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Zhang X, Maji KJ, Wang Z, Yang FF, Wang G, Cheng C. Associations between Different Ozone Indicators and Cardiovascular Hospital Admission: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Analysis in Guangzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2056. [PMID: 36767423 PMCID: PMC9916254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reported that ozone (O3) is associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, only few of these studies examined the impact of multiple O3 indicators on cardiovascular hospital admissions. This study aimed to explore and compare the impacts of different O3 indicators on cardiovascular hospital admissions in Guangzhou, China. Based upon the data on daily cardiovascular hospital admissions, air pollution, and meteorological factors in Guangzhou from 2014 to 2018, a time-stratified case-crossover design model was used to analyze the associations between different O3 indicators and cardiovascular hospital admissions. Moreover, the sensitivities of different age and gender groups were analyzed for the whole year and different seasons (i.e., warm and cold). During the warm season, for the single-pollutant model, the odds ratio (OR) value of cardiovascular hospital admissions was 1.0067 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0037, 1.0098) for every IQR increase in MDA8 O3 at a lag of five days. The effect of O3 on people over 60 year was stronger than that on the 15-60 years age group. Females were more sensitive than males to O3 exposure. These results provided valuable references for further scientific research and environmental improvement in Guangzhou. Given that short-term O3 exposure poses a threat to human health, the government should therefore pay attention to prevention and control policies to reduce and eliminate O3 pollution and protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kamal Jyoti Maji
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Zhuoqing Wang
- Department of Scientific Research & Discipline Development, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fiona Fan Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Changxiu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Beijing 100101, China
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Li L, Huang S, Tian Y, Ji J, Zhang Y, Hu J, Lv Z, Liu N, Wang P, Yin P, Yu S. Short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and ischemic stroke incidence in Shenzhen, China: Modification effects by season and temperature. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113644. [PMID: 35588618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES China has experienced a serious public health burden because of the increased incidence of ischemic stroke. Evidence describing the association between short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ischemic stroke morbidity is limited, and few studies have focused on the effects of season and temperature. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of NO2 on ischemic stroke incidence in Shenzhen, a southeastern city of China, considering the modified effects of season and temperature. METHODS A time-stratified case-crossover study was conducted between 2003 and 2014 among 98,482 ischemic stroke hospitalizations. Conditional quasi-Poisson regression was used to estimate the percentage changes in ischemic stroke admissions in relation to each 10 μg/m3 increment in NO2. RESULTS NO2 was positively associated with ischemic stroke onset over the full year, as well as in the cold season (November through April) and on cold days (ambient temperature≤median temperature), with significant single-day effects within 3 days after the exposure, and significant cumulative effects within the delayed five days. The maximum percentage changes were obtained at lag0-5, with 1.81% (95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.86-2.76%) over the full year, 2.75% (1.48-4.03%) in the cold season, and 3.04% (1.74-4.35%) on cold days. Additionally, the effects of exposure were found to be greater in males and people with higher education, and were lasting longer in subgroups of older individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that reductions in NO2 levels might decrease ischemic stroke morbidity, and enhance the understanding of ischemic stroke occurrence associated with NO2 modified by season and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Suli Huang
- Department of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Rd, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuchen Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Department of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Rd, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ziquan Lv
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Rd, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Rd, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Shuyuan Yu
- Department of Environment and Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Rd, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Chio CP, Lo WC, Tsuang BJ, Hu CC, Ku KC, Wang YS, Chen YJ, Lin HH, Chan CC. County-Wide Mortality Assessments Attributable to PM 2.5 Emissions from Coal Consumption in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1599. [PMID: 35162624 PMCID: PMC8835574 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Over one-third of energy is generated from coal consumption in Taiwan. In order to estimate the health impact assessment attributable to PM2.5 concentrations emitted from coal consumption in Taiwan. We applied a Gaussian trajectory transfer-coefficient model to obtain county-wide PM2.5 exposures from coal consumption, which includes coal-fired power plants and combined heat and power plants. Next, we calculated the mortality burden attributable to PM2.5 emitted by coal consumption using the comparative risk assessment framework developed by the Global Burden of Disease study. Based on county-level data, the average PM2.5 emissions from coal-fired plants in Taiwan was estimated at 2.03 ± 1.29 (range: 0.32-5.64) μg/m3. With PM2.5 increments greater than 0.1 μg/m3, there were as many as 16 counties and 66 air quality monitoring stations affected by coal-fired plants and 6 counties and 18 monitoring stations affected by combined heat and power plants. The maximum distances affected by coal-fired and combined heat and power plants were 272 km and 157 km, respectively. Our findings show that more counties were affected by coal-fired plants than by combined heat and power plants with significant increments of PM2.5 emissions. We estimated that 359.6 (95% CI: 334.8-384.9) annual adult deaths and 124.4 (95% CI: 116.4-132.3) annual premature deaths were attributable to PM2.5 emitted by coal-fired plants in Taiwan. Even in six counties without power plants, there were 75.8 (95% CI: 60.1-91.5) deaths and 25.8 (95%CI: 20.7-30.9) premature deaths annually attributable to PM2.5 emitted from neighboring coal-fired plants. This study presents a precise and effective integrated approach for assessing air pollution and the health impacts of coal-fired and combined heat and power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Pin Chio
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan;
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lo
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-C.H.)
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Master Program in Applied Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Jei Tsuang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (B.-J.T.); (K.-C.K.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Chieh-Chun Hu
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Kai-Chen Ku
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (B.-J.T.); (K.-C.K.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (B.-J.T.); (K.-C.K.); (Y.-S.W.)
| | | | - Hsien-Ho Lin
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan;
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
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Barua S, Nath SD. The impact of COVID-19 on air pollution: Evidence from global data. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2021. [PMID: 34754147 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3644198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is producing significant economic and social cost globally. As a cure or a treatment is yet unavailable, social distancing is considered the key way to prevent it. Mobility restrictions and confinement measures implemented across the world are considered to help reduce air pollution. However, empirical examination of the link between public mobility changes and air pollution during the COVID-19 period remains unavailable. This paper examines the short and long run impacts of mobility changes on carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by employing three dynamic estimators on a panel of 35 countries covering daily data from 15 February to April 17, 2020 - a period when most countries went into strict lockdowns. Findings show a consistent evidence at the all-countries level and across regions that long-run indoor mobility increases reduce CO emissions, while outdoor mobility increases across places such as transit stations, workplaces, grocery & pharmacies, retail & recreation, and parks drive up emissions. Among the regions studied, Europe excluding the EU and the UK (-8.4%), followed by East Asia and the Pacific (-4.3%), sees a larger emissions reduction from increased indoor mobility. While short-run effects are limited in general, emissions in US-Canada respond to indoor and outdoor mobility changes in both the short (1.1%) and long run (-1.4%). Findings overall indicate that reducing unnecessary outdoor mobility could help in maintaining air quality in the post-pandemic world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suborna Barua
- Department of International Business, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shobod Deba Nath
- Department of International Business, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Barua S, Nath SD. The impact of COVID-19 on air pollution: Evidence from global data. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2021; 298:126755. [PMID: 34754147 PMCID: PMC8570089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is producing significant economic and social cost globally. As a cure or a treatment is yet unavailable, social distancing is considered the key way to prevent it. Mobility restrictions and confinement measures implemented across the world are considered to help reduce air pollution. However, empirical examination of the link between public mobility changes and air pollution during the COVID-19 period remains unavailable. This paper examines the short and long run impacts of mobility changes on carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by employing three dynamic estimators on a panel of 35 countries covering daily data from 15 February to April 17, 2020 - a period when most countries went into strict lockdowns. Findings show a consistent evidence at the all-countries level and across regions that long-run indoor mobility increases reduce CO emissions, while outdoor mobility increases across places such as transit stations, workplaces, grocery & pharmacies, retail & recreation, and parks drive up emissions. Among the regions studied, Europe excluding the EU and the UK (-8.4%), followed by East Asia and the Pacific (-4.3%), sees a larger emissions reduction from increased indoor mobility. While short-run effects are limited in general, emissions in US-Canada respond to indoor and outdoor mobility changes in both the short (1.1%) and long run (-1.4%). Findings overall indicate that reducing unnecessary outdoor mobility could help in maintaining air quality in the post-pandemic world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suborna Barua
