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Javadi-Paydar M, Kerr TM, Taffe MA. Hyperactivity Induced By Vapor Inhalation of Nicotine in Male and Female Rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.579996. [PMID: 38405720 PMCID: PMC10888868 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Rationale Preclinical models of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS; "e-cigarette") use have been rare, so there is an urgent need to develop experimental approaches to evaluate their effects. Objective To contrast the impact of inhaled nicotine across sex. Methods Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to vapor from a propylene glycol vehicle (PG), nicotine (NIC; 1-30 mg/mL in PG), or were injected with NIC (0.1-0.8 mg/kg, s.c.), and then assessed for changes in temperature and activity. The antagonist mecamylamine (2 mg/kg) was administered prior to NIC to verify pharmacological specificity. Plasma levels of nicotine and cotinine were determined after inhalation and injection. Results Activity increased in females for ~60 minutes after nicotine inhalation, and this was blocked by mecamylamine. A similar magnitude of hyperlocomotion was observed after s.c. administration. Body temperature was reduced after nicotine inhalation by female rats but mecamylamine increased this hypothermia. Increased locomotor activity was observed in male rats if inhalation was extended to 40 minutes or when multiple inhalation epochs were used per session. The temperature of male rats was not altered by nicotine. Plasma nicotine concentrations were slightly lower in male rats than in female rats after 30-minute nicotine vapor inhalation and slightly higher after nicotine injection (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.). Conclusions Nicotine inhalation increases locomotor activity in male and female rats to a similar or greater extent than by subcutaneous injection. Sex differences were observed, which may be related to lower nicotine plasma levels, lower baseline activity and/or a higher vehicle response in males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony M. Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
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Huynh N, Tariq S, Charron C, Hayes T, Bhanushali O, Kaur T, Jama S, Ambade P, Bignell T, Hegarty T, Shorr R, Pakhale S. Personalised multicomponent interventions for tobacco dependence management in low socioeconomic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:jech-2021-216783. [PMID: 35623792 PMCID: PMC9279829 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-216783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There remains a disproportionally high tobacco smoking rate in low-income populations. Multicomponent tobacco dependence interventions in theory are effective. However, which intervention components are necessary to include for low socioeconomic status (SES) populations is still unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of multicomponent tobacco dependence interventions for low SES and create a checklist tool examining multicomponent interventions. METHODS EMBASE and MEDLINE databases were searched to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published with the primary outcome of tobacco smoking cessation measured at 6 months or post intervention. RCTs that evaluated tobacco dependence management interventions (for reduction or cessation) in low SES (experience of housing insecurity, poverty, low income, unemployment, mental health challenges, illicit substance use and/or food insecurity) were included. Two authors independently abstracted data. Random effects meta-analysis and post hoc sensitivity analysis were performed. RESULTS Of the 33 included studies, the number of intervention components ranged from 1 to 6, with smoking quit rates varying between 1% and 36.6%. Meta-analysis revealed that both the 6-month and 12-month outcome timepoints, multicomponent interventions were successful in achieving higher smoking quit rates than the control (OR 1.64, 95% Cl 1.41 to 1.91; OR 1.74, 95% Cl 1.30 to 2.33). Evidence of low heterogeneity in the effect size was observed at 6-month (I2=26%) and moderate heterogeneity at 12-month (I2=56%) outcomes. CONCLUSION Multicomponent tobacco dependence interventions should focus on inclusion of social support, frequency and duration of components. Employing community-based participatory-action research approach is essential to addressing underlying psychosocioeconomic-structural factors, in addition to the proven combination pharmacotherapies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017076650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Huynh
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saania Tariq
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tavis Hayes
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Onkar Bhanushali
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina Kaur
- Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadia Jama
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Preshit Ambade
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ted Bignell
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terry Hegarty
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Risa Shorr
- Learning Services, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Smita Pakhale
- The Bridge Engagement Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Harris AC. Magnitude of open-field thigmotaxis during mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats is influenced by mecamylamine dose, duration of nicotine infusion, number of withdrawal episodes, and age. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 205:173185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Eklund KE, Nishida KS, Barry ES, Choi KH, Grunberg NE. Examination of the Gateway Hypothesis in a rat model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:89-97. [PMID: 30797762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Gateway Hypothesis is based on epidemiological data and states there is a progression of drug use from use of a softer drug (e.g., nicotine) to use of a harder drug (e.g., morphine). It has been suggested that this sequence is causal and is relevant to drug prevention policies and programs. The present experiment used an animal model to investigate whether the Gateway Hypothesis involves a causal progression. Subjects were 16 female and 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats with ages comparable to late adolescence/emerging adulthood in humans. Subjects received nicotine (6 mg/kg/day) or saline for 21 days SC via osmotic minipump and subsequently were allowed to self-administer IV morphine (0.5 mg/kg/injection, 3 h/day) for 10 days. Results did not confirm the Gateway Hypothesis. In fact, rats pre-exposed to nicotine self-administered significantly less morphine than did rats pre-exposed to saline. These findings may be relevant to future drug use prevention policies and programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Eklund
