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Valledor V, Lawler J, Jefferson S, Chow CM. Attachment style to body dissatisfaction, restrained eating, and disordered eating in adolescent girls: Differential weight communication mediators. Appetite 2024; 198:107321. [PMID: 38555019 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction and eating behaviors are disproportionately elevated amongst adolescent girls. Family relationships represent a context in which adolescent girls' body image issues emerge. Thus, we integrated attachment and confirmation theories to examine whether weight related supportive messages (i.e., acceptance and challenge) mediated the relationship between attachment style (i.e., anxiety and avoidance) and body image outcomes (i.e., body dissatisfaction (BD), restrained eating (RE), and disordered eating (DE)). Acceptance refers to weight related support that is characterized by warmth and accepting messages; challenge refers to weight related support that is characterized by instrumental assistance and problem-solving messages. A sample of 106 adolescent girls, ages 11 to 21, completed self-report measures on attachment (Relationship Structures Questionnaire), acceptance and challenge (weight related Parental Behavior Questionnaire), body dissatisfaction (Eating Disorders Inventory), and eating behaviors (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire; Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale). Attachment anxiety directly related to all body image outcomes, whereas attachment avoidance only directly related to RE. Attachment avoidance only related to BD and DE indirectly through perceived acceptance. Those with high anxiety endorsed lower perceived challenge, whereas avoidant individuals endorsed lower perceived acceptance and challenge. We concluded that attachment dimension characteristics to be either hyperactivated regarding relationships (i.e., anxiety), or deactivated and distant (i.e., avoidance), are associated with how individuals perceive support, and in turn, are related to body image and eating behavior outcomes. Further, we clarify the differential roles of acceptance and challenge. Although both supportive, acceptance encompasses a layer of warmth that is more meaningful in body image, particularly for avoidantly attached individuals. By integrating qualities of attachment and supportive weight communication, we reveal that potential pathways of attachment to body image and eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Valledor
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA.
| | - Jamie Lawler
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Stephen Jefferson
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Chong Man Chow
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
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2
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Li X, Yang Y, Wang R, Zhou L, Zheng X. Secure attachment priming inhibits the generalization of conditioned fear. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:358. [PMID: 38890761 PMCID: PMC11186254 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fear overgeneralization constitutes a susceptibility factor contributing to the development and maintenance of anxiety spectrum disorders. Extant research has demonstrated that exposure to positive and supportive social relationships attenuates fear acquisition and promotes the extinction of conditioned fear responses. However, the literature lacks investigation into the effect of secure attachment priming on inhibiting the generalization of conditioned fear. METHODS In this study, college students were recruited via online platforms to voluntarily engage in the experimental procedures, resulting in 57 subjects whose data were deemed suitable for analysis. The experimental protocol consisted of four consecutive phases: pre-acquisition, acquisition, priming, and generalization. The priming phase consisted of two experimental conditions: secure attachment priming (experimental group) and positive emotion priming (control group). This study adopted the perceptual discrimination fear conditioning paradigm, employing subjective expectancy of shock ratings and skin conductance responses as primary assessment indices. Individual difference variables were measured using corresponding psychological measurement scales. RESULTS In terms of generalization degree, a notable divergence surfaced in the skin conductance responses across various generalization materials between the secure attachment priming group and the control group. Similarly, during generalization extinction, a significant disparity emerged in the skin conductance responses across different generalization phases between the secure attachment priming group and the control group. In addition, individual differences analyses revealed that the inhibitory effect of secure attachment priming on fear generalization was not affected by intolerance of uncertainty and attachment orientations. Conversely, slope analyses confirmed that as intolerance of uncertainty increased, the inhibitory effect of positive emotion priming on fear generalization was attenuated. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that activating participants' representations of secure attachment via imagination effectively attenuates the generalization of perceptual fear at the physiological level. The inhibitory effect of secure attachment priming appears to be distinct from positive emotional modulation and remains unaffected by individual trait attachment styles. These results offer novel insights and avenues for the prevention and clinical intervention of anxiety spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Educational Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Lehong Zhou
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Xifu Zheng
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Majd M, Chen MA, Chirinos DA, Brown RL, LeRoy AS, Murdock KW, Lydia Wu-Chung E, Thayer JF, Fagundes CP. Trajectories of depressive symptoms early in the course of bereavement: Patterns, psychosocial factors and risk of prolonged grief. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3340. [PMID: 37926770 PMCID: PMC11069593 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In the context of bereavement, little is known about the mechanisms that differentiate normative adjustment patterns from those that may indicate potential psychopathology. This study aimed to replicate and extend previous work by (1) characterizing the trajectories of depressive symptoms from 3 to 12 months after the loss of a spouse, (2) examining whether (a) childhood maltreatment and attachment style predicted distinct depression trajectories, and (b) different depression trajectories were associated with the risk of prolonged grief at 12 months post-loss. Recently bereaved individuals (N = 175) completed self-report assessments at 3, 4, 6, and 12-months post-loss. Trajectories of depressive symptoms were estimated using group-based trajectory modelling. Four distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: (1) resilience (minimal/no depression across time points; 45%), (2) moderate depression-improved (alleviated to 'mild' by 12 months; 31%), (3) severe depression-improved (alleviated to 'moderate' by 12 months; 15%), and (4) chronic depression ('severe' symptoms across time points; 9%). Higher childhood maltreatment predicted a greater likelihood of belonging to the 'severe depression-improved' and 'chronic depression' groups than the 'resilient' and 'moderate depression-improved' groups. Widow(er)s with higher attachment anxiety were more likely to belong to the 'severe depression-improved' and 'chronic depression' groups than the 'resilient' group. The trajectory groups with persistent levels of depressive symptoms up until 6 months were more likely to exhibit prolonged grief at 12 months post-loss. Changes from pre-loss functioning cannot be estimated. Our findings provide insight into the early identification of post-loss prolonged grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Majd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University
- Mood and Psychosis Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Diana A. Chirinos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Ryan L. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Angie S. LeRoy
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University
| | - Kyle W. Murdock
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California–Irvine
| | - Christopher P. Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
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Ho M, Schermer JA. Childhood Neglect and Loneliness: The Unique Roles of Parental Figure and Child Sex. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:442. [PMID: 38920774 PMCID: PMC11200426 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a well-supported link between experiences of childhood neglect and levels of loneliness in adulthood, with emotional neglect from caregivers being predictive of loneliness. However, current research has yet to explore additional, sex-linked factors that influence this relationship. This study investigates the impact of different neglect types on loneliness, with a focus on the parental figure involved and the child's sex. It was hypothesized that men who experienced emotional neglect from their fathers would score higher in loneliness compared to other parent-child combinations. The findings showed no significant differences in father-son relationships within the context of emotional neglect. However, there was a significant difference in father-son relationships in the context of supervision neglect and loneliness outcomes, relative to all other parent combinations. Consistent with existing research, emotional neglect emerged as the strongest predictor of loneliness. Additionally, sex differences were observed, with women experiencing greater levels of loneliness stemming from neglect compared to men. These findings help address the knowledge gap present in childhood neglect research, with the goal of understanding the long-term consequences of adverse childhood experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada;
| | - Julie Aitken Schermer
- Department of Psychology and Management and Organizational Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
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Richardson E, Beath A, Boag S. The Development of the Attachment Defenses Questionnaire (ADQ-50): A Preliminary Examination of Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure. J Pers Assess 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38776445 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2353142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This paper marks the initial phase in the development of the Attachment Defenses Questionnaire (ADQ-50), a self-report tool crafted to assess defense mechanisms associated with attachment processes, catering to both clinical and research contexts. Anchored in the theoretical framework of attachment theory, the ADQ posits that an individual's internalized attachment style plays a influential role in predicting their defense mechanisms. The paper outlines the comprehensive development and refinement process of the ADQ-50. In Study 1 a preliminary 176-item version of the ADQ was examined. Data was collected online drawing from participants sourced from Prolific and undergraduate students (N = 1994). Study 2 further refined the ADQ, evaluating its initial convergent validity with a diverse participant pool (N = 726), including undergraduates, Prolific contributors, general practice medical patients, and individuals from social media. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a robust ten-factor structure, resulting in a 50-item scale aligning with theoretical expectations and demonstrating good psychometric properties. Findings, limitations, strengths and future research directions are discussed. We posit that the ADQ holds great potential to deepen our comprehension of defense mechanisms linked to attachment, with wide-ranging implications for clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Richardson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alissa Beath
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon Boag
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Trombetta T, Paradiso MN, Santoniccolo F, Rollè L. The Role of Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance in Predicting Proximal Minority Stressors among Gay and Lesbian People in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:655. [PMID: 38928902 PMCID: PMC11203832 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
As has been widely documented, minority stress affects the psychosocial well-being of gay and lesbian people. Recently, researchers have turned their attention to psychological factors that may influence the level of minority stress experienced, in order to explain individual differences in perceptions of proximal minority stressors. The present research aimed at assessing the effect of attachment avoidance and anxiety on levels of perceived stigma and internalized homonegativity. A total of 163 participants who self-identified as lesbian or gay (Mage = 32.56, SD = 10.87) were recruited and responded to the self-report questionnaires. Two multiple regression models were applied to assess the association between adult attachment and perceived stigma and internalized homonegativity. Results showed a positive association between attachment anxiety and avoidance and internalized homonegativity, as well as between attachment avoidance and perceived stigma. The emerging results demonstrate the impact of attachment anxiety and avoidance on proximal minority stressors and provide useful data for interventions addressing lesbian and gay people aimed at promoting security-based strategies of affect regulation and positive representations of self and others, which in turn may reduce the level of proximal minority stressors experienced and promote psychosocial well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Noemi Paradiso
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (T.T.); (F.S.); (L.R.)
