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Wu X, Bao L, Liu X, Liao W, Kang N, Sang S, Abdulai T, Zhai Z, Wang C, Li Y. Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics Attenuated Association of Age at Menarche With Type 2 Diabetes in Rural China. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604261. [PMID: 36111199 PMCID: PMC9469086 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is not clear whether ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) metrics have an impact on the association between age at menarche and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in rural postmenopausal Chinese women. Methods: In all, 15,450 postmenopausal women were enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort study. Logistic regression models and interaction plots were used to analyze associations between age at menarche, ICH metrics and T2DM and interactive effects. Results: Age at menarche was inversely associated with risk of T2DM, with adjusted OR of 1.224, 1.116, 1.00 and 0.971, 0.850 for those with age at menarche ≤13, 14, 15–16 (reference), 17, and ≥18 years, respectively, and each year of delay in menarche age correlated with a 5.1% lower risk of T2DM. Negative interaction effects of age at menarche and number of ICH metrics on the risk of T2DM was observed. Conclusion: Meeting more ICH metrics might attenuate the association between early menstrual age and increased risk of T2DM, implying that meeting a higher number of ICH metrics may be an effective way to prevent T2DM for women of early menarche age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Bao
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengxiang Sang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tanko Abdulai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihan Zhai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuqian Li,
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Yue W, Zhang E, Liu R, Zhang Y, Wang C, Gao S, Su S, Gao X, Wu Q, Yang X, Papageorghiou AT, Yin C. The China birth cohort study (CBCS). Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:295-304. [PMID: 35146635 PMCID: PMC9110496 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The China birth cohort study (CBCS) is a prospective longitudinal, mega-cohort study and the first national-based birth cohort study, aiming to establish a birth cohort covering representative geographical areas of the whole of China to investigate risk factors for birth defects and develop strategies for their reduction. Pregnant women who are of Chinese nationality, are 6–13+6 weeks of gestation, plan to attend the routine antenatal examination and deliver in the study site, and give their informed, written consent are eligible to participate in this study. All participants are followed-up through an in-person interview at 20–23+6 weeks and again at 28–33+6 weeks of gestation, and at delivery, respectively. CBCS has been divided into three phases from 20th November 2017 to 31st December 2021, and the first two phases have now been completed on 29th February 2020, enrolling 120 377 eligible pregnant women during this period. During the same period a total of 40 837 participants had been followed up to the end of pregnancy. Study recruitment will continue until December 2021 to achieve the target of 500 000 participants. Meanwhile, biological samples including peripheral blood, amniocytes, cord blood, placenta, or umbilical cord tissue have been collected from participants according to various conditions. The incidence of birth defects in this group is 2.5% and congenital heart disease is the most common type of birth defect seen so far. A website is in the advanced stages of planning, to allow seamless data transfer and facilitate collaboration with groups around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Yue
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enjie Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengrong Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaofei Su
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaokui Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aris T. Papageorghiou
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Mishra SR, Waller M, Chung HF, Mishra GD. Epidemiological studies of the association between reproductive lifespan characteristics and risk of Type 2 diabetes and hypertension: A systematic review. Maturitas 2021; 155:14-23. [PMID: 34876245 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Some reproductive factors are found to be associated with metabolic outcomes in women; however, little is known about reproductive lifespan characteristics and the mutual effect of age at menarche and age at menopause on cardiovascular risk. This systematic review evaluated reproductive lifespan characteristics and describes the mutual effect of age at menarche and age at menopause on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hypertension at midlife. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were screened for studies published up to September 1, 2020. The individual effect estimates were reviewed and synthesized without meta-analysis due to methodological and clinical or conceptual diversity in reported studies. Of the 3033 identified studies, 20 were included in the final synthesis: 6 reported reproductive life span; 12 reported age at menarche, and 7 reported age at menopause. Synthesis of two cohorts, with a median follow-up of 9-11 years, showed that a shorter reproductive lifespan was positively associated with T2DM, yielding 6-15% higher risk of T2DM for a one-year decrease in reproductive lifespan. A few studies also demonstrated that women who experienced early menarche (four of six studies) and early menopause (two of five studies) were positively associated with risk of T2DM. The association between reproductive lifespan and hypertension was unclear due to the limited availability of studies. Our findings suggest that a shorter reproductive lifespan is associated with T2DM risk in postmenopausal women, especially those with early menarche and early menopause. Large cohort studies are needed to assess the association between reproductive lifespan and incident hypertension in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva R Mishra
- Center for Longitudinal and Lifecourse Research, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 266 Herston Rd, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Michael Waller
- Center for Longitudinal and Lifecourse Research, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 266 Herston Rd, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Hsin-Fang Chung
- Center for Longitudinal and Lifecourse Research, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 266 Herston Rd, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Gita D Mishra
- Center for Longitudinal and Lifecourse Research, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 266 Herston Rd, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
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Relationship between age at menarche and risk of glucose metabolism disorder: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 27:818-826. [PMID: 32217891 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies investigating the impact of age at menarche on glucose metabolism disorder have reached inconsistent conclusions, and a quantitative comprehensive assessment of the dose-response association between age at menarche and glucose metabolism disorder has not been reported. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the risk of glucose metabolism disorder by age at menarche. METHODS MEDLINE via PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched up to March 13, 2019. Restricted cubic splines were used to model the dose-response association. RESULTS Twenty-five publications (including 34 studies) were included in the meta-analysis. The summary risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence limit (CL) per 1-year increase in age at menarche were 0.98 (95% CL 0.98, 0.99) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 0.97 (95% CL 0.96, 0.99) for impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and 0.98 (95% CL 0.97, 0.99) for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We identified linear negative correlations between age at menarche and T2DM (Pnonlinearity = 0.052) and IFG (Pnonlinearity = 0.145), a nonlinear dose-response between age at menarche and GDM (Pnonlinearity = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Older age at menarche (range 8-18 years old) is associated with reduced risk of glucose metabolism disorder. The strongest reduction in risk of GDM is observed at menarche age of 14.5 years.