- Department Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
| | - Kevin S Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Erin S Barry
- Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
| | - Neil E Grunberg
- Department Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, United States of America; Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
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Changes in striatal dopamine release and locomotor activity following acute withdrawal from chronic nicotine are mediated by CRF1, but not CRF2, receptors. Brain Res 2018; 1706:41-47. [PMID: 30722977 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors (CRF1 and CRF2) in the alterations of the dorsal and ventral striatal dopamine release and the vertical and horizontal locomotor activity observed in rats following chronic nicotine treatment and consequent acute withdrawal. In this purpose, male Wistar rats were exposed to repeated intraperitoneal (ip) injection with nicotine or saline solution for 7 days. On the 8th day or the 9th day the rats were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) with selective CRF1 antagonist antalarmin or selective CRF2 antagonist astressin2B or saline solution. Thirty minutes after the icv injection the changes of the horizontal and vertical locomotor activity were recorded in an in vivo conducta system. Immediately after the behavioral recordings the changes of the dorsal and ventral striatal dopamine release were determined in an in vitro superfusion system. On the 8th day, the horizontal and vertical locomotor activities and the dorsal and ventral striatal dopamine releases increased significantly in nicotine-treated rats, compared to the saline-treated ones. On the 9th day, the horizontal locomotor activity and the dorsal striatal dopamine release increased significantly, whereas the vertical locomotor activity and the ventral striatal dopamine release decreased significantly in nicotine-treated rats, compared to the saline-treated ones. All the changes observed were attenuated significantly by antalarmin, but not astressin2B. The present study demonstrates that the changes of striatal dopamine release and locomotor activity observed following chronic nicotine treatment and consequent acute withdrawal are mediated by CRF1, but not CRF2, receptor.
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Bagosi Z, Palotai M, Simon B, Bokor P, Buzás A, Balangó B, Pintér D, Jászberényi M, Csabafi K, Szabó G. Selective CRF2 receptor agonists ameliorate the anxiety- and depression-like state developed during chronic nicotine treatment and consequent acute withdrawal in mice. Brain Res 2016; 1652:21-29. [PMID: 27693397 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the selective agonists of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) 2 receptor, urocortin 2 (UCN 2) and urocortin 3 (UCN 3), on the anxiety- and depression-like signs induced by acute nicotine withdrawal in mice. In order to do so, male CFLP mice were exposed for 7 days to repeated intraperitoneal (IP) injection with nicotine or saline solution and 1day of acute withdrawal and then a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection with UCN 2, UCN 3 or saline solution. After 30min the mice were observed in an elevated plus-maze test or a forced swim test, for anxiety- and depression-like behavior. After 5min of testing, the plasma corticosterone concentration reflecting the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was also determined by a chemo-fluorescent method. Half of the animals were treated ICV and evaluated on the 8th day, the other half on the 9th day. On the 8th day, nicotine-treated mice presented signs of anxiolysis and depression, but no significant elevation of the plasma corticosterone concentration. On the 9th day, nicotine-treated mice exhibited signs of anxiety and depression and a significant increase of the plasma corticosterone levels. Central administration of UCN 2 or UCN 3 ameliorated the anxiety- and depression-like state including the hyperactivity of the HPA axis, developed during acute withdrawal following chronic nicotine treatment. The present study suggests that selective CRF2 receptor agonists could be used as a therapy in nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bagosi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Palotai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Simon
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Bokor
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Buzás
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Beáta Balangó
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Pintér
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Jászberényi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Csabafi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Szabó