- Department of International Business, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shobod Deba Nath
- Department of International Business, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Su PF, Sie FC, Yang CT, Mau YL, Kuo S, Ou HT. Association of ambient air pollution with cardiovascular disease risks in people with type 2 diabetes: a Bayesian spatial survival analysis. Environ Health 2020; 19:110. [PMID: 33153466 PMCID: PMC7643356 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is limited on excess risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) associated with ambient air pollution in diabetic populations. Survival analyses without considering the spatial structure and possible spatial correlations in health and environmental data may affect the precision of estimation of adverse environmental pollution effects. We assessed the association between air pollution and CVDs in type 2 diabetes through a Bayesian spatial survival approach. METHODS Taiwan's national-level health claims and air pollution databases were utilized. Fine individual-level latitude and longitude were used to determine pollution exposure. The exponential spatial correlation between air pollution and CVDs was analyzed in our Bayesian model compared to traditional Weibull and Cox models. RESULTS There were 2072 diabetic patients included in analyses. PM2.5 and SO2 were significant CVD risk factors in our Bayesian model, but such associations were attenuated or underestimated in traditional models; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% credible interval (CrI) or confidence interval (CI) of CVDs for a 1 μg/m3 increase in the monthly PM2.5 concentration for our model, the Weibull and Cox models was 1.040 (1.004-1.073), 0.994 (0.984-1.004), and 0.994 (0.984-1.004), respectively. With a 1 ppb increase in the monthly SO2 concentration, adjusted HR (95% CrI or CI) was 1.886 (1.642-2.113), 1.092 (1.022-1.168), and 1.091 (1.021-1.166) for these models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Against traditional non-spatial analyses, our Bayesian spatial survival model enhances the assessment precision for environmental research with spatial survival data to reveal significant adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution among vulnerable diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fang Su
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Ci Sie
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Mau
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shihchen Kuo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Huang-Tz Ou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Kim A, Jung J, Hong J, Yoon SJ. Time series analysis of meteorological factors and air pollutants and their association with hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in Korea. Int J Cardiol 2020; 322:220-226. [PMID: 32841620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the association between multiple meteorological factors and air pollutants and the number of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cases using a multi-step process. METHODS Daily AMI hospitalizations matched with 16 meteorological factors and air pollutants in 7 metropolitan provinces of the Republic of Korea from 2002 to 2017 were analyzed. We chose the best fit model after conducting the Granger causality (GC) test and examined the daily lag time effect on the orthogonalized impulse response functions. To define dose-response relationships, we performed a time series analysis using multiple generalized additive lag models based on seasons. RESULTS A total of 196,762 cases of AMI in patients older than 20 years admitted for hospitalization were identified. The distribution of meteorological factors and air pollutants showed characteristics of a temperate climate. The GC test revealed a complex interaction between meteorological factors, including air pollutants, and AMI. The final selected factors were NO2 and temperature; these increased the incidence of AMI on lag day 4 during summer (NO2: population-attributable fraction [PAF], 3.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6-4.0; mean temperature: PAF, 3.3%; 95% CI, 2.7-3.9). CONCLUSIONS This multi-step time series analysis found that average temperature and NO2 are the most important factors impacting AMI hospitalizations, specifically during summer. Based on the model, we were able to visualize the effect-time association of meteorological factors and air pollutants and AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arim Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehun Jung
- Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Hong
- Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Saki H, Goudarzi G, Jalali S, Barzegar G, Farhadi M, Parseh I, Geravandi S, Salmanzadeh S, Yousefi F, Mohammadi MJ. Study of relationship between nitrogen dioxide and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Bushehr, Iran. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Tong H, Zavala J, McIntosh-Kastrinsky R, Sexton KG. Cardiovascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation: photochemically altered versus freshly emitted in mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:944-955. [PMID: 31566091 PMCID: PMC7308149 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1671278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the cardiovascular effects of inhaled photochemically altered diesel exhaust (aged DE) to freshly emitted DE (fresh DE) in female C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were exposed to either fresh DE, aged DE, or filtered air (FA) for 4 hr using an environmental irradiation chamber. Cardiac responses were assessed 8 hr after exposure utilizing Langendorff preparation with a protocol consisting of 20 min of perfusion and 20 min of ischemia followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. Cardiac function was measured by indices of left-ventricular-developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility (dP/dt) prior to ischemia. Recovery of post-ischemic LVDP was examined on reperfusion following ischemia. Fresh DE contained 460 µg/m3 of particulate matter (PM), 0.29 ppm of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and no ozone (O3), while aged DE consisted of 330 µg/m3 of PM, 0.23 ppm O3 and no NO2. Fresh DE significantly decreased LVDP, dP/dtmax, and dP/dtmin compared to FA. Aged DE also significantly reduced LVDP and dP/dtmax. Data demonstrated that acute inhalation to either fresh or aged DE lowered LVDP and dP/dt, with a greater fall noted with fresh DE, suggesting that the composition of DE may play a key role in DE-induced adverse cardiovascular effects in female C57Bl/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jose Zavala
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling’s School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rachel McIntosh-Kastrinsky
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling’s School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth G. Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling’s School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Tsai SS, Tsai CY, Yang CY. Fine particulate air pollution associated with increased risk of hospital admissions for hypertension in a tropical city, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:567-575. [PMID: 29667508 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1460788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether a correlation exists between fine particles (PM2.5) levels and number of hospital admissions for hypertension in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admission frequency and ambient air pollution data were obtained for Kaohsiung for 2009-2013. A time-stratified case-crossover method was used to estimate relative risk for hospital admissions, controlling for weather, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for a 10 µg/m3 increment of PM2.5 for lags from days 0 to 6. Data showed no significant associations between PM2.5 levels and number of hypertension-related hospital admissions on warm days (>25°C). However, on cool days (<25°C), a significant positive association was found with frequency of hypertension admissions in the single-pollutant model (without adjusting for other pollutants) with a 10 µg/m3 rise in PM2.5 on day of admission (lag 0) associated with a 12% increase in number of admissions for hypertension. In the two-pollutant model, the association of PM2.5 with rate of hypertension hospitalizations remained significant after including SO2 or O3 on lag day 0. Data demonstrate that an association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and elevated risk of hypertension-related hospital admissions may exist in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, a tropical city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Shyue Tsai
- a Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Tsai
- b Department of Management , Kaohsiung Municipal Cijin Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- c Department of Public Health , College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- d Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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Lee GW, Bae MJ, Yang JY, Son JW, Cho JL, Lee SG, Jang BM, Lee HW, Lim JS, Shin DC, Lim YW. Decreased blood pressure associated with in-vehicle exposure to carbon monoxide in Korean volunteers. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:34. [PMID: 29165122 PMCID: PMC5664420 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the primary components of emissions from light-duty vehicles, and reportedly comprises 77% of all pollutants emitted in terms of concentration. Exposure to CO aggravates cardiovascular disease and causes other health disorders. The study was aimed to assess the negative effects by injecting different amounts of CO concentration directly to human volunteers boarding in the car. Methods Human volunteers were exposed to CO concentrations of 0, 33.2, and 72.4 ppm, respectively during the first test and 0, 30.3, and 48.8 ppm respectively during the second test while seated in the car. The volunteers were exposed to each concentration for approximately 45 min. After exposure, blood pressure measurement, blood collection (carboxyhemoglobin [COHb] analysis), medical interview, echocardiography test, and cognitive reaction test were performed. Result In patients who were exposed to a mean concentration of CO for 72.4 ± 1.4 ppm during the first exposure test and 48.8 ± 3.7 ppm during the second exposure test, the COHb level exceeded 2%. Moreover, the diastolic blood pressure was decreased while increasing in CO concentration after exposure. The medical interview findings showed that the degree of fatigue was increased and the degree of concentration was reduced when the exposed concentration of CO was increased. Conclusion Although the study had a limited sample size, we found that even a low concentration of CO flowing into a car could have a negative influence on human health, such as change of blood pressure and degree of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Woo Lee