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Reproductive Health and Metabolic Parameters in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/jim-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: This study evaluated the correlations between metabolic parameters and reproductive health data in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Material and methods: In this observational retrospective study, data from the medical records of 324 adult women with T2DM attending their regular diabetes check-ups were collected and analyzed (i.e., anthropometric parameters at first outpatient visit and yearly thereafter, first recorded HbA1c and all HbA1c for the entire follow-up duration, as well as obstetrical/gynecological information).
Results: Age at the diagnosis of T2DM correlated positively with age at menarche (r = 0.21, [95% CI: 0.09, 0.31], p = 0.0002) and age at menopause (r = 0.18 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.29], p <0.01). Age at menarche correlated negatively with mean weight (r = –0.21 [95% CI: –0.31, –0.10], p: 0.0002) and mean BMI (–0.22 [–0.32, –0.11], p <0.0001) over the follow-up time. Patients with shorter time difference between age at menarche and age at onset of T2DM (≤45 years) had higher mean weight (83.8 ± 14.5 kg vs. 78.4 ± 16.0 kg, p = 0.0001), BMI (33.2 ± 5.6 kg/m2 vs. 31.8 ± 5.7 kg/m2, p <0.05), and HbA1c over time (6.9 ± 0.8% vs. 6.6 ± 0.9%, p <0.0001). Women with T2DM with earlier menarche (<12 years old), with irregular menses during their reproductive life, and ≥3 pregnancies had higher overall BMI, but mean HbA1c were not significantly different. However, women diagnosed with T2DM before menopause had a higher mean HbA1c over time (7.1 ± 0.8% vs. 6.7 ± 0.9%, p <0.01).
Conclusion: The BMI correlated with several indicators of reproductive health (earlier menarche, irregular menses, and higher number of pregnancies), while earlier onset of T2DM influenced metabolic control in women with T2DM.
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Zhang L, Li Y, Dong X, Zhou W, Wang C, Mao Z, Yang X, Fan M, Han S, Li L. Effect of the Age at Menarche and Menopause Status Interaction on Type 2 Diabetes: The Henan Rural Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5698216. [PMID: 31912872 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of age at menarche (AM) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess whether the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index responses to AM and menopause status interact in Chinese rural adults. METHODS A cross-sectional, population-based study including 23 138 participants was performed. Logistic regression and multivariable linear regression were performed to investigate the relationship between AM and glucose status. Generalized linear model was used to calculate the interaction term of AM and menopause status on FPG and the HOMA index. Interaction plot was used to interpret the significant interaction effect. RESULTS Women in the later menarche age group (≥18 years) had a 17.7% lower risk of T2DM (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.712-0.951, P = .008), after adjusting for multiple variables. Further adjustment for body mass index (BMI) completely attenuated this association (odds ratio = 0.884, 95% CI: 0.764-1.024, P = .099). A significant interaction effect of AM and menopause status on T2DM (P = .004) was observed. The adverse effects of menopausal status on FPG and HOMA-2 of insulin resistance decreased with increasing menarche age, and the age ranges were limited to <18 and 9 to 19 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Later menarche was associated with a lower risk of T2DM, and the association appears to be mediated by BMI. More importantly, the adverse effect of menopause status on T2DM was decreased along with increasing menarche age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaokang Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengying Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shengna Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Cheng TS, Day FR, Lakshman R, Ong KK. Association of puberty timing with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003017. [PMID: 31905226 PMCID: PMC6944335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging studies have investigated the association between puberty timing, particularly age at menarche (AAM), and type 2 diabetes. However, whether this association is independent of adiposity is unclear. We aimed to systematically review published evidence on the association between puberty timing and type 2 diabetes (T2D) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), with and without adjustment for adiposity, and to estimate the potential contribution of puberty timing to the burden of T2D in the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS AND FINDINGS We searched PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases for publications until February 2019 on the timing of any secondary sexual characteristic in boys or girls in relation to T2D/IGT. Inverse-variance-weighted random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool reported estimates, and meta-regression was used to explore sources of heterogeneity. Twenty-eight observational studies were identified. All assessed AAM in women (combined N = 1,228,306); only 1 study additionally included men. In models without adjustment for adult adiposity, T2D/IGT risk was lower per year later AAM (relative risk [RR] = 0.91, 95% CI 0.89-0.93, p < 0.001, 11 estimates, n = 833,529, I2 = 85.4%) and higher for early versus later menarche (RR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.25-1.55, p < 0.001, 23 estimates, n = 1,185,444, I2 = 87.8%). Associations were weaker but still evident in models adjusted for adiposity (AAM: RR = 0.97 per year, 95% CI 0.95-0.98, p < 0.001, 12 estimates, n = 852,268, I2 = 51.8%; early menarche: RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.28, p < 0.001, 21 estimates, n = 890,583, I2 = 68.1%). Associations were stronger among white than Asian women, and in populations with earlier average AAM. The estimated population attributable risk of T2D in white UK women due to early menarche unadjusted and adjusted for adiposity was 12.6% (95% CI 11.0-14.3) and 5.1% (95% CI 3.6-6.7), respectively. Findings in this study are limited by residual and unmeasured confounding, and self-reported AAM. CONCLUSIONS Earlier AAM is consistently associated with higher T2D/IGT risk, independent of adiposity. More importantly, this research has identified that a substantial proportion of T2D in women is related to early menarche, which would be expected to increase in light of global secular trends towards earlier puberty timing. These findings highlight the need to identify the underlying mechanisms linking early menarche to T2D/IGT risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck Seng Cheng
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rajalakshmi Lakshman
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Effect of Interaction between Early Menarche and Genetic Polymorphisms on Triglyceride. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9148920. [PMID: 30931082 PMCID: PMC6410422 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9148920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Early menarche has been associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, investigating the association of each component of metabolic syndrome with age at menarche, and interactions between them, might lead to a better understanding of metabolic syndrome pathogenesis. In this study, we evaluated age at menarche for risk of metabolic syndrome and associations with its components. As a result, the risk of MetS incidence was significantly increased only at ≤12 years of age at menarche (OR = 1.91, P < 0.05). Women with early menarche (≤12 years) had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (β coefficient = 37.83, P = 0.02). In addition, hypertriglyceridemia was significantly increased at early menarche with 1.99 (95% CI: 1.16–3.41, P < 0.01). With GWAS-based pathway analysis, we found the type 2 diabetes mellitus, stress-activated protein kinase signaling, and Jun amino-terminal kinase cascade pathways (all nominal P < 0.001, all FDR < 0.05) to be significantly involved with early menarche on triglyceride levels. These findings may help us understand the role of early menarche on triglyceride and interaction between gene and early menarche on triglyceride for the development of metabolic syndrome.
