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Yoon D, Oh SM, Na HS, Choi BR, Kim KW, Lee YS, Lee DR, Lee DY. Metabolomics study to reveal cognitive improvement with treatment of Scrophularia buergeriana. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17007. [PMID: 39043762 PMCID: PMC11266482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Population aging around the world is rapidly progressing; as a result, cognitive decline developing into dementia is becoming a social problem. There is no drug that can cure dementia, and though drugs that alleviate the symptoms of dementia have been developed, they also have side effects. Therefore, we conducted a study on improving cognitive function using natural products that have secured safety. We confirmed the effect of an extract of Scrophularia buergeriana on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment through mouse behavioral experiments, and we observed metabolic changes in the cortex and hippocampus via brain tissue dissection after the behavioral experiment. Mitigating effects of S. buergeriana on cognitive impairment caused by scopolamine were observed in passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests. A metabolic analysis revealed biomarkers related to the alleviating effect of cognitive impairment. Niacinamide, tyrosine, uridine, and valine in the cortex and GABA, choline, creatine, formate, fumarate, hypoxanthine, leucine, myo-inositol, pyroglutamate, and taurine in the hippocampus were identified as biomarker candidates for recovering cognitive impairment. In addition to behavioral experiments, this metabolomics study using specific regions of the brain may be helpful in understanding the effects of cognitive improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Yoon
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Min Oh
- Natural Product Research Center and Natural Product Central Bank, KRIBB, Ochang, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seon Na
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Woo Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dae Young Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Varma C, Luo E, Bostrom G, Bathini P, Berdnik D, Wyss-Coray T, Zhao T, Dong X, Ervin FR, Beierschmitt A, Palmour RM, Lemere CA. Plasma and CSF biomarkers of aging and cognitive decline in Caribbean vervets. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38946666 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vervets are non-human primates that share high genetic homology with humans and develop amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology with aging. We expand current knowledge by examining Aβ pathology, aging, cognition, and biomarker proteomics. METHODS Amyloid immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex and temporal cortex/hippocampal regions from archived vervet brain samples ranging from young adulthood to old age was quantified. We also obtained cognitive scores, plasma samples, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in additional animals. Plasma and CSF proteins were quantified with platforms utilizing human antibodies. RESULTS We found age-related increases in Aβ deposition in both brain regions. Bioinformatic analyses assessed associations between biomarkers and age, sex, cognition, and CSF Aβ levels, revealing changes in proteins related to immune-related inflammation, metabolism, and cellular processes. DISCUSSION Vervets are an effective model of aging and early-stage Alzheimer's disease, and we provide translational biomarker data that both align with previous results in humans and provide a basis for future investigations. HIGHLIGHTS We found changes in immune and metabolic plasma biomarkers associated with age and cognition. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers revealed changes in cell signaling indicative of adaptative processes. TNFRSF19 (TROY) and Artemin co-localize with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Vervets are a relevant model for translational studies of early-stage Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curran Varma
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Luo
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gustaf Bostrom
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Praveen Bathini
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniela Berdnik
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xianjun Dong
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Hub, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank R Ervin
- Behavioral Sciences Foundation, Saint Kitts, Eastern Caribbean, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amy Beierschmitt
- Behavioral Sciences Foundation, Saint Kitts, Eastern Caribbean, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, UK
| | - Roberta M Palmour
- Behavioral Sciences Foundation, Saint Kitts, Eastern Caribbean, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Çakmak R, Başaran E, Sahin K, Şentürk M, Durdağı S. Synthesis of Novel Hydrazide-Hydrazone Compounds and In Vitro and In Silico Investigation of Their Biological Activities against AChE, BChE, and hCA I and II. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20030-20041. [PMID: 38737075 PMCID: PMC11079868 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The abnormal levels of the human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II (hCA I and II) and cholinesterase enzymes, namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), are linked with various disorders including Alzheimer's disease. In this study, six new nicotinic hydrazide derivatives (7-12) were designed and synthesized for the first time, and their inhibitory profiles against hCA I, hCA II, AChE, and BChE were investigated by in vitro assays and in silico studies. The structures of novel molecules were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. These molecules showed inhibitory activities against hCA I and II with IC50 values ranging from 7.12 to 45.12 nM. Compared to reference drug acetazolamide (AZA), compound 8 was the most active inhibitor against hCA I and II. On the other hand, it was determined that IC50 values of the tested molecules ranged between 21.45 and 61.37 nM for AChE and between 18.42 and 54.74 nM for BChE. Among them, compound 12 was the most potent inhibitor of AChE and BChE, with IC50 values of 21.45 and 18.42 nM, respectively. In order to better understand the mode of action of these new compounds, state-of-the-art molecular modeling techniques were also conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reşit Çakmak
- Medical
Laboratory Techniques Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Batman University, 72000 Batman, Türkiye
| | - Eyüp Başaran
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Vocational School
of Technical Sciences, Batman University, 72000 Batman, Türkiye
| | - Kader Sahin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahcesehir University, 34353 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Murat Şentürk
- Department
of Biochemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Ağrı
Ibrahim Çecen University, 04100 Ağrı, Türkiye
| | - Serdar Durdağı
- Computational
Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics,
School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir
University, 34353 İstanbul, Türkiye
- Lab
for Innovative
Drugs (Lab4IND), Computational Drug Design Center (HITMER), Bahçeşehir University, 34353 İstanbul, Türkiye
- Molecular
Therapy Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University, 34353 Istanbul, Türkiye
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Zhai Z, Kong F, Zhu Z, Dai J, Cai J, Xie D, Shen Y, Xu Y, Sun T. Effect and Potential Mechanism of Immunotherapy on Cognitive Deficits in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024; 32:555-583. [PMID: 38158285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunotherapy has been reported to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the animal model; however, the immunologic approaches and mechanisms have not been specifically described. Thus, the systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to explore the effect and potential mechanism of immunotherapy on AD animal experiments based on behavioral indicators. METHODS According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and the inclusion/exclusion criteria of immunotherapy in animal studies, 15 studies were systematically reviewed after extraction from a collected database of 3,742 publications. Finally, the effect and mechanism of immunotherapy on AD models were described by performing multiple subgroup analyses. RESULTS After immunotherapy, the escape latency was reduced by 18.15 seconds and the number of crossings over the platform location was increased by 1.60 times in the Morris Water Maze. Furthermore, compared to the control group, active and passive immunization could markedly ameliorate learning and memory impairment in 3 × Tg AD animal models, and active immunization could ameliorate the learning and memory ability of the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 AD animal model. Meanwhile, it could be speculated that cognitive dysfunction was improved by immunotherapy, perhaps mainly via reducing Aβ40, Aβ42, and Tau levels, as well as increasing IL-4 levels. CONCLUSION Immunotherapy significantly ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction of AD animal models by assessing behavioral indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhai
- School of Intelligent Medicine (ZZ, FK, ZZ, JD, JC, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fanjing Kong
- School of Intelligent Medicine (ZZ, FK, ZZ, JD, JC, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhishan Zhu
- School of Intelligent Medicine (ZZ, FK, ZZ, JD, JC, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jingyi Dai
- School of Intelligent Medicine (ZZ, FK, ZZ, JD, JC, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jie Cai
- School of Intelligent Medicine (ZZ, FK, ZZ, JD, JC, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Danni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy (DX, YS, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy (DX, YS, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (YX), Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Intelligent Medicine (ZZ, FK, ZZ, JD, JC, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy (DX, YS, TS), Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Al Garni HA, El-Halawany AM, Koshak AE, Malebari AM, Alzain AA, Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM, El-Sayed NS, Abdallah HM. Potential antioxidant, α-glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of major constituents isolated from Alpinia officinarum hance rhizomes: computational studies and in vitro validation. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 35:391-410. [PMID: 38769919 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2024.2352725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alpinia officinarum is a commonly used spice with proven folk uses in various traditional medicines. In the current study, six compounds were isolated from its rhizomes, compounds 1-3 were identified as diarylheptanoids, while 4-6 were identified as flavonoids and phenolic acids. The isolated compounds were subjected to virtual screening against α-glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes to evaluate their potential antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer's activities. Molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that 3 exhibited a strong binding affinity to human a α- glucosidase crystal structure compared to acarbose. Furthermore, 2 and 5 demonstrated high potency against AChE. The virtual screening results were further supported by in vitro assays, which assessed the compounds' effects on α-glucosidase, cholinesterases, and their antioxidant activities. 5-Hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylheptan-3-one (2) showed potent antioxidant effect in both ABTs and ORAC assays, while p-hydroxy cinnamic acid (6) was the most potent in the ORAC assay. In contrary, kaempferide (4) and galangin (5) showed the most potent effect in metal chelation assay. 5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenylhepta-4,6-dien-3-one (3) and 6 revealed the most potent effect as α-glucosidase inhibitors where compound 3 showed more potent effect compared to acarbose. Galangin (5) revealed a higher selectivity to BChE, while 2 showed the most potent activity to (AChE).
