suffolk NHS Foundation, Bury St Edmonds, United Kingdom
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21
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Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P. TAXONOMY OF DERMATOPHYTES – THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS MAY CHANGE BUT THE IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS REMAIN THE SAME. ADVANCEMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.21307/pm-2019.58.1.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Gräser Y, Monod M, Bouchara JP, Dukik K, Nenoff P, Kargl A, Kupsch C, Zhan P, Packeu A, Chaturvedi V, de Hoog S. New insights in dermatophyte research. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538740 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophyte research has renewed interest because of changing human floras with changing socioeconomic conditions, and because of severe chronic infections in patients with congenital immune disorders. Main taxonomic traits at the generic level have changed considerably, and now fine-tuning at the species level with state-of-the-art technology has become urgent. Research on virulence factors focuses on secreted proteases now has support in genome data. It is speculated that most protease families are used for degrading hard keratin during nitrogen recycling in the environment, while others, such as Sub6 may have emerged as a result of ancestral gene duplication, and are likely to have specific roles during infection. Virulence may differ between mating partners of the same species and concepts of zoo- and anthropophily may require revision in some recently redefined species. Many of these questions benefit from international cooperation and exchange of materials. The aim of the ISHAM Working Group Dermatophytes aims to stimulate and coordinate international networking on these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Gräser
- Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Karolina Dukik
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Labor für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbis, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Kupsch
- Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ping Zhan
- Jiangxi Dermatology Hospital and Jiangxi Dermatology Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Ann Packeu
- Mycologie & Aerobiologie Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Ramaraj V, Vijayaraman RS, Hemanth V, Rangarajan S, Kindo AJ. Molecular strain typing of Trichophyton mentagrophytes ( T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale) using non-transcribed spacer region as a molecular marker. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:636-641. [PMID: 29512606 PMCID: PMC5861475 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_51_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that infect keratinized tissues of human and animal origin. Trichophyton mentagrophytes is considered to be a species complex composed of several strains, which include both anthropophiles and zoophiles. Accurate discrimination is critical for comprehensive understanding of the clinical and epidemiological implications of the genetic heterogeneity of this complex. Molecular strain typing renders an effective way to discriminate each strain. The objective of the study was to characterize T. mentagrophytes clinical isolates to sub-species level using molecular techniques and non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region as marker. Methods: Sixty four T. mentagrophytes clinical isolates were identified by phenotypic methods. These were subjected to polymerase chain reaction targeting three sub-repeat elements (SREs), TmiS0, TmiS1 and TmiS2 of the NTS region. Sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of different types was also done. Results: Strain-specific polymorphism was observed in all three loci. Totally, 13 different PCR types were obtained on combining all the three SREs loci. No variation was observed in the ITS region. Interpretation & conclusions: The study described the usefulness of molecular strain typing technique for the discrimination of the T. mentagrophytes isolates. This will help for the future explorations into the epidemiology of T. mentagrophytes and its complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Ramaraj
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Rajyoganandh S Vijayaraman
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Veena Hemanth
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sudha Rangarajan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
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24
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Garcia Garces H, Cordeiro RT, Bagagli E. PRP8 intein in dermatophytes: Evolution and species identification. Med Mycol 2018; 56:746-758. [PMID: 29228309 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi belonging to the family Arthrodermataceae. Despite having a monophyletic origin, its systematics has always been complex and controversial. Sequencing of nuclear ribosomal ITS and D1/D2 rDNA has been proposed as an efficient tool for identifying species in this group of fungi, while multilocus analyses have been used for phylogenetic species recognition. However, the search for new markers, with sequence and size variation, which enable species identification in only one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) step, is very attractive. Inteins seems to fulfill these characteristics. They are self-splicing genetic elements present within housekeeping coding genes, such as PRP8, that codify the most important protein of the spliceosome. The PRP8 intein has been described for Microsporum canis in databases but has not been studied in dermatophytes in any other published work. Thus, our aim was to determine the potential of this intervening element for establishing phylogenetic relationships among dermatophytes and for identifying species. It was found that all studied species have a full-length PRP8 intein with a Homing Endonuclease belonging to the family LAGLIDADG. Phylogenetic analyses were consistent with other previous phylogenies, confirming Epidermophyton floccosum in the same clade of the Arthroderma gypseum complex, Microsporum audouinii close to M. canis, differentiating A. gypseum from Arthroderma incurvatum, and in addition, better defining the Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum species grouping. Length polymorphism in the HE region enables identification of the most relevant Microsporum species by a simple PCR-electrophoresis assay. Intein PRP8 within dermatophytes is a powerful additional tool for identifying and systematizing dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Garcia Garces