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Roithmeier L, Fuchshuber J, Prandstätter T, Andres D, Schmautz B, Schwerdtfeger A, Unterrainer HF. Does adult attachment mediate the relationship between primary emotion traits and eating disorder symptoms? Front Psychol 2024; 15:1372756. [PMID: 38756495 PMCID: PMC11098276 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Primary emotion traits and attachment patterns, have been linked to various mental disorders. This study aims to shed more light on the less studied relationship with eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Methods A total of 921 non-clinical subjects (69.9% females) were assessed for primary emotions traits (B-ANPS-GL), attachment insecurity (ECR-RD8), and eating disorder pathology (EDE-Q8). A theoretically derived model was evaluated by means of a path analysis with attachment anxiety as assumed mediator variable. Results Global problematic eating behavior showed negative correlations with the positive emotions PLAY, CARE, and LUST (r = -0.10 to -0.24), positive correlations with the negative primary emotions ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS (r = 0.12-0.27), as well as with attachment anxiety (r = 0.22, all p < 0.01). Path analyses revealed direct effects between eating behavior pathology with LUST (β = -0.07 to -0.15) and FEAR (β = 0.12-0.19; all p < 0.05). The association of SADNESS and Weight (β = 0.05) and Shape Concern (β = 0.06, p < 0.001) was fully mediated by attachment anxiety. Overall, the path model explained 17% of the variance for attachment anxiety and 6% of the Restraint, 13% for Eating, 10% for Weight and 14% for Shape Concern Subscales. Discussion The findings shed light on the multifactorial relationship between affective traits, attachment security, and eating disorder pathology. In line with previous research, the results emphasize the role of attachment and affective functioning in ED symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Roithmeier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fuchshuber
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Deborah Andres
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Schmautz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
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Domic-Siede M, Guzmán-González M, Sánchez-Corzo A, Álvarez X, Araya V, Espinoza C, Zenis K, Marín-Medina J. Emotion regulation unveiled through the categorical lens of attachment. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:240. [PMID: 38678214 PMCID: PMC11056069 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion regulation, the process by which individuals manage and modify their emotional experiences, expressions, and responses to adaptively navigate and cope with various situations, plays a crucial role in daily life. Our study investigates the variations in emotion regulation strategies among individuals with different attachment styles (AS). Specifically, we examine how individuals with secure, anxious, avoidant, and fearful attachment styles effectively utilize cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression to regulate their emotions. METHODS A total of n = 98 adults were instructed to attend, reappraise, or suppress their emotions while viewing negative and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in an experimental emotion regulation task. After completing the task, participants rated the valence and arousal elicited by the images. Attachment styles were measured using the ECR-12 questionnaire and then categorized into four AS. RESULTS Our study revealed that individuals with secure AS (n = 39) effectively reduced displeasure through cognitive reappraisal but experienced levels of displeasure with expressive suppression. Anxious AS (n = 16) individuals successfully reduced displeasure using cognitive reappraisal but struggled to regulate arousal and effectively use expressive suppression. Avoidant AS (n = 24) individuals could reduce displeasure with both strategies but experienced high arousal during suppression attempts. Fearful AS (n = 19) individuals effectively regulated both displeasure and arousal using either strategy. However, Secure AS individuals showed superior reappraisal efficacy, significantly reducing arousal levels compared to the Fearful AS group. Both Secure and Avoidant AS groups experienced higher valence during reappraisal relative to a baseline, indicating a decrease in displeasure. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with different AS exhibit variations in the effectiveness of their use of emotion regulation strategies. Our findings reinforce the significance of AS in shaping emotion regulation processes and emphasize the need for tailored approaches to support individuals with different attachment orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Domic-Siede
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Mónica Guzmán-González
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Corzo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Xaviera Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Vanessa Araya
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Karla Zenis
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jennifer Marín-Medina
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
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9
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Kouri G, Meuwly N, Richter M, Schoebi D. Attachment insecurities, emotion dynamics and stress in intimate relationships during the transition to parenthood. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38609973 PMCID: PMC11010316 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In intimate relationships, which are characterized by emotional interdependence, partners act as attachment figures which serve emotion regulation functions. The experience of emotions as well as the strategies that partners use to regulate them and to respond to relational experiences, especially during stressful periods, differ greatly according to their attachment orientation. An important aspect in emotion dynamics is emotional inertia, which reflects the degree to which a person's current affective state is resistant to change on a moment-to-moment basis. Inertia has been related to maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, like suppression and rumination, preferentially used by highly anxious and avoidant individuals. The aim of this study is to examine associations between attachment orientations and reports on the experience of positive and negative affect, and their dynamics in daily life across the transition to parenthood. METHODS Longitudinal data from a sample of 152 mixed-gender couples collected across the transition to parenthood was analyzed. We predicted that individuals with a more insecure attachment would report more negative and less positive affect, and that their emotional experience would be more resistant to change over time. We explored effects when participants reported feeling stressed. RESULTS The data suggested that attachment anxiety was associated with less positive and more negative affect and that attachment avoidance was associated with more positive affect. Anxious individuals showed lower emotional inertia and not higher as we expected. Reported stress for anxious and avoidant individuals was significantly associated with more negative but not less positive affect. CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in the light of their impact on couples during stressful periods. Differences between anxiety and avoidance are found, emphasizing the importance of attachment insecurities on the experience of emotion. Furthermore, our findings on momentary fluctuating affect offer complementary insight into the emotional functioning of individuals with different attachment orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kouri
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Meuwly
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Richter
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Schoebi
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Tchalova K, Lydon JE, Atkinson L, Fleming AS, Kennedy J, Lecompte V, Meaney MJ, Moss E, O'Donnell KA, O'Donnell KJ, Silveira PP, Sokolowski MB, Steiner M, Bartz JA. Variation in the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) moderates the influence of maternal sensitivity on child attachment. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:181. [PMID: 38580654 PMCID: PMC10997775 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system is thought to play an important role in mother-infant attachment. In infant rhesus macaques, variation in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) is related to differences in attachment behavior that emerges following repeated separation from the mother; specifically, infants carrying at least one copy of the minor G allele of the OPRM1 C77G polymorphism show heightened and more persistent separation distress, as well as a pattern of increased contact-seeking behavior directed towards the mother during reunions (at the expense of affiliation with other group members). Research in adult humans has also linked the minor G allele of the analogous OPRM1 A118G polymorphism with greater interpersonal sensitivity. Adopting an interactionist approach, we examined whether OPRM1 A118G genotype and maternal (in)sensitivity are associated with child attachment style, predicting that children carrying the G allele may be more likely to develop an ambivalent attachment pattern in response to less sensitive maternal care. The sample consisted of 191 mothers participating with their children (n = 223) in the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) project, a community-based, birth cohort study of Canadian mothers and their children assessed longitudinally across the child's development. Maternal sensitivity was coded from at-home mother-child interactions videotaped when the child was 18 months of age. Child attachment was assessed at 36 months using the Strange Situation paradigm. As predicted, G allele carriers, but not AA homozygotes, showed increasing odds of being classified as ambivalently attached with decreasing levels of maternal sensitivity. Paralleling earlier non-human animal research, this work provides support for the theory that endogenous opioids contribute to the expression of attachment behaviors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tchalova
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J E Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - L Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A S Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V Lecompte
- L'Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M J Meaney
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Moss
- L'Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - K A O'Donnell
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - K J O'Donnell
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - P P Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M B Sokolowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J A Bartz
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Fincham FD, Maranges HM. Psychological perspectives on divine forgiveness: seeking divine forgiveness. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1256402. [PMID: 38455121 PMCID: PMC10918850 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1256402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Seeking divine forgiveness (forgiveness by a Supreme Being or Higher Power) is important because the perception of such forgiveness is associated with psychological well-being This paper is the first to examine a process model of divine forgiveness in which the decision to pursue such forgiveness initiates the process of seeking it. Two studies investigate the likelihood of seeking divine forgiveness. Study 1 (N = 190) introduces and provides discriminant validity for a unidimensional measure divine forgiveness seeking. Convergent validity is provided by demonstrating that seeking divine forgiveness correlates with reported experiences of divine forgiveness both concurrently and six weeks later. Study 2 (N = 390) provides a confirmatory factor analysis of seeking divine forgiveness scale items identified in Study 1 and replicates the concurrent and temporal association with reported experiences of divine forgiveness using a longer time interval (12 weeks). It also documents associations between a person's image of God, attachment and closeness to God and the likelihood of seeking divine forgiveness. Both studies control for religiosity and Study 2 introduces an additional control for impression management. Together, they provide support for the idea that the decision to pursue divine forgiveness begins the process of seeking such forgiveness. We discuss limitations of the research and outline several paths for additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D. Fincham
- Human Development and Family Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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12
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Vacaru SV, van Schaik JE, Spiess L, Hunnius S. No evidence for modulation of facial mimicry by attachment tendencies in adulthood: an EMG investigation. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:12-26. [PMID: 34590534 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1973946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking another individual functions as a social glue: it smoothens the interaction and fosters affiliation. Here, we investigated whether the intrinsic motivation to affiliate with others, stemming from attachment relationships, modulates individuals' engagement in facial mimicry (FM). Participants (N = 100; MAge = 24.54 years, SDAge = 3.90 years) observed faces with happy, sad, and neutral expressions, while their facial muscle activity was recorded with electromyography. Attachment was measured with the Attachment Styles Questionnaire, which provides a multidimensional profile for preoccupied and dismissing styles. It was proposed that the preoccupied and dismissing styles are characterized by high and low intrinsic affiliation motivation, respectively, and these were hypothesized to manifest in enhanced and diminished FM. Participants showed happy and sad FM, yet attachment styles did not significantly predict FM. Bayes Factor analyses lend evidence favoring the null hypothesis, suggesting that adult attachment do not contribute to FM.