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Al Garni
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M El-Halawany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - A E Koshak
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Alzain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan
| | - G A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S R M Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - N S El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - H M Abdallah
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang J, Yang C, Pan Y, Wang L. Effects of Multicomponent Exercise on Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Res Gerontol Nurs 2024; 17:65-79. [PMID: 38285908 DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20240112-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effects of a group-based multicomponent exercise program on general cognitive functioning, depression, and social functioning in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and whether the effects can be maintained. METHOD Fifty older adults with MCI were conveniently recruited from two communities in the study area and randomly assigned to the intervention group or control group. The intervention group received three sessions of 60-minute, multicomponent exercise per week for 3 months, plus MCI-related health education. The control group only received MCI-related health education. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Beijing Version (MoCA-BJ) were used to assess general cognitive function. The Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) were used to evaluate participants' social function and depression, respectively. Participants' exercise intensity was assessed using the Category Ratio Scale. RESULTS After the 3-month intervention, there were significant improvements in general cognitive function (p = 0.046), attention (p = 0.009), delayed recall (p = 0.015), and social function (p = 0.011) in the intervention group compared with the control group. However, after 3-month postintervention follow up, no significant differences in MMSE, MoCA-BJ, GDS-30, and FAQ scores were noted between groups. CONCLUSION The 3-month multicomponent exercise program improved general cognitive function and social functioning in community-dwelling older adults with MCI. However, there was no evidence that these benefits lasted for another 3 months after stopping the exercise program. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 17(2), 65-79.].
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Wu YW, HuangFu WC, Lin TE, Peng CH, Tu HJ, Sung TY, Sung TY, Yen SC, Pan SL, Hsu KC. Identification of selective dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) inhibitors and their effects on tau and microtubule. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129074. [PMID: 38163507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The overexpression of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS), can induce the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques. Hence, designing a selective DYRK1A inhibitor would result in a promising small molecule for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Developing selective inhibitors for DYRK1A has been a difficult challenge due to the highly preserved ATP-binding site of protein kinases. In this study, we employed a structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) campaign targeting DYRK1A from a database containing 1.6 million compounds. Enzymatic assays were utilized to verify inhibitory properties, confirming that Y020-3945 and Y020-3957 showed inhibitory activity towards DYRK1A. In particular, the compounds exhibited high selectivity for DYRK1A over a panel of 120 kinases, reduced the phosphorylation of tau, and reversed the tubulin polymerization for microtubule stability. Additionally, treatment with the compounds significantly reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α activated by DYRK1A-assisted NFTs and Aβ oligomers. These identified inhibitors possess promising therapeutic potential for conditions associated with DYRK1A in neurodegenerative diseases. The results showed that Y020-3945 and Y020-3957 demonstrated structural novelty compared to known DYRK1A inhibitors, making them a valuable addition to developing potential treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiang Peng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ju Tu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Sung
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Sung
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chung Yen
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Shi W, Han W, Liao Y, Wen J, Zhang G. Inhibition mechanism of fisetin on acetylcholinesterase and its synergistic effect with galantamine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123452. [PMID: 37769468 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The search for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors produced by natural sources is of great significance for the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease and has been widely concerned. In this study, fisetin, a flavonoid compound of plant origin, displayed a mixed inhibition mode on AChE (IC50 = 8.88 ± 0.14 μM). Fluorescence spectra analysis revealed that fisetin statically quenched AChE fluorescence, and the ground state complex was formed by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Circular dichroism assays showed that fisetin induced AChE structure loosened with a decrease in α-helix structure (from 20.6 % to 19.5 %). Computer simulation exhibited that fisetin bound to both the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and the catalytic active site (CAS) and increased the stability of the AChE. Interestingly, the combination of fisetin and galantamine enhanced the binding affinity between AChE and galantamine and induced AChE structure further loosened, while the inhibition mode was still the mixed type. The heatmap analysis indicated that galantamine (0.2 μM) combined with fisetin (2.25 μM) had a significant synergy on AChE inhibition, probably because fisetin binding at the PAS-AChE induced conformation changes of the gorge and CAS, which enhanced galantamine binding affinity with CAS, and a further loose structure of AChE was induced by the mixture, so finally the interaction between the substrate and AChE was strongly affected. This work may offer a theoretical reference for the functional research of fisetin as a potential AChE inhibitor and an enhanced supplement for galantamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wenxin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yijing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Guowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Chen K, Yu G. Tetrahydroalstonine possesses protective potentials on palmitic acid stimulated SK-N-MC cells by suppression of Aβ1-42 and tau through regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 962:176251. [PMID: 38061471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. The morbidity of Alzheimer's disease is currently on the rise worldwide, but no effective treatment is available. Cornus officinalis is an herb and edible plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, whose extract has neuroprotective properties. In this investigation, we endeavored to refine a systems pharmacology strategy combining bioinformatics analysis, drug prediction, network pharmacology, and molecular docking to screen tetrahydroalstonine (THA) from Cornus officinalis as a therapeutic component for AD. Subsequent in vitro experiments were validated using MTT assay, Annexin V-PI flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. In Palmitate acid-induced SK-N-MC cells, THA restored the impaired PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, regulated insulin resistance, and attenuated BACE1 and GSK3β activity. In addition, THA significantly reduced cell apoptosis rate, down-regulated relative levels of p-JNK/JNK, Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome C, active caspase-3 and caspase-3, and attenuated Palmitate acid-induced Aβ1-42 and Tau generation. THA may regulate the phenotype of AD and reduce cell apoptosis by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This systematic analysis provides new ramifications concerning the therapeutic utility of tetrahydroalstonine for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Guran Yu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
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10
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Oresanya IO, Orhan IE. Deciphering Neuroprotective Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (syn. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) through Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:330-352. [PMID: 38258779 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501255093240117092328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RO, rosemary) is a well-known medicinal, aromatic, and culinary herb with traditional use in European folk medicine against memory deficits and neurodegenerative disorders. This review highlights the different neuroprotective activities of RO investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies, as well as in silico molecular docking of bioactive compounds found in RO. The neuroprotective effect of RO was searched through databases including PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Clinical Trials using the keywords "Rosmarinus officinalis, rosemary, neuroprotective effect, memory, cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease." RO, which is rich in secondary metabolites that have memory-enhancing potential, has displayed neuroprotection through different molecular mechanisms such as inhibition of cholinesterase, modulation of dopaminergic and oxytocinergic systems, mediation of oxidative and inflammatory proteins, involved in neuropathic pain, among others. RO extracts exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Also, the plant has shown efficacy in scopolamine-, lipopolysaccharide-, AlCl3-, and H2O2-induced amnesia as well as amyloid-beta- and ibotenic acid-induced neurotoxicity and chronic constriction injury-related oxidative stress memory and cognitive impairments in animal models. A few clinical studies available supported the neuroprotective effects of RO and its constituents. However, more clinical studies are needed to confirm results from preclinical studies further and should include not only placebo-controlled studies but also studies including positive controls using approved drugs. Many studies underlined that constituents of RO may have the potential for developing drug candidates against Alzheimer's disease that possess high bioavailability, low toxicity, and enhanced penetration to CNS, as revealed from the experimental and molecular docking analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun O Oresanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ilkay E Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Türkiye
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No. 112, 06670 Ankara, Türkiye
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11
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Senol Deniz FS, Ekhteiari Salmas R, Emerce E, Sener B, Orhan IE. Cholinesterase Inhibitory and In Silico Toxicity Assessment of Thirty-Four Isoquinoline Alkaloids - Berberine as the Lead Compound. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:773-783. [PMID: 37073143 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230417083053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors used currently in clinics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most prescribed drug class with nitrogen-containing chemical formula. Galanthamine, the latest generation anti-ChE drug, contains an isoquinoline structure. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate the inhibitory potential of thirty-four isoquinoline alkaloids, e.g. (-)-adlumidine, β-allocryptopine, berberine, (+)-bicuculline, (-)-bicuculline, (+)-bulbocapnine, (-)-canadine, (±)-chelidimerine, corydaldine, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, dehydrocavidine, (+)-fumariline, (-)-fumarophycine, (+)-α-hydrastine, (+)-isoboldine, 13-methylcolumbamine, (-)-norjuziphine, norsanguinarine, (-)-ophiocarpine, (-)-ophiocarpine-Noxide, oxocularine, oxosarcocapnine, palmatine, (+)-parfumine, protopine, (+)-reticuline, sanguinarine, (+)-scoulerine, (±)-sibiricine, (±)-sibiricine acetate, (-)-sinactine, and (-)-stylopine isolated from several Fumaria (fumitory) and Corydalis species towards acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by microtiter plate assays. The alkaloids with strong ChE inhibition were proceeded to molecular docking simulations as well as in silico toxicity screening for their mutagenic capacity through VEGA QSAR (AMES test) consensus model and VEGA platform as statistical approaches. The inputs were evaluated in a simplified molecular input-line entry system (SMILES). METHODS ChE inhibition assays indicated that the highest AChE inhibition was caused by berberine (IC50: 0.72 ± 0.04 μg/mL), palmatine (IC50: 6.29 ± 0.61 μg/mL), β-allocryptopine (IC50: 10.62 ± 0.45 μg/mL), (-)-sinactine (IC50: 11.94 ± 0.44 μg/mL), and dehydrocavidine (IC50: 15.01 ± 1.87 μg/mL) as compared to that of galanthamine (IC50: 0.74 ± 0.01 μg/mL), the reference drug with isoquinoline skeleton. Less number of the tested alkaloids exhibited notable BChE inhibition. Among them, berberine (IC50: 7.67 ± 0.36 μg/mL) and (-)-corydalmine (IC50: 7.78 ± 0.38 μg/mL) displayed a stronger inhibition than that of galanthamine (IC50: 12.02 ± 0.25 μg/mL). The mutagenic activity was shown for β-allocryptopine, (+)- and (-)-bicuculline, (±)-corydalidzine, (-)-corydalmine, (+)-cularicine, (-)- fumarophycine, (-)-norjuziphine, (-)-ophiocarpine-N-oxide, (+)-scoulerine, (-)-sinactine, and (-)- stylopine by means of in silico experiments. RESULTS The results obtained by molecular docking simulations of berberine, palmatine, and (-)- corydalmine suggested that the estimated free ligand-binding energies of these compounds inside the binding domains of their targets are reasonable to make them capable of establishing strong polar and nonpolar bonds with the atoms of the active site amino acids. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that berberine, palmatin, and (-)-corydalmine stand out as the most promising isoquinoline alkaloids in terms of ChE inhibition. Among them, berberine has displayed a robust dual inhibition against both ChEs and could be evaluated further as a lead compound for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | | | - Esra Emerce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Türkiye