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Shen C, Wen J, Pan X, Su J, Du W, Pan E, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Sheng H, Liu C, Wang H, Wu M, Qin Y. Age at menarche and age at natural menopause as predictors of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:623-629. [PMID: 29884473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of age at menarche (AM) and age at natural menopause (ANM) on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken in Jiangsu, China. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between AM/ANM and glycemic control. RESULTS 1195 (14.3%) premenopausal and 7149 (85.7%) postmenopausal women were included in this study. With the increase of AM per 1 year, patients had a low risk of uncontrolled FPG (≥7 mmol/L) and uncontrolled HbA1c (≥7%), as well as poor glycemic control (FPG ≥7 mmol/L and HbA1c ≥7%) after adjusting for age and BMI (model I, P < 0.05) with odds ratio (OR) 0.965, 0.978 and 0.962 respectively. Whereas after adjusting for age, BMI, education, duration of diabetes, smoking, drinking and antidiabetic treatment (model II) as well as further plus diabetic familial history and physical activity (model III), the association between AM and glycemic control was not significant (P > 0.05). Compared with premenopausal women, postmenopausal women had a low risk of uncontrolled FPG and uncontrolled HbA1c after adjusting for confounders in model II (P < 0.05). Furthermore, both patients with early ANM (<45 years) and late ANM (>55 years) had a high risk of uncontrolled HbA1c as well as poor glycemic control even adjusted for full confounders in model III (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Early AM, early and late ANM were significantly associated with worse glycemic control. Ascertaining the AM and ANM in women with T2DM may help to identify the risk predisposed to worse glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jinbo Wen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Huai'an City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, China
| | - Xiaoqun Pan
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian Su
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wencong Du
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Enchun Pan
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Huai'an City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Huai'an City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Changshu County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou 215500, China
| | - Hongyan Sheng
- Changshu County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou 215500, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Shen Y, Hu H, D Taylor B, Kan H, Xu X. Early Menarche and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at First Live Birth. Matern Child Health J 2018; 21:593-598. [PMID: 27456304 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between early menarche and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012 were used to investigate the association between age at menarche and the risk of GDM at first birth among 5914 women. A growth mixture model was used to detect distinctive menarche onset patterns based on self-reported age at menarche. Logistic regression models were then used to examine the associations between menarche initiation patterns and GDM after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, family history of diabetes mellitus, lifetime greatest Body Mass Index, smoking status, and physical activity level. RESULTS Among the 5914 first-time mothers, 3.4 % had self-reported GDM. We detected three groups with heterogeneous menarche onset patterns, the Early, Normal, and Late Menarche Groups. The regression model shows that compared to the Normal Menarche Group, the Early Menarche Group had 1.75 (95 % CI 1.10, 2.79) times the odds of having GDM. No statistically significant difference was observed between the Normal and the Late Menarche Group. CONCLUSION This study suggests that early menarche may be a risk factor of GDM. Future studies are warranted to examine and confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brandie D Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 205A SRPH Administration Building; MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 205A SRPH Administration Building; MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA.
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Farahmand M, Tehrani FR, Dovom MR, Azizi F. Menarcheal Age and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Community-Based Cohort Study. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:156-162. [PMID: 27840328 PMCID: PMC5463289 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been reported that early menarche is associated with higher risk for type 2 diabetes. We aimed to explore the association between age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort study. METHODS For the purpose of the present study, 5191 subjects of reproductive age who were participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study and also met the eligibility criteria were selected. Demographic, lifestyle, reproductive, and anthropometric data as well as risk factors for metabolic diseases were collected. Menarcheal age was categorized into five categories, as <11 years, 11-12 years, 13-14 years, 15-16 years, and >17 years. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk of the menarcheal age group for type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes. RESULTS Of 5625 participants, 673 women had pre-diabetes and 187 had diabetes. Early menarche was associated with higher risk of diabetes and pre-diabetes, compared to the reference group (13-14 years), (OR=3.55, 95% CI: 1.6-7.8 and OR=2.55, 95% CI:1.4-4.8, respectively), an association which remained after further adjustment for potential confounders including family history of diabetes, parity, education, age, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking history, physical activity, and duration of oral contraceptives use. CONCLUSION Results showed early menarche to be a potential risk factor for type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center,Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Phone:+98 212 243 25 00 E-mail:
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Schoenaker DAJM, Mishra GD. Association Between Age at Menarche and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:554-561. [PMID: 28338812 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine the association between age at menarche and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Data were from 4,749 women participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health between 2000 and 2012. Age at menarche was reported at baseline in 2000 when women were aged 22-27 years. During 12 years of follow-up, information on GDM diagnosis was obtained for each live birth. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to estimate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Analyses adjusted for mother's highest completed educational qualification, nulliparity, polycystic ovary syndrome, physical activity, and body mass index. Mean age at menarche was 12.9 years (standard deviation, 1.4). A first diagnosis of GDM was reported by 357 women (7.5%). Compared with women with menarche at age 13 years, women who had their first menstruation at age ≤11 years had a 51% higher risk of developing GDM (95% confidence interval: 1.10, 2.07) after adjustment for GDM risk factors. Our findings indicate that a young age at menarche may identify women at higher risk of GDM. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings and to elucidate the role of early-life exposures in age at menarche and subsequent GDM risk.