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea.,The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mun-Joo Bae
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Yang
- The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Son
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Lim Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Lee
- The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Jang
- The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Lee
- Korea Automobile Testing & Research Institute, 200 Samjon-ro, Songsan-myun, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Lim
- Korea Automobile Testing & Research Institute, 200 Samjon-ro, Songsan-myun, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dong-Chun Shin
- The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Lim
- The Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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12
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Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Yang CY. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on hospital admissions for hypertension: A time-stratified case-crossover study in Taipei. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:258-265. [PMID: 28598272 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1321095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was a correlation between fine particle (PM2.5) levels and hospital admissions for hypertension in Taipei, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for hypertension and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period from 2009 to 2013. The relative risk of hospital admissions was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), the risk of hospital admissions for hypertension was estimated to increase by 12% on warm days (>23°C) and 2% on cool days (<23°C), respectively. There was no indication of an association between levels of PM2.5 and risk of hospital admissions for hypertension. In two-pollutant model, PM2.5 remained nonsignificant after inclusion of any of the other air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, or O3) both on warm and cool days, but a numerically greater response was seen on warm days. Data thus indicate that in Taipei, hospital admissions for hypertension occur as a consequence of factors not related to ambient air exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Chiu
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Shang-Shyue Tsai
- b Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- c Department of Public Health , College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- d Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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Jones SJ, Lewis H, McCarthy J, James K, McFarlane K, Brunt H. Carbon monoxide alarms: a community distribution project. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-016-0737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Tsai SS, Weng YH, Chiu YW, Yang CY. Short-Term Effect of Coarse Particles on Daily Mortality Rate in A Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1409-1420. [PMID: 26580668 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1093674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many studies examined the short-term effects of air pollution on frequency of daily mortality over the past two decades. However, information on the relationship between exposure to levels of coarse particles (PM(2.5-10)) and daily mortality rate is relatively sparse due to limited availability of monitoring data and findings are inconsistent. This study was undertaken to determine whether an association exists between PM(2.5-10) levels and rate of daily mortality in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, a large industrial city with a tropical climate. Daily mortality rate, air pollution parameters, and weather data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period 2006-2008. The relative risk (RR) of daily mortality occurrence was estimated using a time-stratified case-crossover approach, controlling for (1) weather variables, (2) day of the week, (3) seasonality, and (4) long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model without adjustment for other pollutants, PM(2.5-10) exposure levels showed significant correlation with total mortality rate both on warm and cool days, with an interquartile range increase associated with a 14% (95% CI = 5-23%) and 12% (95% CI = 5-20%) rise in number of total deaths, respectively. In two-pollutant models, PM(2.5-10) exerted significant influence on total mortality frequency after inclusion of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) on warm days. On cool days, PM(2.5-10) induced significant elevation in total mortality rate when SO(2) or ozone (O(3)) was added in the regression model. There was no apparent indication of an association between PM(2.5-10) exposure and deaths attributed to respiratory and circulatory diseases. This study provided evidence of correlation between short-term exposure to PM(2.5-10) and increased risk of death for all causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Shyue Tsai
- a Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Weng
- b Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chiu
- c Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- d Department of Public Health , College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- e Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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15
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Quinn AK, Ae-Ngibise KA, Jack DW, Boamah EA, Enuameh Y, Mujtaba MN, Chillrud SN, Wylie BJ, Owusu-Agyei S, Kinney PL, Asante KP. Association of Carbon Monoxide exposure with blood pressure among pregnant women in rural Ghana: Evidence from GRAPHS. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 219:176-83. [PMID: 26614250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS) is a community-level randomized-controlled trial of cookstove interventions for pregnant women and their newborns in rural Ghana. Given that household air pollution from biomass burning may be implicated in adverse cardiovascular outcomes, we sought to determine whether exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) from woodsmoke was associated with blood pressure (BP) among 817 adult women. METHODS Multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between CO exposure, determined with 72 hour personal monitoring at study enrollment, and BP, also measured at study enrollment. At the time of these assessments, women were in the first or second trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS A significant positive association was found between CO exposure and diastolic blood pressure (DBP): on average, each 1 ppm increase in exposure to CO was associated with 0.43 mmHg higher DBP [0.01, 0.86]. A non-significant positive trend was also observed for systolic blood pressure (SBP). CONCLUSION This study is one of very few to have examined the relationship between household air pollution and blood pressure among pregnant women, who are at particular risk for hypertensive complications. The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that household air pollution from wood-burning fires is associated with higher blood pressure, particularly DBP, in pregnant women at early to mid-gestation. The clinical implications of the observed association toward the eventual development of chronic hypertension and/or hypertensive complications of pregnancy remain uncertain, as few of the women were overtly hypertensive at this point in their pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlinn K Quinn
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Darby W Jack
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Abrafi Boamah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Yeetey Enuameh
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Mohammed Nuhu Mujtaba
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Steven N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Blair J Wylie
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
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16
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Cheng MH, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13053-68. [PMID: 26501308 PMCID: PMC4627016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121013053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between coarse particles (PM₂.₅-₁₀) levels and frequency of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (RD) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for RD including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pneumonia, and ambient air pollution data levels for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period from 2006 to 2010. The relative risk of hospital admissions for RD was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased rate of admissions for RD were significantly associated with higher coarse PM levels only on cool days (<25 °C), with a 10 µg/m³ elevation in PM₂.₅-₁₀ concentrations associated with a 3% (95% CI = 1%-5%) rise in COPD admissions, 4% (95% CI = 1%-7%) increase in asthma admissions, and 3% (95% CI = 2%-4%) rise in pneumonia admissions. No significant associations were found between coarse particle levels and the number of hospital admissions for RD on warm days. In the two-pollutant models, PM₂.₅-₁₀ levels remained significantly correlated with higher rate of RD admissions even controlling for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or ozone on cool days. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM₂.₅-₁₀ enhance the risk of hospital admissions for RD on cool days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Fen Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaol 350, Taiwan.
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17
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Air pollution and daily clinic visits for headache in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2277-88. [PMID: 25690001 PMCID: PMC4344725 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120202277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between air pollutant levels and daily clinic visits for headache in Taipei, Taiwan. Daily clinic visits for headache and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period from 2006–2011. The odds ratio of clinic visits for headache was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. In the single pollutant models, on warm days (≥23 °C) statistically significant positive associations were found for increased rate of headache occurrence and levels of particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3). On cool days (<23 °C), all pollutants were significantly associated with increased headache visits except SO2. For the two-pollutant models, PM10, O3 and NO2 were significant for higher rate of headache visits in combination with each of the other four pollutants on cool days. On warm days, CO remained statistically significant in all two-pollutant models. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollutants increase the risk of clinic visits for headache.