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No. 112, Ankara 06670, Türkiye
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Mir SA, Nayak B, Khan A, Khan MI, Eldakhakhny BM, Arif DO. An exploration of binding of Hesperidin, Rutin, and Thymoquinone to acetylcholinesterase enzyme using multi-level computational approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37811769 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2265492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, an intricate neurological disorder, is impacting an ever-increasing number of individuals globally, particularly among the aging population. For several decades phytochemicals were used as Ayurveda to treat both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a widely chosen therapeutic target for the development of early prevention and effective management of neurodegenerative diseases. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the binding potential between Rutin Thymoquinone, Hesperidin and the FDA-approved drug Donepezil with AChE. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted. These phytochemicals were docked with the binding site of the AChE experimental complex. The molecular dockings demonstrated that the Hesperidinh showed a better binding affinity of -22.0631 kcal/mol. The ADME/T investigations revealed that the selected phytochemicals are non-toxic and drug-like candidates. Molecular dynamics simulations were implemented to determine the conformational changes of Rutin, hesperidin, Thymoquinone, and Donepezil complexed with AChE. Hesperidin and Donepezil were more stable than Rutin, Thymoquinone complexed with AChE. Next, essential dynamics and defining the secondary structure of protein were to determine the conformational changes in AChE complexed with selected phytochemicals during simulations. Overall, the MD Simulations demonstrated that all complexes in this study achieved stability until 100 ns of the simulation period was performed thrice. The structural analysis of AChE was done using multiple search engines to explore the molecular functions, biological processes, and pathways in which AChE proteins are involved and to identify potential drug targets for various diseases. This present study concludes that Hesperidin was found to be a more potent AChE inhibitors than Rutin, and further experiments are required to determine the effectivity of Hesperidin against neurodegenerative diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Mir
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Odisha, India
| | - Binata Nayak
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Odisha, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah M Eldakhakhny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deema O Arif
- Faculty of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ersoy E, Süvari G, Ercan S, Eroğlu Özkan E, Karahan S, Aygün Tuncay E, Yeşil Cantürk Y, Mataracı Kara E, Zengin G, Boğa M. Towards a better understanding of commonly used medicinal plants from Turkiye: Detailed phytochemical screening and biological activity studies of two Teucrium L. species with in vitro and in silico approach. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116482. [PMID: 37059244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Since ancient times, Teucrium L. species have been among the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants mainly in the Mediterranean region. From tackling gastrointestinal problems to maintaining the healthy functioning of endocrine glands, and from treating malaria to severe dermatological disorders, Teucrium species are known to have extensive therapeutic applications. Teucrium polium L. and Teucrium parviflorum Schreb. are the two members of the genus that have been used in Turkish folk medicine for various medicinal purposes. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the phytochemical compositions of the essential oils and ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium and Teucrium parviflorum collected from different locations in Turkiye along with the investigation of in vitro antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial activities, and both in vitro and in silico enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium aerial parts and roots, and aerial parts of Teucrium parviflorum were prepared. Volatile profiling of the essential oils by GC-MS, phytochemical profiling of the ethanol extracts by LC-HRMS, antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, CUPRAC, and metal chelating activity assays, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, activities by different enzyme inhibitory activity assays, anticancer activity by SRB cell viability assay, and antimicrobial activity against a standard panel of bacteria and fungi by the microbroth dilution technique. Molecular docking studies were performed by Autodock Vina (Ver. 1.1.2). RESULTS The studied extracts were found to be quite rich in various biologically important volatile and phenolic compounds. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate, which is a molecule renowned for having great therapeutic potential, was the major compound of all extracts. Teucrium polium aerial parts extract was revealed as a great source for naringenin with 16327 ± 685.23 μg/g extract. All extracts exerted significant antioxidant activity by different methods. All extracts demonstrated antibutrylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities by in vitro and in silico assays. Teucrium polium roots extract stood out with remarkable tyrosinase and urease inhibitory and cytotoxic activities. CONCLUSION The obtained results from this multi-disciplinary study proves that the traditional use of these two Teucrium species is justified, and the mechanisms behind are enlightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ersoy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, 34010, Topkapı, Istanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Goncagül Süvari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280, Sur, Diyarbakır, Turkiye
| | - Selami Ercan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Batman University, 72060, Batman, Turkiye
| | - Esra Eroğlu Özkan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Selim Karahan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mardin Artuklu University, 47100, Mardin, Turkiye; Dicle University Health Sciences Application and Research Center (DÜSAM), 21280, Sur, Diyarbakır, Turkiye
| | - Evin Aygün Tuncay
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280, Sur, Diyarbakır, Turkiye
| | - Yeter Yeşil Cantürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Emel Mataracı Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Gökhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, 42250, Konya, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Boğa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280, Sur, Diyarbakır, Turkiye; Dicle University Health Sciences Application and Research Center (DÜSAM), 21280, Sur, Diyarbakır, Turkiye.
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14
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Vanessa VV, Teh SS, Lam KW, Mah SH. Synthesis of 1-hydroxy-3- O-substituted xanthone derivatives and their structure-activity relationship on acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:2849-2861. [PMID: 36398788 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2137800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the synthesis of 1,3-dihydroxyxanthone (1) and its new derivatives with alkyl (2a-2f), alkenyl (2 g-2k), alkynyl (2 l-2n), and alkylated phenyl (2o-2r) groups at C3 position. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by MS, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopic data. All the substituted xanthones (2a-2r) showed significantly stronger acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities than 1. Compounds 2g and 2j exhibited the strongest activities with the IC50 values of 20.8 and 21.5 μM and their enzyme kinetic analyses indicated a mixed-mode inhibition. Molecular docking study revealed that 2g binds favourably to the active site of AChE via π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding from the xanthone ring, in addition to π-alkyl interaction from the substituent group. These xanthone derivatives are potential lead compounds to be further developed into Alzheimer's disease drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soek Sin Teh
- Energy & Environment Unit, Engineering & Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siau Hui Mah
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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15
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Eissa KI, Kamel MM, Mohamed LW, Doghish AS, Alnajjar R, Al-Karmalawy AA, Kassab AE. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of thienopyrimidine derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:937-961. [PMID: 37067008 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of 12 S-substituted tetrahydrobenzothienopyrimidines were designed and synthesized based on the donepezil scaffold. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and the most active compounds were tested for their butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activity. Moreover, all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against Aβ aggregation and antioxidant activity using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity method. Compounds 4b, 6b, and 8b displayed the most prominent AChE inhibitory action comparable to donepezil. Compound 6b showed the greatest AChE inhibitory action (IC50 = 0.07 ± 0.003 µM) and the most potent BuChE inhibitory action (IC50 = 0.059 ± 0.004 µM). Furthermore, the three compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Compounds 6b and 8b exerted more inhibitory action on Aβ aggregation than donepezil. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 4b, 6b, and 8b against the WI-38 cell line in comparison with donepezil was examined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The results revealed that compounds 6b and 8b were less cytotixic than donepezil, while compound 4b showed nonsignificant cytotoxicity compared to donepezil. For more insights about the binding patterns of the most promising compounds (4b, 6b, and 8b) with the AChE at molecular levels; molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed. The density functional theory calculations and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties were described as well. The results highlighted compound 6b, which incorporates a phenylpiperazine moiety coupled to a thienopyrimidone scaffold via two-atom spacer, to be a promising multifunctional therapeutic agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is a potent dual AChE and BuChE inhibitor. Furthermore, it had stronger Aβ aggregation inhibitory action than donepezil. Additionally, compound 6b exerted significant antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud I Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Kamel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamia W Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Wang T, Jia H. The Sigma Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease: New Potential Targets for Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12025. [PMID: 37569401 PMCID: PMC10418732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma (σ) receptors are a class of unique proteins with two subtypes: the sigma-1 (σ1) receptor which is situated at the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (MAM), and the sigma-2 (σ2) receptor, located in the ER-resident membrane. Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of both σ1 and σ2 receptors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and thus these receptors represent two potentially effective biomarkers for emerging AD therapies. The availability of optimal radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging of the σ1 and σ2 receptors in humans will provide tools to monitor AD progression and treatment outcomes. In this review, we first summarize the significance of both receptors in the pathophysiology of AD and highlight AD therapeutic strategies related to the σ1 and σ2 receptors. We then survey the potential PET radioligands, with an emphasis on the requirements of optimal radioligands for imaging the σ1 or σ2 receptors in humans. Finally, we discuss current challenges in the development of PET radioligands for the σ1 or σ2 receptors, and the opportunities for neuroimaging to elucidate the σ1 and σ2 receptors as novel biomarkers for early AD diagnosis, and for monitoring of disease progression and AD drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hongmei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
