Essentiality and toxicity in copper health risk assessment: overview, update and regulatory considerations

Physiological and multi-omics analysis reveals the influence of copper on Halophila beccarii Asch

High concentrations of copper can pollute coastal waters, primarily from agricultural runoff and mining activities, which can harm marine organisms, including seagrasses. The molecular mechanism of copper toxicity to seagrass currently remains unclear. To determine the response to copper, physiological and multi-omic analyses were conducted to explore the molecular mechanism by which copper affects the global threatened seagrass Halophila beccarii Asch. Excessive copper stress causes oxidative damage and stimulates the activity of the antioxidant enzyme system to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing the damage caused by copper stress. Cu increases the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), ascorbate oxidase (EC 1.10.3.3), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2), and dehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.8.5.1) and the content of malondialdehyde and reduces the activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.6.5.4). Under copper stress, H. beccarii upregulates the metabolic pathways of steroid biosynthesis and cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis, downregulates the metabolic pathways of arginine and proline metabolism and fructose and mannose metabolism; the levels of expression of the ribosome-related genes; upregulates the levels of expression of circadian rhythm-related proteins and downregulates the levels of glutathione metabolism and the proteins related to carbon fixation. This study provides new insights into the response of seagrass to copper stress and reports potential candidate metabolites, genes, and proteins that can be considered as biomarkers to improve the protection and management of seagrass meadows.

Biomonitoring for workplace exposure to copper and its compounds is currently not interpretable

This paper sets out to explore the requirements needed to recommend a useable and reliable biomonitoring system for occupational exposure to copper and its inorganic compounds. Whilst workplace environmental monitoring of copper is used to measure ambient air concentrations for comparison against occupational exposure limits, biological monitoring could provide complementary information about the internal dose of workers, taking into account intra-individual variability and exposure from all routes. For biomonitoring to be of reliable use for copper, a biomarker and the analytical ability to measure it with sufficient sensitivity must be identified and this is discussed in a range of matrices. In addition, there needs to be a clear understanding of the dose-response relationship of the biomarker with any health-effect (clinical or sub-clinical) or, between the level of external exposure (by any route) and the level of the copper biomarker in the biological matrix being sampled, together with a knowledge of the half-life in the body to determine accurate sampling times. For many biologically non-essential metals the requirements for reliable biomarkers can be met, however, for 'essential' metals such as copper that are under homeostatic control, the relationship between exposure (short- or long-term) and the level of any copper biomarker in the blood or urine is complex, which may limit the use and interpretation of measured levels. There are a number of types of biomarker guidance values currently in use which are discussed in this paper, but no values have yet been determined for copper (or its inorganic compounds) due to the complexity of its essential nature; the US The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has however indicated that it is considering the development of a biological exposure index for copper and its compounds. In light of this, we present a review of the reliability of current copper biomarkers and their potential use in the occupational context to evaluate whether there is value in carrying out human biomonitoring for copper exposure. Based on the available evidence we have concluded that the reliable use of biomonitoring of occupational exposure to copper and its application in risk assessment is not possible at the present time.

Environmental copper exposure, placental cuproptosis, and miscarriage

Copper pollution has become global environmental concern. Widespread Cu pollution results in excessive Cu exposure in human. Epidemiological studies and animal experiments revealed that Cu exposure might have reproductive toxicity. Cuproptosis is a newly reported Cu-dependent and programmed cell death formTsvetkov et al., 2022. However, whether copper exposure at real environmental exposure dose might cause placental cuproptosis and induce miscarriage was completely unexplored. In this study, we found that Cu exposure during pregnancy induced miscarriage or complete pregnancy loss by inducing placenta cuproptosis in CuCl2-exposed pregnant mice. Notably, Cu exposure at 1.3 mg/kg/d (a real environmental exposure dose) was enough to cause placenta cuproptosis. CuCl2 exposure disrupts the TCA cycle, causes proteotoxic stress, increases Cu2+ ion import/decreases Cu2+ export, and results in the loss of Fe-S cluster proteins in mouse placenta, which induces placenta cuproptosis. Moreover, we also identified that Cu exposure down-regulates the expression levels of mmu-miR-3473b, which interacts with Dlst or Rtel1 mRNA and simultaneously positively regulates Dlst or Rtel1 expression, thereby disrupting the TCA cycle and resulting in the loss of Fe-S cluster proteins, and thus epigenetically regulates placental cuproptosis. Treatment with TTM (a cuproptosis inhibitor) suppressed placental cuproptosis and alleviated miscarriage in CuCl2-exposed mice. This work provides novel reproductive toxicity of Cu exposure in miscarriage or complete pregnancy loss by causing placental cuproptosis. This study also provides new ways for further studies on other toxicological effects of Cu and proposes a new approach for protection against Cu-induced reproductive diseases.