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18
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Chang CC, Chen PS, Yang CY. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases: a case-crossover study in a tropical city. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:267-277. [PMID: 25674828 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.960044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between fine particles (PM2.5) levels and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for CVD (including ischemic heart disease [IHD], stroke, congestive heart failure [CHF], and arrhythmias) and ambient air pollution data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period from 2006-2010. The relative risk of hospital admissions for CVD was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), elevated number of admissions for CVD were significantly associated with higher PM2.5 levels only on cool days (<25°C), with an interquartile range rise associated with a 47% (95% CI = 39-56%), 48% (95% CI = 40-56%), 47% (95% CI = 34-61%), and 51% (95% CI = 34-70%) increase in IHD, stroke, CHF, and arrhythmias admissions, respectively. No significant associations between PM2.5 and hospital admissions for CVD were observed on warm days. In the two-pollutant models, PM2.5 levels remained significant even controlling for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or ozone on cool days. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM2.5 enhance the risk of hospital admissions for CVD in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Chang
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan , Taiwan
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19
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Chen YC, Weng YH, Chiu YW, Yang CY. Short-Term Effects of Coarse Particulate Matter on Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Diseases: A Case-Crossover Study in a Tropical City. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1241-53. [PMID: 26408041 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1083520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between coarse particles (PM2.5-10) levels and frequency of hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for CVD, including ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, congestive heart failure (CHF), and arrhythmias, and ambient air pollution data levels for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period 2006-2010. The relative risk of hospital admissions for CVD was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased rates of admissions for CVD were significantly associated with higher coarse PM levels only on cool days (< 25°C), with a 10-μg/m(3) elevation in PM2.5-10 concentrations associated with a 3% (95% CI = 2-4%) rise in IHD admissions, 5% (95% CI = 4-6%) increase in stroke admissions, 3% (95% CI = 1-6%) elevation in CHF admissions, and 3% (95% CI = 0-6%) rise in arrhythmias admissions. No significant associations were found between coarse particle levels and number of hospital admissions for CVD on warm days. In the two-pollutant models, PM2.5-10 levels remained significantly correlated with higher rate of CVD admissions even controlling for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or ozone on cool days. Compared to the effect estimate associated with a 10-μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 levels, effect estimates of frequency of CVD-related admissions associated with a 10-μg/m(3) rise in coarse PM levels were weaker. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM2.5-10 enhance the risk of hospital admissions for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Chen
- a Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Weng
- b Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chiu
- c Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health and Nutrition , Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- d Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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20
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Chang CC, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Fine particulate air pollution and outpatient department visits for headache in Taipei, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:506-15. [PMID: 25849767 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1010465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between fine particle matter (PM(2.5)) levels and daily outpatient department visits (OPD) for headaches in Taipei, Taiwan. Daily OPD visits for headaches and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period 2006-2011. The relative risk of visits for OPD headaches was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased OPD visits for headaches were significantly associated with levels of PM(2.5) both on warm days (>23°C) and cool days (<23°C), with an interquartile range rise associated with a 12% (95% CI = 10-14%) and 3% (95% CI = 1-5%) elevation in OPD visits for headaches, respectively. In the two-pollutant models, PM(2.5) remained significant after inclusion of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) or ozone (O₃) on both warm and cool days. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM(2.5) increase the risk of OPD visits for headaches in Taipei, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Chang
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan , Taiwan
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21
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Chiu HF, Yang CY. Air pollution and daily clinic visits for migraine in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:549-558. [PMID: 25965190 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.983218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between air pollutant levels and daily clinic visits for migraine in Taipei, Taiwan. Daily clinic visits for migraine and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period 2006-2011. The relative risk of clinic visits for migraine was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. In the single-pollutant models, on warm days (>23°C) statistically significant positive associations were found for increased rate of migraine occurrence and levels of particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3). On cool days (<23°C), all pollutants were significantly associated with increased migraine visits except CO and SO2. For the two-pollutant models, O3 and NO2 were significant for higher rate of migraine visits in combination with each of the other four pollutants on cool days. On warm days, CO remained statistically significant in all two-pollutant models. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollutants enhance the risk of clinic visits for migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Chiu
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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22
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Almeida SM, Silva AV, Sarmento S. Effects of exposure to particles and ozone on hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in SetúBal, Portugal. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:837-848. [PMID: 25072716 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.887399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the adverse health effects attributed to air pollution have been a focus of intense study. Exposure to pollutants such as airborne particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) has been associated with increases in morbidity and mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine a correlation between particles (PM10, PM2.5) and O3 with hospital admissions in Setúbal, a densely populated Portuguese urban region that coexists with a heavy industrial area. A database with daily air quality and hospital admission data over 5 years (2005-2009) was assembled and associations were investigated by ordinary least squares linear regression. Results showed positive significant associations between PM10 and respiratory diseases for ages below 14 yr and above 64 yr, and between PM2.5 and respiratory diseases for ages above 64 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Almeida
- a C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Bobadela LRS , Portugal
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Tsai SS, Chen CC, Yang CY. Short-term effect of fine particulate air pollution on daily mortality: a case-crossover study in a tropical city, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:467-477. [PMID: 24628000 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.881247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have examined the short-term effects of air pollution on frequency of daily mortality over the past two decades. However, information on the relationship between levels of fine particles (PM(2.5)) and daily mortality is relatively sparse due to limited availability of monitoring data. Further the results are inconsistent. This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between PM(2.5) levels and daily mortality rate in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, a large industrial city with a tropical climate. Daily mortality rate, air pollution parameters, and weather data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period from 2006 through 2008. The relative risk of daily mortality occurrence was estimated using a time-stratified case-crossover approach, controlling for (1) weather variables, (2) day of the week, (3) seasonality, and (4) long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), no significant effects were found between PM(2.5) and frequency of daily mortality on warm days (≥25°C). On cool days, PM(2.5) showed significant correlation with increased risk of mortality rate for all causes and circulatory diseases in single-pollutant model. There was no indication of an association between PM(2.5) and deaths due to respiratory diseases. The relationship appeared to be stronger on cool days. This study provided evidence of associations between short-term exposure to PM(2.5) and elevated risk of death for all cause and circulatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Shyue Tsai
- a Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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Costa S, Ferreira J, Silveira C, Costa C, Lopes D, Relvas H, Borrego C, Roebeling P, Miranda AI, Teixeira JP. Integrating health on air quality assessment--review report on health risks of two major European outdoor air pollutants: PM and NO₂. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:307-40. [PMID: 25333993 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.946164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the impact of air pollution on the public's health has become an increasingly critical component in policy discussion. Recent data indicate that more than 70% of the world population lives in cities. Several studies reported that current levels of air pollutants in urban areas are associated with adverse health risks, namely, cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. IARC recently classified outdoor air pollution and related particulate matter (PM) as carcinogenic to humans. Despite the air quality improvements observed over the last few years, there is still continued widespread exceedance within Europe, particularly regarding PM and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The European Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC requires Member States to design appropriate air quality plans for zones where air quality does not comply with established limit values. However, in most cases, air quality is only quantified using a combination of monitored and modeled data and no health impact assessment is carried out. An integrated approach combining the effects of several emission abatement measures on air quality, impacts on human health, and associated implementation costs enables an effective cost-benefit analysis and an added value to the decision-making process. Hence, this review describes the basic steps and tools for integrating health into air quality assessment (health indicators, exposure-response functions). In addition, consideration is given to two major outdoor pollutants: PM and NO2. A summary of the health metrics used to assess the health impact of PM and NO2 and recent epidemiologic data are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Costa
- a National Institute of Public Health , Environmental Health Department , Porto , Portugal
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Tsai SS, Chiu HF, Liou SH, Yang CY. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases: a case-crossover study in a tropical city. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1091-1101. [PMID: 25072896 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.922388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was a correlation between fine particles (PM2.5) levels and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for respiratory diseases including pneumonia, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ambient air pollution data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period 2006-2010. The relative risk (RR) of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and chronic time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased number of admissions for respiratory diseases were significantly associated with higher PM2.5 levels only on cool days (<25°C), with an interquartile range rise associated with a 50 (95% CI% = 45-55%), 40% (95% CI = 25-58%), and 46% (95% CI = 36-57%) elevation in frequency of admissions for pneumonia, asthma, and COPD, respectively. In the two-pollutant models, PM2.5 levels remained significant even controlling for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or ozone on cool days. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM2.5 increase the risk of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Shyue Tsai