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo. São Paulo. Brasil
| | - Raquel Theodoro Cordeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do RN, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte. Rio Grande do Norte. Brasil
| | - E Bagagli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo. São Paulo. Brasil
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25
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P. Tinea corporisbyMicrosporum canisin mycological laboratory staff: Unexpected results of epidemiological investigation. Mycoses 2018; 61:945-953. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineInstitute of Biological Bases of Animal DiseasesSub‐Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineInstitute of Biological Bases of Animal DiseasesSub‐Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineInstitute of Biological Bases of Animal DiseasesSub‐Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of Life Sciences Lublin Poland
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26
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Multiple-strainTrichophyton mentagrophytesinfection in a silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) from a breeding farm. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
Humans are exceptional among vertebrates in that their living tissue is directly exposed to the outside world. In the absence of protective scales, feathers, or fur, the skin has to be highly effective in defending the organism against the gamut of opportunistic fungi surrounding us. Most (sub)cutaneous infections enter the body by implantation through the skin barrier. On intact skin, two types of fungal expansion are noted: (A) colonization by commensals, i.e., growth enabled by conditions prevailing on the skin surface without degradation of tissue, and (B) infection by superficial pathogens that assimilate epidermal keratin and interact with the cellular immune system. In a response-damage framework, all fungi are potentially able to cause disease, as a balance between their natural predilection and the immune status of the host. For this reason, we will not attribute a fixed ecological term to each species, but rather describe them as growing in a commensal state (A) or in a pathogenic state (B).
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28
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Superficial Fungal Infections. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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29
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Durdu M, Ilkit M, Tamadon Y, Tolooe A, Rafati H, Seyedmousavi S. Topical and systemic antifungals in dermatology practice. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 10:225-237. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1263564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Durdu
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University Adana Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yalda Tamadon
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Tolooe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Rafati
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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30
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de Hoog GS, Dukik K, Monod M, Packeu A, Stubbe D, Hendrickx M, Kupsch C, Stielow JB, Freeke J, Göker M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mirhendi H, Gräser Y. Toward a Novel Multilocus Phylogenetic Taxonomy for the Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:5-31. [PMID: 27783317 PMCID: PMC5283515 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type and reference strains of members of the onygenalean family Arthrodermataceae have been sequenced for rDNA ITS and partial LSU, the ribosomal 60S protein, and fragments of β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 3. The resulting phylogenetic trees showed a large degree of correspondence, and topologies matched those of earlier published phylogenies demonstrating that the phylogenetic representation of dermatophytes and dermatophyte-like fungi has reached an acceptable level of stability. All trees showed Trichophyton to be polyphyletic. In the present paper, Trichophyton is restricted to mainly the derived clade, resulting in classification of nearly all anthropophilic dermatophytes in Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, along with some zoophilic species that regularly infect humans. Microsporum is restricted to some species around M. canis, while the geophilic species and zoophilic species that are more remote from the human sphere are divided over Arthroderma, Lophophyton and Nannizzia. A new genus Guarromyces is proposed for Keratinomyces ceretanicus. Thirteen new combinations are proposed; in an overview of all described species it is noted that the largest number of novelties was introduced during the decades 1920–1940, when morphological characters were used in addition to clinical features. Species are neo- or epi-typified where necessary, which was the case in Arthroderma curreyi, Epidermophyton floccosum, Lophophyton gallinae, Trichophyton equinum, T. mentagrophytes, T. quinckeanum, T. schoenleinii, T. soudanense, and T. verrucosum. In the newly proposed taxonomy, Trichophyton contains 16 species, Epidermophyton one species, Nannizzia 9 species, Microsporum 3 species, Lophophyton 1 species, Arthroderma 21 species and Ctenomyces 1 species, but more detailed studies remain needed to establish species borderlines. Each species now has a single valid name. Two new genera are introduced: Guarromyces and Paraphyton. The number of genera has increased, but species that are relevant to routine diagnostics now belong to smaller groups, which enhances their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. .,Peking University Health Science Center, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. .,Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Karolina Dukik
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ann Packeu
- Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Stubbe
- Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marijke Hendrickx
- Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiane Kupsch
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Benjamin Stielow
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Freeke
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Göker
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yvonne Gräser
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Metin B, Heitman J. Sexual Reproduction in Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:45-55. [PMID: 27696123 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a rich source of genetic variation and commonly observed among fungi. Basically two different modes of sexual reproduction are observed in fungi, namely heterothallism where two compatible mating types are required to undergo mating and homothallism in which the organism is self-fertile. The genomic region governing the process of sexual reproduction and sex determination is called the mating type (MAT) locus. In filamentous ascomycetes including dermatophytes, the MAT locus harbors two different transcription factor genes in two different mating types. This review focuses on sexual reproduction and the structure of the MAT locus in dermatophytes. The reproductive modes and the observed mating types are summarized for different phylogenetic clades of dermatophytes. In addition, the question of whether or not unisexual reproduction, an interesting form of homothallism, may be the sexual reproduction mode especially in anthropophilic dermatophytes is raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali cad, No: 2, Halkali, 34303, Kucukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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32
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Garcia Garces H, Hrycyk MF, Giacobino J, Capela Machado G, Domingos Arantes T, Theodoro RC, Bosco SDMG, Bagagli E. Molecular identification and phylogenetical analysis of dermatophyte fungi from Latin America. Mycoses 2016; 59:787-797. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Garcia Garces
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marluce F. Hrycyk
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana Giacobino
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel Capela Machado
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Raquel C. Theodoro
- Centro de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte; Natal Brazil
| | - Sandra de M. G. Bosco
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
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33
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Ahmadi B, Mirhendi H, Makimura K, de Hoog GS, Shidfar MR, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Jalalizand N. Phylogenetic analysis of dermatophyte species using DNA sequence polymorphism in calmodulin gene. Med Mycol 2016; 54:500-14. [PMID: 26868901 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of phylogenetic species concepts based on rDNA internal transcribe spacer (ITS) regions have improved the taxonomy of dermatophyte species; however, confirmation and refinement using other genes are needed. Since the calmodulin gene has not been systematically used in dermatophyte taxonomy, we evaluated its intra- and interspecies sequence variation as well as its application in identification, phylogenetic analysis, and taxonomy of 202 strains of 29 dermatophyte species. A set of primers was designed and optimized to amplify the target followed by bilateral sequencing. Using pairwise nucleotide comparisons, a mean similarity of 81% was observed among 29 dermatophyte species, with inter-species diversity ranging from 0 to 200 nucleotides (nt). Intraspecies nt differences were found within strains of Trichophyton interdigitale, Arthroderma simii, T. rubrum and A. vanbreuseghemii, while T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. audouinii, M. cookei, M. racemosum, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T schoenleinii, and A. benhamiae were conserved. Strains of E. floccosum/M. racemosum/M. cookei, A. obtosum/A. gertleri, T. tonsurans/T. equinum and a genotype of T. interdigitale had identical calmodulin sequences. For the majority of the species, tree topology obtained for calmodulin gene showed a congruence with coding and non-coding regions including ITS, BT2, and Tef-1α. Compared with the phylogenetic tree derived from ITS, BT2, and Tef-1α genes, some species such as E. floccosum and A. gertleri took relatively remote positions. Here, characterization and obtained dendrogram of calmodulin gene on a broad range of dermatophyte species provide a basis for further discovery of relationships between species. Studies of other loci are necessary to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Para-Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology and Genome Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Fungal Biodiversity Center, Institute of the Royal Netherlands, Academy of Arts and Sciences, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Reza Shidfar
- Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niloofar Jalalizand
- Departments of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health; National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Deng S, Zhou Z, de Hoog GS, Wang X, Abliz P, Sun J, Najafzadeh MJ, Pan W, Lei W, Zhu S, Hasimu H, Zhang P, Guo Y, Deng D, Liao W. Evaluation of two molecular techniques for rapid detection of the main dermatophytic agents of tinea capitis. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1494-500. [PMID: 26342174 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea capitis is very common in Western China, with the most widespread aetiological agent being Trichophyton violaceum, while Microsporum canis is prevalent in the remainder of China. Conventional diagnostics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing analyses have proven relatively limited due to the close phylogenetic relationship of anthropophilic dermatophytes. Therefore, alternative molecular tools with sufficient specificity, reproducibility and sensitivity are necessary. OBJECTIVES To evaluate two molecular techniques [multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and rolling circle amplification (RCA)] for rapid detection of the aetiological agents of tinea capitis, T. violaceum and M. canis. METHODS Probes of RCA and MLPA were designed with target sequences in the rDNA ITS gene region. Strains tested consist of 31 T. violaceum, 22 M. canis and 24 reference strains of species that are taxonomically close to the target species. RESULTS The specificity and reproducibility of RCA and MLPA in detection of T. violaceum and M. canis were both 100% in both species. Sensitivity testing showed that RCA was positive at concentrations down to 1·68 × 10(6) copies of DNA in the TvioRCA probe, and 2·7 × 10(8) copies of DNA in McRCA. MLPA yielded positive results at concentrations of DNA down to 1·68 × 10(1) copies in the TvioMLPA probe and 2·7 × 10(2) in McMLPA. CONCLUSIONS The two techniques were sufficiently specific and sensitive for discriminating the target DNA of T. violaceum and M. canis from that of closely related dermatophytes. RCA and MLPA are advantageous in their reliability and ease of operation compared with standard polymerase chain reaction and conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Z Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Puyang Oilfield General Hospital, Puyang, Henan, China
| | - G S de Hoog
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - X Wang
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P Abliz
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - M J Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology & Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, School of Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - W Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Hasimu
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - D Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - W Liao
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Overy DP, Marron-Lopez F, Muckle A, Bourque A, Lund L, MacHattie D, Lopez A. Dermatophytosis in farmed mink (Mustela vison) caused by Trichophyton equinum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015. [PMID: 26223793 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715596036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report details 2 outbreaks of dermatophytosis in 2 different mink ranches. On the first farm, only kits were affected, while on the second farm, small numbers of adults were infected. Affected mink were otherwise clinically healthy and in good body condition. Three animals were euthanized and submitted for autopsy. Grossly, mink exhibited locally extensive to coalescing areas of crusting alopecia but no other significant gross lesions in internal organs. Microscopically, skin lesions were characterized by chronic hyperplastic dermatitis with folliculitis, furunculosis, occasional intracorneal pustules, and large numbers of intrafollicular fungal arthrospores and hyphae. The dermatophyte was cultured and identified as Trichophyton equinum based on molecular barcoding of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Overy
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Fany Marron-Lopez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Anne Muckle
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Andrea Bourque
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Lorraine Lund
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - David MacHattie
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Alfonso Lopez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
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Mohammadi R, Abastabar M, Mirhendi H, Badali H, Shadzi S, Chadeganipour M, Pourfathi P, Jalalizand N, Haghani I. Use of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism to Rapidly Identify Dermatophyte Species Related to Dermatophytosis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17296. [PMID: 26301058 PMCID: PMC4541063 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.17296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi worldwide, which can infect the skin, hair and nails of humans and animals. This genus includes several species that present different features of dermatophytosis. Although, laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytes is based on direct microscopy, biochemical tests and culture, these manners are expensive, time consuming and need skilled staff. Therefore, molecular methods like PCR-RFLP are the beneficial tools for identification, which are rapid and sensitive. Thus, dermatophyte species are able to generate characteristic band patterns on agarose gel electrophoresis using PCR-RFLP technique, which leads to successful identification at the species level within a 5-hour period. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to study inter- and intraspecific genomic variations for identification of clinically important dermatophyte species obtained from clinical specimens in Isfahan, Iran using PCR-RFLP. MATERIALS AND METHODS From March 2011 to August 2012, 135 clinical isolates were collected from infected patients at Isfahan, Iran. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA was amplified using universal fungal primers. Subsequently, amplified products were digested by the MvaI restriction enzyme. Using discriminating band profiles on agarose gel, dermatophyte species were identified. However, DNA sequencing was used for unidentifiable strains. RESULTS The specimens were obtained from skin scrapings (70.3%), nail (24.4%) and hair (5.1%) clippings. Most patients were between 21 - 30 years and the ratio of male to female was 93/42. Trichophyton interdigitale was the commonest isolate (52.5%) in our findings, followed by Epidermophyton floccosum (24.4%), T. rubrum (16.2%), Microsporum canis (2.2%), T. erinacei (1.4%), T. violaceum (1.4%), T. tonsurans (0.7%) and M. gypseum (0.7%) based on PCR-RFLP. CONCLUSIONS Combination of traditional methods and molecular techniques considerably improves identification of dermatophytes in the species level in clinical laboratories, which can lead to properly antifungal therapy and successful management of infections. However, restriction and specificity and sensitivity should be lowered and increased, respectively, to be useful for a wide variety of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Shahla Shadzi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Mustafa Chadeganipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Parinaz Pourfathi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Niloufar Jalalizand
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