Cuproptosis-Related Gene FDX1 Identified as a Potential Target for Human Ovarian Aging

Cuproptosis is a recently discovered mode of cell death that has garnered attention due to its association with various diseases. However, the intricate genetic relationship between cuproptosis and ovarian aging has remained largely unexplored. This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by leveraging data sets related to ovarian aging and cuproptosis. Through comprehensive bioinformatics analyses, facilitated by R software, we uncovered FDX1 as a potential cuproptosis-related gene with relevance to ovarian aging. To gain insights into FDX1's role, we conducted spatial transcriptome analyses in the ovaries of both young and aged female mice. These experiments revealed a significant reduction in FDX1 expression in the aging group compared to the young group. To substantiate these findings at the genetic level, we turned to clinical infertility biopsies. Impressively, we observed consistent results in biopsies from elderly infertile patients, reinforcing the link between FDX1 and ovarian aging. Moreover, we delved into the pharmacogenomics of ovarian cell lines and discovered that FDX1 expression levels were intricately associated with heightened sensitivity to specific small molecule drugs. This observation suggests that modulating FDX1 could potentially be a strategy to influence drug responses in ovarian-related therapies. In sum, this study marks a pioneering effort in identifying FDX1 as a cuproptosis-related gene implicated in ovarian aging. These findings hold substantial promise, not only in shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of ovarian aging but also in positioning FDX1 as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. With further research, FDX1 could play a pivotal role in advancing precision medicine and therapies for ovarian-related conditions.

Review Article on Molecular Mechanism of Regulation of Hypertension by Macro-elements (Na, K, Ca and Mg), Micro-elements/Trace Metals (Zn and Cu) and Toxic Elements (Pb and As)

Hypertension (HT) is a medical condition arising due to increase in blood pressure (BP) prevalent worldwide. The balanced dietary intakes of macro-elements and micro-elements including Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu have been described to maintain BP in humans by regulating the osmolarity of blood, cells/tissues, prevention of generation of oxidative and nitrosative stress (OANS), and endothelial damage through their functioning as important components of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), antioxidant enzyme defense system, and maintenance of blood vascular-endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions. However, inadequate/excess dietary intakes of Na/K, Ca/Mg, and Zn/Cu along with higher Pb and As exposures recognized to induce HT through common mechanisms including the followings: endothelial dysfunctions due to impairment of vasodilatation, increased vasoconstriction and arterial stiffness, blood clotting, inflammation, modification of sympathetic activity and higher catecholamine release, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output; increased OANS due to reduced and elevated activities of extracellular superoxide dismutase and NAD(P)H oxidase, less nitric oxide bioavailability, decrease in cGMP and guanylate cyclase activity, increase in intracellular Ca2+ ions in VSMCs, and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines; higher parathyroid and calcitriol hormones; activation/suppression of RAAS resulting imbalance in blood Na+, K+, and water regulated by renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone through affecting natriuresis/kaliuresis/diuresis; elevation in serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, decrease in HDL cholesterol due to defect in lipoprotein metabolism. The present study recommends the need to review simple dietary mineral intervention studies/supplementation trials before keeping their individual dietary excess intakes/exposures in consideration because their interactions lead to elevation and fall of their concentrations in body affecting onset of HT.

Two novel glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in the toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum and their transcriptional responses to environmental contaminants

The present study identified two novel glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum and examined their molecular characteristics and transcriptional responses to algicides and environmental contaminants. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that both ApGSTs are cytosolic, belonging to the chi-like class (ApGST1) and an undefined class (ApGST2). The overall expression of ApGSTs showed similar patterns depending on the exposed contaminants, while they were differently regulated by polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Copper treatments (CuCl2 and CuSO4) did not significantly induce the expression of ApGSTs. The highest up-regulations of ApGST1 and ApGST2 were under 6-h treatments of 0.10 and 0.50 mg L-1 NaOCl. Interestingly, only ApGST1 increased significantly after 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 mg L-1 of PCB exposure (6 h). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased considerably under NaOCl; however, it was not significantly higher in the PCB-treated cells. GST activity was increased by NaOCl and PCB treatments, but only PCB caused apoptosis. These results suggest that GSTs are involved in the first line of phase II detoxification, protecting dinoflagellate cells against oxidative damage.

Use of the dummy approach for the synthesis of ion imprinted polymers with Ni(II) or Zn(II) as template ion for the solid-phase extraction of Cu(II)

There is a strong interest in monitoring copper in environmental waters, but its direct analysis suffers from strong matrix interferences. This is why, a sample pretreatment based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) is often used but conventional sorbents usually lack specificity. It is overcome with ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs). This work evaluates for the first time the use of the dummy approach for the synthesis of Cu(II)-targeting IIPs. Two analog ions Ni(II) and Zn(II) were tested as templates and the resulting IIPs were packed in SPE cartridges. The SPE procedure was designed by optimizing a washing step following the sample percolation, to eliminate the interfering ions retained on the IIP by non-specific interactions. To optimize the washing step, solutions at different pH or containing tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as a complexing agent at different concentrations were tested and combined. Zn-IIP appeared more promising than Ni-IIP, showing excellent specificity and a high selectivity. Its retention capacity was determined to be 100 µg/g, and different isotherm models were evaluated to fit with the adsorption data. Finally, applications to mineral and sea waters were successfully completed and led to high and repeatable extraction recoveries for Cu(II) (88 ± 1% and 83 ± 3%, respectively).