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Li D, Carnelley KB, Rowe AC. Insecure Attachment Orientation in Adults and Children and Negative Attribution Bias: A Meta-Analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:1679-1694. [PMID: 36062321 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221117690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This is the first meta-analysis to synthesize the literature on insecure attachment and negative attribution bias (NAB) from both developmental and social/personality attachment traditions. This meta-analysis is important because extant studies report inconsistent associations, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the nature of these associations. Based on 41 samples (N = 8,727) from 32 articles, we specify and compare the effect sizes of these associations across studies. Results confirmed positive associations between NAB and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions and an insecure composite, with a medium effect size. Correlations were moderated by age group, type of attachment measurement, and cultural background. Our findings advance knowledge and build on attachment and attribution theories, reconcile mixed findings, and inform the development of NAB interventions. Important gaps in the literature are revealed that will inspire future research.
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Peng X, Gillath O, Jiang M, Wang B, Zhang J, Wu L. Attachment style and attention bias to emotional information: The moderating effect of stress, stimulus characteristics, and attention stage. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 37870284 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether insecurely attached individuals exhibit an attention bias to emotional information, and further tested the potential moderating role of stress, information valence, information attachment relevance, and attention stage. BACKGROUND Attachment style can predict people's attention to emotional information. However, the empirical findings are inconsistent, making it difficult to determine the associations between attachment style and attention bias to emotional information. METHOD We included 68 studies (N = 5417) across 46 published and unpublished articles (the initial pool was 627 articles) in the meta-analysis. RESULTS People high on attachment avoidance exhibited decreased attention toward emotional stimuli (d = -0.129, p = 0.020), which was not affected by stress, information valence, information attachment relevance, or attention stage. Conversely, people high on attachment anxiety exhibited increased attention toward emotional stimuli, especially under stress, if the information was attachment-related, and during late-stage attentional processing. They exhibited an early bias away from and a late bias toward emotional information, which was intensified under stress. CONCLUSION Our findings support the proposition that people high on attachment avoidance use deactivating strategies in attentional processing; whereas people high on attachment anxiety use hyperactivating strategies, especially when resources are limited (under stress). When resources are available, and it is relatively early in the process, people high on attachment anxiety respond similarly to those high on attachment avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Omri Gillath
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Mengjie Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beiyi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Smolar AI. The role of groups during individual development and within the clinical dyad. Am J Psychoanal 2023; 83:320-348. [PMID: 37553524 DOI: 10.1057/s11231-023-09412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The author proposes that group identifications have been under-appreciated by individual psychodynamic psychotherapists in their conceptualization of normative individual development. He identifies the routes by which the child begins to internalize small and large groups during the early years of identity formation. Through individual therapy vignettes, the author suggests modifications to customary technique so that developmental shortcomings in group attachment security can be shored up. He offers some guidelines for the individual therapist so that group experiences are accounted for as the clinical narrative is written. Finally, he distinguishes patients who may require additional group-level interventions to address their avoidance of group participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Smolar
- , 300 E. Lancaster Ave., #209, Wynnewood, Philadelphia, PA, 19096, USA.
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16
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Dančík D, Hajdúk M, Januška J, Straková A, Heretik A. Temporal pathways from attachment insecurity to paranoia in a heterogeneous clinical sample: An experience sampling study. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:627-643. [PMID: 36912270 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been growing interest in the role of attachment mechanisms in the onset and maintenance of paranoia. The latest systematic reviews of mixed samples of healthy individuals and psychiatric patients have revealed that increased trait attachment anxiety and avoidance are associated with experiencing paranoia, with trait attachment anxiety showing a stronger association. Few studies have examined attachment and paranoia in naturalistic conditions via the Experience Sampling Method. OBJECTIVES The present study examined whether experiences of attachment anxiety and avoidance fluctuate in the flow of daily life, and whether a within-person change in both attachment states precedes the experience of momentary paranoia, and negative and positive emotions. METHODS Thirty-seven clinical participants and twenty-six healthy controls were studied over six consecutive days using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). An experience-in-close-relationships questionnaire (ECR-R 16 SF) was used to capture trait attachment dimensions. Several ESM items were used to capture momentary negative and positive affect, paranoia and attachment insecurity states. RESULTS The findings revealed that fluctuations in both attachment insecurity states were significantly higher in the clinical group. A prior elevated attachment anxiety and avoidance was followed by an increase in negative affect in the next moment and elevated attachment avoidance was additionally followed by a decrease in positive affect and an increase in paranoia. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal the specific temporal associations between momentary attachment insecurity states as predictors of change in emotions/affects and paranoia, along with evidence that state attachment avoidance has a superior impact on momentary affect and paranoia compared to state attachment anxiety. These results contrast with those of recent cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dančík
- The Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- The Centre for Psychiatric Disorders Research, Science Park, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Hajdúk
- The Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- The Centre for Psychiatric Disorders Research, Science Park, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- The Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Januška
- The Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- The Centre for Psychiatric Disorders Research, Science Park, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Straková
- The Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- The Centre for Psychiatric Disorders Research, Science Park, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Heretik
- The Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- The Centre for Psychiatric Disorders Research, Science Park, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Domic-Siede M, Guzmán-González M, Burgos J, Carvallo C, Flores-Guerra C, Fredes-Valenzuela C, Suazo J, Véliz-García O, Calderón C, Sánchez-Corzo A, Perrone-Bertolotti M, Marín-Medina J. Emotion regulation strategies and the two-dimensional model of adult attachment: a pilot study. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1141607. [PMID: 37484522 PMCID: PMC10359990 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1141607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emotion Regulation plays a crucial role in human's daily lives. Extensive research has shown that people with different attachment orientations exhibit divergencies in how they perform emotion regulation strategies. Methods 44 adults performed an experimental emotion regulation task in which they were instructed to attend, reappraise, or suppress their emotions while viewing negative and neutral images taken from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Afterward, participants rated valence, arousal, and emotional dominance elicited by the images. Additionally, attachment orientations were measured using the ECR-12 questionnaire. Results Results showed a relationship between attachment avoidance and the level of arousal during the reappraisal condition; specifically, the higher attachment avoidance levels, the greater the emotional intensity during the implementation of cognitive reappraisal strategy. Such results suggest an association between failing in downregulate intense emotions using cognitive reappraisal when there are higher levels of attachment avoidance. Consistently, we also found that lower dominance during reappraisal was associated with more levels of avoidance. Conclusion These results indicate that people with higher levels of attachment avoidance experience difficulties when using the cognitive reappraisal strategy to reduce the emotional impact produced by negative emotional stimuli. Our findings reinforce the idea that avoidant people experience high physiological activation when experience emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Domic-Siede
- Núcleo de Investigación en Neurociencia Cognitiva y Afectiva, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mónica Guzmán-González
- Núcleo de Investigación en Neurociencia Cognitiva y Afectiva, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Josefa Burgos
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Catalina Carvallo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Flores-Guerra
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Constanza Fredes-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Javiera Suazo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Oscar Véliz-García
- Núcleo de Investigación en Neurociencia Cognitiva y Afectiva, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Carlos Calderón
- Núcleo de Investigación en Neurociencia Cognitiva y Afectiva, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Corzo
- Multimodal Functional Brain Imaging and Neurorehabilitation Hub, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Marín-Medina
- Unidad de Terapia Familiar, Centro de Intervención y Asesoría Psicosocial CIAP, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
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18
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Szymanski K, Hartmann V, Springer C, Bornstein R. Suicidality and Implicit Dependency in Child and Adolescent Inpatients With Histories of Trauma: Moderating Effect of Gender. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:496-503. [PMID: 37192011 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is lack of empirical findings on a direct link between suicidality and dependency in youth. This is particularly relevant for children and adolescents with a trauma history, since traumatization is a well-established risk factor for suicidality in this population. Research on dependency predominantly uses self-report assessments, which may be susceptible to biases. In this study, performance-based interpersonal dependency scores in inpatient children and adolescents with trauma history were compared with patients' suicidal behavior (suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts) as derived from chart records. The results showed a gender effect. High dependency scores were associated with higher suicidal ideation for girls and with lower suicidal attempts for boys. These findings demonstrate that a relationship between dependency and suicidality for hospitalized traumatized youth is impacted by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Szymanski
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York
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19