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Hainsworth S, Hamblin JF, Vanniasinkam T. Isolation of dermatophytes (and other fungi) from human nail and skin dust produced by podiatric medical treatments in Australia. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2015; 105:111-20. [PMID: 25815649 DOI: 10.7547/0003-0538-105.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podiatric physicians routinely use electric drills for the treatment of nail and skin conditions. The grinding process produces human nail and skin dust that is generally vacuumed into bags in the grinding unit. Many of the nails are thought to be mycotic, particularly because they are obtained from patients with symptoms of dermatophyte infections. Currently, there is limited information available on the detection of fungi from nail dust samples. Herein, we attempt to address this situation and outline some of the difficulties that pathology laboratories face in isolating and identifying dermatophytes from nail samples. METHODS Fifty nail dust bags from podiatric medical clinics across all of the states and territories of Australia were collected and analyzed. Samples from the bags were inoculated onto primary isolation media. Fungal colonies that grew were then inoculated onto potato dextrose agar for identification using standard morphological (macroscopic and microscopic) features. RESULTS One hundred fifty-one colonies of dermatophytes were identified from 43 of the 50 samples. In addition 471 nondermatophyte molds were isolated, along with some yeasts and bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The most common dermatophytes isolated were from the Trichophyton mentagrophytes/interdigitale complexes. Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton soudanense, and Epidermophyton floccosum were also isolated. An unidentified group of dermatophytes was also present. The three most common genera of nondermatophyte molds were Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Scopulariopsis, all of which have been implicated in onychomycosis and more general disease. The presence of viable fungal pathogens in the dust could potentially pose a health problem to podiatric physicians.
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Ziółkowska G, Nowakiewicz A, Gnat S, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P, Dziedzic BM. Molecular identification and classification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex strains isolated from humans and selected animal species. Mycoses 2015; 58:119-26. [PMID: 25643744 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species differentiation within Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex group currently poses a major diagnostic challenge, with molecular methods increasingly supplementing classical identification based on the morphological and physiological properties of the fungi. Diagnostic and epidemiological research aimed at determining the source and means of transmission of dermatophytoses in both humans and animals requires not only species differentiation of isolates but also differentiation within species. The study was conducted on 24 isolates originating in humans and various animal species with clinical symptoms of dermatophytosis. The analysis included phenotypical identification methods and molecular methods: internal transcribed spacer sequencing and ITS-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with multi-enzyme restriction. ITS sequence analysis identified the isolates to species - Trichophyton interdigitale, Arthroderma benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii, and ITS-RFLP detected six different genotypes. Genotypes I, II and III characterised strains belonging to A. benhamiae, genotype IV characterised the A. vanbreuseghemii strain, and genotypes V and VI occurred only within the species T. interdigitale. Strains isolated from guinea pigs were dominant within genotype I, while genotype II was found mainly in strains from foxes. Multi-enzyme restriction analysis of this region enables intraspecific differentiation, which may be useful in epidemiological research, particularly in determining the source of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Ziółkowska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Asexual propagation of a virulent clone complex in a human and feline outbreak of sporotrichosis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 14:158-69. [PMID: 25480940 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00153-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is one of the most frequent subcutaneous fungal infections in humans and animals caused by members of the plant-associated, dimorphic genus Sporothrix. Three of the four medically important Sporothrix species found in Brazil have been considered asexual as no sexual stage has ever been reported in Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, or Sporothrix globosa. We have identified the mating type (MAT) loci in the S. schenckii (strain 1099-18/ATCC MYA-4821) and S. brasiliensis (strain 5110/ATCC MYA-4823) genomes by using comparative genomic approaches to determine the mating type ratio in these pathogen populations. Our analysis revealed the presence of a MAT1-1 locus in S. schenckii while a MAT1-2 locus was found in S. brasiliensis representing genomic synteny to other Sordariomycetes. Furthermore, the components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-pheromone pathway, pheromone processing enzymes, and meiotic regulators have also been identified in the two pathogens, suggesting the potential for sexual reproduction. The ratio of MAT1-1 to MAT1-2 was not significantly different from 1:1 for all three Sporothrix species, but the population of S. brasiliensis in the outbreaks originated from a single mating type. We also explored the population genetic structure of these pathogens using sequence data of two loci to improve our knowledge of the pattern of geographic distribution, genetic variation, and virulence phenotypes. Population genetics data showed significant population differentiation and clonality with a low level of haplotype diversity in S. brasiliensis isolates from different regions of sporotrichosis outbreaks in Brazil. In contrast, S. schenckii isolates demonstrated a high degree of genetic variability without significant geographic differentiation, indicating the presence of recombination. This study demonstrated that two species causing the same disease have contrasting reproductive strategies and genetic variability patterns.