Occurrence, distribution, source apportionment, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in water, sediment, fish and prawn from Ojo River in Lagos, Nigeria

The study investigates the occurrence and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment, fish, and prawn from the Ojo River with a view to identify the source of origin and the associated ecological and human health risks. The result shows that heavy metal concentrations in water [As = 0.010, Cd = 0.001, Cr = 0.041, Cu = 0.019, Co = 0.050, Fe = 0.099, Pb = 0.006, Ni = 0.003, and Zn = 0.452(mg/L)] were within the acceptable limits. The heavy metals in the sediment [As = 0.050, Cd = 0.287, Cr = 0.509, Cu = 0.207, Co = 0.086, Fe = 33.093, Pb = 0.548, Ni = 0.153 and Zn = 4.249 (mg/kg)] were within their respective background levels or earth's crust and the TEL and PEL standard limits. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish and prawn tissues are in this hierarchical form: Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Co > Pb > Ar > Cd and Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ar > Ni > Co > Cd, respectively. The bioaccumulation factors of heavy metals in fish ranged from 0.893 - 16.611 and 1.056 - 49.204 in prawn, which were higher than the biota-sedimentation factors (BSAF) values, inferring that the fish and prawns of this study ingested heavy metals highly from water column. The aggregated BSAF scores (fish = 5.584 and prawn = 9.137) showed that these organisms are good concentrators of heavy metals in sediments. The water quality index and other pollution indices (Single pollution index, Heavy metal assessment index, and Heavy metal pollution index) demonstrates slightly clean water, with a moderate level of contamination. The HI values of heavy metals in water, fish, and prawn were lower than 1, implying non-carcinogenic risk in children or adults. The ADD and EDI values of the metals were within their respective oral reference doses (RfD). The TCR values showed that exposure to water, either by ingestion or dermal absorption and the consumption of P. obscura and M. vollenhovenii from the Ojo River would not induce cancer risks in people, though As, Cr, Cd, and Pb showed carcinogenic potentials. The sediment contamination indices such as CF, mCd, EF, and Igeo showed a moderate level of pollution. The ecological risk values (NMPI, mCd = 0.068, PLI = 0.016, and R.I = 86.651) of heavy metals implies "no-moderate risk" except for Cd, which showed high risk. The ecotoxicological parameters,  m-PEL-Q (0.024) and m-ERM-Q (0.016) denotes low contamination and no probability of acute toxicity. The CV analysis showed high dispersions and variabilities in the distributions of the heavy metals in water. Other source analyses (Pearson's correlation matrix, PCA, and HCA) showed that both natural processes and anthropogenic activities are responsible for the occurrence of heavy metals in water and sediment from the Ojo River.

Assessment of heavy metals in cyprinid fishes: Rivers of district Khuzdar Balochistan Pakistan

Abstract The present study was conducted to measured heavy metals in cyprinid fishes in rivers of District Khuzdar Balochistan, Pakistan. In the present study, 25 fish samples were collected that belonged to 8 order of 13 families, The Cyprinidae family had the largest number of eight fish species. Present study is focused on Heavy metals in cyprinid fishes. Heavy metals accumulation like Zinc, Manganese, Copper, and Nickel was evaluated in water and various organs of fishes. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used for the identification of these heavy metals in fish species and water bodies. The average concentration (mg/L) of Zn 0.26-0.41, Mn 0.030- 0.073, Cu 0.017—0.080 and NI 0.14-0.79 were observed in water. The Concentration (mg/L), of Zn Conc 0.383-.028 Mn Conc .073- .030 Cu Conc 080-.017 NI Conc .79-.14. The concentration of heavy metals was found both similar and varied simultaneously across the whole research area. Zinc concentration was reported highest, whereas Copper was at the lowest concentration in all fish species .The concentration of heavy metals, in all the fish species under this study, was above the threshold of WHO limits.

Weight retention and expansion of popular lead-based and lead-free hunting bullets

Hunting bullets are often comprised of a lead core covered with a copper alloy jacket. When the bullet collides with an animal, particles-sometimes millions-can shed from the projectile and embed in animal tissues. Those lead fragments can persist in game meat and remain in the discarded viscera that many wildlife species scavenge. Bullets often differ in design, so it is vital to assess their weight retention and expansion, which affects how much metal they deposit in tissue and how effectively they kill animals. We fired 12 types of hunting bullets into water to measure their weight retention and expansion at 91 m and 238 m (100 and 260 yards). Bullet constructions included copper, tin, bonded lead, partitioned lead, and cup-and-core lead. On average, copper bullets retained >98 % of their weight, whereas cup-and-core lead bullets retained <13-55 %, depending on the brand and shot distance. One brand of bonded lead bullet retained mass (≥96 %) nearly as well as copper bullets, while another brand retained much less (~71 %). Two types of copper bullets expanded similarly between test distances, while a third expanded less at 238 m. Cup-and-core lead bullets often experienced a separation between their copper alloy jacket and lead core. Our data emphasize that lead-based bullets of similar construction can drastically differ in weight retention and expansion.