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Rupprecht LE, Smith TT, Donny EC, Sved AF. Self-Administered Nicotine Suppresses Body Weight Gain Independent of Food Intake in Male Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1869-1876. [PMID: 27194544 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The action of nicotine to suppress body weight is often cited as a factor impacting smoking initiation and the failure to quit. Despite the weight-suppressant effects of nicotine, smokers and nonsmokers report equal daily caloric intake. The weight-suppressive effects of nicotine in animal models of smoking are poorly understood. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration has authority to implement a policy markedly reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes; such a reduction could reduce smoking behavior, but have detrimental effects on body weight. The aim of this investigation was to examine the effects of self-administered nicotine on body weight and food intake in rats. METHODS In Experiment 1, rats with ad libitum access to chow responded for intravenous infusions of nicotine (60 µg/kg/infusion) or saline in daily 1-hour sessions; body weight and 24-hour food intake were measured. Experiment 2 tested the effects of subcutaneous injections of nicotine on food intake. In Experiment 3, rats were food restricted and self-administered nicotine across a range of doses (3.75-60 µg/kg/infusion) while body weight was measured. In Experiment 4, rats self-administered 60 µg/kg/infusion nicotine before reduction to one of several doses (1.875-15 µg/kg/infusion) for 50 days. RESULTS Self-administered nicotine suppressed weight gain independent of food intake. In food restricted rats, self-administered nicotine dose-dependently suppressed body weight gain. In rats self-administering 60 µg/kg/infusion nicotine, dose reduction increased body weight. CONCLUSIONS Self-administered nicotine, even at low doses, suppressed body independent of food intake; this may have important implications for nicotine reduction policy. IMPLICATIONS The results of the present studies demonstrate that self-administered nicotine suppresses body weight independent of food intake in rats. Further, the present studies establish that self-administered nicotine suppresses body weight even at very low doses and that reduction of nicotine dose results in weight gain. These results have important implications for nicotine reduction policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan F Sved
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Kalueff AV, Echevarria DJ, Homechaudhuri S, Stewart AM, Collier AD, Kaluyeva AA, Li S, Liu Y, Chen P, Wang J, Yang L, Mitra A, Pal S, Chaudhuri A, Roy A, Biswas M, Roy D, Podder A, Poudel MK, Katare DP, Mani RJ, Kyzar EJ, Gaikwad S, Nguyen M, Song C. Zebrafish neurobehavioral phenomics for aquatic neuropharmacology and toxicology research. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:297-309. [PMID: 26372090 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly emerging as an important model organism for aquatic neuropharmacology and toxicology research. The behavioral/phenotypic complexity of zebrafish allows for thorough dissection of complex human brain disorders and drug-evoked pathological states. As numerous zebrafish models become available with a wide spectrum of behavioral, genetic, and environmental methods to test novel drugs, here we discuss recent zebrafish phenomics methods to facilitate drug discovery, particularly in the field of biological psychiatry. Additionally, behavioral, neurological, and endocrine endpoints are becoming increasingly well-characterized in zebrafish, making them an inexpensive, robust and effective model for toxicology research and pharmacological screening. We also discuss zebrafish behavioral phenotypes, experimental considerations, pharmacological candidates and relevance of zebrafish neurophenomics to other 'omics' (e.g., genomic, proteomic) approaches. Finally, we critically evaluate the limitations of utilizing this model organism, and outline future strategies of research in the field of zebrafish phenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA 70458, USA; ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Chemical-Technological Institute and Institute of Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - David J Echevarria
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Sumit Homechaudhuri
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA 70458, USA; ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Adam D Collier
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | | | - Shaomin Li
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China
| | - Yingcong Liu
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China
| | - Peirong Chen
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China
| | - JiaJia Wang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China
| | - Anisa Mitra
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Subharthi Pal
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Adwitiya Chaudhuri
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Anwesha Roy
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Missidona Biswas
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Dola Roy
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Anupam Podder
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Manoj K Poudel
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA 70458, USA; ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Deepshikha P Katare
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, UP, India
| | - Ruchi J Mani
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, UP, India
| | - Evan J Kyzar
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Siddharth Gaikwad
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Michael Nguyen
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA 70458, USA; ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Stewart AM, Grossman L, Collier AD, Echevarria DJ, Kalueff AV. Anxiogenic-like effects of chronic nicotine exposure in zebrafish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139 Pt B:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Stewart AM, Kaluyeva AA, Poudel MK, Nguyen M, Song C, Kalueff AV. Building Zebrafish Neurobehavioral Phenomics: Effects of Common Environmental Factors on Anxiety and Locomotor Activity. Zebrafish 2015; 12:339-48. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Stewart
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), ZENEREI Institute, Slidell, Louisiana
| | - Alexandra A. Kaluyeva
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), ZENEREI Institute, Slidell, Louisiana
| | - Manoj K. Poudel
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), ZENEREI Institute, Slidell, Louisiana
| | - Michael Nguyen
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), ZENEREI Institute, Slidell, Louisiana
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University (GDOU), Zhanjiang, China
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), ZENEREI Institute, Slidell, Louisiana
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University (GDOU), Zhanjiang, China