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Chen L, Li S, He C, Zhu Y, Buck Louis GM, Yeung E, Hu FB, Zhang C. Age at Menarche and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study Among 27,482 Women. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:469-71. [PMID: 26813668 PMCID: PMC4764040 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between age at menarche and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective cohort study of 42,109 eligible pregnancies from 27,482 women in the Nurses' Health Study II. RESULTS The adjusted risk ratios for GDM across the age at menarche categories (≤11, 12, 13, and ≥14 years) were 1.34 (95% CI 1.14-1.58), 1.13 (0.97-1.31), 1.11 (0.95-1.29), and 1.00 (referent; P for trend = 0.0005), respectively. Analysis of the mediating effect indicated that 42.1% (P = 0.0007) of the association was mediated through prepregnancy BMI. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that earlier menarche was significantly associated with an increased risk of GDM. This association was largely mediated through prepregnancy excessive body adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Shanshan Li
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Public Health, and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Germaine M Buck Louis
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edwina Yeung
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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14
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Abstract
Objective Recent studies have demonstrated that earlier menarche is associated with increased risks of prediabetes and diabetes in white women; however, the associations have not been fully explored in Asian populations. We investigated the associations between age at menarche and prediabetes and/or diabetes in Korean middle-aged women. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 2,039 premenopausal and postmenopausal women aged 44 to 56 years who visited the health promotion center for medical checkups. Participants were divided into three groups based on age at menarche: early (<13 y), average (13-16 y), and late (>16 y). Results The mean (SD) age at menarche was 14.6 (1.6) years. Of 2,039 women, 820 and 85 women had prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or 5.7%-6.4% glycated hemoglobin) and diabetes, respectively. On logistic regression analysis, earlier menarche was significantly associated with prediabetes (odds ratio [OR], 1.80; 95% CI, 1.24-2.61; P = 0.002), diabetes (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.04-5.69; P = 0.04), and dysglycemia (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.28-2.66; P = 0.001), after adjusting for a number of confounding factors, compared with average age at menarche. On linear regression analysis, earlier age at menarche was significantly associated with increased fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, homeostatic model assessment for β-cell function, body mass index, and waist circumference. Conclusions Age at menarche is inversely associated with various forms of dysglycemia. A history of earlier menarche may be helpful in predicting prediabetes and subsequent diabetes in Korean women.
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Chang CJ, Lai MM, Lin CC, Liu CS, Li TC, Li CI, Lin WY. Age at menarche and its association with the metabolic syndrome in Taiwan. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 10 Suppl 1:S26-S34. [PMID: 26777792 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The average age at menarche in the Taiwanese population is falling. Contrarily, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) showed a worldwide increase in the past two decades. The aim of this study was to examine the association between age at menarche and MetS. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 3292 women aged 19-91 years old were enrolled in two databases from 2004 to 2008. MetS was defined according to American Heart Association's criteria. Age at menarche was obtained from self-reported questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the association between age at menarche and MetS with adjustment for potential confounding variables. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS increased with age. After adjusting age, lifestyle status, and reproductive factors as variables, subjects who had menarche at a younger age showed significantly higher risk of MetS. The adjusted odds ratio of having MetS in <12 and 12-14 years old menarche age groups were 1.71 (1.07-2.71) and 1.22 (1.00-1.50), respectively. The significant increase in odds ratio for MetS in early age menarche also reveals a dose-response effect. CONCLUSIONS Early onset of menarche is an important risk factor of MetS and may help identify women at risk of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-May Lai
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Health Care Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chung Li
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ing Li
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Dreyfus J, Jacobs DR, Mueller N, Schreiner PJ, Moran A, Carnethon MR, Demerath EW. Age at Menarche and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adulthood: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. J Pediatr 2015; 167:344-52.e1. [PMID: 25962931 PMCID: PMC4516565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of menarche timing with cardiometabolic risk factors into early to mid-adulthood, comparing African American and White women. STUDY DESIGN Analyses included 2583 women (African American = 1333; White = 1250) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults cohort study over 25 years of follow-up (1985-2011). Outcomes included type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, adiposity, glucose, insulin, blood pressure, and blood lipids. Cox models or repeated measures linear regression models estimated the association between age at menarche and the outcomes. RESULTS Each 1-year earlier age at menarche was associated with higher mean body mass index among African American (0.88 ± 0.12 kg/m(2), P < .0001) and White (0.89 ± 0.10 kg/m(2), P < .0001) women. After body mass index adjustment, each 1-year earlier age at menarche was associated with higher triglycerides (2.26 ± 0.68 mg/dL, P = .001) and glucose (0.34 ± 0.11 mg/dL, P = .002), and greater risk for incident impaired fasting glucose (hazard ratio = 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.20) and metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.26) among White women only. CONCLUSIONS Excess adiposity associated with earlier menarche is sustained through mid-adulthood, and primarily drives higher cardiometabolic risk factor levels. However, White women with earlier menarche had increased risk of a number of insulin-resistance related conditions independent of adiposity. The cardiometabolic impact of earlier menarche was weaker in African American women despite higher average adiposity. Weight maintenance would likely reduce but may not completely eliminate the elevated cardiometabolic risk of earlier menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Dreyfus
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - David R Jacobs
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Noel Mueller
- Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | | | - Antoinette Moran
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Ellen W Demerath
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