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Łada-Maśko AB, Kaźmierczak M. Dyadic approach to maturity to parenthood: multilevel study on attachment in expectant and non-expectant couples. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37366347 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2230592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined links between attachment styles and maturity to parenthood and its dimensions across different age groups of childless young adult couples. The role of developmental factors (age, assuming parental role) for maturity to parenthood was also investigated. BACKGROUND Relational and individual factors have both been confirmed to be crucial for the transition to parenthood. The concept of maturity to parenthood has been linked to individual values, personality traits, and close relationships. However, the question arises whether maturity to parenthood is related to one of the most crucial concepts in family psychology - attachment. METHOD Three hundred heterosexual young adult couples aged 20-35 years (Mage = 26.20; SD = 3.63) took part. Couples were divided into three groups: 1) 110 couples aged 20-25 (emerging adulthood); 2) 90 couples aged 26-35 (young adulthood); and 3) 100 couples aged 20-35 expecting their first child (third trimester of pregnancy). The main questionnaires used were the Maturity to Parenthood Scale and Close Relationship Experience Scale. RESULTS The results indicated that the more avoidant couples had lower maturity to parenthood. A moderation effect of group (pregnancy) was also observed - the effect of attachment-related avoidance was weaker in expectant couples. Women presented higher overall and behavioural maturity to parenthood than men. Furthermore, higher life satisfaction were associated with greater maturity to parenthood. CONCLUSION Maturity to parenthood is also created in the dyadic context. When related to lower attachment avoidance, it might greatly facilitate transition to parenthood and future parent - child relations.
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Warmingham JM, Russotti J, Handley ED, Toth SL, Cicchetti D. Childhood attachment security mediates the effect of childhood maltreatment chronicity on emotion regulation patterns in emerging adulthood. Attach Hum Dev 2023; 25:437-459. [PMID: 37470397 PMCID: PMC10529986 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2023.2234891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
This study uses a 2-wave, longitudinal design to evaluate mother-child attachment security (child-reported) and emotion regulation capacities (wave 1, age 10-12) as mediators linking childhood maltreatment chronicity and emotion regulation (ER) patterns in emerging adulthood (wave 2; N = 399; 48.1% male; 77.2% Black/African-American, 11.3% White, 7.8% Hispanic, 3.8% other race). Children from families eligible for public assistance with and without maltreatment exposure participated in a summer research camp (wave 1) and were recontacted in emerging adulthood (wave 2). SEM results showed that greater maltreatment chronicity predicted lower childhood attachment security, which in turn predicted membership in ER profiles marked by emotion dysregulation and limited access to ER strategies. Greater attachment security predicted membership in adaptive ER profiles in emerging adulthood. Results suggest that insecure attachment is one process by which childhood maltreatment disrupts adaptive ER across development, whereas greater attachment security in childhood can promote multiple forms of adaptive emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Warmingham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Russotti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Sheree L Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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21
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Gu S, Jiang Y, Liu M, Li Y, Liang Y, Feng R, Xu M, Wang F, Huang JH. Eye movements and ERP biomarkers for face processing problems in avoidant attachment-style individuals. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1135909. [PMID: 37273280 PMCID: PMC10235504 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1135909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avoidant attachment poses a serious risk to intimate relationships and offspring. However, there are few studies on the face-processing characteristics and impairments of avoidant individuals based on basic emotion theory. Therefore, this study investigated the issues of emotional processing and deactivation strategies in individuals with avoidant attachment. Methods Avoidant and secure individuals were recruited to participate in an eye-tracking experiment and a two-choice oddball task in which they had to distinguish facial expressions of basic emotions (sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and neutral). Eye fixation durations to various parts of the face, including the eyes, nose, and mouth, were measured, and three event-related potentials (ERP) components (P100, N170, and P300) were monitored. Results Avoidant individuals could not process facial expressions as easily as secure individuals. Avoidant individuals focused less on the eyes of angry faces when compared to secure individuals. They also exhibited a more positive P100 component and a less negative N170 component when processing faces and a larger amplitude of the P300 component than secure individuals when processing emotional expressions. Conclusion Avoidant individuals use deactivating strategies and exhibit specific characteristics at different stages, which are of great significance in social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Gu
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rou Feng
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minghong Xu
- Department of Neurology, Lianyungang Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jason H. Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health Center, Temple, TX, United States
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, United States
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22
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Karunarathne RAIC. Parents or Peers? (In)congruence Effect of Adolescents' Attachment to Parents and Peers on Self-Esteem. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 19:207-219. [PMID: 37731895 PMCID: PMC10508205 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Building on the attachment theory and extending prior research that has hinted strongly at the important influence of social relationships on self-esteem, this study examined the simultaneous effect of adolescents' attachment to parents and peers on self-esteem. To test our hypotheses, we collected data from a sample of 267 adolescents. We used polynomial regression coupled with response surface analysis to assess the (in)congruence effect of adolescents' attachment to parents and peers on self-esteem. The results of polynomial regression analysis show that the congruence effect of attachment to parents and peers did not relate to adolescent self-esteem. However, self-esteem is high when attachment to both parents and peers is at a high level rather than a low level. Moreover, results show that attachment to parents is more significant than attachment to peers in developing adolescents' self-esteem. Interpretation of findings and theoretical contribution of congruence perspective to attachment theory and self-esteem literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotumba A. I. C. Karunarathne
- Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama, Sri Lanka
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Jalilian K, Momeni K, Jebraeili H. The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment styles and loneliness. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:136. [PMID: 37106462 PMCID: PMC10134598 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As with the increasing prevalence of loneliness among college students, it seems necessary to investigate the early grounds of its formation. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship between attachment styles and loneliness through the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas (EMS). METHODS This research was correlational, of structural equations modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all the college students of the universities of Kermanshah in the academic year 2020-2021, of whom 338 were selected using convenience sampling. The measures used in this study included DiTomasso et al.'s social and emotional loneliness of adults, Hazan and Shaver's adult attachment, and Young's schema scales. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and SEM were used in Lisrel 8.8 and SPSS-22 software. RESULTS The results illustrated that the hypothesized model of the study has a good fit in the studied sample. It was also found that both the avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles are related to loneliness through two EMS of disconnection-rejection and other-directedness. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings, measures are recommended to increase information regarding the basic and underlying factors affecting loneliness for therapists and psychological specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Jalilian
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khodamorad Momeni
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Hashem Jebraeili
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Stefania C, Rogier G, Beomonte Zobel S, Velotti P. The Relation of Anxiety and Avoidance Dimensions of Attachment to Intimate Partner Violence: A Meta-Analysis About Victims. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1047-1062. [PMID: 34779309 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211050595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Attachment theory is a useful framework for understanding the phenomenon of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimisation. Many studies have examined the relationship between attachment and IPV victimisation. The need to examine the nature of this relationship through a meta-analytic approach arises from an awareness of the amount of contrasting data surrounding the topic. Method: Searching five databases (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed) and screening 4343 records, resulted in 34 studies comprising 1271 individuals who met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Results: Results about attachment anxiety showed significant and moderate effect sizes (ranging from .18 for generic violence to .25 for sexual violence). Results about attachment avoidance also showed significant and moderate effect sizes (ranging from .18 for physical violence to .30 for generic violence). Conclusions: The meta-analysis findings highlight that the relationship between the dimensions of anxiety and the avoidance of attachment are significantly related to all forms of IPV victimisation, with moderate and moderate-to-strong effect sizes, respectively. These results are significant in that they confirm the importance of the relationship between attachment and IPV victimisation, suggesting promising new directions in which this field can further develop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guyonne Rogier
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Beomonte Zobel
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Velotti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Guzmán-González M, Gómez F, Bahamondes J, Barrientos J, Garrido-Rojas L, Espinoza-Tapia R, Casu G. Internalized homonegativity moderates the association between attachment avoidance and emotional intimacy among same-sex male couples. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1148005. [PMID: 37063530 PMCID: PMC10090517 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1148005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe present study aimed to examine dyadic associations between attachment insecurity and emotional intimacy in same-sex male couples, and to investigate whether and how each partner’s internalized homonegativity (IH) moderated these associations.MethodsThe sample included 138 same-sex male couples. Both dyad members completed self-report measures of attachment insecurity, emotional intimacy, and IH. The actor-partner interdependence model with moderation analysis was applied.ResultsIndicated that higher levels of actor’s and partner’s attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were associated with lower actor’s emotional intimacy. IH moderated the partner effects of attachment avoidance on emotional intimacy. The partner’s higher attachment avoidance was associated with one’s own lower emotional intimacy at low (but not high) levels of one’s own IH and at high (but not low) levels of the partner’s IH.DiscussionFindings suggest that the partner’s attachment avoidance may differently affect one’s own emotional intimacy depending on the IH levels of both dyad members. Helping partnered sexual minority men decrease attachment insecurity while recognizing their own and their partners’ IH may promote relationship quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Guzmán-González