Association between dietary copper and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Several studies have investigated the relationship between trace element status, including copper status, and CVDs in population studies; however, there are controversies about the role of dietary copper and CVD. We aimed to review the association between dietary copper intake with CVD and this association's related factors by reviewing both animal models and human studies. Some animal model studies have reported a strong relationship between dietary copper intake and atherogenesis based on the possible molecular pathways, whilst other studies have not confirmed this relationship. Human studies have not revealed a relationship between CVDs and dietary copper intake, but there is uncertainty about the optimal amount of dietary copper intake in relation reducing the risk of CVDs. These associations may be influenced by ethnicity, gender, underlying co-morbidities and the methods used for its measurement.

Antioxidant Properties of Chokeberry Products-Assessment of the Composition of Juices and Fibers

Chokeberry fruits are a rich source of bioactive ingredients and their beneficial effect on the body has been proven in the literature. They contain antioxidants such as polyphenols (anthocyanins, procyanidins, phenolic acids, flavonols and flavanols) but also other essential substances with health-promoting potential, such as vitamin C and elements. Providing the right amount of these ingredients is very important for maintaining health and preventing the effects of oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to assess the content of antioxidant elements (magnesium-Mg) and trace elements (copper-Cu, iron-Fe, manganese-Mn, selenium-Se and zinc-Zn), with the antioxidant potential being measured using the FRAP method, along with total anthocyanin, total flavonoid and total polyphenol content (TPC) in 25 chokeberry juices and 6 chokeberry fibers sourced from conventional and organic farming. All chokeberry juices and chokeberry fibers available on the Polish market at that time were ordered for testing. The studied juices came from concentrate (FC) and not from concentrate (NFC). Taking into account the mineral content, it was shown that both chokeberry juices and fibers contained the highest amount of Mg and the lowest amount of Se. The FRAP value was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in organic juices compared to conventional ones as well as being higher (p < 0.05) in NFC juices compared to FC juices. NFC juices were also characterized by their higher concentrations of TPC, total flavonoid and total anthocyanin levels (p < 0.05) compared to FC juices. Consumption of 100 g of chokeberry juice can cover from 149.5 to 3177.0% of the daily requirement for Cu, 6.8-32.4% for Mn, 2.8-6.1% for Mg, 0.9-7.4% for Se, 0.2-3.7% for Fe, 0.3-1.2% for Zn and 8.3-34.5% for vitamin C. In turn, the consumption of 10 g of fiber can cover 4.3-32.0% of the daily requirement for Fe, 0.6-9.0% for Se, 3.7-8.2% for Cu, 2.2-3.8% for Mg, 0.6-9.0% for Se, 0.9-8.5% for Zn and 0.5-0.7%% for vitamin C. Chokeberry products can be a valuable component of a healthy diet.

Metal enrichment in ice-melt water and uptake by chironomids as possible legacy of World War One in the Italian Alps

Relics of World War One (WW1) were buried in alpine glaciers around 100 years ago. Today, these are emerging from the ice due to widespread glacier retreat, and are in direct contact with glacial meltwater-fed streams. To address a possible emergent contamination, we quantified major and trace elements (M-TEs) by mass spectrometry in water and larvae of Diamesa zernyi from three glacial streams fed by glaciers differently impacted by the Italian Austro-Hungarian war, in the Adamello-Presanella mountain range (Italian Alps): Lares and Presena, the two main battlefields, and Amola, 8 km from the front. M-TEs in stream water were interpreted using the crustal enrichment factor (EFc) while larval uptake was quantified by adopting the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Despite low M-TEs concentrations in the water, in a range between 1 ng L-1 (Ag, Ta) and 1-2 mg L-1 (Al, Fe, Mg), low to moderate enrichments (10 ≥ EFc≥ 6) were observed for Sb and U in Presena and for Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Li, Mo, Pb, Sb and U in Lares. In addition, M-TE mass concentrations in larvae were up to ninety thousand times higher than in water, from 20 to 50 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.; for Bi, Sb, Ta, Tl) to 1-4 mg g-1 d.w. (for Al, Fe, Na, and Mg). Larvae from Lares accumulated the largest amount of metals and metalloids, including those mostly used in the manufacture of artillery shells (As, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb; BAFs from 375 to about 11,500). This was expected as most of the WW1 battles in this mountain range were fought on the Lares glacier, where the greatest number of war relics are emerging. These results provide preliminary evidence of water contamination and bioaccumulation of metals and metalloids by glacial fauna as a possible legacy of WW1 in the Alps.