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Ott K, Heikkinen T, Lehtimäki KK, Paldanius K, Puoliväli J, Pussinen R, Andriambeloson E, Huyard B, Wagner S, Schnack C, Wahler A, von Einem B, von Arnim CAF, Burmeister Y, Weyer K, Seilheimer B. Vertigoheel promotes rodent cognitive performance in multiple memory tests. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1183023. [PMID: 37325043 PMCID: PMC10264630 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1183023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment associated with old age or various brain disorders may be very disabling for affected individuals, placing their carers and public health services under considerable stress. The standard-of-care drugs produce only transient improvement of cognitive impairment in older people, so the search for novel, safe and effective therapeutics that would help to reverse or delay cognitive impairment is warranted. Repurposing pharmacological therapies with well-established safety record for additional indications is a promising recent trend in drug development. Vertigoheel (VH-04), a multicomponent drug made of Ambra grisea, Anamirta cocculus L., Conium maculatum, and Petroleum rectificatum, has been successfully used for several decades in the treatment of vertigo. Here, we investigated effects of VH-04 on cognitive performance in standard behavioral tests assessing different types of memory and explored cellular and molecular underpinnings of VH-04's biological activity. Methods In the majority of behavioral experiments, namely in the spontaneous and rewarded alternation tests, passive avoidance test, contextual/cued fear conditioning, and social transmission of food preference, we examined the ability of single and repeated intraperitoneal administrations of VH-04 to improve cognitive parameters of mice and rats disrupted by the application of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. In addition, we also assessed how VH-04 affected novel object recognition and influenced performance of aged animals in Morris water maze. Furthermore, we also studied the effects of VH-04 on primary hippocampal neurons in vitro and mRNA expression of synaptophysin in the hippocampus. Results Administration of VH-04 positively influenced visual recognition memory in the novel object recognition test and alleviated the impairments in spatial working memory and olfactory memory caused by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine in the spontaneous alternation and social transmission of food preference tests. In addition, VH-04 improved retention of the spatial orientation memory of old rats in the Morris water maze. In contrast, VH-04 did not have significant effects on scopolamine-induced impairments in tests of fear-aggravated memory or rewarded alternation. Experiments in vitro showed that VH-04 stimulated neurite growth and possibly reversed the age-dependent decrease in hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA expression, which implies that VH-04 may preserve synaptic integrity in the aging brain. Discussion Our findings allow a cautious conclusion that in addition to its ability to alleviate manifestations of vertigo, VH-04 may be also used as a cognitive enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anke Wahler
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Christine A. F. von Arnim
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Hosen ME, Rahman MS, Faruqe MO, Khalekuzzaman M, Islam MA, Acharjee UK, Zaman R. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation approach of Camellia sinensis leaf extract derived compounds as potential cholinesterase inhibitors. In Silico Pharmacol 2023; 11:14. [PMID: 37255739 PMCID: PMC10225450 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-023-00151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) belongs to the family Theaceae and contains many phytochemicals that are effective against various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we aimed to characterize the phytochemicals present in the methanolic and n-hexane leaf extracts of C. sinensis using GC-MS, FTIR, and UV-visible analysis. We detected a total of 19 compounds of different chemical classes. We also performed molecular docking studies using the GC-MS detected phytochemicals, targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE, PBD ID: 4BDT) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, PDB ID: 6QAB), which are responsible for the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). This breakdown leads to dementia and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients. The compounds Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3.beta.,5.alpha.,22E)- and Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) showed better binding affinity against AChE, while dl-.alpha.-Tocopherol and Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3.beta.,5.alpha.,22E)- showed better binding affinity against BChE. We determined the stability and rigidity of these best docked complexes through molecular dynamics simulation for a period of 100 ns. All complexes showed stability in terms of SASA, Rg, and hydrogen bonds, but some variations were found in the RMSD values. Our ADMET analysis revealed that all lead compounds are non-toxic. Therefore, these compounds could be potential inhibitors of AChE and BChE. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Eram Hosen
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sojiur Rahman
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Omar Faruqe
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Khalekuzzaman
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asadul Islam
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Uzzal Kumar Acharjee
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Rashed Zaman
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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Kim SW, Lee JH, Kim B, Yang G, Kim JU. Natural Products as the Potential to Improve Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108827. [PMID: 37240173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are the two most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world, and their incidence rates are increasing as our society ages. This creates a significant social and economic burden. Although the exact cause and treatment methods for these diseases are not yet known, research suggests that Alzheimer's disease is caused by amyloid precursor protein, while α-synuclein acts as a causative agent in Parkinson's disease. The accumulation of abnormal proteins such as these can lead to symptoms such as loss of protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, which ultimately result in the death of nerve cells and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The medications currently available for these diseases only delay their progression and have many adverse effects, which has led to increased interest in developing natural products with fewer adverse effects. In this study, we selected specific keywords and thesis content to investigate natural products that are effective in treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We reviewed 16 papers on natural products and found that they showed promising mechanisms of action such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial function improvement. Other natural products with similar properties could also be considered potential treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, and they can be consumed as part of a healthy diet rather than as medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Kim
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
- Da Capo Co., Ltd., Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjung Kim
- Department of Oriental Health Management, Kyung Hee Cyber University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabsik Yang
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
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Aguilar Barberà M, Soler Girabau P, Tabuenca Martín AI, Prieto Del Val L. Fortasyn Connect Improves Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Results from a Retrospective Real-World Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:621-631. [PMID: 37066911 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) manifest in the early stages of the disease and impair patients' and caregivers' quality of life. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of the nutritional supplement Fortasyn Connect on BPSD for 12 months in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in clinical practice. METHODS Retrospective, national, single-center study of 236 patients (158 MCI and 78 dementia; 55.1% of AD etiology). BPSD were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) at month 3, 6, and 12. Cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS), and everyday functioning (Blessed Dementia Scale, BLS-D; Rapid Disability Rating Scale 2, RDRS2) were also evaluated. RESULTS Total NPI score, caregiver impact, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, apathy, and irritability improved after 3, 6, and 12 months from Fortasyn Connect initiation (p < 0.001). NPI decreases were more pronounced when baseline NPI score was higher than > 20 points (p < 0.001). The benefit was independent of gender, age, diagnosis, etiology, or concomitant treatment (p < 0.0001), although larger decreases in NPI total score were observed in MCI patients (p < 0.0001). After 12 months, GDS scores decreased (p = 0.042), and MMSE, BLS-D, and RDRS 2 scores remained stable. CONCLUSION Fortasyn Connect improved BPSD over at least a year in patients with MCI and dementia. Depression, anxiety, apathy, and irritability were the symptoms that improved the most. The benefit was independent of patients' characteristics and treatment but was greater if prescribed early and when baseline NPI scores were higher.
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Ailioaie LM, Ailioaie C, Litscher G. Photobiomodulation in Alzheimer's Disease-A Complementary Method to State-of-the-Art Pharmaceutical Formulations and Nanomedicine? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:916. [PMID: 36986776 PMCID: PMC10054386 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative disorder, usually develops slowly but gradually worsens. It accounts for approximately 70% of dementia cases worldwide, and is recognized by WHO as a public health priority. Being a multifactorial disease, the origins of AD are not satisfactorily understood. Despite huge medical expenditures and attempts to discover new pharmaceuticals or nanomedicines in recent years, there is no cure for AD and not many successful treatments are available. The current review supports introspection on the latest scientific results from the specialized literature regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of brain photobiomodulation, as a complementary method with implications in AD. State-of-the-art pharmaceutical formulations, development of new nanoscale materials, bionanoformulations in current applications and perspectives in AD are highlighted. Another goal of this review was to discover and to speed transition to completely new paradigms for the multi-target management of AD, to facilitate brain remodeling through new therapeutic models and high-tech medical applications with light or lasers in the integrative nanomedicine of the future. In conclusion, new insights from this interdisciplinary approach, including the latest results from photobiomodulation (PBM) applied in human clinical trials, combined with the latest nanoscale drug delivery systems to easily overcome protective brain barriers, could open new avenues to rejuvenate our central nervous system, the most fascinating and complex organ. Picosecond transcranial laser stimulation could be successfully used to cross the blood-brain barrier together with the latest nanotechnologies, nanomedicines and drug delivery systems in AD therapy. Original, smart and targeted multifunctional solutions and new nanodrugs may soon be developed to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Constantin Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- President of ISLA (International Society for Medical Laser Applications), Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
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22
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Enzyme Inhibitors from Gorgonians and Soft Corals. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020104. [PMID: 36827145 PMCID: PMC9963996 DOI: 10.3390/md21020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, gorgonians and soft corals have been considered promising sources of bioactive compounds, attracting the interest of scientists from different fields. As the most abundant bioactive compounds within these organisms, terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids have received the highest coverage in the scientific literature. However, enzyme inhibitors, a functional class of bioactive compounds with high potential for industry and biomedicine, have received much less notoriety. Thus, we revised scientific literature (1974-2022) on the field of marine natural products searching for enzyme inhibitors isolated from these taxonomic groups. In this review, we present representative enzyme inhibitors from an enzymological perspective, highlighting, when available, data on specific targets, structures, potencies, mechanisms of inhibition, and physiological roles for these molecules. As most of the characterization studies for the new inhibitors remain incomplete, we also included a methodological section presenting a general strategy to face this goal by accomplishing STRENDA (Standards for Reporting Enzymology Data) project guidelines.