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Sim JH, Chung D, Lim JS, Lee MY, Chung CH, Shin JY, Huh JH. Maternal age at first delivery is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: from 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127860. [PMID: 26010910 PMCID: PMC4444183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent cross-sectional studies demonstrated that earlier maternal age at first childbirth is correlated with a higher risk of diabetes in postmenopausal women. In this study, we evaluated whether the age at first delivery is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in postmenopausal women. Methods A total of 4,261 postmenopausal women aged 45 years or older were analyzed using data generated from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2008–2010). Subjects were divided into three groups according to the maternal age at first delivery as follows: ≤ 20 years (n=878), 21-25 years (n=2314), and ≥ 26 years (n=1069). Results Approximately 37% of subjects had MetS. The prevalence of MetS showed a gradual increase as maternal age at first delivery decreased (≥ 26 years = 30.9% vs. 21-25 years = 39.9% vs. ≤ 20 years = 50.8%, respectively, p < 0.001). Central obesity indices such as trunk fat mass and waist circumference were significantly higher in the group aged ≤ 20 years than other groups. After adjustments for confounding factors, the odds ratios (ORs) for predicting the presence of MetS increased gradually as first delivery age decreased (≥ 26 years vs. 21-25 years vs. ≤ 20 years: OR [95% CI] = 1 vs. 1.324 [1.118-1.567] vs. 1.641 [1.322-2.036], respectively). Among components of MetS, younger maternal age at first delivery (≤ 20 years) was significantly associated with increased waist circumference (OR [95% CI] = 1.735 [1.41-2.13]), elevated blood pressure (1.261 [1.02-1.57]), high triglyceride (1.333 [1.072-1.659]), and low HDL-cholesterol (1.335[1.084-1.643]). Conclusions Our findings suggest that younger maternal age at first delivery is independently associated with a higher risk of central obesity and MetS in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Han Sim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gwangwondo, Korea
| | - Dawn Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gwangwondo, Korea
| | - Jung Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gwangwondo, Korea
| | - Mi Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gwangwondo, Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gwangwondo, Korea
| | - Jang Yel Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gwangwondo, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Huh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gwangwondo, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lim JS, Lee HS, Kim EY, Yi KH, Hwang JS. Early menarche increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged Korean women. Diabet Med 2015; 32:521-5. [PMID: 25441051 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between early menarche (menarche age < 12 years) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in young and middle-aged Korean women. METHODS We analysed data for 4657 women aged 20-50 years from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) (2007-2009). RESULTS The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes was 2.8%. Women with early menarche had a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose than did women with later menarche (age ≥ 12 years) in the 20-30 age group (7.4% vs. 3.0%), and a higher prevalence of diabetes in the 30-40 (6.3% vs. 1.7%) and 40-50 (18.5% vs. 4.4%) age groups. The odds ratio (OR) of Type 2 diabetes in women with early menarche was 3.61 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.90-6.88] after adjusting for age. In multivariate regression, the OR of Type 2 diabetes decreased to 2.52 (95% CI, 1.29-4.94) after further adjusting for BMI. However, the OR decreased to 2.04 (95% CI, 0.95-4.39) without significance after adjusting for HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS Early menarche increased the risk of Type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged Korean women although adulthood adiposity attenuated the relationship. Knowledge of age at menarche is important in identifying women at risk for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Hwang E, Lee KW, Cho Y, Chung HK, Shin MJ. Association between age at menarche and diabetes in Korean post-menopausal women: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009). Endocr J 2015; 62:897-905. [PMID: 26194132 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early menarche is known to be associated with diabetes, however this association remains controversial. Our study aimed to investigate the possible association between age at menarche and diabetes prevalence in post-menopausal Korean women. This study included 3,254 post-menopausal Korean women aged 50-85 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (KNHANES 2007-2009). Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes prevalence. Levels of biochemical markers were compared according to groups by age at menarche. Women in the earlier menarche age group (10-12 years) showed higher levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and scores of homeostatic model assessment in the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index than other groups (p <0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, early age at menarche was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes (OR 1.86, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.07-3.23). The observed association remained significant despite additional adjustment for body mass index and waist circumference (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.03-3.23) and despite further adjustments for FBG levels and HOMA-IR index (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.11-4.55). Our findings strengthen the hypothesis that younger age at menarche is associated with increased diabetes prevalence in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Janghorbani M, Mansourian M, Hosseini E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:519-28. [PMID: 24671509 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relation of early menarche with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains inconsistent across studies. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis of published population-based observational studies was to assess the association between age at menarche and T2DM risk. We searched online data bases through December 2013 and examined the reference lists of pertinent articles. Summary relative risks (RRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a random-effects model. A total of 14 effect estimates from 10 eligible studies (three cross-sectional and seven cohort studies) included 315,428 participants and 22,085 cases of T2DM. Compared with the highest or middle category, women in the lowest category of age at menarche had higher risk of T2DM [summary RR (95 % CI) 1.22 (1.17, 1.28)]. These results were consistent between studies that conducted in the United States and in Europe. The association between age at menarche and T2DM was slightly stronger for cohort than for cross-sectional studies. These findings strongly support an association between younger age at menarche and increased risk of T2DM. Age at menarche may help identify women with increased risk of developing T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Janghorbani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahān, Iran,
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Kim JH, Jung Y, Kim SY, Bae HY. Impact of age at first childbirth on glucose tolerance status in postmenopausal women: the 2008-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:671-7. [PMID: 24241788 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to determine whether there was an association between age at first childbirth and glucose tolerance status in postmenopausal women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was based on the data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare from 2008-2011. Of 37,753 participants, data for 4,965 postmenopausal women were included in the analysis. Subjects were subdivided according to the age at first childbirth as follows: ≤19, 20-24, 25-29, and ≥30 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify whether there was an independent association between age at first childbirth and glucose tolerance status by adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and diabetes was 21.8% (1.066 of 4.965) and 15.3% (774 of 4,965), respectively. Diabetes prevalence differed significantly between the subgroups and was higher with earlier age at first childbirth: it was 10.9% in subjects aged ≥30 years and 23.8% in subjects aged ≤19 years at first childbirth. After fully adjusting for potential confounding factors, including lifestyle, sociodemographic factors, known diabetes risk factors, and reproductive factors, age at first childbirth ≤19 years was significantly associated with diabetes (odds ratio 1.492 [95% CI 1.005-2.215]). No significant associations were found between age at first childbirth and IFG. CONCLUSIONS Age at first childbirth influenced diabetes risk in postmenopausal women, and adolescent pregnancy was independently associated with a higher risk of diabetes in postmenopausal women.