An ESIPT solvatochromic fluorescent and colorimetric probe for sensitive and selective detection of copper ions in environmental samples and cell lines

Copper is one of the most important transition metals in our body for various physiological functions. An imbalance in the homeostasis of copper in our body can lead to various neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, and Menkes disease. As a result, there is a need for the detection of excess copper present in the environment and the human system. In this work, we have designed a quinoline-based fluorescent/colorimetric probe (QHS) for rapid and selective detection of copper ions via quenching of fluorescence/color change from yellow to peach which is visible to the naked eye. The probe displayed high selectivity towards copper(II), i.e., Cu(II) in the presence of different metal analytes in water samples. The sensing mechanism of the probe was confirmed by NMR, HRMS, IR spectroscopy, and SEM. The detection limit of Cu(II) ions was found to be 0.493 μM which is lower than the tolerable limit of copper (20 μM) in drinking water as per the EPA. The probe was also utilized for the visualization of Cu(II) in cell lines. The probe was also demonstrated for its application in real-time detection of aqueous samples using portable paper strips.

Antarctic heavy metal pollution and remediation efforts: state of the art of research and scientific publications

In Antarctica, human activities have been reported to be the major cause of the accumulation of heavy metal contaminants. A comprehensive bibliometric analysis of publications on heavy metal contamination in Antarctica from year 2000 to 2020 was performed to obtain an overview of the current landscape in this line of research. A total of 106 documents were obtained from Scopus, the largest citation database. Extracted data were analysed, and VOSviewer software was used to visualise trends. The result showed an increase in publications and citations in the past 20 years indicating the rising interest on heavy metal contamination in the Antarctic region. Based on the analysis of keywords, the publications largely discuss various types of heavy metals found in the Antarctic water and sediment. The analysis on subject areas detects multiple disciplines involved, wherein the environmental science was well-represented. The top countries and authors producing the most publication in this field were from Australia, China, Brazil and Chile. Numerous efforts have been exercised to investigate heavy metal pollution and its mitigation approaches in the region in the past decades. This paper not only is relevant for scholars to understand the development status and trends in this field but also offers clear insights on the future direction of Antarctic heavy metal contamination and remediation research.

Copper in hepatocellular carcinoma： A double-edged sword with therapeutic potentials

Copper is a necessary cofactor vital for maintaining biological functions, as well as participating in the development of cancer. A plethora of studies have demonstrated that copper is a double-edged sword, presenting both benefits and detriments to tumors. The liver is a metabolically active organ, and an imbalance of copper homeostasis can result in deleterious consequences to the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer, is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited viable therapeutic options. As research advances, the focus has shifted towards the relationships between copper and HCC. Innovatively, cuproplasia and cuproptosis have been proposed to depict copper-related cellular growth and death, providing new insights for HCC treatment. By summarizing the constantly elucidated molecular connections, this review discusses the mechanisms of copper in the pathogenesis, progression, and potential therapeutics of HCC. Additionally, we aim to tentatively provide a theoretical foundation and gospel for HCC patients.

Synthesis and characterization of cylindrical electrode with sucrose binder as advanced electrode materials for copper 3D-electro-oxidation

This study produced a biomass-based cylindrical electrode containing sucrose (an organic binder). The Cu2+ removal performance of the synthesized sucrose-bonded cylindrical electrode was evaluated in a 3-phase 3-dimensional electro-oxidation reactor (3D-EO) and the classical electro-oxidation method (2D-EO). Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDs) was grafted onto activated carbon and used as microelectrode in 3D-EO reactors. SDs grafting resulted in a 57% reduction in the micropores of activated carbon. Therefore, the surface area of carbon after grafting decreased from 1328 m2/g to 580 m2/g. The sucrose-bonded cylindrical electrode has a rich carbon structure and consists of 84.04 wt% C, 12.10 wt% O and 3.20 wt%Si. According to CV measurement, the sucrose-bonded cylindrical electrode gives a surface reaction against Cu2+ at voltages lower than -0.62 V. Increasing the potential difference from 1V to 3V in 2D-EO and 3D-EO processes led to the removal of Cu2+ from the solution. The 3D-EO reactor achieved a removal rate of 87.12% at 3V. The 100 ppm solution was treated with a 3D-EO reactor containing 6 g/L of PC/SDs400Ws for 60 min, successfully removing 91.22% of Cu2+.