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University (SPSU), St. Petersburg, Russia
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Brennan KA, Putt F, Truman P. Nicotine-, tobacco particulate matter- and methamphetamine-produced locomotor sensitisation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:659-72. [PMID: 23519574 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated nicotine exposure produces a weak and transient sensitised locomotor response in rats. Since tobacco smoke contains thousands of non-nicotine chemical constituents, these could alter the sensitised response. OBJECTIVES This study aims to compare the magnitude, persistence and spatial distribution of locomotor sensitisation produced by repeated doses of nicotine, aqueous tobacco particulate matter (TPM) and a positive methamphetamine control. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received five nicotine (0.0, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg), TPM (containing 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg nicotine) or methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) injections every second day, followed by a 4-day withdrawal before the first challenge (Challenge 1, C1). The animals were re-challenged again at 15 days post C1 to test for the persistence of sensitisation (Challenge 2, C2). RESULTS There were no major differences in sensitisation profile between nicotine and TPM. At the lowest 0.2 mg/kg nicotine/TPM dose, however, small differences emerged on select test days. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the non-nicotinic agents in TPM did not greatly impact the nicotine-produced locomotor-sensitised response. These findings might suggest that the differential pharmacological properties of TPM do not have major clinical significance. Alternatively, the locomotor model might not expose effects of non-nicotinic constituents, and furthermore, might not closely relate to human tobacco dependence. Different reward-related behavioural models should also be utilised to assess potential effects of non-nicotinic constituents before a role in dependence is discounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Brennan
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
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Pentkowski NS, Painter MR, Thiel KJ, Peartree NA, Cheung THC, Deviche P, Adams M, Alba J, Neisewander JL. Nicotine-induced plasma corticosterone is attenuated by social interactions in male and female adolescent rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:1-7. [PMID: 21782841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most smokers begin smoking during adolescence, a period during which social reward is highly influential. Initial exposure to nicotine can produce anxiogenic effects that may be influenced by social context. This study examined play behavior and plasma corticosterone following nicotine administration (0.6 mg/kg, s.c.) in both male and female adolescent (PND39) Sprague-Dawley rats in either isolate or social contexts. In blood samples collected immediately following the 15-min test session, nicotine increased plasma corticosterone relative to saline in both male and female isolate rats, but failed to do so in both males and females placed together in same-sex pairs. Nicotine also attenuated several indices of play behavior including nape attacks, pins and social contact. In isolate rats, nicotine selectively increased locomotor activity in females; however, when administered to social pairs, nicotine decreased locomotion in both sexes. These findings suggest that the presence of a social partner may decrease the initial negative, stress-activating effects of nicotine, perhaps leading to increased nicotine reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Pentkowski
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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Hamilton KR, Berger SS, Perry ME, Grunberg NE. Behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal in adult male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 92:51-9. [PMID: 19000707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine withdrawal may differ between men and women but clinical reports are inconsistent. Two experiments were conducted to examine behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal in male and female adult rats in dimly-lit and brightly-lit environments. Ninety-six Sprague-Dawley male and female rats received 7 days continuous subcutaneous infusion via ALZET osmotic minipumps filled with saline or 3.16 mg/kg/day nicotine hydrogen tartrate expressed as base. Behavioral observations were made before, during, and after drug administration. During observations, occurrences of empty-mouth-chewing, whole-body-shakes, abnormal grooming, abnormal posture/movement, diarrhea, ptosis, eyeblinks, and any other abnormal behaviors were counted. Cessation of nicotine administration upon pump removal caused a significant increase in withdrawal behaviors in males and females in both environments. In the dimly-lit environment, females showed more withdrawal behavior than males; there was no sex difference in the brightly-lit environment. Males that had received nicotine displayed more withdrawal behavior in the brightly-lit environment than in the dimly-lit environment, while females that had received nicotine displayed similar amounts of withdrawal behavior in both environments. Behavioral symptoms of withdrawal may be more affected by the environment in male rats than in female rats. These experiments are the first to compare nicotine withdrawal in adult male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hamilton
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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14