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Elks CE, Ong KK, Scott RA, van der Schouw YT, Brand JS, Wark PA, Amiano P, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Fonseca-Nunes A, Franks PW, Grioni S, Halkjaer J, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Mattiello A, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Palli D, Quirós JR, Rinaldi S, Rolandsson O, Romieu I, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Age at menarche and type 2 diabetes risk: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3526-34. [PMID: 24159179 PMCID: PMC3816901 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Younger age at menarche, a marker of pubertal timing in girls, is associated with higher risk of later type 2 diabetes. We aimed to confirm this association and to examine whether it is explained by adiposity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study consists of 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals from 26 research centers across eight European countries. We tested the association between age at menarche and incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression in 15,168 women (n = 5,995 cases). Models were adjusted in a sequential manner for potential confounding and mediating factors, including adult BMI. RESULTS Mean menarcheal age ranged from 12.6 to 13.6 years across InterAct countries. Each year later menarche was associated with 0.32 kg/m2 lower adult BMI. Women in the earliest menarche quintile (8-11 years, n = 2,418) had 70% higher incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with those in the middle quintile (13 years, n = 3,634), adjusting for age at recruitment, research center, and a range of lifestyle and reproductive factors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.49-1.94; P < 0.001). Adjustment for BMI partially attenuated this association (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.18-1.71; P < 0.001). Later menarche beyond the median age was not protective against type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Women with history of early menarche have higher risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Less than half of this association appears to be mediated by higher adult BMI, suggesting that early pubertal development also may directly increase type 2 diabetes risk.
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Qiu C, Chen H, Wen J, Zhu P, Lin F, Huang B, Wu P, Lin Q, Lin Y, Rao H, Huang H, Liang J, Li L, Gong X, Peng S, Li M, Chen L, Tang K, Chen Z, Lin L, Lu J, Bi Y, Ning G, Chen G. Associations between age at menarche and menopause with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis in Chinese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1612-21. [PMID: 23471979 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ages at menarche and menopause are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and osteoporosis in Caucasian women, but associations remain unexplored in Chinese women. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess associations between age at menarche and menopause with CVD, diabetes, and osteoporosis in Chinese women. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in Fujian, China, from June 2011 to January 2012. PARTICIPANTS Among 6242 women aged 21 to 92 years, 3304 postmenopausal women were enrolled, excluding premenopausal women (n = 2527), those with unreported ages at menarche and menopause (n = 138), those with unrecorded physical measurements (n = 203), and those with menarche age <8 years or >20 years (n = 70). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES An oral glucose tolerance test, a 12-lead resting electrocardiogram, and calcaneus quantitative ultrasound were performed. RESULTS No significant associations were found between menarche age, diabetes, and osteoporosis (both P > .05); later menarche (>18 years) was significantly associated with lower CVD risk (odds ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.89; P = .002). Menopause age was not associated with diabetes; higher menopause age was associated with decreasing CVD risk (P for trend = .020) and earlier menopause (≤46 years) with significantly higher osteoporosis risk (odds ratio = 1.59, 95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.36; P = .023). CONCLUSIONS In China, ages at menarche and menopause are not associated with diabetes. Later menarche and menopause are associated with decreasing CVD risk and earlier menopause with higher osteoporosis risk. Menarche and menopause history may help identify women with increased risk of developing CVD and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Qiu
- Department of Osteology, Wuyishan Municipal Hospital, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Wuyishan, 354300, China
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Dreyfus JG, Lutsey PL, Huxley R, Pankow JS, Selvin E, Fernández-Rhodes L, Franceschini N, Demerath EW. Age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes among African-American and white women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2371-80. [PMID: 22760786 PMCID: PMC3690318 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We examined race differences in the association between age at menarche and type 2 diabetes before and after adjustment for adiposity. METHODS We analysed baseline and 9-year follow-up data from 8,491 women (n = 2,505 African-American, mean age 53.3 years; n = 5,986 white, mean age 54.0 years) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stratifying by race, we used logistic regression to estimate the OR for prevalent diabetes at baseline, and Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the HR for incident diabetes over follow-up according to age at menarche category (8-11, 12, 13, 14 and 15-18 years). RESULTS Adjusting for age and centre, we found that early age at menarche (8-11 vs 13 years) was associated with diabetes for white, but not African-American women in both the prevalent (white OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.32, 2.25; African-American OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.84, 1.51; interaction p = 0.043) and incident models (white HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.08, 1.89; African-American HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.87, 1.67; interaction p = 0.527). Adjustment for adiposity and lifestyle confounders attenuated associations for prevalent (white OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.05, 1.89; African-American OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.68, 1.30; interaction p = 0.093) and incident diabetes (white HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.92, 1.63; African-American HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.80, 1.56; interaction p = 0.554). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Early menarche was associated with type 2 diabetes in white women, and adulthood adiposity attenuated the relationship. We did not find a similar association in African-American women. Our findings suggest that there may be race/ethnic differences in the influence of developmental factors in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes, which merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Dreyfus
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second St, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1015, USA.