Effects of atmospheric dust particles on common medicinal plants in an industrial area of West Bengal, India

The exposure of atmospheric dust particles on four common medicinal plants (Ocimum sanctum, Andrographis paniculata, Catharanthus roseous, and Kaempferia galanga, which are available in the study area and cultivated by the local people for medicinal purposes) affects their growth, levels of essential biochemical constituents and heavy metal concentration. The plant species were grown by pot cultivation in an industrial area with high levels of coal dust to assess the capacity of heavy metals accumulation in their leaves and changes in allometry and biochemical parameters. The results showed that annual average SPM and dustfall varied between 195.88 to 645.97 μg/m3 and 17.55 to 41.16 g/m2/month, respectively. Dustfall at different polluted sites was 2.4, 2.1, 1.5, 1.4, and 2.3 times higher than at the control site. The most prevalent heavy metal in atmospheric particulate matter was Zn, followed by Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, and Cd. Plant allometry measurements such as height, stem width, root length, petiole length, and leaf area are shown to have a strong and significant (p<0.05) negative correlation with dustfall and SPM. Total chlorophyll and RWC were inversely proportional to the dust load present in all the species. Except for Andrographis paniculata, chlorophyll and leaf-extracted pH of plant species were moderately correlated with APTI, whereas no correlation was noticed for ascorbic acid. A positive correlation between SPM and heavy metals in leaves was observed. The results implied that the cultivation and collection of medicinal plants from the study area could be potentially toxic to human health.

The Combined Use of Copper Sulfate and Trichlorfon Exerts Stronger Toxicity on the Liver of Zebrafish

In aquaculture, copper sulphate and trichlorfon are commonly used as disinfectants and insecticide, sometimes in combination. However, improper use can result in biotoxicity and increased ecological risks. The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification, lipid metabolism, nutrient storage, and immune function in fish. Selecting the liver as the main target organ for research helps to gain an in-depth understanding of various aspects of fish physiology, health, and adaptability. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to Cu (0.5 mg/L) and Tri (0.5 mg/L) alone and in combination for 21 days. The results demonstrate that both Cu and Tri caused hepatocyte structure damage in zebrafish after 21 days of exposure, with the combination showing an even greater toxicity. Additionally, the antioxidant and immune enzyme activities in zebrafish liver were significantly induced on both day 7 and day 21. A transcriptome analysis revealed that Cu and Tri, alone and in combination, impacted various physiological activities differently, including metabolism, growth, and immunity. Overall, Cu and Tri, either individually or in combination, can induce tissue damage by generating oxidative stress in the body, and the longer the exposure duration, the stronger the toxic effects. Moreover, the combined exposure to Cu and Tri exhibits enhanced toxicity. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the combined use of heavy metal disinfectants and other drugs.

Copper in cancer: from limiting nutrient to therapeutic target

As an essential nutrient, copper's redox properties are both beneficial and toxic to cells. Therefore, leveraging the characteristics of copper-dependent diseases or using copper toxicity to treat copper-sensitive diseases may offer new strategies for specific disease treatments. In particular, copper concentration is typically higher in cancer cells, making copper a critical limiting nutrient for cancer cell growth and proliferation. Hence, intervening in copper metabolism specific to cancer cells may become a potential tumor treatment strategy, directly impacting tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the metabolism of copper in the body and summarize research progress on the role of copper in promoting tumor cell growth or inducing programmed cell death in tumor cells. Additionally, we elucidate the role of copper-related drugs in cancer treatment, intending to provide new perspectives for cancer treatment.

Differential Analysis of Three Copper-Based Nanomaterials with Different Morphologies to Suppress Alternaria alternata and Safety Evaluation

The overuse of copper-based fertilizers and pesticides over the last few decades has resulted in detrimental risks to our environment. Nano-enabled agrichemicals with a high effective utilization ratio have shown great potential for maintaining or minimizing environmental issues in agriculture. Copper-based nanomaterials (Cu-based NMs) serve as a promising alternative to fungicides. Three types of Cu-based NMs with different morphologies were analyzed for their different antifungal effects on Alternaria alternata in this current study. Compared to commercial copper hydroxide water power (Cu(OH)₂ WP), all tested Cu-based NMs, including cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu₂O NPs), copper nanorods (Cu NRs) and copper nanowires (Cu NWs), especially Cu₂O NPs and Cu NWs, showed higher antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata. Its EC₅₀ were 104.24 and 89.40 mg L^-1, respectively, achieving comparable activity using a dose approximately 1.6 and 1.9-fold lower. Cu-based NMs could introduce the downregulation of melanin production and soluble protein content. In contrast to trends in antifungal activity, Cu₂O NPs showed the strongest power in regulating melanin production and protein content and similarly exhibited the highest acute toxicity to adult zebrafish compared to other Cu-based NMs. These results demonstrate that Cu-based NMs could offer great potential in plant disease management strategies.

Toxic copper level increases erythrocyte glycolytic rate, glutathione production and alters electrolyte balance in male Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Copper is a micronutrient vital to several cellular energy metabolic processes and drives erythropoiesis. However, it disrupts cellular biological activities and causes oxidative damage when in excess of cellular needs. This study investigated the effects of copper toxicity on erythrocyte energy metabolism in male Wistar rats.