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Gupta A, Nakrieko KA. Trichophyton rubrumDNA strain switching increases in patients with onychomycosis failing antifungal treatments. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:74-80. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Gupta
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Mycology Section; Mediprobe Research Inc.; 645 Windermere Road London ON N5X 2P1 Canada
| | - K.-A. Nakrieko
- Mycology Section; Mediprobe Research Inc.; 645 Windermere Road London ON N5X 2P1 Canada
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Abstract
Owing to their small size and paucity of phenotypic characters, progress in the evolutionary biology of microbes in general, and human pathogenic fungi in particular, has been linked to a series of advances in DNA sequencing over the past quarter century. Phylogenetics was the first area to benefit, with the achievement of a basic understanding of fungal phylogeny. Population genetics was the next advance, finding cryptic species everywhere, and recombination in species previously thought to be asexual. Comparative genomics saw the next advance, in which variation in gene content and changes in gene family size were found to be important sources of variation. Fungal population genomics is showing that gene flow among closely related populations and species provides yet another source of adaptive, genetic variation. Now, two means to associate genetic variation with phenotypic variation, "reverse ecology" for adaptive phenotypes, and genome-wide association of any phenotype, are letting evolutionary biology make a profound contribution to molecular developmental biology of pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Taylor
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
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Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mirhendi H, Makimura K, de Hoog GS, Satoh K, Najafzadeh MJ, Shidfar MR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of beta tubulin gene in a wide range of dermatophytes. Med Mycol 2014; 52:674-88. [PMID: 25079222 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the resolving power of the beta tubulin protein-coding gene (BT2) for systematic study of dermatophyte fungi. Initially, 144 standard and clinical strains belonging to 26 species in the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton were identified by internal transcribe spacer (ITS) sequencing. Subsequently, BT2 was partially amplified in all strains, and sequence analysis performed after construction of a BT2 database that showed length ranged from approximately 723 (T. ajelloi) to 808 nucleotides (M. persicolor) in different species. Intraspecific sequence variation was found in some species, but T. tonsurans, T. equinum, T. concentricum, T. verrucosum, T. rubrum, T. violaceum, T. eriotrephon, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. ferrugineum, and M. audouinii were invariant. The sequences were found to be relatively conserved among different strains of the same species. The species with the closest resemblance were Arthroderma benhamiae and T. concentricum and T. tonsurans and T. equinum with 100% and 99.8% identity, respectively; the most distant species were M. persicolor and M. amazonicum. The dendrogram obtained from BT2 topology was almost compatible with the species concept based on ITS sequencing, and similar clades and species were distinguished in the BT2 tree. Here, beta tubulin was characterized in a wide range of dermatophytes in order to assess intra- and interspecies variation and resolution and was found to be a taxonomically valuable gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Departments of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Departments of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Fungal Biodiversity Center, Institute of the Royal Netherlands, Academy of Arts and Sciences, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kazuo Satoh
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shidfar
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Highly discriminatory variable-number tandem-repeat markers for genotyping of Trichophyton interdigitale strains. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3290-6. [PMID: 24989614 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00828-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton interdigitale is the second most frequent cause of superficial fungal infections of various parts of the human body. Studying the population structure and genotype differentiation of T. interdigitale strains may lead to significant improvements in clinical practice. The present study aimed to develop and select suitable variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) markers for 92 clinical strains of T. interdigitale. On the basis of an analysis of four VNTR markers, four to eight distinct alleles were detected for each marker. The marker with the highest discriminatory power had eight alleles and a D value of 0.802. The combination of all four markers yielded a D value of 0.969 with 29 distinct multilocus genotypes. VNTR typing revealed the genetic diversity of the strains, identifying three populations according to their colonization sites. A correlation between phenotypic characteristics and multilocus genotypes was observed. Seven patients harbored T. interdigitale strains with different genotypes. Typing of clinical T. interdigitale samples by VNTR markers displayed excellent discriminatory power and 100% reproducibility.