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23
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Zhang Z, Chen L, Guo Y, Li D, Zhang J, Liu L, Fan W, Guo T, Qin S, Zhao Y, Xu Z, Chen Z. The neuroprotective and neural circuit mechanisms of acupoint stimulation for cognitive impairment. Chin Med 2023; 18:8. [PMID: 36670425 PMCID: PMC9863122 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a prevalent neurological disorder that burdens families and the healthcare system. Current conventional therapies for cognitive impairment, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, are unable to completely stop or reverse the progression of the disease. Also, these medicines may cause serious problems with the digestive system, cardiovascular system, and sleep. Clinically, stimulation of acupoints has the potential to ameliorate the common symptoms of a variety of cognitive disorders, such as memory deficit, language dysfunction, executive dysfunction, reduced ability to live independently, etc. There are common acupoint stimulation mechanisms for treating various types of cognitive impairment, but few systematic analyses of the underlying mechanisms in this domain have been performed. This study comprehensively reviewed the basic research from the last 20 years and found that acupoint stimulation can effectively improve the spatial learning and memory of animals. The common mechanism may be that acupoint stimulation protects hippocampal neurons by preventing apoptosis and scavenging toxic proteins. Additionally, acupoint stimulation has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, promoting neural regeneration, regulating synaptic plasticity, and normalizing neural circuits by restoring brain functional activity and connectivity. Acupoint stimulation also inhibits the production of amyloid β-peptide and the phosphorylation of Tau protein, suggesting that it may protect neurons by promoting correct protein folding and regulating the degradation of toxic proteins via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. However, the benefits of acupoint stimulation still need to be further explored in more high-quality studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhang
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuyi Chen
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Fan
- grid.412879.10000 0004 0374 1074Department of Rehabilitation Physical Therapy Course, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka City, 5100293 Japan
| | - Tao Guo
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Siru Qin
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yadan Zhao
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zelin Chen
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381 People’s Republic of China
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Gholami A, Minai-Tehrani D, Eriksson LA. In silico and in vitro studies confirm Ondansetron as a novel acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:643. [PMID: 36635365 PMCID: PMC9837033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is growing rapidly among the elderly population around the world. Studies show that a lack of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine due to the overexpression of enzymes Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) may lead to reduced communication between neuron cells. As a result, seeking novel inhibitors targeting these enzymes might be vital for the future treatment of AD. Ondansetron is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation treatments and is herein shown to be a potent inhibitor of cholinesterase. Comparison is made between Ondansetron and FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors Rivastigmine and Tacrine. Molecular docking demonstrates that interactions between the studied ligand and aromatic residues in the peripheral region of the active site are important in binding. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding pose metadynamics show that Ondansetron is highly potent against both enzymes and far better than Rivastigmine. Inhibitor activities evaluated by in vitro studies confirm that the drug inhibits AChE and BChE by non-competitive and mixed inhibition, respectively, with IC50 values 33 µM (AChE) and 2.5 µM (BChE). Based on the findings, we propose that Ondansetron may have therapeutic applications in inhibiting cholinesterase, especially for BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Gholami
- grid.412502.00000 0001 0686 4748Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran ,grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dariush Minai-Tehrani
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leif A. Eriksson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Le WD, Yang C, Yang Q, Xiang Y, Zeng XR, Xiao J. The neuroprotective effects of oxygen therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: a narrative review. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799509 PMCID: PMC9241400 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease that primarily affects the elderly. Drug therapy is the main strategy for AD treatment, but current treatments suffer from poor efficacy and a number of side effects. Non-drug therapy is attracting more attention and may be a better strategy for treatment of AD. Hypoxia is one of the important factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Multiple cellular processes synergistically promote hypoxia, including aging, hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and traumatic brain injury. Increasing evidence has shown that hypoxia may affect multiple pathological aspects of AD, such as amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction. Treatments targeting hypoxia may delay or mitigate the progression of AD. Numerous studies have shown that oxygen therapy could improve the risk factors and clinical symptoms of AD. Increasing evidence also suggests that oxygen therapy may improve many pathological aspects of AD including amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, neurotrophic factors, mitochondrial function, cerebral blood volume, and protein synthesis. In this review, we summarized the effects of oxygen therapy on AD pathogenesis and the mechanisms underlying these alterations. We expect that this review can benefit future clinical applications and therapy strategies on oxygen therapy for AD.
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Žnidaršič N, Štrbenc M, Grgurevič N, Snoj T. Potential revival of cholinesterase inhibitors as drugs in veterinary medicine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1125618. [PMID: 36937006 PMCID: PMC10019356 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1125618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system is involved in the regulation of all organ systems and has acetylcholine (ACh) as almost its only neurotransmitter. Any substance is called cholinergic if it can alter the action of acetylcholine. Cholinesterases (ChEs) are enzymes that enable the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and in this way ensure homeostasis in cholinergic synapses. Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEi) are a group of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists that influence the activity of the cholinergic system. Several compounds that can inhibit cholinesterases are of importance to veterinary medicine from pharmacological and toxicological perspective. The frequency of their use in veterinary medicine has fluctuated over the years and is now reduced to a minimum. They are mainly used in agriculture as pesticides, and some are rarely used as parasiticides for companion animals and livestock. In recent years, interest in the use of new cholinesterase inhibitors has increased since canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) became a recognized and extensively studied disease. Similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans, CCD can be treated with cholinesterase inhibitors that cross the blood-brain barrier. In this review, the mammalian cholinergic system and the drugs that interact with cholinesterases are introduced. Cholinesterase inhibitors that can be used for the treatment of CCD are described in detail.
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Shen ZJ, Fu YB, Hou JL, Lin LN, Wang XY, Li CY, Yang YX. Integrating network pharmacology, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and molecular docking to investigate the effect and mechanism of Chuanxiong Renshen decoction against Alzheimer's disease. Chin Med 2022; 17:143. [PMID: 36566207 PMCID: PMC9789652 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chuanxiong Renshen decoction (CRD) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effects and active ingredients of CRD and its mechanism have not been clarified. We aimed to determine the neuroprotective effects of CRD in a triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3 × Tg-AD) and investigate the possible active ingredients and their mechanisms. METHODS Morris water maze (MWM) tests were used to determine the protective effect of CRD on learning and memory ability. Afterward, we used brain tissue staining, immunofluorescent staining and western blotting to detect the neuroprotective effects of CRD. Ultraperformance liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was applied to determine the ingredients of CRD, and the potential AD targets were obtained from DisGeNET and the GeneCards database. The protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network was built with the additional use of STRING 11.0. Metascape was used in the pathway enrichment analysis. Discovery Studio 2016 (DS) software was used to analyze the binding ability of CRD and AD-related genes. Finally, we verified the regulatory effect of CRD on the predicted core targets EGFR and CASP3 by western blotting. RESULTS Our study indicated that CRD can significantly improve learning and memory, reduce the expression of Aβ and protect neurons. A total of 95 ingredients were identified in the CRD. Then, 25 ingredients were identified in serum, and 5 ingredients were identified in the brain tissue homogenate. PPI network analysis identified CASP3, EGFR, APP, CNR1, HIF1A, PTGS2 and MTOR as hub targets. KEGG and GO analyses revealed that the TNF signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway were enriched in multiple targets. The results of molecular docking proved that the binding of the ingredients with potential key targets was excellent. The western blotting results showed that CRD could significantly reduce the expression of CASP3 and EGFR in the hippocampus of 3 × Tg-AD mice. Combined with literature analysis, we assumed the neuroprotective effect of CRD on AD may occur through regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION CRD significantly alleviated injury in 3 × Tg-AD mice. The possible active ingredients are ferulic acid, rutin, ginsenoside Rg1 and panaxydol. The therapeutic effect of CRD on AD is achieved through the downregulation of CASP3 and EGFR. The neuroprotective effect of CRD on AD may occur through regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Jun Shen
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Bo Fu
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Ling Hou
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Ning Lin
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yan Wang
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Yu Li
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xiao Yang
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Wang S, Ma Y, Huang Y, Hu Y, Huang Y, Wu Y. Potential bioactive compounds and mechanisms of Fibraurea recisa Pierre for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking prediction. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1052249. [PMID: 36570530 PMCID: PMC9772884 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1052249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese medicines have been documented to have anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activities according to the accumulated clinical experience and pharmacological research results in recent decades. In this study, Fibraurea recisa Pierre (FRP), the classic type of Heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese medicine, was selected as the object of research. Methods 12 components with anti-AD activities were identified in FRP by a variety of methods, including silica gel column chromatography, multiple databases, and literature searches. Then, network pharmacology and molecular docking were adopted to systematically study the potential anti-AD mechanism of these compounds. Consequently, it was found that these 12 compounds could act on 235 anti-AD targets, of which AKT and other targets were the core targets. Meanwhile, among these 235 targets, 71 targets were identified to be significantly correlated with the pathology of amyloid beta (Aβ) and Tau. Results and discussion In view of the analysis results of the network of active ingredients and targets, it was observed that palmatine, berberine, and other alkaloids in FRP were the key active ingredients for the treatment of AD. Further, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were the most significant signaling pathways for FRP to play an anti-AD role. Findings in our study suggest that multiple primary active ingredients in FRP can play a multitarget anti-AD effect by regulating key physiological processes such as neurotransmitter transmission and anti-inflammation. Besides, key ingredients such as palmatine and berberine in FRP are expected to be excellent leading compounds of multitarget anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,Center for Evidence Based Medical and Clinical Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,Center for Evidence Based Medical and Clinical Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuping Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Medical College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China,*Correspondence: Yuhui Hu,
| | - Yushan Huang
- Center for Evidence Based Medical and Clinical Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,Yushan Huang,
| | - Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,Yi Wu,
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for psychotic disorders: bench-side to clinic. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:1098-1112. [PMID: 36273943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern interest in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activators for schizophrenia began in the 1990s when xanomeline, an M1/M4-preferring mAChR agonist developed for cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), had unexpected antipsychotic activity. However, strategies to address tolerability concerns associated with activation of peripheral mAChRs were not available at that time. The discovery of specific targeted ligands and combination treatments to reduce peripheral mAChR engagement have advanced the potential of mAChR activators as effective treatments for psychotic disorders. This review provides perspectives on the background of the identification of mAChRs as potential antipsychotics, advances in the preclinical understanding of mAChRs as targets, and the current state of mAChR activators under active clinical development for schizophrenia.