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Moragrega I, Carmen Carrasco M, Redolat R. Effects of housing and nicotine on shuttle-box avoidance in male NMRI mice. Behav Brain Res 2006; 164:178-87. [PMID: 16105696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate whether housing condition could interact with nicotine administration in influencing the acquisition of a two-way active avoidance task. Male NMRI mice were either group- or individually housed for 30 days and, after this period, evaluated both in the actimeter and, 24h later, in the elevated plus-maze. On the basis of the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the plus-maze, both group- and individually housed mice were sub-classified into three groups with high, moderate or low anxiety baseline levels. Effects of nicotine on the acquisition of the two-way active avoidance task was assessed in each of these groups of mice using an automated shuttle-box. Mice were treated with nicotine (0.35 mg/kg) or vehicle before each daily training session in the shuttle-box (30 trials) over 5 days. The results showed that motor activity counts were significantly higher in individually housed mice than in group-housed counterparts. The factor "anxiety" in the active avoidance test did not reach statistical significance but the factor "housing" did. The number of avoidances was higher in individually housed than in group-housed mice. Separate analyses performed for individually and group-housed animals indicated that group-housed nicotine-treated mice displayed fewer number of avoidances than saline-treated counterparts. It was concluded that housing condition may be a useful variable in evaluating the effects of nicotine on learning tasks. Indeed, the two-way active avoidance task seems to be sensitive to housing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Moragrega
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibáñez 21, Valencia 46010, Spain
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15
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Slawecki CJ, Thorsell AK, El Khoury A, Mathé AA, Ehlers CL. Increased CRF-like and NPY-like immunoreactivity in adult rats exposed to nicotine during adolescence: relation to anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior. Neuropeptides 2005; 39:369-77. [PMID: 16038974 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, animal models have been developed that demonstrate that adolescent nicotine exposure produces neurobehavioral changes which persist into adulthood. This study further examined the impact of adolescent nicotine exposure on anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior, as well as on levels of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in this model. METHODS Male adolescent rats (35-40 days old) were administered nicotine using Nicoderm CQ patches (Smith-Kline Beecham). Behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swim test (FST) was assessed 2-3 weeks after exposure ended. Brain levels of CRF and NPY were then assessed 5-6 weeks after behavioral tests were completed. In addition, blood and brain levels of nicotine resulting from nicotine treatment were examined. RESULTS After 5 days of exposure to 5 mg/kg/day nicotine, blood levels of nicotine averaged 66+/-5 ng/ml and brain nicotine levels averaged 52+/-4 ng/g. Rats exposed to nicotine displayed an anxiety-like profile in the EPM (i.e., decreased time spent in the open arms) and an antidepressant-like profile in the FST (i.e., less time spent immobile). Rats exposed to nicotine also had increased hypothalamic and frontal cortical CRF, increased hypothalamic and hippocampal NPY, and a decreased ratio of NPY to CRF in the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that adolescent nicotine exposure produces lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior and may reduce depressive-like behavior. These behavioral changes also occurred in concert with alterations in CRF and NPY systems. Thus, lasting neurobehavioral changes associated with adolescent nicotine exposure may be related to allostatic changes in stress peptide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Slawecki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-14, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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16
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Cruz FC, Delucia R, Planeta CS. Differential behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of repeated nicotine in adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 80:411-7. [PMID: 15740783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of tobacco abuse among adolescents, the neurobiology of nicotine addiction has been studied mainly in adult animals. Repeated administration of this drug to adult rats induces behavioral sensitization. Nicotine activates the HPA axis in adult rats as measured by drug-induced increases in ACTH and corticosterone. Both behavioral sensitization and corticosterone are implicated in drug addiction. We examined the expression of behavioral sensitization induced by nicotine as well as the changes in corticosterone levels after repeated injections of nicotine in adolescent and adult animals. Adolescent and adult rats received subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of saline or 0.4 mg/kg of nicotine once daily for 7 days. Three days after the last injection animals were challenged with saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg; s.c.). Nicotine-induced locomotion was recorded in an activity cage. Trunk blood samples were collected in a subset of adolescent and adult rats and plasma corticosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Adult, but not adolescent, rats expressed behavioral sensitization. Pretreatment with nicotine abolished corticosterone-activating effect of this drug only in adult animals, indicating the development of tolerance at this age. Our results provide evidence that adolescent rats exposed to repeated nicotine display behavioral and neuroendocrine adaptations distinct from that observed in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio C Cruz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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17