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Ilkit M, Durdu M. Tinea pedis: the etiology and global epidemiology of a common fungal infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 41:374-88. [PMID: 24495093 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.856853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tinea pedis, which is a dermatophytic infection of the feet, can involve the interdigital web spaces or the sides of the feet and may be a chronic or recurring condition. The most common etiological agents are anthropophiles, including Trichophyton rubrum sensu stricto, which is the most common, followed by Trichophyton interdigitale and Epidermophyton floccosum. There has been a change in this research arena, necessitating a re-evaluation of our knowledge on the topic from a multidisciplinary perspective. Thus, this review aimed to provide a solid overview of the current status and changing patterns of tinea pedis. The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a global increase in tinea pedis and a clonal spread of one major etiologic agent, T. rubrum. This phenomenon is likely due to increases in urbanization and the use of sports and fitness facilities, the growing prevalence of obesity and the aging population. For optimal patient care and management, the diagnosis of tinea pedis should be verified by microbiological analysis. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical forms, complications and mycological characteristics of tinea pedis and we highlight the pathogenesis, prevention and control parameters of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macit Ilkit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cukurova , Adana , Turkey and
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Abastabar M, Mirhendi H, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Shidfar MR, Kordbacheh P, Makimura K. Restriction analysis of β-tubulin gene for differentiation of the common pathogenic dermatophytes. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:91-6. [PMID: 24395510 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of dermatophytes at the species level, relying on macro- and microscopic properties of the colonies is time-consuming, questioned in many circumstances, and requires considerable expertise. In this study, we examined the potency of a new genetic marker, β-tubulin (BT2) gene, for differentiation of dermatophytes in an in silico and experimental restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile. METHODS The BT2 sequences of dermatophyte species were retrieved from GenBank and analyzed using bioinformatics softwares to choose suitable restriction enzyme(s). Forty reference culture collections and 100 clinical isolates were PCR-amplified using the primers T1 and Bt2b and consequently subjected to virtual RFLP analysis. The dermatophytes were identified according to specific lengths of bands in agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS After digestion of partially amplified β-tubulin gene with the restriction enzyme FatI, three dermatophyte species, that is, Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, and Trichophyton verrucosum yielded unique restriction maps while the remaining species including T. interdigitale, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. schoenleinii, and T. violaceum, were identified by further restriction digestion by Alw21I, MwoI, and HpyCH4V endonucleases. The length of RFLP products was same as of those expected by computer analysis. CONCLUSION The two-step BT2 restriction mapping used in this study is an effective tool for reliable differentiation of the clinically relevant species of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abastabar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hubka V, Cmokova A, Skorepova M, Mikula P, Kolarik M. Trichophyton onychocola sp. nov. isolated from human nail. Med Mycol 2014; 52:285-92. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rodrigues AM, de Melo Teixeira M, de Hoog GS, Schubach TMP, Pereira SA, Fernandes GF, Bezerra LML, Felipe MS, de Camargo ZP. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a high prevalence of Sporothrix brasiliensis in feline sporotrichosis outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2281. [PMID: 23818999 PMCID: PMC3688539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, previously assumed to be the sole agent of human and animal sporotrichosis, is in fact a species complex. Recently recognized taxa include S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. mexicana, and S. luriei, in addition to S. schenckii sensu stricto. Over the last decades, large epidemics of sporotrichosis occurred in Brazil due to zoonotic transmission, and cats were pointed out as key susceptible hosts. In order to understand the eco-epidemiology of feline sporotrichosis and its role in human sporotrichosis a survey was conducted among symptomatic cats. Prevalence and phylogenetic relationships among feline Sporothrix species were investigated by reconstructing their phylogenetic origin using the calmodulin (CAL) and the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α) loci in strains originated from Rio de Janeiro (RJ, n = 15), Rio Grande do Sul (RS, n = 10), Paraná (PR, n = 4), São Paulo (SP, n =3) and Minas Gerais (MG, n = 1). Our results showed that S. brasiliensis is highly prevalent among cats (96.9%) with sporotrichosis, while S. schenckii was identified only once. The genotype of Sporothrix from cats was found identical to S. brasiliensis from human sources confirming that the disease is transmitted by cats. Sporothrix brasiliensis presented low genetic diversity compared to its sister taxon S. schenckii. No evidence of recombination in S. brasiliensis was found by split decomposition or PHI-test analysis, suggesting that S. brasiliensis is a clonal species. Strains recovered in states SP, MG and PR share the genotype of the RJ outbreak, different from the RS clone. The occurrence of separate genotypes among strains indicated that the Brazilian S. brasiliensis epidemic has at least two distinct sources. We suggest that cats represent a major host and the main source of cat and human S. brasiliensis infections in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geisa Ferreira Fernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila Maria Lopes Bezerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Felipe