METHODS

Ten Wistar rats (150-170 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (given 0.1 ml distilled water) and copper toxic (given 100 mg/kg copper sulphate). Rats were orally treated for 30 days. Blood, collected retro-orbitally after sodium thiopentone anaesthesia (50 mg/kg i.p.) into fluoride oxalate and EDTA bottles, was subjected to blood lactate assay and extraction of red blood cell respectively. Red blood cell nitric oxide (RBC NO), glutathione (RBC GSH), adenosine triphosphate (RBC ATP) levels, RBC hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate (RBC G6P), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (RBC G6PDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (RBC LDH) activity was estimated spectrophotometrically. Values (Mean±SEM, n = 5) were compared by Student's unpaired T-test at p < 0.05.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Copper toxicity significantly increased RBC hexokinase (23.41 ± 2.80 µM), G6P (0.48 ± 0.03 µM), G6PDH (71.03 ± 4.76nmol/min/ml) activities, ATP (624.70 ± 57.36 µmol/gHb) and GSH (3.08 ± 0.37 µM) level compared to control (15.28 ± 1.37 µM, 0.35 ± 0.02 µM, 330.30 ± 49.58 µmol/gHb, 54.41 ± 3.01nmol/min/ml and 2.05 ± 0.14 µM respectively, p < 0.05). Also, RBC LDH activity (145.00 ± 19.88mU/ml), NO (3.45 ± 0.25 µM) and blood lactate (31.64 ± 0.91 mg/dl) level were lowered significantly compared to control (467.90 ± 94.23mU/ml, 4.48 ± 0.18 µM and 36.12 ± 1.06 mg/dl respectively). This study shows that copper toxicity increases erythrocyte glycolytic rate and glutathione production. This increase could be connected to a compensatory mechanism for cellular hypoxia and increased free radical generation.

Evaluation of microplastic contamination by metals in a controlled environment: A risk to be considered

The metal contamination and the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) due to human activities have contributed to the worsening of environmental problems in aquatic systems. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate PET microplastic adsorption levels when exposed to high amounts of Ni, Cu and Co. The PET microplastic was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Brunner-Emmet-Teller, porosimetry system, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance for evaluation of surface morphology, surface area, porosity, pore size and functional groups, respectively. The results showed that the surface area, the presence of macro and mesopores, and the functional groups influence the adsorption of metals on the surface of PET microplastic. The adsorption isotherms confirmed the presence of mesoporosity and macroporosity on the PET microplastic surface. The Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to study the adsorption capacity. The kinetics of adsorptions were interpreted using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models. The results indicated that the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second order adequately described the adsorption of metals by the PET microplastic. The removal rates by the PET microplastic varied from 8 to 34% for Ni, 5 to 40% for Cu and 7 to 27% for Co after a period of 5 days. Furthermore, the adsorption was predominantly chemical and extremely fast, indicating that the presence of microplastics in the environment can lead to a rapid metal accumulation which elevates the hazards potential of microplastic in living beings.

Genome-resolved metagenomics revealed metal-resistance, geochemical cycles in a Himalayan hot spring

The hot spring microbiome is a complex assemblage of micro- and macro-organisms; however, the understanding and projection of enzymatic repertoire that access earth's integral ecosystem processes remains ambivalent. Here, the Khirganga hot spring characterized with white microbial mat and ions rich in sulfate, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium ions is investigated and displayed the examination of 41 high and medium qualified metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) belonged to at least 12 bacterial and 2 archaeal phyla which aids to drive sulfur, oxygen, iron, and nitrogen cycles with metabolic mechanisms involved in heavy metal tolerance. These MAGs possess over 1749 genes putatively involved in crucial metabolism of elements viz. nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur and 598 genes encoding enzymes for czc efflux system, chromium, arsenic, and copper heavy metals resistance. The MAGs also constitute 229 biosynthetic gene clusters classified abundantly as bacteriocins and terpenes. The metabolic roles possibly involved in altering linkages in nitrogen biogeochemical cycles and explored a discerned rate of carbon fixation exclusively in archaeal member Methanospirillum hungatei inhabited in microbial mat. Higher Pfam entropy scores of biogeochemical cycling in Proteobacteria members assuring their major contribution in assimilation of ammonia and sequestration of nitrate and sulfate components as electron acceptors. This study will readily improve the understanding of the composite relationship between bacterial species owning metal resistance genes (MRGs) and underline the exploration of adaptive mechanism of these MAGs in multi-metal contaminated environment. KEY POINTS: • Identification of 41 novel bacterial and archaeal species in habitats of hot spring • Genome-resolved metagenomics revealed MRGs (n = 598) against Cr, Co, Zn, Cd, As, and Cu • Highest entropies of N (0.48) and Fe (0.44) cycles were detected within the MAGs.