- Laboratory of Research in Attachment, Couple Relationships and Family, School of Psychology, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
- *Correspondence: Mónica Guzmán-González,
| | - Fabiola Gómez
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquín Bahamondes
- School of Psychology, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jaime Barrientos
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Giulia Casu
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Pollard C, Bucci S, Berry K. A systematic review of measures of adult disorganized attachment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:329-355. [PMID: 36775812 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorganized attachment has been identified as an important factor in the development and maintenance of mental health problems. Further research is required to understand the mechanism by which this attachment pattern predisposes individuals to develop, and maintain, personal and social difficulties and mental health problems utilizing valid and reliable measurement tools. The assessment of adult disorganized attachment is therefore important for both applied psychologists and researchers. METHOD We conducted a systematic review using the COSMIN guidelines to identify and critically appraise instruments which measure adult disorganized attachment. A systematic database search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsychInfo and CINHAL in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Database searching provided 5757 results, with 18 measures identified across 27 eligible papers which were critically evaluated. Measurement properties were promising for the Childhood Disorganization and Role Reversal Scale, Psychological Treatment Inventory-Attachment Styles Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire - Short Form and the Adult Attachment Interview. However, overall, due to inconsistent quality of methodology and reporting of results, it is challenging to reach sufficient conclusions and suggestions regarding the best instrument to use to measure adult disorganized attachment. CONCLUSION The Childhood Disorganization and Role Reversal Scale, Psychological Treatment Inventory-Attachment Styles Scale. Attachment Style Questionnaire-Short-Form and Adult Attachment Interview are the best available measures of disorganized attachment in adulthood. This review highlights the need for further psychometric testing of existing measures, or development of new instruments, grounded in sound methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pollard
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Bucci
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine Berry
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Gottlieb L, Schmitt DP. When Staying Home Is Not Safe: An Investigation of the Role of Attachment Style on Stress and Intimate Partner Violence in the Time of COVID-19. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:639-654. [PMID: 36344792 PMCID: PMC9640909 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern, with increasing rates of IPV being seen around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research has linked the perpetration of IPV and other forms of sexual violence to aspects of romantic attachment psychology, with insecure anxious/preoccupied attachment most often linked to higher rates of IPV. Stressful events typically activate the attachment system and may either aggravate or disrupt its regulatory functioning. In the present study, we investigated whether COVID-related PTSD and depressive symptoms were associated with increased IPV perpetration and whether this relationship was moderated by levels of attachment security. Our findings indicated that higher COVID-related PTSD was significantly associated with increased IPV perpetration in securely attached individuals, whereas depressive symptoms was significantly associated with decreased IPV perpetration in securely attached individuals. IPV perpetration by insecure individuals was consistently high regardless of COVID-related PTSD or depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that COVID-related PTSD may erode adaptive attachment functioning, particularly among the previously secure, which can have important consequences for secure individuals and their intimate partners. The present findings may explain some of the recent increase in IPV cases worldwide and serve to raise awareness and motivate clinical interventions to more efficiently help both victims and perpetrators of IPV stay safe while staying home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Gottlieb
- Psychology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Culture and Evolution, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - David P Schmitt
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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Steenkamp LR, Parrish EM, Chalker SA, Badal VD, Pinkham AE, Harvey PD, Depp CA. Childhood trauma and real-world social experiences in psychosis. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:279-286. [PMID: 36701936 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is associated with a variety of negative outcomes in psychosis, but it is unclear clear if childhood trauma affects day-to-day social experiences. We aimed to examine the association between childhood trauma and functional and structural characteristics of real-world social relationships in psychosis. METHODS Participants with psychotic disorders or affective disorders with psychosis completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) over ten days (N = 209). Childhood trauma was assessed retrospectively using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Associations between childhood trauma and EMA-assessed social behavior and perceptions were examined using linear mixed models. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and psychotic and depressive symptom severity. RESULTS Higher levels of childhood trauma were associated with more perceived threat (B = -0.19, 95 % CI [-0.33, -0.04]) and negative self-perception (B = -0.18, 95 % CI [-0.34, -0.01]) during recent social interactions, as well as reduced social motivation (B = -0.29, 95 % CI [-0.47, -0.10]), higher desire for social avoidance (B = 0.34, 95 % CI [0.14, 0.55]), and lower sense of belongingness (B = -0.24, 95 % CI [-0.42, -0.06]). These negative social perceptions were mainly linked with emotional abuse and emotional neglect. In addition, paranoia was more strongly associated with negative social perceptions in individuals with high versus low levels of trauma. Childhood trauma was not associated with frequency (i.e., time spent alone) or type of social interactions. CONCLUSION Childhood trauma - particularly emotional abuse and neglect - is associated with negative social perceptions but not frequency of real-world social interactions. Our findings suggest that childhood trauma may affect day-to-day social experiences beyond its association with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Steenkamp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emma M Parrish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Samantha A Chalker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Varsha D Badal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Amy E Pinkham
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Philip D Harvey
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Research Service, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Colin A Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States; Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
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Carter L, Isherwood T, Gupta A. The experience of community mental health teams by people with long-term experience of psychosis. PSYCHOSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2022.2116474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Carter
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tom Isherwood
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anjula Gupta
- Assertive Outreach and R&R service, Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK
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30
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Ye Y, Li Y, Ma R, Qi J, Zhou X. Perceived parental depression and PTSD in adolescents: mediating roles of attachment insecurity and coping style. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2251773. [PMID: 37646394 PMCID: PMC10469433 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2251773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Earthquakes can cause negative psychological states in adolescents and their parents, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that adolescents who perceive parental depression after an earthquake are more likely to experience PTSD. However, the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear and previous studies have not examined the association between these factors.Objective: The current study explored the mediating roles of attachment insecurity and coping style in the association between perceived parental depression and PTSD in adolescents after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.Method: In total, 391 participants completed follow-up questionnaires at 12, 21, and 27 months (T1-T3, respectively) after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.Results: T1 perceived parental depression was not a direct predictor of T3 PTSD in adolescents. In the full mediation model, T1 perceived parental depression predicted T3 PTSD in adolescents indirectly via T2 attachment insecurities through T2 emotion-focused coping.Conclusion: The findings highlight that attachment insecurity and emotion-focused coping mediated the relationship between perceived parental depression and PTSD in adolescents following an earthquake. To alleviate PTSD in adolescents, efforts should be directed toward reducing perceived parental depressive symptoms and emotion-focused coping, and promoting the formation of secure attachment styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ye
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjun Qi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Bagozzi RP, Mari S, Oklevik O, Xie C. Responses of the public towards the government in times of crisis. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:359-392. [PMID: 35950573 PMCID: PMC10087602 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate how and when the public responds to government actions during times of crisis. Public reactions are shown to follow different processes, depending on whether government performs in exemplary or unsatisfactory ways to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 'how' question is addressed by proposing that negative moral emotions mediate public reactions to bad government actions, and positive moral emotions mediate reactions to good government actions. Tests of mediation are conducted while taking into account attitudes and trust in the government as rival hypotheses. The 'when' question is studied by examining self-regulatory moderators governing the experience of moral emotions and their effects. These include conspiracy beliefs, political ideology, attachment coping styles and collective values. A total of 357 citizens of a representative sample of adult Norwegians were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and a control group, where complaining, putting pressure on the government and compliance to Covid-19 policies were dependent variables. The findings show that negative moral emotions mediate the effects of government doing badly on complaining and pressuring the government, with conspiracy beliefs moderating the experience of negative moral emotions and attachment coping moderating the effects of negative moral emotions. The results also show that positive moral emotions mediate the effects of government doing well on compliance with COVID-19 regulations, with political ideology moderating the experience of positive moral emotions and collective values moderating the effects of positive moral emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bagozzi