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Rastegari A, Manayi A, Rezakazemi M, Eftekhari M, Khanavi M, Akbarzadeh T, Saeedi M. Phytochemical analysis and anticholinesterase activity of aril of Myristica fragrans Houtt. BMC Chem 2022; 16:106. [PMID: 36437466 PMCID: PMC9703800 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ethyl acetate fraction of Myristica fragrans Houtt. was investigated for its in vitro anticholinesterase activity as well as neuroprotectivity against H2O2-induced cell death in PC12 neuronal cells and the ability to chelate bio-metals (Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+). The fraction was inactive toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE); however, it inhibited the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 value of 68.16 µg/mL, compared with donepezil as the reference drug (IC50 = 1.97 µg/mL) via Ellman's method. It also showed good percentage of neuroprotection (86.28% at 100 µg/mL) against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and moderate metal chelating ability toward Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+. The phytochemical study led to isolation and identification of malabaricone A (1), malabaricone C (2), 4-(4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutyl)benzene-1,2-diol (3), nectandrin B (4), macelignan (5), and 4-(4-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-methoxy-2,3-dimethylbutyl)-2-methoxyphenol (6) which were assayed for their cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity. Compounds 1 and 3 were not previously reported for M. fragrans. Among isolated compounds, compound 2 showed the best activity toward both AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 25.02 and 22.36 μM, respectively, compared with donepezil (0.07 and 4.73 μM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rastegari
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Manayi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rezakazemi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Eftekhari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Khanavi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Nielsen RE, Grøntved S, Lolk A, Andersen K, Valentin JB. Real-world effects of anti-dementia treatment on mortality in patients with Alzheimer´s dementia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31625. [PMID: 36397447 PMCID: PMC9666173 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the real-world effects of the cholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) on all-cause mortality. A nationwide, retrospective cohort study. Participants were diagnosed with incident AD in Denmark from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2011 with follow-up until December 31, 2012. A total of 36,513 participants were included in the current study with 22,063 deaths during 132,426 person-years of follow-up. At baseline, patients not treated with AChEI (n = 28,755 [9961 males (35%)]) had a mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of 80.33 ± 7.98 years (78.97 ± 8.26 for males and 81.04 ± 7.98 for females), as compared to 79.95 ± 7.67 (78.87 ± 7.61 for males and 80.61 ± 7.63 for females) in the group exposed at baseline. Patients treated with AChEI had a beneficial hazard ratio (HR) of 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.67-0.71) for all-cause mortality as compared to patients not treated, with donepezil (HR 0.80, 95% CI [0.77-0.82]) and galantamine (HR 0.93,95% CI [0.89-0.97]) having beneficial effects on mortality rate as compared to non-treatment, whereas rivastigmine (HR 0.99, 95% CI [0.95-1.03]) was associated with a mortality rate comparable to non-treatment with AChEI. Patients were primarily exposed to donepezil (65.8%) with rivastigmine (19.8%) and galantamine (14.4%) being used less often. These findings underscore the effect of AChEI on not only reducing speed of cognitive decline but also directly prolonging life, which could result in changes in treatment recommendation for when to stop treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Ernst Nielsen
- Aalborg University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: René Ernst Nielsen, Psychiatry - Aalborg University Hospital, Unit for Psychiatric Research, Mølleparkvej 10, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark (e-mail: )
| | - Simon Grøntved
- Aalborg University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Lolk
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Mental Health, Odense, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Mental Health, Odense, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jan B. Valentin
- Aalborg University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aalborg, Denmark
- Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research (DACS), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Multitargeted Molecular Docking and Dynamic Simulation Studies of Bioactive Compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis against Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217241. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been associated with the hallmark features of cholinergic dysfunction, amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and impaired synaptic transmission, which makes the associated proteins, such as β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE I), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and synapsin I, II and III, major targets for therapeutic intervention. The present study investigated the therapeutic potential of three major phytochemicals of Rosmarinus officinalis, ursolic acid (UA), rosmarinic acid (RA) and carnosic acid (CA), based on their binding affinity with AD-associated proteins. Detailed docking studies were conducted using AutoDock vina followed by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations using Amber 20. The docking analysis of the selected molecules showed the binding energies of their interaction with the target proteins, while MD simulations comprising root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) and molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) binding free energy calculations were carried out to check the stability of bound complexes. The drug likeness and the pharmacokinetic properties of the selected molecules were also checked through the Lipinski filter and ADMETSAR analysis. All these bioactive compounds demonstrated strong binding affinity with AChE, BACE1 and synapsin I, II and III. The results showed UA and RA to be potential inhibitors of AChE and BACE1, exhibiting binding energies comparable to those of donepezil, used as a positive control. The drug likeness and pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds also demonstrated drug-like characteristics, indicating the need for further in vitro and in vivo investigations to ascertain their therapeutic potential for AD.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Neuroprotective Effects of Sarcosine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5467498. [PMID: 36281465 PMCID: PMC9587910 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5467498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by behavioral and psychological symptoms in addition to cognitive impairment and loss of memory. The exact pathogenesis and genetic background of AD are unclear and there remains no effective treatment option. Sarcosine, an n-methyl derivative of glycine, showed a promising therapeutic strategy for some cognitive disorders. To our knowledge, the impacts of sarcosine supplementation against AD have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to determine the neuroprotective potential of sarcosine in in vitro and in vivo AD model. In vitro studies have demonstrated that sarcosine increased the percentage of viable cells against aluminum induced neurotoxicity. In AlCl3-induced rat model of AD, the level of antioxidant capacity was significantly decreased and expression levels of APP, BACE1, TNF-α, APH1A, and PSENEN genes were elevated compared to the control group. Additionally, histopathological examinations of the hippocampus of AlCl3-induced rat brains showed the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). However, the administration of sarcosine produced marked improvement and protection of AD-associated pathologies induced by AlCl3 in experimental rats. Therefore, this investigation may contribute to design novel therapeutic strategies using sarcosine for the management of AD pathologies.
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Amyloid β, Lipid Metabolism, Basal Cholinergic System, and Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012092. [PMID: 36292947 PMCID: PMC9603563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of insoluble aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) in the form of neuritic plaques (NPs) is one of the main features that define Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have suggested that the accumulation of these peptides in the brain significantly contributes to extensive neuronal loss. Furthermore, the content and distribution of cholesterol in the membrane have been shown to have an important effect on the production and subsequent accumulation of Aβ peptides in the plasma membrane, contributing to dysfunction and neuronal death. The monomeric forms of these membrane-bound peptides undergo several conformational changes, ranging from oligomeric forms to beta-sheet structures, each presenting different levels of toxicity. Aβ peptides can be internalized by particular receptors and trigger changes from Tau phosphorylation to alterations in cognitive function, through dysfunction of the cholinergic system. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of lipids in Alzheimer’s disease and their relationship with the basal cholinergic system, as well as potential disease-modifying therapies.