- a Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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Xiang H, Mertz KJ, Arena VC, Brink LL, Xu X, Bi Y, Talbott EO. Estimation of short-term effects of air pollution on stroke hospital admissions in Wuhan, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61168. [PMID: 23593421 PMCID: PMC3625157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective High concentrations of air pollutants have been linked to increased incidence of stroke in North America and Europe but not yet assessed in mainland China. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between stroke hospitalization and short-term elevation of air pollutants in Wuhan, China. Methods Daily mean NO2, SO2 and PM10 levels, temperature and humidity were obtained from 2006 through 2008. Data on stroke hospitalizations (ICD 10: I60–I69) at four hospitals in Wuhan were obtained for the same period. A time-stratified case-crossover design was performed by season (April-September and October-March) to assess effects of pollutants on stroke hospital admissions. Results Pollution levels were higher in October-March with averages of 136.1 µg/m3 for PM10, 63.6 µg/m3 for NO2 and 71.0 µg/m3 for SO2 than in April-September when averages were 102.0 µg/m3, 41.7 µg/m3 and 41.7 µg/m3, respectively (p<.001). During the cold season, every 10 µg/m3 increase in NO2 was associated with a 2.9% (95%C.I. 1.2%–4.6%) increase in stroke admissions on the same day. Every 10 ug/m3 increase in PM10 daily concentration was significantly associated with an approximate 1% (95% C.I. 0.1%–1.4%) increase in stroke hospitalization. A two-pollutant model indicated that NO2 was associated with stroke admissions when controlling for PM10. During the warm season, no significant associations were noted for any of the pollutants. Conclusions Exposure to NO2 is significantly associated with stroke hospitalizations during the cold season in Wuhan, China when pollution levels are 50% greater than in the warm season. Larger and multi-center studies in Chinese cities are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan University Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kristen J. Mertz
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Arena
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luann L. Brink
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yongyi Bi
- Wuhan University Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Labor and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Evelyn O. Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rinsky JL, Hoppin JA, Blair A, He K, Beane Freeman LE, Chen H. Agricultural exposures and stroke mortality in the Agricultural Health Study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:798-814. [PMID: 24028665 PMCID: PMC3773612 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.819308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposures associated with common agricultural activities may increase risk of stroke. The authors evaluated associations between self-reported agricultural activities including pesticide use and handling of crops and stroke mortality among 51,603 male pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS). Vital status was obtained through 2008. Stroke mortality was defined by underlying or contributing cause of death (ICD-9 430-438, ICD-10 I60-I69). Information regarding lifetime pesticide use, working with crops or animals, engagement in other agricultural activities, and potential confounders was self-reported at enrollment. Cox proportional hazards models, with age as the time scale, were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for state of residence, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Median follow-up time was 13 yr, during which 308 stroke deaths occurred. No measure of overall or specific pesticide use was positively associated with mortality due to stroke. Stroke mortality was inversely associated with handling hay, grain, or silage at least once each year as reported at enrollment (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.98). There was no evidence of an association between pesticide use and stroke mortality. The inverse association between handling of hays and grains and stroke mortality may be due to (1) those engaging in such activities being healthier than those who did not or (2) exposure to some biological agent present in hays and grains. Further investigation of incident stroke, rather than stroke mortality, as well as stroke subtypes, is needed to determine the full role of agricultural exposures and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Rinsky
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health. Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jane A. Hoppin
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. Bethesda, MD
| | - Ka He
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington. Bloomington, IN
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. Bethesda, MD
| | - Honglei Chen
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. Research Triangle Park, NC
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Chiu HF, Yang CY. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on ischemic stroke occurrence: a case-crossover study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:1188-97. [PMID: 24283370 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.842463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was a correlation between fine particles (PM2.5) levels and hospital admissions for ischemic stroke (IS) in Taipei, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for IS and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period from 2006-2010. The relative risk of hospital admissions was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased admissions for IS were significantly associated with higher levels of PM2.5 on both warm days (>23°C) and cool days (<23°C), with an interquartile range rise associated with a 11% (95% CI = 8-14%) and 4% (95% CI = 2-7%) elevation in admissions for IS, respectively. In the two-pollutant models, PM2.5 remained significantly increased after inclusion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) or ozone (O3) on both warm and cool days. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM2.5 enhance the risk of hospital admissions for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Chiu
- a Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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Hyseni X, Soukup JM, Huang YCT. Pollutant particles induce arginase II in human bronchial epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:624-636. [PMID: 22712848 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.688479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse pulmonary effects, including induction and exacerbation of asthma. Recently arginase was shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. In this study, it was postulated that PM exposure might induce arginase. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) obtained from normal individuals by endobronchial brushings cultured on an air-liquid interface were incubated with fine Chapel Hill particles (PM₂.₅, 100 μg/ml) for up to 72 h. Arginase activity, protein expression, and mRNA of arginase I and arginase II were measured. PM₂.₅ increased arginase activity in a time-dependent manner. The rise was primarily due to upregulation of arginase II. PD153035 (10 μM), an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor antagonist, attenuated the PM₂.₅-induced elevation in arginase activity and arginase II expression. Treatment of HBEC with human EGF increased arginase activity and arginase II expression. Pretreatment with catalase (200 U/ml), superoxide dismutase (100 U/ml), or apocynin (5 μg/ml), an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, did not markedly affect arginase II expression. Treatment of HBEC with arginase II siRNA inhibited the expression of arginase II by 60% and increased IL-8 release induced by PM₂.₅. These results indicate that PM exposure upregulates arginase II activity and expression in human bronchial epithelial cells, in part via EGF-dependent mechanisms independent of oxidative stress. The elevated arginase II activity and expression may be a mechanism underlying adverse effects induced by PM exposure in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhevahire Hyseni
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Pinheiro AC, Viegas C, Viegas S, Veríssimo C, Brandão J, Macedo MF. Indoor air quality in Portuguese archives: a snapshot on exposure levels. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1359-1370. [PMID: 23095154 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.721168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality recently entered legislation in Portugal. Several parameters must be evaluated and kept within limits in order to obtain a certification for air quality and energy consumption. Certification parameters were analyzed in two Portuguese archives in order to assess indoor air quality both for people attending or working on these premises and for maintenance of a written heritage that must be retained for future generations. Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), formaldehyde, and fungal counts were kept within stipulated limits. Relative humidity (RH), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM₁₀), and ozone (O₃) showed values above legislated levels and justified the implementation of corrective measures. In terms of conservation, studies on the limit values are still needed, but according to the available international guidelines, some of the analyzed parameters such as PM₁₀, O₃, and RH were also above desirable values. Corrective measures were proposed to these institutions. Although this study was only of a short duration, it proved valuable in assessing potential eventual problems and constitutes the first Portuguese indoor air quality assessment taking into consideration both aspects of an archive such as human health and heritage safekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Pinheiro
- Departamento de Conservação e Restauro da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.
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Shannahan JH, Schladweiler MC, Thomas RF, Ward WO, Ghio AJ, Gavett SH, Kodavanti UP. Vascular and thrombogenic effects of pulmonary exposure to Libby amphibole. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:213-231. [PMID: 22352330 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.652055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Libby amphibole (LA) asbestos is associated with increased incidences of human autoimmune disease and mortality related to cardiovascular diseases. However, the systemic and vascular impacts are less well examined because of the dominance of pulmonary disease. It was postulated that regardless of the type of exposure scenario, LA exposure might produce systemic and vascular inflammogenic and thrombotic alterations in healthy and cardiovascular compromised rat models. Samples from three independent studies were examined. In the first study, male Wistar Kyoto (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive (SH), and SH heart failure (SHHF) rats were intratracheally instilled once with 0 (vehicle), 0.25, or 1 mg/rat of LA. In the second study, F344 rats were instilled with vehicle or LA at 0.5, 1.5, or 5 mg/rat. In the third study, F344 rats were instilled with the same mass concentrations of LA delivered by biweekly multiple instillations over 3 mo to simulate an episodic subchronic exposure. Complete blood count, platelet aggregation, serum cytokines, and biomarkers of systemic and aortic effects were examined. LA reduced adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and decreased circulating platelets in WKY (1 mg/rat) and F344 (5 mg/rat) at the 3-mo time point but did not do so in SH or SHHF rats. A decline in circulating lymphocytes with age appeared to be exacerbated by LA exposure in F344 rats but the differences were not significant. Aorta mRNA expression for biomarkers of oxidative stress (HO-1, LOX-1), inflammation (MIP-2), and thrombosis (tPA, PAI-1, vWf) were increased at baseline in SH and SHHF relative to WKY. LA exposure upregulated several of these biomarkers and also those involved in aortic contractility of WKY rats at 3 mo, suggesting thrombogenic, vasocontractile, and oxidative stress-mediated impairments. The aorta changes in F344 rats were less remarkable than changes noted in WKY following LA exposure. In conclusion, exposure to LA decreased circulating platelets and platelet coagulability while increasing the expression of oxidative stress, thrombosis, and vasoconstriction biomarkers in the aorta of healthy rats. These changes were similar to those noted at baseline in SH and SHHF rats, suggesting that LA-induced pulmonary injury might increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shannahan
- Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Gomes JFP, Bordado JCM, Albuquerque PCS. On the assessment of exposure to airborne ultrafine particles in urban environments. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1316-1329. [PMID: 23095150 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.721163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to contribute to the assessment of exposure levels of ultrafine particles in the urban environment of Lisbon, Portugal, due to automobile traffic, by monitoring lung deposited alveolar surface area (resulting from exposure to ultrafine particles) in a major avenue leading to the town center during late spring, as well as in indoor buildings facing it. Data revealed differentiated patterns for week days and weekends, consistent with PM(2.5) and PM₁₀ patterns currently monitored by air quality stations in Lisbon. The observed ultrafine particulate levels may be directly correlated with fluxes in automobile traffic. During a typical week, amounts of ultrafine particles per alveolar deposited surface area varied between 35 and 89.2 μm²/cm³, which are comparable with levels reported for other towns in Germany and the United States. The measured values allowed for determination of the number of ultrafine particles per cubic centimeter, which are comparable to levels reported for Madrid and Brisbane. In what concerns outdoor/indoor levels, we observed higher levels (32 to 63%) outdoors, which is somewhat lower than levels observed in houses in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Fernando Pereira Gomes
- IBB-Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia/Instituto Superior Técnico-Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Su TC, Chen SY, Chan CC. Progress of Ambient Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease Research in Asia. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 53:369-78. [PMID: 21414472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chen Su
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liao D, Shaffer ML, He F, Rodriguez-Colon S, Wu R, Whitsel EA, Bixler EO, Cascio WE. Fine particulate air pollution is associated with higher vulnerability to atrial fibrillation--the APACR study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:693-705. [PMID: 21480044 PMCID: PMC3082849 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.556056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects and the time course of fine particulate pollution (PM₂.₅) on atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF) predictors, including P-wave duration, PR interval duration, and P-wave complexity, were investigated in a community-dwelling sample of 106 nonsmokers. Individual-level 24-h beat-to-beat electrocardiogram (ECG) data were visually examined. After identifying and removing artifacts and arrhythmic beats, the 30-min averages of the AF predictors were calculated. A personal PM₂.₅ monitor was used to measure individual-level, real-time PM₂.₅ exposures during the same 24-h period, and corresponding 30-min average PM₂.₅ concentration were calculated. Under a linear mixed-effects modeling framework, distributed lag models were used to estimate regression coefficients (βs) associating PM₂.₅ with AF predictors. Most of the adverse effects on AF predictors occurred within 1.5-2 h after PM₂.₅ exposure. The multivariable adjusted βs per 10-μg/m³ rise in PM₂.₅ at lag 1 and lag 2 were significantly associated with P-wave complexity. PM₂.₅ exposure was also significantly associated with prolonged PR duration at lag 3 and lag 4. Higher PM₂.₅ was found to be associated with increases in P-wave complexity and PR duration. Maximal effects were observed within 2 h. These findings suggest that PM₂.₅ adversely affects AF predictors; thus, PM₂.₅ may be indicative of greater susceptibility to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Carracedo-Martínez E, Taracido M, Tobias A, Saez M, Figueiras A. Case-crossover analysis of air pollution health effects: a systematic review of methodology and application. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1173-82. [PMID: 20356818 PMCID: PMC2920078 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Case-crossover is one of the most used designs for analyzing the health-related effects of air pollution. Nevertheless, no one has reviewed its application and methodology in this context. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review of case-crossover (CCO) designs used to study the relationship between air pollution and morbidity and mortality, from the standpoint of methodology and application. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION A search was made of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases.Reports were classified as methodologic or applied. From the latter, the following information was extracted: author, study location, year, type of population (general or patients), dependent variable(s), independent variable(s), type of CCO design, and whether effect modification was analyzed for variables at the individual level. DATA SYNTHESIS The review covered 105 reports that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 24 addressed methodological aspects, and the remainder involved the design's application. In the methodological reports, the designs that yielded the best results in simulation were symmetric bidirectional CCO and time-stratified CCO. Furthermore, we observed an increase across time in the use of certain CCO designs, mainly symmetric bidirectional and time-stratified CCO. The dependent variables most frequently analyzed were those relating to hospital morbidity; the pollutants most often studied were those linked to particulate matter. Among the CCO-application reports, 13.6% studied effect modification for variables at the individual level. CONCLUSIONS The use of CCO designs has undergone considerable growth; the most widely used designs were those that yielded better results in simulation studies: symmetric bidirectional and time-stratified CCO. However, the advantages of CCO as a method of analysis of variables at the individual level are put to little use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Carracedo-Martínez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Santiago of Compostela Health Area, Galician Health Service [Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS)], Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Margarita Taracido
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health [CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)], Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- Institute of Environmental Analysis and Water Research [Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA)], Spanish Scientific Research Council [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)], Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Saez
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health [CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)], Spain
- Research Group on Statistics, Applied Economics and Health [Grup de Recerca en Estadística, Economia Aplicada i Salut (GRECS)], University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health [CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)], Spain
- Address correspondence to A. Figueiras, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, c/San Francisco s/n, 15786 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain. Telephone: 34-981-581-237/34-981-951-192. Fax: 34-981-572-282. E-mail:
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Cheng MF, Tsai SS, Chiu HF, Sung FC, Wu TN, Yang CY. Air pollution and hospital admissions for pneumonia: are there potentially sensitive groups? Inhal Toxicol 2010; 21:1092-8. [PMID: 19852550 DOI: 10.3109/08958370902744855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that air pollution is a risk factor for hospitalization for pneumonia. However, there is limited evidence to suggest what subpopulations are at greater risk from air pollution. This study was undertaken to examine the modifying effect of specific secondary diagnosis (including hypertension, diabetes, asthma, and upper respiratory infections) on the relationship between hospital admissions for pneumonia and ambient air pollutants. Hospital admissions for pneumonia and ambient air pollution data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period 1996-2006. The relative risk of hospital admission was estimated using a case-crossover approach. We found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM(10), NO(2), and CO on warm days was associated with a 28% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11-48%), 40% (95% CI, 20-63%), and 31% (95% CI, 19-45%), respectively, increase in admissions for pneumonia with upper respiratory infections (URI), but only 23% (95% CI, 18-28%), 30% (95% CI, 25-36%), and 24% (95% CI, 21-28%), respectively, increase for persons without URI. An IQR increase in PM(10), SO(2), and CO on cool days was associated with a 70% (95% CI, 50-92%), 30% (95% CI, 15-47%), and 64% (95% CI, 47-83%), respectively, increase in admissions in persons with URI, and an increase of 64% (95% CI, 57-70%), 18% (95% CI, 14-22%), and 55% (95% CI, 50-60%), respectively, in admissions in persons without URI. Our findings provide evidence that patients with comorbid URI may increase the risk of hospital admissions for pneumonia, in relation to air pollutant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Tsai DH, Wang JL, Chuang KJ, Chan CC. Traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in central Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1818-23. [PMID: 20163830 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the relationship between cardiovascular mortality and traffic-related air pollutants (NO(2), CO, PM(10), and six volatile organic compounds (VOCs), propane, iso-butane, propylene, benzene, meta-, para-, and ortho-xylenes) was investigated. The concentrations of NO(2), PM(10) and CO from 1993 to 2006 were measured at a fixed-site air monitoring station, and VOC data from 2003 to 2006 were obtained from a photochemical assessment monitoring site in an urban area in central Taiwan. Outcome variables were data on mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (ICD-9-CM 410-411, 414, 430-437) from 1993 to 2006. Cardiovascular mortality averaged 1.5 cases, ranging between 0 and 9 cases per day. Daily air pollution levels ranged from 0.5 to 80.5ppb for NO(2) and from 0.1 to 3.8ppm for CO. From the subset of data from 2003 to 2006, daily average values ranged from 0.6 to 17.5ppb for propane, 0.3 to 6.7ppb for iso-butane, 0.3 to 6.7ppb for propylene, 0.2 to 3.8ppb for benzene, 0.3 to 26.0ppb for m,p-xylene, and 0.02 to 7.6ppb for o-xylene. Poisson generalized additive model was used to estimate the effects of elevated air pollutant levels on daily mortality, adjusting for meteorological conditions and temporal trends. Single-pollutant model showed that cardiovascular mortality was significantly associated with NO(2) lagged 2 days, and with propane, iso-butane, and benzene lagged 0 day. The relative risk for an interquartile range increase in air pollutant levels was 1.053 for NO(2), 1.064 for propane, 1.055 for iso-butane, and 1.055 for benzene. In conclusion, daily cardiovascular mortality showed association with data on acute exposure to traffic air pollutants in Taichung, which is an important factor to consider in studying cardiovascular mortality in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hua Tsai
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ferreira da Silva M, Vicente de Assunção J, de Fátima Andrade M, Pesquero CR. Characterization of metal and trace element contents of particulate matter (PM10) emitted by vehicles running on Brazilian fuels-hydrated ethanol and gasoline with 22% of anhydrous ethanol. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:901-9. [PMID: 20563923 DOI: 10.1080/15287391003744849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emission of fine particles by mobile sources has been a matter of great concern due to its potential risk both to human health and the environment. Although there is no evidence that one sole component may be responsible for the adverse health outcomes, it is postulated that the metal particle content is one of the most important factors, mainly in relation to oxidative stress. Data concerning the amount and type of metal particles emitted by automotive vehicles using Brazilian fuels are limited. The aim of this study was to identify inhalable particles (PM(10)) and their trace metal content in two light-duty vehicles where one was fueled with ethanol while the other was fueled with gasoline mixed with 22% of anhydrous ethanol (gasohol); these engines were tested on a chassis dynamometer. The elementary composition of the samples was evaluated by the particle-induced x-ray emission technique. The experiment showed that total emission factors ranged from 2.5 to 11.8 mg/km in the gasohol vehicle, and from 1.2 to 3 mg/km in the ethanol vehicle. The majority of particles emitted were in the fine fraction (PM(2.5)), in which Al, Si, Ca, and Fe corresponded to 80% of the total weight. PM(10) emissions from the ethanol vehicle were about threefold lower than those of gasohol. The elevated amount of fine particulate matter is an aggravating factor, considering that these particles, and consequently associated metals, readily penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract, producing damage to lungs and other tissues.