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Silvia Mari
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Ove Oklevik
- Department of Business Administration, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Chunyan Xie
- Department of Business Administration, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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32
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Giacchetti N, Lattanzi GM, Aceti F, Vanacore N, Williams R. States of Mind with Respect to Attachment: a comparative study between women who killed their children and mothers diagnosed with post-partum depression. Nord J Psychiatry 2023; 77:3-13. [PMID: 35200074 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2039760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attachment theory has been linked with the caregiving system, acting as a drive for a mother's behavior towards her offspring. The most dramatic consequence of distress following maternity is filicide. Despite this, only few studies addressed the attachment models of women who committed filicide, and very little provided comparisons with mothers diagnosed with post-partum depression. OBJECTIVE We described the socio-demographic and psychopathological characteristics of mothers who committed filicide. Our aim was to detect differences in the attachment models between mothers who committed filicide, mothers with post-partum depression and control mothers. Participants and setting: We recruited 19 women who committed filicide (group F) along with 52 women with post-partum depression (group D), and 23 control mothers (group C). METHODS We administered a semi-structured interview on socio-demographic aspects and psychiatric history along with the Adult Attachment Interview. We performed an ANOVA, a post-hoc analysis and a logistic regression. RESULTS The logistic regression showed a higher prevalence of Dismissing and Disorganized attachments in women of group F compared with group C (p = 0.002, p = 0.007). Dismissing attachment was also overrepresented in group D vs group C (p = 0.012). Interestingly, women of group F showed a Preoccupied/entangled attachment to a lesser extent than those of group D, reaching a borderline significance (p = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS Disorganized and Dismissing models of attachment are prevalent in women who committed filicide compared with mothers with post-partum depression and controls, while other models of attachment are less frequent. Therefore, attachment could be taken into consideration to define the risk for committing filicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Giacchetti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza Università di Roma - Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy
| | - Guido Maria Lattanzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza Università di Roma - Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy
| | - Franca Aceti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza Università di Roma - Policlinico Umberto I, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Williams
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
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Quirin M, Malekzad F, Paudel D, Knoll AC, Mirolli M. Dynamics of personality: The Zurich model of motivation revived, extended, and applied to personality. J Pers 2022. [PMID: 36577709 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Personality researchers are increasingly interested in the dynamics of personality, that is, the proximal causal mechanisms underlying personality and behavior. Here, we review the Zurich Model of Social Motivation concerning its potential to explain central aspects of personality. It is a cybernetic model that provides a nomothetic structure of the causal relationships among needs for security, arousal, and power, and uses them to explain an individual's approach-avoidance or "proximity-distance" behavior. We review core features of the model and extend them by adding features based on recent behavioral and neuroscientific evidence. We close by discussing the model considering contemporary issues in personality science such as the dynamics of personality, five-factor personality traits and states, and personality growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Quirin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, PFH University of Applied Sciences Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Farhood Malekzad
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, PFH University of Applied Sciences Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dinesh Paudel
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alois C Knoll
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Mirolli
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (ISTC-CNR), Rome, Italy
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Sandberg DA, Refrea V. Adult Attachment as a Mediator of the Link Between Interpersonal Trauma and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among College Men and Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22528-NP22548. [PMID: 35125031 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211072168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that insecure attachment patterns are associated with interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic symptomatology, and that they mediate various trauma-related symptoms. However, no study to date has examined whether these patterns mediate the link between interpersonal trauma and the newly recognized diagnostic features of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), as published by the World Health Organization (2019) in the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Mediators of CPTSD are important to identify because they can provide a deeper understanding of the condition's etiology. Moreover, if amenable to clinical intervention, they can be targeted to improve treatment effectiveness. The purpose of the present study was to formally test our hypothesis that two underlying dimensions of adult attachment insecurity (i.e., attachment anxiety and avoidance) would mediate the link between interpersonal trauma and ICD-11 CPTSD symptoms. Participants were a culturally diverse sample of 169 college men and women. They completed a modified version of the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5), the revised Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R) scale, and the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Results of path analysis partially supported our hypothesis, indicating that attachment anxiety, but not avoidance, partially mediated the link between interpersonal trauma and PTSD and DSO ("Disturbances in Self-Organization") features of CPTSD. Although longitudinal research is needed, findings suggest that attachment anxiety may contribute to the development and maintenance of CPTSD symptoms following interpersonal trauma. Clinical interventions that help individuals rework and integrate representations of attachment that involve a fear of not being able to access adequate care and protection, and a negative view of self may be particularly useful in ameliorating the symptoms of CPTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sandberg
- Department of Psychology, 14667California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Refrea
- Department of Psychology, 14667California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
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Fang Y, Fan C, Cui J, Zhang X, Zhou T. Parental attachment and cyberbullying among college students: the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating role of interdependent self. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-9. [PMID: 36471812 PMCID: PMC9713105 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable research has shown that attachment is a protective factor for cyberbullying, little research has investigated the mechanisms underlying this relationship among college students. This study examined whether loneliness mediates the association between parental attachment and cyberbullying and whether this process is moderated by interdependent self. A sample of 1125 college students (Mage = 19.14, SDage = 1.52 years) in China completed a questionnaire measuring parental attachment, cyberbullying, loneliness, and interdependent self. Loneliness partially mediated the relationship between parental attachment and cyberbullying. Moreover, the mediation effect of loneliness was moderated by interdependent self. A moderated mediation analysis further revealed that interdependent-self moderated the predictive effect of loneliness on cyberbullying. Specifically, the predictive effect of loneliness on cyberbullying was only significant among college students with low interdependent self. The study highlights the complex nature of the association between parental attachment and cyberbullying. These findings provide new perspectives for intervention and prevention of cyberbullying among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 Hubei Province China
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065 Hubei Province China
| | - Cuiying Fan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 Hubei Province China
| | - Jia Cui
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 Hubei Province China
- Department of Student Affairs, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 Hubei Province China
| | - Xuechen Zhang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 Hubei Province China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 Hubei Province China
- School of Education and Sports Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023 Hubei Province China
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Troisi G, Parola A, Margherita G. Italian Validation of AAS-R: Assessing Psychometric Properties of Adult Attachment Scale—Revised in the Italian Context. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2022; 67:605-613. [PMCID: PMC9663173 DOI: 10.1007/s12646-022-00672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Troisi
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Via Porta di Massa, 1, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Parola
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Via Porta di Massa, 1, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Margherita
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Via Porta di Massa, 1, 80133 Naples, Italy
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Default defenses: the character defenses of attachment-anxiety and attachment-avoidance. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Contemporary attachment researchers claim that attachment-anxiety is associated with a hyperactivating defense strategy while attachment-avoidance is associated with a deactivating defense strategy. However, to date, no study has comprehensively examined the basic patterns of specific defense expression in the two dimensions of attachment insecurity (anxiety/avoidance). To address this research gap, the current study aimed to assess the character defenses associated with attachment-avoidance and attachment-anxiety, incorporating a broad spectrum of psychological defenses. The main objective was to understand what differentiates attachment-avoidance and attachment-anxiety in defensive functioning. In this study of online questionnaire design (N = 250), university undergraduates aged between 17 to 65 completed the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR) and the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-60). The results show that the two dimensions of insecure attachment exhibit different defensive patterns. Regarding the main findings, attachment-avoidance uniquely predicted defensive isolation, and attachment-anxiety uniquely predicted the defenses splitting, projective identification, anticipation, acting out, passive-aggression, reaction formation, and undoing. Overall, the results indicate that attachment-anxiety is a significant predictor of global defensive functioning, over and above that of attachment-avoidance. One implication of this study is that the two-dimensional model of adult attachment may offer a promising framework for organizing psychological defenses. We discuss the significance of this concerning the future of the empirical study of psychological defenses. The discussion also considers the clinical application and relevance to attachment-based psychotherapy.