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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Tyler SEB, Tyler LDK. Therapeutic roles of plants for 15 hypothesised causal bases of Alzheimer's disease. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:34. [PMID: 35996065 PMCID: PMC9395556 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is progressive and ultimately fatal, with current drugs failing to reverse and cure it. This study aimed to find plant species which may provide therapeutic bioactivities targeted to causal agents proposed to be driving AD. A novel toolkit methodology was employed, whereby clinical symptoms were translated into categories recognized in ethnomedicine. These categories were applied to find plant species with therapeutic effects, mined from ethnomedical surveys. Survey locations were mapped to assess how this data is at risk. Bioactivities were found of therapeutic relevance to 15 hypothesised causal bases for AD. 107 species with an ethnological report of memory improvement demonstrated therapeutic activity for all these 15 causal bases. The majority of the surveys were found to reside within biodiversity hotspots (centres of high biodiversity under threat), with loss of traditional knowledge the most common threat. Our findings suggest that the documented plants provide a large resource of AD therapeutic potential. In demonstrating bioactivities targeted to these causal bases, such plants may have the capacity to reduce or reverse AD, with promise as drug leads to target multiple AD hallmarks. However, there is a need to preserve ethnomedical knowledge, and the habitats on which this knowledge depends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke D K Tyler
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
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Serotonin 5-HT 6 Receptor Ligands and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Displaying Antioxidant Activity-Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Multifunctional Agents against Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169443. [PMID: 36012707 PMCID: PMC9409043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration leading to Alzheimer’s disease results from a complex interplay of a variety of processes including misfolding and aggregation of amyloid beta and tau proteins, neuroinflammation or oxidative stress. Therefore, to address more than one of these, drug discovery programmes focus on the development of multifunctional ligands, preferably with disease-modifying and symptoms-reducing potential. Following this idea, herein we present the design and synthesis of multifunctional ligands and biological evaluation of their 5-HT6 receptor affinity (radioligand binding assay), cholinesterase inhibitory activity (spectroscopic Ellman’s assay), antioxidant activity (ABTS assay) and metal-chelating properties, as well as a preliminary ADMET properties evaluation. Based on the results we selected compound 14 as a well-balanced and potent 5-HT6 receptor ligand (Ki = 22 nM) and human BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 16 nM) with antioxidant potential expressed as a reduction of ABTS radicals by 35% (150 μM). The study also revealed additional metal-chelating properties of compounds 15 and 18. The presented compounds modulating Alzheimer’s disease-related processes might be further developed as multifunctional ligands against the disease.
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Malik N, Amber S, Zahid S. Rosmarinus officinalis and Methylphenidate Exposure Improves Cognition and Depression and Regulates Anxiety-Like Behavior in AlCl3-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:943163. [PMID: 36034857 PMCID: PMC9411514 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.943163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological illness that causes severe cognitive impairment. AD patients also experience at least one of the neuropsychiatric symptoms including apathy, depression, and anxiety during the course of their life. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are the available treatment options to alleviate cognitive deficits, whereas methylphenidate (MPH), a psychostimulant, is considered for the treatment of apathy in AD patients. Rosmarinus officinalis, a perennial herb, has been potentially known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the potential effects of MPH and R. officinalis in comparison with the standard drug, Donepezil, on cognition, anxiety, and depression in the AlCl3-induced mouse model of AD. The animals were divided into eight groups (n = 8, each). The results revealed that the MPH- and R. officinalis-treated groups significantly improved memory impairment, whereas R. officinalis substantially reduced depression and anxiety as compared with other treatment groups. MPH treatment induced an antidepressant effect and increased anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, the AlCl3 exposure led to the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in mice hippocampus; however, none of the tested drugs caused a significant reduction in amyloid burden at the selected doses. The present study suggested the potential of R. officinalis to improve memory as well as neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD. Although R. officinalis improved cognitive abilities, it did not reduce the amyloid plaque burden, which indicates that the memory-enhancing effects of R. officinalis are due to some alternate mechanism that needs to be explored further.
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James JP, Sasidharan P, Mandal SP, Dixit SR. Virtual Screening of Alkaloids and Flavonoids as Acetylcholinesterase and MAO-B Inhibitors by Molecular Docking and Dynamic Simulation Studies. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jainey P. James
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), NITTE (Deemed to Be University), Mangaluru, India
| | - Pradija Sasidharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), NITTE (Deemed to Be University), Mangaluru, India
| | - Subhankar P. Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, India
| | - Sheshagiri R. Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, India
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Pandey N, Vinod PK. Model scenarios for cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer's disease. iScience 2022; 25:104543. [PMID: 35747391 PMCID: PMC9209725 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Aberrant production and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide into plaques is a frequent feature of AD, but therapeutic approaches targeting Aβ accumulation fail to inhibit disease progression. The approved cholinesterase inhibitor drugs are symptomatic treatments. During human brain development, the progenitor cells differentiate into neurons and switch to a postmitotic state. However, cell cycle re-entry often precedes loss of neurons. We developed mathematical models of multiple routes leading to cell cycle re-entry in neurons that incorporate the crosstalk between cell cycle, neuronal, and apoptotic signaling mechanisms. We show that the integration of multiple feedback loops influences disease severity making the switch to pathological state irreversible. We observe that the transcriptional changes associated with this transition are also characteristics of the AD brain. We propose that targeting multiple arms of the feedback loop may bring about disease-modifying effects in AD. Developed mathematical models of cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer's disease (AD) Integration of multiple feedback loops drives irreversible transition to AD Predicted transcriptional dysregulation is validated using AD gene expression data Inhibition of self-amplifying feedback loops brings about disease-modifying effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Pandey
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032 India
| | - P K Vinod
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032 India
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Knez D, Gobec S, Hrast M. Screening of Big Pharma’s Library against Various in-house Biological Targets. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144484. [PMID: 35889355 PMCID: PMC9320114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Open innovation initiatives provide opportunities for collaboration and sharing of knowledge and experience between industry, academia, and government institutions. Through open innovation, Merck is offering a Mini Library of 80 carefully selected compounds from previous research and development projects to a broader scientific community for testing in academic drug discovery projects. These compounds are predominantly drug-like and cover a broad range of molecular targets. They could potentially interact with other enzymes, receptors, transporters, and ion channels of interest. The Mini Library was tested on seven in-house enzymes (bacterial MurA, MurC ligase, and DdlB enzyme, human MAO-A/B, human BChE, and murine AChE), and several hits were identified. A follow-up series of structural analogues provided by Merck gave a more detailed insight into the accessibility and the quality of the hit compounds. For example, sartan derivatives were moderate inhibitors of MurC, whereas bisarylureas were potent, selective, nanomolar inhibitors of hMAO-B. Importantly, 3-n-butyl-substituted indoles were identified as low nanomolar selective inhibitors of hBChE. All in all, the hit derivatives provide new starting points for the further exploration of the chemical space of high-quality enzyme inhibitors.
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Wahid F, Jan T, Al-Joufi FA, Ali Shah SW, Nisar M, Zahoor M. Amelioration of Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Experimental Mice Using the Medicinal Plant Salvia moorcroftiana. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070894. [PMID: 35884701 PMCID: PMC9320495 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia moorcroftiana is medicinally used in various parts of the world to treat a number of diseases. In the literature, the antiamnesic activity of this plant has not yet been reported. Therefore, the current study was aimed at evaluating the in vivo antiamnesic (scopolamine-induced) potential of Salvia moorcroftiana. The major phytochemical groups such as total phenolic (TPC), total tannin (TTC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) in methanolic extract (SlMo-Crd) and subsequent fractions of Salvia moorcroftiana were quantified using standard methods. The in vitro anticholinesterase (against butyryl cholinesterase; BChE and acetylcholinesterase; AChE) and antioxidant (against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DPPH and 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); ABTS free radicals) potentials of crude (SIMO-Crd) extract and fractions (hexane; SlMo-Hex, chloroform; SlMo-Chl, ethyl acetate; SlMo-Et) were also determined. The SlMo-Crd at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight compared to fractions of 75 and 150 mg/kg body weight (which were 1/10th of the highest dose tested in acute toxicity tests) were evaluated for their memory enhancement and learning behavior in normal and scopolamine-induced mental dysfunction in mice using behavioral memory tests such as the Y-maze test and novel object recognition test (NORT). Moreover, the samples were further evaluated for acetylcholine contents and biochemical markers such as MDA (malondialdehyde), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and GSH (glutathione peroxidase) levels. The maximum TPC with a value of 114.81 ± 1.15 mg GAE/g, TTC with a value of 106.79 ± 1.07 mg GAE/g, and TFC with a value of 194.29 ± 0.83 mg RE/g were recorded for the SlMo-Chl fraction. Against the DPPH free radical, the methanolic extract exhibited an IC50 value of 95.29 ± 1.06 µg/mL whereas, among the fractions, the best activity was observed for the SlMo-Chl fraction with an IC50 of 75.02 ± 0.91 µg/mL, followed by SlMoS-Et with an IC50 value of 88.71 ± 0.87 µg/mL. Among the extracts, the SlMo-Chl and SlMo-Et fractions inverted the amnesic effects of scopolamine in mice effectively. Additionally, the SlMo-Chl and SIMO-Et fractions considerably enhanced the percent spontaneous alteration performance in the Y-maze test with values of 65.18 ± 2.61/69.51 ± 2.71 and 54.92 ± 2.49/60.41 ± 2.69, respectively, for the tested doses. The discrimination index (DI) in experimental mice was considerably enhanced by the SlMo-Chl in the NORT with values of 59.81 ± 1.21/61.22 ± 1.31% DI correspondingly for the tested doses, as mentioned above, followed by the SlMo-Et extract. The selected plant in the form of extracts ameliorated the effects of amnesia in mice and could, therefore, be used as a therapy for amnesia; however, this is subject to further exploration in other animal models and the isolation of the responsible compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Wahid
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Pakistan; (F.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Tour Jan
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Pakistan; (F.W.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.Z.)
| | - Fakhria A. Al-Joufi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syed Wadood Ali Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammad Nisar
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Pakistan; (F.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Dir (Lower), Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.Z.)