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Shannahan JH, Schladweiler MCJ, Richards JH, Ledbetter AD, Ghio AJ, Kodavanti UP. Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysregulated iron homeostasis in rat models of cardiovascular disease. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:641-656. [PMID: 20391109 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903578208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a risk factor for the exacerbation of air pollution health effects. Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered iron (Fe) homeostasis secondary to CVD may influence mammalian susceptibility to air pollutants. Rodent models of CVD are increasingly used to examine mechanisms of variation in susceptibility. Baseline cardiac and pulmonary disease was characterized in healthy normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, cardiovascular compromised spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats. Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing frequencies were measured in rats 11 to 12 wk of age, followed by necropsy at 14 to 15 wk of age. Blood pressure and heart rate were increased in SHR and SHHF relative to WKY rats (SHR > SHHF > WKY). Increased breathing frequency in SHHF and SHR (SHR > SHHF > WKY) resulted in greater minute volume relative to WKY. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein and neutrophils were higher in SHHF and SHR relative to WKY (SHHF >> SHR > WKY). Lung ascorbate and glutathione levels were low in SHHF rats. BALF Fe-binding capacity was decreased in SHHF relative to WKY rats and was associated with increased transferrin (Trf) and ferritin. However, lung ferritin was lower and Trf was higher in SHHF relative to WKY or SHR rats. mRNA for markers of inflammation and oxidative stress (macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-2, interleukin [IL]-1alpha, and heme oxygenase [HO]-1) were greater in SHHF and SHR relative to WKY rats. Trf mRNA rose in SHR but not SHHF relative to WKY rats, whereas transferrin receptors 1 and 2 mRNA was lower in SHHF rats. Four of 12 WKY rats exhibited cardiac hypertrophy despite normal blood pressure, while demonstrating some of the pulmonary complications noted earlier. This study demonstrates that SHHF rats display greater underlying pulmonary complications such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired Fe homeostasis than WKY or SHR rats, which may play a role in SHHF rats' increased susceptibility to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Shannahan
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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Qu S, Liberda EN, Qu Q, Chen LC. In vitro assessment of the inflammatory response of respiratory endothelial cells exposed to particulate matter. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1113-1121. [PMID: 20574913 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.484335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that has been associated with increased risk of cardiopulmonary mortality and morbidity in urban communities. An increasing body of evidence suggests that inflammation induced by PM may play an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, airway epithelial cell lines, instead of vascular endothelial cells, are commonly used to investigate the effects of PM with respect to cardiovascular effects. Thus, the present study was conducted using primary human vascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-LB1), human white blood cells (WBC), and their cocultures to evaluate their inflammatory responses to various PM exposures. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, soluble intercellular adhesion marker (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion marker (sVCAM-1) in HMVEC-LB1, WBC, and their cocultures after exposure to size-fractionated PM. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors was performed in order to examine pathways involved in PM-induced cellular responses. IL-6 levels increased significantly in HMVEC-LB1 cells exposed to PM in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, particle exposure for up to 24 h failed to induce any detectable production of sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1 in HMVEC-LB1 cells. IL-6 production in response to size-fractioned PM exposures failed to show evidence of relative importance of particle sizes in their abilities to induce proinflammatory responses. Lastly, cocultures with WBC significantly enhanced particle induced IL-6 release in HMVEC-LB1 cells in a synergistic manner. The present study suggests that HMVEC-LB1 cells can be successfully used as an in vitro model to examine effects of PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qu
- New York University College of Arts and Sciences, New York, NY 10987, USA.
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Chiu HF, Cheng MH, Yang CY. Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Pneumonia in a Subtropical City: Taipei, Taiwan. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:32-7. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802441198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cheng MF, Tsai SS, Yang CY. Air pollution and hospital admissions for myocardial infarction in a tropical city: Kaohsiung, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1135-1140. [PMID: 20077181 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between air pollutant levels and increased hospital admissions for myocardial infarction (MI) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for MI and ambient air pollution data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period 1996-2006. The relative risk of hospital admissions was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. In the single-pollutant models, on warm days (>25 degrees C), statistically significant positive associations were found in all pollutants except particulate matter (PM(10)) and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). On cool days (<25 degrees C), all pollutants were significantly associated with MI admissions except for ozone (O(3)). For the two-pollutant model, O(3) and carbon monoxide (CO) were significant in combination with each of the other four pollutants on warm days. On cool days, nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) remained statistically significant in all the two-pollutant models. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollutants increase the risk of higher frequency of hospital admissions for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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43
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Liao D, Whitsel EA, Duan Y, Lin HM, Quibrera PM, Smith R, Peuquet DJ, Prineas RJ, Zhang ZM, Anderson G. Ambient particulate air pollution and ectopy--the environmental epidemiology of arrhythmogenesis in Women's Health Initiative Study, 1999-2004. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:30-8. [PMID: 18979352 PMCID: PMC2586923 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802445483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between ambient PM(2.5) and PM(10) and arrhythmia and the effect modification by cigarette smoking were investigated. Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air quality monitors and an established national-scale, log-normal kriging method were used to spatially estimate daily mean concentrations of PM at addresses of 57,422 individuals from 59 examination sites in 24 U.S. states in 1999-2004. The acute and subacute exposures were estimated as mean, geocoded address-specific PM concentrations on the day of, 0-2 d before, and averaged over 30 d before the electrocardiogram (ECG) (Lag(0); Lag(1); Lag(2); Lag(1-30)). At the time of standard 12-lead resting ECG, the mean age (SD) of participants was 67.5 (6.9) yr (84% non-Hispanic White; 6% current smoker; 15% with coronary heart disease; 5% with ectopy). After the identification of significant effect modifiers, two-stage random-effects models were used to calculate center-pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR, 95% CI) of arrhythmia per 10 mug/m(3) increase in PM concentrations. Among current smokers, Lag(0) and Lag(1) PM concentrations were significantly associated ventricular ectopy (VE)-the OR (95% CI) for VE among current smokers was 2 (1.32-3.3) and 1.32 (1.07-1.65) at Lag(1) PM(2.5) and PM(10), respectively. The interactions between current smoking and acute exposures (Lag(0); Lag(1); Lag(2)) were significant in relationship to VE. Acute exposures were not significantly associated with supraventricular ectopy (SVE), or with VE among nonsmokers. Subacute (Lag(1-30)) exposures were not significantly associated with arrhythmia. Acute PM(2.5) and PM(10) exposure is directly associated with the odds of VE among smokers, suggesting that they are more vulnerable to the arrhythmogenic effects of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Lee IM, Tsai SS, Ho CK, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Congestive Heart Failure in a Tropical City: Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 19:899-904. [PMID: 17687721 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701479406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between air pollutant levels and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure (CHF) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for CHF and ambient air pollution data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period 1996-2004. The relative risk of hospital admission was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. In the single-pollutant models, on warm days (> 25 degrees C) statistically significant positive associations were found in all pollutants except sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). On cool days (< 25 degrees C), all pollutants were significantly associated with CHF admissions. For the two-pollutant model, CO and O(3) were significant in combination with each of the other four pollutants on warm days. On cool days, NO(2) remained statistically significant in all the two-pollutant models. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollutants increase the risk of hospital admissions for CHF and that the effects of air pollutants on hospital admissions for CHF were temperature dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Lee