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Hughes RN, Desmond CS, Fisher LCE. Room novelty, sex, scopolamine and their interactions as determinants of general activity and rearing, and light–dark preferences in rats. Behav Processes 2004; 67:173-81. [PMID: 15240055 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2004.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Male and female rats were assessed for effects of scopolamine on general activity, rearing and light-dark preferences when tested in either a familiar or a novel room. Males but not females reared more often when tested in the familiar rather than novel room, and the response was increased by scopolamine for all rats combined. Whereas scopolamine increased general activity for females (but not males) in the familiar room, it decreased the response for males (but not females) in the novel room. Females crossed more often between the dark and light sides of a light-dark box and, when treated with saline but not drug, spent more time in the light side than males. Scopolamine reduced the amount of time spent in the light side for females only. While the results were discussed mainly in terms of sex differences in fearfulness, their principal value was in demonstrating the effectiveness of room novelty and sex in determining levels of the behaviors recorded, and drug responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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18
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Schochet TL, Kelley AE, Landry CF. Differential behavioral effects of nicotine exposure in adolescent and adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 175:265-73. [PMID: 15098085 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the detrimental effects of nicotine in early brain development and the addictive properties in adulthood are well known, little is known about the neurobiological effects of nicotine in adolescence. An important question is whether adolescents and adults differ in the development of nicotine sensitization and drug-cue conditioning. OBJECTIVE To examine the behavioral effects of multiple, repeated injections of nicotine on both sensitization and drug-cue conditioning in the adolescent rat, and to compare this profile with the adult rat. METHODS Sixteen male adolescent (28 day) and 16 young adult (70 day) rats were given injections of either saline or nicotine and tested for motor activity for 90 min for ten consecutive days. Following 4 days of no testing, animals were given a sham injection and placed in the testing apparatus for 90 min. A dose-response curve for nicotine was also generated using two additional groups of ten adolescent and ten adult male rats. RESULTS Adolescent rats, unlike adults, did not exhibit signs of nicotine-cue conditioning, and displayed less robust sensitization to the locomotor effects of nicotine than adults. Dose-response testing revealed differences in adolescent responsivity to nicotine in measures of rearing, but not ambulation. Initial exposure to nicotine resulted in increased sensitivity to the motor-activating effects of nicotine but less sensitivity to the depressant effects of nicotine in rearing in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent animals display different long-term neuroadaptive responses to nicotine than adult animals, possibly related to immature or still-developing plasticity mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Schochet
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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19
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Feng Y, Niu T, Xing H, Xu X, Chen C, Peng S, Wang L, Laird N, Xu X. A common haplotype of the nicotine acetylcholine receptor alpha 4 subunit gene is associated with vulnerability to nicotine addiction in men. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:112-21. [PMID: 15154117 PMCID: PMC1181994 DOI: 10.1086/422194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is the major addictive substance in cigarettes, and genes involved in sensing nicotine are logical candidates for vulnerability to nicotine addiction. We studied six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CHRNA4 gene and four SNPs in the CHRNB2 gene with respect to nicotine dependence in a collection of 901 subjects (815 siblings and 86 parents) from 222 nuclear families with multiple nicotine-addicted siblings. The subjects were assessed for addiction by both the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Revised Tolerance Questionnaire (RTQ). Because only 5.8% of female offspring were smokers, only male subjects were included in the final analyses (621 men from 206 families). Univariate (single-marker) family-based association tests (FBATs) demonstrated that variant alleles at two SNPs, rs1044396 and rs1044397, in exon 5 of the CHRNA4 gene were significantly associated with a protective effect against nicotine addiction as either a dichotomized trait or a quantitative phenotype (i.e., age-adjusted FTND and RTQ scores), which was consistent with the results of the global haplotype FBAT. Furthermore, the haplotype-specific FBAT showed a common (22.5%) CHRNA4 haplotype, GCTATA, which was significantly associated with both a protective effect against nicotine addiction as a dichotomized trait (Z=-3.04, P<.005) and significant decreases of age-adjusted FTND (Z=-3.31, P<.005) or RTQ scores (Z=-2.73, P=.006). Our findings provide strong evidence suggesting a common CHRNA4 haplotype might be protective against vulnerability to nicotine addiction in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tianhua Niu
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Houxun Xing
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Changzhong Chen
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shaojie Peng
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Nan Laird
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Program for Population Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Center for Eco-Genetics and Reproductive Health, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing; and Anhui Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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20