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Synthesis and evaluation of new 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamides as potent inhibitors against acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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44
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LC-MS/MS assay of fluoropezil and its two major metabolites in human plasma: an application to pharmacokinetic studies. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:817-829. [PMID: 35735138 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: LC-MS/MS methods were developed for pharmacokinetic analysis and verified to measure fluoropezil, a new AchE inhibitor for Alzheimer's disease treatment, and its two primary metabolites (N-debenzyl fluoride fluoropezil [M1] and N-oxidized fluoropezil [M11]) in human plasma. Methods & results: Analytes were extracted from 50 μl plasma using protein precipitation and separated by HPLC using a bridged ethyl hybrid column and gradient elution procedure. Analytical detection was performed with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and electrospray ionization source in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The LC-MS/MS method was fully validated. The quantification linear ranges were 0.100-50.0 ng/ml (fluoropezil), 0.0500-25.0 ng/ml (M1) and 0.0500-25.0 ng/ml (M11). Conclusion: A sensitive, reliable LC-MS/MS method was established and used successfully to explore the pharmacokinetics of fluoropezil.
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Farhoudi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mahmoudi J, Farjami A, Farjami A, Mahmoudian M, Salatin S. The therapeutic benefits of intravenously administrated nanoparticles in stroke and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1985-2000. [PMID: 35676838 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220608093639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mean global lifetime risk of neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) has shown a large effect on economy and society.Researchersare stillstruggling to find effective drugs to treatneurological disordersand drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major challenge to be overcome. The BBB is a specialized multicellular barrier between the peripheral blood circulation and the neural tissue. Unique and selective features of the BBB allow it to tightly control brain homeostasis as well as the movement of ions and molecules. Failure in maintaining any of these substances causes BBB breakdown and subsequently enhances neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.BBB disruption is evident in many neurologicalconditions.Nevertheless, the majority of currently available therapies have tremendous problems for drug delivery into the impaired brain. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered as a profound substitute to solve this problem. NPs are colloidal systems with a size range of 1-1000 nm whichcan encapsulate therapeutic payloads, improve drug passage across the BBB, and target specific brain areas in neurodegenerative/ischemic diseases. A wide variety of NPs has been displayed for the efficient brain delivery of therapeutics via intravenous administration, especially when their surfaces are coated with targeting moieties. Here, we discuss recent advances in the development of NP-based therapeutics for the treatment of stroke, PD, and AD as well as the factors affecting their efficacy after systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Treatments and New Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061117. [PMID: 35745693 PMCID: PMC9228613 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The pathophysiology of this disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β, leading to the formation of senile plaques, and by the intracellular presence of neurofibrillary tangles based on hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In the therapeutic approach to AD, we can identify three important fronts: the approved drugs currently available for the treatment of the disease, which include aducanumab, donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, memantine, and a combination of memantine and donepezil; therapies under investigation that work mainly on Aβ pathology and tau pathology, and which include γ-secretase inhibitors, β-secretase inhibitors, α-secretase modulators, aggregation inhibitors, metal interfering drugs, drugs that enhance Aβ clearance, inhibitors of tau protein hyperphosphorylation, tau protein aggregation inhibitors, and drugs that promote the clearance of tau, and finally, other alternative therapies designed to improve lifestyle, thus contributing to the prevention of the disease. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze and describe current treatments and possible future alternatives in the therapeutic approach to AD.
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The Distribution of Glucosinolates in Different Phenotypes of Lepidium peruvianum and Their Role as Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors-In Silico and In Vitro Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094858. [PMID: 35563248 PMCID: PMC9101689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to present the fingerprint of different Lepidium peruvianum tuber extracts showing glucosinolates-containing substances possibly playing an important role in preventinting dementia and other memory disorders. Different phenotypes of Lepidium peruvianum (Brassicaceae) tubers were analysed for their glucosinolate profile using a liquid chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS platform). Qualitative analysis in 50% ethanolic extracts confirmed the presence of ten compounds: aliphatic, indolyl, and aromatic glucosinolates, with glucotropaeolin being the leading one, detected at levels between 0–1.57% depending on phenotype, size, processing, and collection site. The PCA analysis showed important variations in glucosinolate content between the samples and different ratios of the detected compounds. Applied in vitro activity tests confirmed inhibitory properties of extracts and single glucosinolates against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (15.3–28.9% for the extracts and 55.95–57.60% for individual compounds) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (71.3–77.2% for the extracts and 36.2–39.9% for individual compounds). The molecular basis for the activity of glucosinolates was explained through molecular docking studies showing that the tested metabolites interacted with tryptophan and histidine residues of the enzymes, most likely blocking their active catalytic side. Based on the obtained results and described mechanism of action, it could be concluded that glucosinolates exhibit inhibitory properties against two cholinesterases present in the synaptic cleft, which indicates that selected phenotypes of L. peruvianum tubers cultivated under well-defined environmental and ecological conditions may present a valuable plant material to be considered for the development of therapeutic products with memory-stimulating properties.
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Fan Z, Ren T, Wang Y, Jin H, Shi D, Tan X, Ge D, Hou Z, Jin X, Yang L. Aβ-responsive metformin-based supramolecular synergistic nanodrugs for Alzheimer's disease via enhancing microglial Aβ clearance. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Macht VA, Vetreno RP, Crews FT. Cholinergic and Neuroimmune Signaling Interact to Impact Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Alcohol Pathology Across Development. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:849997. [PMID: 35308225 PMCID: PMC8926387 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.849997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol) use and misuse is a costly societal issue that can affect an individual across the lifespan. Alcohol use and misuse typically initiates during adolescence and generally continues into adulthood. Not only is alcohol the most widely abused drug by adolescents, but it is also one of the most widely abused drugs in the world. In fact, high rates of maternal drinking make developmental ethanol exposure the most preventable cause of neurological deficits in the Western world. Preclinical studies have determined that one of the most consistent effects of ethanol is its disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the severity, persistence, and reversibility of ethanol’s effects on hippocampal neurogenesis are dependent on developmental stage of exposure and age at assessment. Complicating the neurodevelopmental effects of ethanol is the concurrent development and maturation of neuromodulatory systems which regulate neurogenesis, particularly the cholinergic system. Cholinergic signaling in the hippocampus directly regulates hippocampal neurogenesis through muscarinic and nicotinic receptor actions and indirectly regulates neurogenesis by providing anti-inflammatory regulatory control over the hippocampal environmental milieu. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate how shifting maturational patterns of the cholinergic system and its regulation of neuroimmune signaling impact ethanol’s effects on adult neurogenesis. For example, perinatal ethanol exposure decreases basal forebrain cholinergic neuron populations, resulting in long-term developmental disruptions to the hippocampus that persist into adulthood. Exaggerated neuroimmune responses and disruptions in adult hippocampal neurogenesis are evident after environmental, developmental, and pharmacological challenges, suggesting that perinatal ethanol exposure induces neurogenic deficits in adulthood that can be unmasked under conditions that strain neural and immune function. Similarly, adolescent ethanol exposure persistently decreases basal forebrain cholinergic neuron populations, increases hippocampal neuroimmune gene expression, and decreases hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood. The effects of neither perinatal nor adolescent ethanol are mitigated by abstinence whereas adult ethanol exposure-induced reductions in hippocampal neurogenesis are restored following abstinence, suggesting that ethanol-induced alterations in neurogenesis and reversibility are dependent upon the developmental period. Thus, the focus of this review is an examination of how ethanol exposure across critical developmental periods disrupts maturation of cholinergic and neuroinflammatory systems to differentially affect hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Macht
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Dimitriou T, Papatriantafyllou J, Konsta A, Kazis D, Athanasiadis L, Ioannidis P, Koutsouraki E, Tegos T, Tsolaki M. Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Wandering/Aberrant Motor Behaviour in Patients with Dementia. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020130. [PMID: 35203894 PMCID: PMC8869749 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aberrant motor behaviour or wandering refers to aimless movement without a specific purpose. Wandering is common in patients with dementia and leads to early institutionalization and caregivers’ burden. Non-pharmacological interventions should be also considered as a first-line solution for the wandering because current pharmacological treatment has serious side-effects. Methods: A cross-over randomised controlled trial (RCT) with 60 participants of all stages and different types of dementia was conducted in Greece. The sample was randomly assigned in 6 different groups of 10 participants each. Every intervention lasted for 5 days, and there were 2 days as a wash-out period. There was no drop-out rate. The measurements used were the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Functional Rating Scale for Symptoms in Dementia (FRSSD), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). The interventions that were evaluated were reminiscence therapy (RT), music therapy (MT), and physical exercise (PE). Results: NPI scores were reduced in the group receiving PE (p = 0.006). When MT (p = 0.018) follows PE, wandering symptoms are reduced further. RT should follow MT in order to reduce wandering more (p = 0.034). The same combination was effective for the caregivers’ burden as well; PE (p = 0.004), MT (p = 0.036), RT (p = 0.039). Conclusions: An effective combination that can reduce wandering symptoms in all stages and types of dementia was found: The best order was PH-MT-RT. The same combination in the same order reduced caregivers’ burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Dimitriou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 44 Salaminos Street, Halandri, 15232 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6978-113357
| | - John Papatriantafyllou
- 3rd Age Center IASIS, 2nd Neurology Department, University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ Hospital, 73 Krimeas str., Glyfada, 16562 Athens, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Konsta
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, “Papageorgiou” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (L.A.)
| | - Dimitrios Kazis
- 3rd Neurology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (E.K.); (T.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Loukas Athanasiadis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, “Papageorgiou” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (L.A.)
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Efrosini Koutsouraki
- 3rd Neurology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (E.K.); (T.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Thomas Tegos
- 3rd Neurology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (E.K.); (T.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Neurology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (E.K.); (T.T.); (M.T.)
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