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Pierce MB, Kuh D, Hardy R. The role of BMI across the life course in the relationship between age at menarche and diabetes, in a British Birth Cohort. Diabet Med 2012; 29:600-3. [PMID: 21999522 PMCID: PMC3397674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous research showing an inverse association between age of menarche and adult diabetes relied on recalled age at menarche and did not adjust for BMI across the life course. We investigated the relationship between age at menarche and diabetes, and whether childhood, adolescent or adult BMI attenuates this relationship. METHODS We used data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a British birth cohort study of men and women born in 1946, with contemporaneous recording of the age of menarche, BMI at 2, 7, 15 and 20-53 years and diabetes status to 53 years. RESULTS A significant inverse relationship between age at menarche and diabetes [hazard ratio = 0.73 per year older age at menarche (95% CI 0.56-0.96), P = 0.02] was attenuated by adjustment for adult BMI [hazard ratio 0.85 (95% CI 0.65-1.10), P = 0.2]. The effect of age at menarche on Type 2 diabetes was very similar to that for all types of diabetes. Attenuation of the association between age at menarche and diabetes was also observed with BMI at 15 years, but less so with BMI measured earlier in childhood. CONCLUSIONS Earlier age at menarche is associated with a higher risk of diabetes, and specifically Type 2 diabetes, in later life, which is most strongly attenuated by adolescent and adult adiposity. Early menarche may be clinically useful in identifying women who are at risk of later adiposity and so of developing Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Pierce
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK.
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Conway BN, Shu XO, Zhang X, Xiang YB, Cai H, Li H, Yang G, Gao YT, Zheng W. Age at menarche, the leg length to sitting height ratio, and risk of diabetes in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men and women. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30625. [PMID: 22448212 PMCID: PMC3309033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the associations of age at menarche and the leg length-to-sitting-height ratio, markers of adolescent growth, with risk of diabetes in later life. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information from 69,385 women and 55,311 men, aged 40-74 years from the Shanghai Women's Health Study and Shanghai Men's Health Study, were included in the current analyses. Diabetes status was ascertained through biennial in person follow-up. Cox models, with age as the time scale, were used. RESULTS There were 2369 cases of diabetes (1831 women; 538 men) during an average of 7.3 and 3.6 years of follow-up of the women and men, respectively. In females, menarche age was inversely associated with diabetes risk after adjustment for birth cohort, education, and income (HR = 0.95, 0.92-0.98). In both genders, leg length-to-sitting-height ratio was inversely related to diabetes (HR = 0.88, 0.80-0.97 for men; HR = 0.91, 0.86-0.96 for women) after adjustment for birth cohort, education, and income. Further adjustment for adult BMI at study enrollment completely eliminated the associations of age at menarche (HR = 0.99, 0.96-1.02) and the leg length-to-sitting-height ratio (HR = 1.00, 0.91-1.10 for men; HR = 1.01, 0.96-1.07 for women) with diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that markers of an early age at peak height velocity, i.e. early menarche age and low leg-length-to-sitting height ratio, may be associated with diabetes risk later in life and this association is likely to be mediated through obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baqiyyah N. Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xianglan Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Honglan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Stöckl D, Döring A, Peters A, Thorand B, Heier M, Huth C, Stöckl H, Rathmann W, Kowall B, Meisinger C. Age at menarche is associated with prediabetes and diabetes in women (aged 32-81 years) from the general population: the KORA F4 Study. Diabetologia 2012; 55:681-8. [PMID: 22170465 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to examine the association between age at menarche and prediabetes as well as diabetes, considering confounding factors and the possible mediating role of adult obesity. METHODS This cross-sectional study analysed data on 1,503 women aged 32-81 years from the German population-based KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg, South Germany) F4 Study (2006-2008). Data were collected by standardised interviews, physical examinations, and whole blood and serum measurements, including administration of an OGTT in non-diabetic participants. RESULTS Of the 1,503 women, 226 showed a prediabetic state (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) and 140 persons had diabetes (45 participants with previously undiagnosed diabetes and 95 with known diabetes). In Poisson regression analysis, age at menarche was significantly inversely associated with prediabetes or diabetes after adjustment for year of birth (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94, p < 0.0001 per additional year of menarche) and after additional adjustment for a number of confounding factors (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.83, 0.94, p = 0.0001). Further adjustment for current BMI slightly attenuated the association with prediabetes or diabetes (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.83, 0.95, p = 0.0009), but the association remained clearly significant. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Age at menarche seems to be inversely associated with prediabetes and diabetes independent of confounding factors including current BMI. Women at risk for diabetes might be identified by a history of young age at menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Dishi M, Enquobahrie DA, Abetew DF, Qiu C, Rudra CB, Williams MA. Age at menarche, menstrual cycle characteristics and risk of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 93:437-42. [PMID: 21816498 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We examined associations of age at menarche and menstrual cycle characteristics with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. METHODS Study participants (N=3490) recruited prior to 16 weeks of gestation were followed until delivery. Menstrual history data were collected using questionnaires. GDM was diagnosed using the American Diabetes Association 2003 guidelines. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds-ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Age at menarche was not associated with GDM risk. Women who had long menstrual cycles (>36 days) had higher risk of GDM compared with women who had normal cycle length (25-30 days) (OR=1.6; 95%CI0.98-2.67). Women who had long menstrual cycles and were either overweight or gained >5kg in adulthood had 4-5-fold higher GDM risk compared with women who had normal cycle length and were non-obese or gained <5kg in adulthood, respectively (OR=4.03; 95%CI:2.08-7.81 and OR=4.62, 95%CI:2.65-8.07, respectively). CONCLUSION Longer menstrual cycles are significantly associated with increased risk of GDM, particularly among women who were either overweight or obese pre-pregnancy, or had ≥5kg weight gain in adult hood. Menstrual history may help identify women with increased risk of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Dishi