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Tobacco consumption and tobacco-related diseases: gender differences with a comparison between two European countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmhg.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Moragrega I, Carrasco MC, Vicens P, Redolat R. Spatial learning in male mice with different levels of aggressiveness: effects of housing conditions and nicotine administration. Behav Brain Res 2004; 147:1-8. [PMID: 14659564 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the possible modulation of spatial learning ability by housing conditions and level of aggressiveness in mice, also testing whether differences in locomotion and anxiety could influence this relationship. Additionally, we have examined effects of nicotine in the acquisition and retention of a spatial learning task in groups of mice differing in these variables. NMRI male mice were either group-housed or individually housed for 30 days and then classified into mice with short (SAL) and long (LAL) attack latency after a pre-screening agonistic encounter. Locomotor activity and baseline levels of anxiety of these groups were evaluated in the actimeter and elevated plus-maze. Results indicated that SAL and LAL individually housed mice displayed higher locomotion activity than LAL group-housed mice. In the plus-maze test, SAL and LAL individually housed mice showed more total and open arm entries than group-housed LAL mice, confirming the hyperactivity of individually housed mice and suggesting that isolation had no clear anxiolytic or anxiogenic actions. In the water-maze, we compared the performance of individually housed SAL, individually housed LAL mice, and group-housed LAL mice treated with nicotine (0.35 and 0.175 mg/kg) or vehicle. Nicotine did not improve acquisition in group-housed mice and even impaired it in individually housed mice. Retention of platform position was better in vehicle-treated individually housed mice in comparison with vehicle-treated group-housed mice. The present study demonstrates that housing conditions but not level of aggressiveness modify spontaneous locomotor activity and behaviors displayed on the elevated plus-maze test, and can also influence retention of a spatial learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Moragrega
- Area de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain
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22
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Green TA, Cain ME, Thompson M, Bardo MT. Environmental enrichment decreases nicotine-induced hyperactivity in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 170:235-241. [PMID: 12845407 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2002] [Accepted: 05/12/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous research has determined that rats reared in an enriched condition (EC) are more sensitive to the effects of acute systemic amphetamine than rats raised in an impoverished condition (IC). OBJECTIVES The present experiments examined the effect of environmental enrichment on locomotor activity following repeated injections of nicotine. Experiment 1 assessed differences in locomotor activity in EC and IC rats and experiment 2 assessed differences between EC rats and rats housed in pairs without novel objects or daily handling (social condition; SC) to determine whether enrichment causes changes beyond that of social contact alone. METHODS In experiment 1, EC and IC rats were treated with saline, 0.2 mg/kg or 0.8 mg/kg nicotine, and locomotor activity was assessed for 60 min. Nicotine-induced activity was measured every 48 h for a total of eight sessions. All rats were challenged with 0.8 mg/kg nicotine on session 9. In experiment 2, EC and SC rats were treated with saline or 0.2 mg/kg nicotine, and locomotor activity was assessed using the same regimen as in experiment 1. RESULTS In experiment 1, EC rats exhibited less sensitivity than IC rats to the psychostimulant effect of nicotine upon both acute and repeated administration. On the nicotine challenge session (session 9), EC rats were again less sensitive to the hyperactive effects of nicotine. In experiment 2, EC rats were also less sensitive than SC rats to nicotine-induced hyperactivity across repeated injections. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that environmental enrichment during development reduces the stimulant effect of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Mary E Cain
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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23
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Groman E, Fagerström K. Nicotine dependence: development, mechanisms, individual differences and links to possible neurophysiological correlates. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2003; 115:155-60. [PMID: 12741073 DOI: 10.1007/bf03040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is now little doubt that the majority of people who smoke tobacco do so to experience the psychopharmacological properties of the nicotine present in the smoke and that a significant proportion of habitual tobacco users become addicted to the drug nicotine. In the US some 80% and in Europe (Germany) 39% of smokers have been classified as dependent according to the diagnostic guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association. As a result, direct nicotine replacement is used increasingly by many people who want to stop smoking. The objectives of this review are to outline the mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence and to link behavioural observations to possible neurophysiologic correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Groman
- Nicotine Institute Vienna, Institute of Social Medicine, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Kassel JD, Stroud LR, Paronis CA. Smoking, stress, and negative affect: correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychol Bull 2003; 129:270-304. [PMID: 12696841 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This transdisciplinary review of the literature addresses the questions, Do stress and negative affect (NA) promote smoking? and Does smoking genuinely relieve stress and NA? Drawing on both human and animal literatures, the authors examine these questions across three developmental stages of smoking--initiation, maintenance, and relapse. Methodological and conceptual distinctions relating to within- and between-subjects levels of analyses are emphasized throughout the review. Potential mechanisms underlying links between stress and NA and smoking are also reviewed. Relative to direct-effect explanations, the authors argue that contextual mediator-moderator approaches hold greater potential for elucidating complex associations between NA and stress and smoking. The authors conclude with recommendations for research initiatives that draw on more sophisticated theories and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Kassel
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607-7137, USA.