- College of Health Sciences, Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Latza U, Gerdes S, Baur X. Effects of nitrogen dioxide on human health: systematic review of experimental and epidemiological studies conducted between 2002 and 2006. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 212:271-87. [PMID: 18771952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess health effects in humans caused by environmental nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) a systematic review of studies in humans was conducted. MEDLINE database was searched for epidemiological studies and experiments on adverse effects of NO(2) published between 2002 and 2006. The evidence with regard to NO(2) exposure limits was assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) grading system and the modified three star system. Of the 214 articles retrieved 112 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There was limited evidence that short-term exposure to a 1-h mean value below 200 microg NO(2)/m(3) is associated with adverse health effects provided by only one study on mortality in patients with severe asthma (*2+). The effect remained after adjusting for other air pollutants. There was moderate evidence that short-term exposure below a 24-h mean value of 50 microg NO(2)/m(3) at monitor stations increases hospital admissions and mortality (**2+). Evidence was also moderate when the search was restricted to susceptible populations (children, adolescents, elderly, and asthmatics). There was moderate evidence that long-term exposure to an annual mean below 40 microg NO(2)/m(3) was associated with adverse health effects (respiratory symptoms/diseases, hospital admissions, mortality, and otitis media) provided by generally consistent findings in five well-conducted cohort and case-control studies with some shortcomings in the study quality (**2+). Evidence was also moderate when the search was restricted to studies in susceptible populations (children and adolescents) and for the combination with other air pollutants. The most frequent reasons for decreased study quality were potential misclassification of exposure and selection bias. None of the high-quality observational studies evaluated was informative for the key questions due to the choice of the dose parameter (e.g., 1-week mean) and exposure levels above the limit values. Inclusion of study designs unlisted in the SIGN grading system did not bring additional evidence regarding exposures below the current air quality limit values for NO(2). As several recent studies reported adverse health effects below the current exposure limits for NO(2) particularly among susceptible populations regarding long-term exposure further research is needed. Apart from high-quality epidemiological studies on causality and the interaction of NO(2) with other air pollutants there is a need for double-blinded randomized cross-over studies among susceptible populations for further evaluation of the short-term exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Latza
- Institute for Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University of Hamburg, Hamburg State Department for Social Affairs, Family, Health, and Consumer Protection, Hamburg, Germany.
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Chen Y, Craig L, Krewski D. Air quality risk assessment and management. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:24-39. [PMID: 18080890 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701557479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This article provides (1) a synthesis of the literature on the linkages between air pollution and human health, (2) an overview of quality management approaches in Canada, the United States, and the European Union (EU), and (3) future directions for air quality research. Numerous studies examining short-term effects of air pollution show significant associations between ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) and other air pollutants and increases in premature mortality and hospitalizations for cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. Several well-designed epidemiological studies confirmed the adverse long-term effects of PM on both mortality and morbidity. Epidemiological studies also document significant associations between ozone (O3), sulfur (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and adverse health outcomes; however, the effects of gaseous pollutants are less well documented. Subpopulations that are more susceptible to air pollution include children, the elderly, those with cardiorespiratory disease, and socioeconomically deprived individuals. Canada-wide standards for ambient air concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 were set in 2000, providing air quality targets to be achieved by 2010. In the United States, the Clean Air Act provides the framework for the establishment and review of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for criteria air pollutants and the establishment of emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants. The 1996 European Union's enactment of the Framework Directive for Air Quality established the process for setting Europe-wide limit values for a series of pollutants. The Clean Air for Europe program was established by the European Union to review existing limit values, emission ceilings, and abatement protocols, as set out in the current legislation. These initiatives serve as the legislative framework for air quality management in North America and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Krupnick AJ. Challenges to managing air pollution. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:13-23. [PMID: 18080889 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701557404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There is never enough money, time, or resources to do all the things that need to be done--a statement that is true both for governments and individuals. For governments, this fact implies that (1) priorities need to be established; (2) goals are essential to be set to address these priorities, partly with an eye toward maximizing the net benefits to society; and (3) policies need to be implemented to reach those goals efficiently and effectively. In this article, major challenges of managing air pollution in each of these areas are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Krupnick
- Quality of the Environment Division, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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Prisby RD, Muller-Delp J, Delp MD, Nurkiewicz TR. Age, gender, and hormonal status modulate the vascular toxicity of the diesel exhaust extract phenanthraquinone. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:464-470. [PMID: 18306094 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701839349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled airborne pollutants such as particulate matter increase the susceptibility to adverse health consequences and cardiovascular events. Diesel exhaust contributes significantly to the ambient particle pollution burden. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if exposure to a common component of diesel exhaust, phenanthraquinone (PQ), impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the femoral principal nutrient artery and to determine whether age, gender, and/or hormonal status alter the putative effects of PQ on vasodilation. Vasodilation to acetylcholine (ACh) was assessed in vitro in intact control (age 6, 14, and 24 mo) and ovariectomized (age 6, 14, and 24 mo) female rats and intact (age 6 and 24 mo) male rats. Gender did not influence vasodilator capacity of the femoral principal nutrient artery, and there was an age-related decline in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in both female and male 24-mo-old rats. Exposure to PQ elicited a gender-specific affect in 6-mo-old rats; i.e., vasodilation was impaired 63% in male rats but had no effect in female rats. Exposure to PQ abolished vasodilation in 14- and 24-mo-old rats of both genders, and ovariectomy compromised vasodilator responsiveness to ACh in all age groups. The data demonstrate a vasoprotective mechanism in young female rats that may be related to endogenous ovarian hormones and provides evidence that suggests certain subsets of the population (e.g., elderly, males, and postmenopausal women) may be more susceptible to the adverse consequences of airborne pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Prisby
- Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissue Osseux, Université Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, Cedex, France
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Hendryx M, Ahern MM, Nurkiewicz TR. Hospitalization patterns associated with Appalachian coal mining. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:2064-2070. [PMID: 18049995 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701601236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test whether the volume of coal mining was related to population hospitalization risk for diseases postulated to be sensitive or insensitive to coal mining by-products. The study was a retrospective analysis of 2001 adult hospitalization data (n = 93,952) for West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania, merged with county-level coal production figures. Hospitalization data were obtained from the Health Care Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample. Diagnoses postulated to be sensitive to coal mining by-product exposure were contrasted with diagnoses postulated to be insensitive to exposure. Data were analyzed using hierarchical nonlinear models, controlling for patient age, gender, insurance, comorbidities, hospital teaching status, county poverty, and county social capital. Controlling for covariates, the volume of coal mining was significantly related to hospitalization risk for two conditions postulated to be sensitive to exposure: hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The odds for a COPD hospitalization increased 1% for each 1462 tons of coal, and the odds for a hypertension hospitalization increased 1% for each 1873 tons of coal. Other conditions were not related to mining volume. Exposure to particulates or other pollutants generated by coal mining activities may be linked to increased risk of COPD and hypertension hospitalizations. Limitations in the data likely result in an underestimate of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hendryx
- Department of Community Medicine and Institute for Health Policy Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
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50
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Cheng MF, Tsai SS, Wu TN, Chen PS, Yang CY. Air pollution and hospital admissions for pneumonia in a tropical city: Kaohsiung, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:2021-6. [PMID: 18049991 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701601020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between air pollutant levels and hospital admissions for pneumonia in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for pneumonia and ambient air pollution data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period of 1996-2004. The relative risk of hospital admission was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. In the single-pollutant models, on warm days (= 25 degrees C) statistically significant positive associations were found for all pollutants. On cool days (< 25 degrees C), all pollutants were also significantly associated with number of pneumonia admissions. For the two-pollutant model, O3 and CO were significant in combination with each of the other four pollutants on warm days. On cool days, PM10 and NO2 remained statistically significant in all the two-pollutant models. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient air pollutants increase the risk of hospital admissions for pneumonia. The effects of air pollutants on hospital admissions for pneumonia were temperature dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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