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Lin W, Wang J, Liu Y, Li Z, Lin J. The relationship between Chinese college students' mate preferences and their parents' education level. Front Psychol 2022; 13:907315. [PMID: 36389531 PMCID: PMC9664191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.907315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parents have an influence on the formation of their children's mate preferences. This research conducted two studies to test the relationship between parents' education level and the gender role characteristics (masculinity and femininity) of ideal mate for college students, and the moderating role of urban-rural residence on this relationship. In study 1, 1,033 participants (627 females) reported their explicit attitude toward gender role characteristics for an ideal mate via the Chinese Sex Role Inventory-50. In study 2, we recruited 130 participants (66 females) and used an implicit association test to measure their implicit attitude. Regression-based analyses showed that the higher education level of parents was significantly associated with female students' mate preferences with high-femininity but low-masculinity traits. For male students, the higher education level of parents was associated with their explicit (not implicit) preferences of mates with high-masculinity but low-femininity traits. The significant moderating effect of urban-rural residence was observed in explicit preference, with the different patterns in gender groups. In conclusion, parents with higher educational attainment might bring up children who are more likely to embrace a partner with non-traditional gender roles (e.g., androgynous individuals, feminine men or masculine women).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuji Lin
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Mental Health Education and Guidance Center, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyuan Lin
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Leclerc ME, Lafontaine MF, Brassard A, Péloquin K. Exploring Insecure Romantic Attachment and Justifications for the Use of Intimate Partner Psychological Aggression in Couples. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21070-NP21091. [PMID: 34791928 PMCID: PMC9554365 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211055156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The attachment theory has commonly been used to examine intimate partner psychological aggression (IPPA), but few studies have examined its association with self-reported justifications for one's own use of IPPA. Behaviors, including the use of IPPA, are influenced, maintained, and function within the context of their justifications, highlighting the importance of investigating these justifications to obtain a clearer picture of IPPA. This study examined whether insecure romantic attachment (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) in both partners of a couple was associated with their justifications for their own use of IPPA. A community sample of 81 mixed-sex couples who reported using IPPA in the last year completed self-reported questionnaires on adult romantic attachment and their justifications for their use of IPPA. Results of a path analysis based on the actor-partner interdependence model revealed moderate positive associations between attachment anxiety and one's use of internal and external justifications for their IPPA perpetration in men and women. An unexpected dyadic positive association is discussed. These results suggest that the use of justifications for one's use of IPPA may reflect a strategy of hyperactivation that could contribute to the cycle of psychological aggression. Uncovering the function of these justifications could provide important therapeutic benefits, which are discussed in the study's implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Leclerc
- School of Psychology, Faculty of
Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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40
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Zhao Y, Xu J, Zhang H. Attachment avoidance and internalizing symptoms: Does respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal make a difference? J Affect Disord 2022; 315:267-273. [PMID: 35940374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association between attachment avoidance and internalizing symptoms and the moderating role of parasympathetic nervous activity (indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal) in the association. METHODS A sample of 109 (Mage = 18.94 years old, SD = 0.92; 69 male) Chinese college students participated in this study. Participants reported attachment avoidance and internalizing symptoms, and their physiological data were collected. RESULTS Results showed a positive link between attachment avoidance and internalizing symptoms. Further, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) withdrawal and attachment avoidance interactively predicted internalizing symptoms. Specifically, the positive relation between attachment avoidance and internalizing symptoms was only found among people of low, but not high, levels of RSA withdrawal. CONCLUSION Our study highlighted the importance of considering psychophysiological interactions in predicting internalizing symptoms in college students, and contributed to our understanding of the complicated factors underlying college students' internalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Zhao
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, PR China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, United States of America
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, PR China; School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal Univerisity, PR China.
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41
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Goel R, Game A, Sanz Vergel A. Attachment and Work Engagement in Virtual Teams: Promoting Collaborative Job Crafting. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10464964221121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Researchers are increasingly interested in how employee relational processes affect virtual team outcomes. Applying attachment theory and the Job Demands–Resources model, we examined the relationship between employee attachment orientations and work engagement, and the mediating role of collaborative job crafting. In a three-wave longitudinal panel study of 1,178 employees in 225 virtual teams, autoregressive and multilevel structural equation modeling showed direct negative effects of (anxious and avoidant) attachment on work engagement. Indirectly, however, attachment positively influenced engagement, partially mediated by collaborative job crafting. Implications for attachment inclusive practices that support collaborative job crafting and work engagement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annilee Game
- University of East Anglia Faculty of Science, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Ana Sanz Vergel
- University of East Anglia Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
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Sood M, Carnelley KB, Newman‐Taylor K. Do emotion regulation strategies mediate the attachment-paranoia association? An experimental study of repeated attachment imagery priming and stress buffering. Psychol Psychother 2022; 95:781-806. [PMID: 35570714 PMCID: PMC9543866 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paranoia describes unfounded interpersonal threat beliefs. Secure attachment imagery attenuates paranoia, but limited research examines mechanisms of change and no studies examine how secure imagery may be implemented most effectively in clinical practice. In this study, we tested: (a) the causal impact of secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment imagery on paranoia and anxiety, (b) whether emotion regulation strategies mediate these relationships, and (c) whether secure imagery buffers against social stress. DESIGN We utilized a longitudinal, experimental design. METHOD A general population sample with high non-clinical paranoia (N = 265) completed measures of paranoia, anxiety, and emotion regulation strategies. Participants were randomly allocated to secure, anxious, or avoidant conditions and repeated an imagery prime for four days prior to a social stress task. RESULTS Relative to anxious and avoidant imagery, secure imagery decreased state paranoia and anxiety. These associations were not mediated by state emotion regulation strategies, and secure imagery did not buffer against stress. Exploratory analyses on trait variables revealed that: (a) hyperactivating strategies mediated the association between attachment anxiety and paranoia, and (b) suppression mediated the association between attachment avoidance and paranoia. CONCLUSIONS Secure attachment imagery reduces state paranoia and anxiety and could be incorporated into psychotherapies to attenuate clinical paranoia. Measurement of state emotion regulation was problematic. Attachment imagery does not buffer stress; further research is required to test whether secure imagery facilitates recovery from stress. Attachment style is likely to account for trait paranoia via attachment-congruent emotion regulation strategies. Research is now needed to determine if these strategies can be targeted to alleviate paranoia in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sood
- School of PsychologyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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43
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Pan Y, Liang S, Shek DTL. Attachment Insecurity and Altruistic Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: Mediating Effect of Different Dimensions of Empathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10371. [PMID: 36012007 PMCID: PMC9408682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although Western studies showed that attachment insecurity was negatively related to adolescent altruistic behavior, few studies have investigated this issue among Chinese adolescents, and little is known about the mechanisms underlying the impact of attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety on adolescent altruistic behaviors. This study investigated the mediating role of different dimensions of empathy (empathic concern, perspective taking, and personal distress) on the association of attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety with altruistic behavior among Chinese adolescents. A total of 1005 7th and 8th grade Chinese students (Mage = 12.86 years, SD = 0.69) from three middle schools in Chengdu, China completed measures of attachment insecurity, interpersonal reactivity index, and altruistic behavior. Results indicated that attachment avoidance, not attachment anxiety, negatively predicted adolescent altruistic behavior among Chinese adolescents. Moreover, higher attachment avoidance predicted less empathic concern and perspective taking, which in turn predicted less altruistic behavior, while higher attachment anxiety predicted more empathic concern and personal distress, which further predicted more and less altruistic behavior, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of promoting adolescent empathic concern and perspective taking and reducing personal distress to strengthen adolescent altruistic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangu Pan
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Daniel T. L. Shek