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25
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Faraday MM, O'Donoghue VA, Grunberg NE. Effects of nicotine and stress on locomotion in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 74:325-33. [PMID: 12479951 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Locomotor activity is widely used to study nicotine effects, including genotypic differences, in rodents. In rats, chronic nicotine's (administered via osmotic minipump) effects on locomotion may differ based on animal strain, with Long-Evans rats more sensitive than Sprague-Dawley rats. Males and females also may differ in sensitivity. No studies, however, have compared males and females of the two strains. In addition, stress relief is a frequently cited reason for smoking, but the behavioral consequences of nicotine-stress interactions have rarely been examined. This experiment evaluated locomotor responses of male and female Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats to 0, 6, or 12 mg/kg/day nicotine administered by minipump. Half of the animals in each drug condition were exposed to 20 min/day of immobilization stress to examine nicotine-stress interactions. Horizontal and vertical activities were measured on Drug Days 4 and 10. Stress effects were minimal and stress did not alter effects of nicotine. Nicotine (6 mg/kg/day) increased horizontal activity among Long-Evans but not among Sprague-Dawleys, with greater effects in Long-Evans females. Nicotine (6 mg/kg/day) increased vertical activity of all groups and 12 mg/kg/day decreased vertical activity of all groups except for Sprague-Dawley males. Results indicate that genotype and sex are relevant to understand nicotine's behavioral actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Faraday
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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26
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Degroot A, Treit D. Dorsal and ventral hippocampal cholinergic systems modulate anxiety in the plus-maze and shock-probe tests. Brain Res 2002; 949:60-70. [PMID: 12213300 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that increased acetylcholine levels in brain reduce anxiety. More specifically there is evidence that some of these anxiolytic effects of acetylcholine are modulated by the hippocampus. In the present study we examined the roles of the cholinergic systems in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in two animal models of anxiety: the elevated plus-maze and the shock-probe burying tests. We found that microinfusions (10 microg/0.5 microl) of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine in either the dorsal or the ventral hippocampus increased rats' open arm exploration in the plus-maze test, and decreased burying behavior in the shock-probe test. Interestingly, infusions in the ventral, but not the dorsal hippocampus also increased the number of contacts rats made with the shock-probe. Overall, the results suggest that cholinergic stimulation in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus modulate anxiety, but that only the ventral hippocampal cholinergic system is involved in the passive avoidance of painful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemar Degroot
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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27
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Weruaga E, Balkan B, Koylu EO, Pogun S, Alonso JR. Effects of chronic nicotine administration on nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2002; 67:689-97. [PMID: 11891781 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although there is substantial evidence concerning the influence of nicotine on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the vascular system, there are fewer studies concerning the central nervous system. Although NO metabolites (nitrates/nitrites) increase in several rat brain regions after chronic injection of nicotine, the cellular origin of this rise in NO levels is not known. The aim of the present work was to assess the effects of repetitive nicotine administration on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and activity in male and female rat brains. To determine levels of nitrate/nitrite, the Griess reaction was carried out in tissue micropunched from the frontal cortex, striatum, and accumbens of both male and female rats untreated (naïve) or injected with saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg for 15 days). In parallel, coronal sections of fixed brains from equally treated animals were immunostained for neuronal NOS or histochemically labelled for NADPH-diaphorase activity. Nicotine treatment increased NO metabolites significantly in all brain regions compared with naïve or saline-treated rats. By contrast, analysis of the planimetric counting of NOS/NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons failed to demonstrate any significant effect of the nicotine treatment. A significant decrease was observed with both techniques employed in saline-injected female rats compared with naïve animals, suggesting a stress response. The mismatch between the biochemical and the histological data after chronic nicotine treatment is discussed. The up-regulation of NO sources other than neurons is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Weruaga
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology and Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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28
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Faraday MM, Elliott BM, Grunberg NE. Adult vs. adolescent rats differ in biobehavioral responses to chronic nicotine administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001; 70:475-89. [PMID: 11796147 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
More than 90% of smokers begin smoking during adolescence, suggesting that nicotine's actions may differ in adults vs. adolescents in ways that render adolescents vulnerable to smoking initiation. This experiment tested the hypothesis that nicotine's biobehavioral actions differ in adult and adolescent rats. Forty-two male (21 adolescents, 21 adults) and 41 female (21 adolescents, 20 adults) Sprague-Dawley rats were administered saline or 12 mg/kg/day nicotine via osmotic minipump for 21 days. Body weight, feeding, and locomotion (horizontal activity, vertical activity, center time) were measured before, during, and after saline or nicotine administration. Nicotine's effects depended on age and sex. Nicotine reduced body weight and feeding of adult males and females, and of adolescent males, but not of adolescent females. In addition, adolescent males were more sensitive than adults or adolescent females to nicotine's activity-enhancing effects. In cessation, nicotine-exposed adolescent males continued to exhibit greater activity than saline-exposed animals. Results indicate that nicotine's biobehavioral actions differ depending on age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faraday
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Faraday MM, Grunberg NE. The importance of acclimation in acoustic startle amplitude and pre-pulse inhibition testing of male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 66:375-81. [PMID: 10880693 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) and pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of the ASR are used extensively to index drug effects in rodents. Important methodological issues exist, however, with regard to the specific procedures and equipment used. In particular, the effects of acclimation to the startle procedure on response stability and the effects of testing animals in groups vs. individually have not been examined but are relevant to data interpretation. The present experiment measured acoustic startle responses with and without a pre-pulse of 25 adult Sprague-Dawley rats (12 male, 13 female) tested individually and in same-sex groups at four time points. Individual testing increased startle responses and PPI of males at time 1 and altered PPI of females at times 1, 2, and 3 compared with group testing. Responses were indistinguishable in the two testing environments at time 4. Results indicate that testing environment may affect responses when subjects have not been acclimated to the testing situation and that there are sex differences in these effects. Because responses stabilized by the fourth testing point, repeated testing of subjects particularly females, may be an important methodological inclusion when evaluating effects of drugs and other manipulations on ASR and PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faraday
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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