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Chen L, Zhang C, Yeung E, Ye A, Mumford SL, Wactawski-Wende J, Schisterman EF. Age at menarche and metabolic markers for type 2 diabetes in premenopausal women: the BioCycle Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1007-12. [PMID: 21470999 PMCID: PMC3100755 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Early age at menarche has been linked to an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine associations between age at menarche and type 2 diabetes risk factors. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING The BioCycle Study followed 253 healthy premenopausal women from the general population (Buffalo, NY) for one to two menstrual cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age at menarche was self-reported. Body mass index and waist circumference were measured by trained personnel. Total body and trunk fat were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Fasting glucose, insulin, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, and SHBG levels were measured up to eight times per cycle. Insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell function were evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR and HOMA-β. RESULTS The mean age at menarche was 12.5 ± 1.2 yr. After adjustment for age, race, education, and physical activity, early menarche (≤12 yr) was significantly associated with an increase of 1.35 kg/m(2) in body mass index (P = 0.01), 2.52% in percent total body fat (P = 0.004), 3.02% in percent trunk fat (P = 0.004), 0.15 μIU/ml in (log)insulin (P = 0.02), 0.15 U in (log)HOMA-IR (P = 0.03), and 0.16 U in (log)HOMA-β (P = 0.01) compared with average menarche (12-14 yr). No associations were found for SHBG or highly sensitive C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS Early onset of menarche is associated with unfavorable metabolic phenotypes compared with average onset of menarche in healthy premenopausal women, including reduced insulin sensitivity and β-cell function and greater total and trunk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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He C, Zhang C, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Buck Louis GM, Hediger ML, Hu FB. Age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 2 large prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:334-44. [PMID: 20026580 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors investigated the association between age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among 101,415 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) aged 34-59 years (1980-2006) and 100,547 women from Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) aged 26-46 years (1991-2005). During 2,430,274 and 1,373,875 person-years of follow-up, respectively, 7,963 and 2,739 incident cases of T2DM were documented. Young age at menarche was associated with increased risk of T2DM after adjustment for potential confounders, including body figure at age 10 years and body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) at age 18 years. Relative risks of T2DM across age-at-menarche categories (< or =11, 12, 13, 14, and > or =15 years) were 1.18 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 1.27), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.17), 1.00 (referent), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.01), and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.06), respectively, in the NHS (P for trend < 0.0001) and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.57), 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.27), 1.00 (referent), 0.98 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.18), and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.19), respectively, in NHS II (P for trend < 0.0001). Associations were substantially attenuated after additional control for updated time-varying BMI. These data suggest that early menarche is associated with increased risk of T2DM in adulthood. The association may be largely mediated through excessive adult adiposity. The association was stronger among younger women, supporting a role for sex hormones in younger onset of T2DM, in addition to BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan He
- Department of Public Health and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 980 West Walnut Street, R3-C241, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Lakshman R, Forouhi N, Luben R, Bingham S, Khaw K, Wareham N, Ong KK. Association between age at menarche and risk of diabetes in adults: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Diabetologia 2008; 51:781-6. [PMID: 18320165 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-0948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Earlier age at menarche is associated with increased BMI and obesity risk from early childhood through to adulthood. We hypothesised that earlier age at menarche would also predict subsequent diabetes risk. METHODS This was a population-based prospective cohort study of 13,308 women, who were aged 40 to 75 years between 1993 and 1997 and participating in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). We used data on age at menarche and ascertained diabetes incidence to 2005. RESULTS There were 734 cases of diabetes (363 incident and 371 prevalent cases). Mean age at menarche was lower in women with diabetes than in non-diabetic women (12.8 vs 13.0 years, p = 0.008). Compared with the earliest quintile (menarche at 8-11 years), women in the oldest quintile (menarche at 15-18 years) had lower BMI (25.5 vs 27.4 kg/m2, p < 0.0001) and a reduced risk of diabetes (OR 0.66 [95% CI 0.51-0.86] adjusted for age, family history, physical activity, smoking, occupational social class, parity and use of hormonal preparations). The association between age at menarche and diabetes was linear (adjusted OR 0.91 [95% CI 0.87-0.96] per 1 year later menarche) and appeared to be completely mediated by adult BMI or waist circumference (OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.93-1.03], further adjusted for BMI at age 40-75 years). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Earlier age at menarche increases the risk of diabetes in women and this association appears to be mediated by increased adiposity. History of earlier menarche may help to identify women with increased subsequent risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lakshman
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 285, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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