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Zeng J, Feng P, van den Ende AHGG, Xi L, Harrak MJ, de Hoog GS. Multilocus analysis of the Exophiala jeanselmei clade containing black yeasts involved in opportunistic disease in humans. FUNGAL DIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Packeu A, Hendrickx M, Beguin H, Martiny D, Vandenberg O, Detandt M. Identification of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex species using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Med Mycol 2013; 51:580-5. [PMID: 23506320 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.770605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi capable of invading keratinized tissues and are responsible for the most common fungal infection worldwide: dermatophytosis. Identification of these organisms to the species level is often necessary for the correct treatment of these infections, and is always recommended from an epidemiological point of view. Since the identification of dermatophytes is sometimes problematic, we assessed whether Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) could provide a useful tool to identify dermatophytes of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. A reference database was constructed with 17 strains of six different species belonging to this complex. A total of 54 dermatophyte strains of the Belgian co-ordinated collections of micro-organisms, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium (BCCM™/IHEM) collection were used to challenge this database; 89% of the tested strains (not used as reference strains in the database) could readily be identified. When incorrect identifications were encountered, the confusion was always between phylogenetically closely related taxa which indicates that observations made by MALDI-TOF MS correlate with phylogenetic data. To assess this observation, a dendrogram outlining the similarities between the obtained spectra was constructed. Strikingly, the relationships found in this dendrogram were highly similar to the ones observed in the phylogenetic tree recently reported by Beguin and co-workers. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS is a fast and reliable tool for the identification of dermatophytes, since it can even discriminate between the closely related species of the T. mentagrophytes complex. Moreover, our data indicate that the data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS correlate with phylogenetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Packeu
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Service of Mycology and Aerobiology, Brussels, Belgium.
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Nenoff P, Erhard M, Simon JC, Muylowa GK, Herrmann J, Rataj W, Gräser Y. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry - a rapid method for the identification of dermatophyte species. Med Mycol 2012; 51:17-24. [PMID: 22574631 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.685186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altogether 285 dermatophyte isolates of 21 different species - including both Trichophyton rubrum and T. interdigitale, but also eight additional Trichophyton species, Microsporum canis and seven other Microsporum species, as well as Epidermophyton floccosum and Arthroderma spp. - were analyzed using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the AnagnosTec 'SARAMIS' (Spectral Archiving and Microbial Identification System) software. In addition, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA was performed for a high number of the tested strains. Sufficient agreement was found between the results obtained with standard identification methods and those with the MALDI-TOF MS for species identification of dermatophytes. A mass spectra database was constructed which contained the species identifications of all 285 isolates. The results were confirmed for 164 of the isolates by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA. Statistical analysis of all 285 dermatophyte strains showed that conventional identification matched the results of MALDI-TOF MS for 78.2% of the isolates tested. In the case of the 164 isolates for which the identifications were confirmed by PCR, the results of their conventional diagnosis and MALDI-TOF MS were in agreement for only 68.9 % (113 of 164 strains) of the test isolates. In contrast, there was agreement of 99.3 % or 98.8 % in the identifications obtained with PCR and MALDI-TOF MS techniques (283/285 or 162/164). The two exceptions were isolates that proved to be T. violaceum which could not be identified by the MALDI-TOF MS technique. In conclusion, the MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy represents a fast and very specific method for species differentiation of dermatophytes grown in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Nenoff
- Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbis, Germany.
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