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Tognasso G, Gorla L, Ambrosini C, Figurella F, De Carli P, Parolin L, Sarracino D, Santona A. Parenting Stress, Maternal Self-Efficacy and Confidence in Caretaking in a Sample of Mothers with Newborns (0-1 Month). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9651. [PMID: 35955005 PMCID: PMC9368401 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A mother's responses to her newborn and her confidence in the child's caretaking depend on her attachment security, general parental stress, and perceived self-efficacy. However, few studies have analyzed maternal confidence in caretaking and how it is influenced by some mothers' characteristics. We aimed to examine the association between maternal adult attachment and confidence in a child's caretaking and to understand whether this relationship was mediated by parenting stress and maternal self-efficacy. The sample consisted of 96 mothers with a mean age of 33 years with newborn children aged between 3 and 30 days. The instruments used were the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), the Mother and Baby Scale (MABS), the Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF), and the Maternal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (MEQ). The results showed a positive association between attachment avoidance and lack of confidence in caretaking, and this association was mediated by parenting stress. Conversely, attachment anxiety appeared not to influence confidence in caretaking, and maternal self-efficacy did not appear to mediate the relationship between attachment and confidence in the caretaking of infants. Our results could guide new research in studying confidence in caretaking and enable healthcare professionals to recognize at-risk situations early from the first month after childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tognasso
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Gorla
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Carolina Ambrosini
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Figurella
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro De Carli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Parolin
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Sarracino
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Santona
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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45
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Myung HS, Furrow JL, Lee NA. Understanding the emotional landscape in the withdrawer re-engagement and blamer softening EFCT change events. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 48:758-776. [PMID: 35191060 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The heart of change in emotionally focused couple therapy (EFCT) involves accessing key emotions and using them to redefine the self and create new relational responses. Two EFCT change events, withdrawer re-engagement and blamer softening, represent the emotion and relationship restructuring process with couples who are stuck in blame-withdraw interactions. These change events involve facilitating greater accessibility, responsiveness, and emotional engagement between more avoidant and anxious partners. This study tracked in-session emotional states and sequences in each of these change events. Findings highlight the importance of primary and softer emotional expressions. Specific emotional states characterize the two EFCT change events with adaptive grief/hurt being unique to withdrawer re-engagement and rejecting anger distinguishing blamer softening. Sequential patterns of emotional states were identified particularly for withdrawer re-engagement where grief/hurt was followed by acceptance and agency. Clinical implications consider the role of emotional transformation and emotional expansion in the EFCT change process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Myung
- Counseling & Psychological Services, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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46
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Guler D. Childhood psychological maltreatment and depressive symptoms: Parallel-serial mediating effects of certain psychological factors. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Costa-Cordella S, Vivanco-Carlevari A, Rossi A, Arévalo-Romero C, Silva JR. Social Support and Depressive Symptoms in the Context of COVID-19 Lockdown: The Moderating Role of Attachment Styles. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604401. [PMID: 35783449 PMCID: PMC9240911 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: COVID-19 sanitary measures (social distancing, school closures) have deeply impacted social life, support networks, and their protective role in mental health. The present study aims to understand how attachment styles influence the way individuals experience social support. Particularly, investigating its moderating role in the relationship between social support and depression. Methods: An online survey was designed to clarify the role of adult attachment styles (ECR-S) in the perceived social support (MOSS) and self-reported depressive symptoms (BDI-SF) in the COVID-19 context. Results: Positive social interactions was the most important dimension of social support for lower depression symptoms. Individuals attachment strategies have a moderating role in the relation between of social support and depression. Crucially, insecure attachment style wanes the positive impact of social support in depression. Conclusion: Aligned with the existing literature, attachment security is an essential factor in our current understanding of relationships and mental health. Exploring specific and indivual attachment strategies might be a powerful tool to protect population’s mental healt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanella Costa-Cordella
- Centro de Estudios en Psicología Clínica y Psicoterapia, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia y Neuropsicología Humana, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Depression and Personality Research (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Stefanella Costa-Cordella, ; Anastassia Vivanco-Carlevari,
| | - Anastassia Vivanco-Carlevari
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Stefanella Costa-Cordella, ; Anastassia Vivanco-Carlevari,
| | - Alejandra Rossi
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia y Neuropsicología Humana, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Arévalo-Romero
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia y Neuropsicología Humana, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Magíster en Neurociencia Social, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime R. Silva
- Millennium Institute for Depression and Personality Research (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Clinica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
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48
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Xiong L, Zhou C, Yan L, Zhao P, Deng M, Hu Y. The impact of avoidant attachment on marital satisfaction of Chinese married people: Multiple mediating effect of spousal support and coping tendency. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 228:103640. [PMID: 35667243 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the relationship between attachment avoidance and marital satisfaction of Chinese married people as well as the multiple mediating role of spousal support and coping tendency were explored. A model was developed using data of a sample of 510 Chinese married people. Four scales (the Experience of Close Relationships Scale, the Support Scale in Intimate Relationships, the Simple Coping Style Scale, and the Olson Marital Quality Questionnaire) were used to assess attachment avoidance, spousal support, coping tendency, and marital satisfaction, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that attachment avoidance was significantly negatively correlated with spousal support, coping tendency, and marital satisfaction. Spousal support was significantly positively correlated with both coping tendency and marital satisfaction. Coping tendency was significantly positively correlated with marital satisfaction. The mediation model indicated significant mediating effects of spousal support and coping tendency between attachment avoidance and marital satisfaction, respectively, where the mediating path of spousal support exerted the largest effect. The multiple mediating effect of attachment avoidance → spousal support → coping tendency → marital satisfaction was also significant. Chinese married people with high levels of attachment avoidance might perceive lower levels of spousal support and are therefore more inclined to employ negative coping when handling conflicts, which lowers marital satisfaction.
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49
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Costa M, Tagliabue S, Melim B, Mota CP, Matos PM. Adolescents' attachment, quality of relationships with residential caregivers, and emotion regulation. J Adolesc 2022; 94:703-717. [PMID: 35635509 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents in residential care are more likely to report insecure and especially disorganized attachments, which lead to difficulties in emotion regulation and compromise the quality of their interpersonal relationships. In residential care, it is expected that sensitive and responsive caregivers are able to help adolescents regulate their feelings of distress, enabling them to experience a sense of emotional security. The present study sought to analyze the effects of the quality of attachment on emotion regulation and to test the moderating effect of quality of relationship (from adolescents' and caregivers' perspectives) on this association. METHODS The sample involved 306 adolescents, 12-18 years of age, living in residential care and 70 caregivers. RESULTS The findings underscored the importance of the quality of the relationship with residential caregivers on adolescents' emotion regulation competencies over time. The results also showed that the quality of relationship (emotional closeness) as perceived by the caregivers moderated the association between adolescents' attachment avoidance levels and their emotion regulation strategies. CONCLUSIONS The results are discussed according to attachment theory, and underscore the role the relationship with caregivers plays in the affective reorganization of adolescents living in residential care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Costa
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Semira Tagliabue
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy
| | - Beatriz Melim
- Centre for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina P Mota
- Centre for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Education and Psychology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula M Matos
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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50
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Russ V, Stopa L, Sivyer K, Jane Hazeldine, Tess Maguire. The Relationship Between Adult Attachment and Complicated Grief: A Systematic Review. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221083110. [PMID: 35635029 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221083110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Attachment insecurity, including attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, is proposed as a key factor disrupting adaptive recovery following bereavement, resulting in complicated grief. However, findings are inconsistent across studies. This review aimed to synthesise existing research on attachment patterns in adults experiencing complicated grief to better understand this relationship. 22 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (5149 participants), published between 2003 and 2020, met inclusion criteria. Higher levels of attachment anxiety were consistently associated with symptoms of complicated grief. Higher levels of attachment avoidance were associated with symptoms of complicated grief, although this relationship was less consistent. The review has implications for clinical practice as bereaved adults with insecure attachment histories may be particularly vulnerable to experiencing complicated grief. The research is limited by the reliance on mainly cross-sectional studies. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies, and studies that explore men's experiences, and of individuals living in non-Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Russ
- 7423University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Lusia Stopa
- 7423University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Katy Sivyer
- 7423University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Tess Maguire
- 7423University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
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