Differential Effects of Histidine and Histidinamide versus Cysteine and Cysteinamide on Copper Ion-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity in HaCaT Keratinocytes

Metal chelators are used for various industrial and medical purposes based on their physicochemical properties and biological activities. In biological systems, copper ions bind to certain enzymes as cofactors to confer catalytic activity or bind to specific proteins for safe storage and transport. However, unbound free copper ions can catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and cell death. The present study aims to identify amino acids with copper chelation activities that might mitigate oxidative stress and toxicity in skin cells exposed to copper ions. A total of 20 free amino acids and 20 amidated amino acids were compared for their copper chelation activities in vitro and the cytoprotective effects in cultured HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to CuSO4. Among the free amino acids, cysteine showed the highest copper chelation activity, followed by histidine and glutamic acid. Among the amidated amino acids, cysteinamide showed the highest copper chelation activity, followed by histidinamide and aspartic acid. CuSO4 (0.4–1.0 mM) caused cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the free and amidated amino acids (1.0 mM), only histidine and histidinamide prevented the HaCaT cell death induced by CuSO4 (1.0 mM). Cysteine and cysteinamide had no cytoprotective effects despite their potent copper-chelating activities. EDTA and GHK-Cu, which were used as reference compounds, had no cytoprotective effects either. Histidine and histidinamide suppressed the CuSO4-induced ROS production, glutathione oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation in HaCaT cells, whereas cysteine and cysteinamide had no such effects. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed copper-chelating activity at 0.5–1.0 mM (34–68 mg mL−1). Histidine, histidinamide, and BSA at 0.5–1.0 mM enhanced the viability of cells exposed to CuCl2 or CuSO4 (0.5 mM or 1.0 mM) whereas cysteine and cysteinamide had no such effects. The results of this study suggest that histidine and histidinamide have more advantageous properties than cysteine and cysteinamide in terms of alleviating copper ion-induced toxic effects in the skin.

Adaptive Mechanisms of Shewanella xiamenensis DCB 2-1 Metallophilicity

The dose-dependent effects of single metals (Zn, Ni, and Cu) and their combinations at steady time-actions on the cell viability of the bacteria Shewanella xiamenensis DCB 2-1, isolated from a radionuclide-contaminated area, have been estimated. The accumulation of metals by Shewanella xiamenensis DCB 2-1 in single and multi-metal systems was assessed using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. To estimate the response of the bacteria's antioxidant defense system, doses of 20 and 50 mg/L of single studied metals and 20 mg/L of each metal in their combinations (non-toxic doses, determined by the colony-forming viability assay) were used. Emphasis was given to catalase and superoxide dismutase since they form the primary line of defense against heavy metal action and their regulatory circuit of activity is crucial. The effect of metal ions on total thiol content, an indicator of cellular redox homeostasis, in bacterial cells was evaluated. Genome sequencing of Shewanella xiamenensis DCB 2-1 reveals genes responsible for heavy metal tolerance and detoxification, thereby improving understanding of the potential of the bacterial strain for bioremediation.

Seasonal variation, contribution and dynamics of trace elements in the drainage basin and estuary of the Serinhaém river, BA

In the present study a mass balance calculation was used to quantify trace elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ti, V and Zn) fluxes exported from the Serinhaém River estuary to the Atlantic Ocean. The studied elements exportation in the particulate fraction showed higher fluxes in the first sampling campaign and a high export rate to the Atlantic Ocean during this period. The physical-chemical parameters showed the highest values in sampling campaign 1. These variations are probably the cause of the different trace elements behavior in fluvial and estuarine areas, where removal and addition processes between particulate and dissolved phases took place, affecting distribution coefficient and fluxes to the Atlantic Ocean. EPA ecosystems present values in accordance with Brazilian legislation for pristine areas, however, monitoring programs must be carried out in the region, to avoid future environmental problems.

“Gamma Irradiation Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Nanoclay Hydrogel for the Removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) from Aqueous Media”

Hydrogel composites comprised of N,O carboxymethyl chitosan crosslinked with different weight ratios of acrylic acid and fabricated with nanoclay particle were prepared via gamma irradiation at 25 kGy irradiation dose. The prepared composites were coded as CsAA1Cl, CsAA2Cl and CsAA3Cl based on the weight ratio of acrylic acid to the chitosan derivative. The claimed hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, TGA and XRD. The TGA data implied that the incorporation of clay nanoparticles enhanced the thermal stability of the composites; the decomposition temperature increased up to 500 °C for CsAA3Cl. Three AFM outcomes were used to compare the surface features of the samples; topography, height and surface roughness. The topography data reveals that the nanoclay particles incorporated in CsAA3Cl are intercalated and exfoliated. Then, the optimized sorbent (CsAA3Cl) was investigated as green sorbents for chromium (VI) and lead (II). The data revealed that CsAA3Cl displayed maximum removal performance towards both lead and chromium with removal efficiencies 125 mg/g and 205 mg/g respectively at the optimum application conditions within 90 min only. Also, it was found that the optimum pH value was 9 for chromium and 8 for lead. The data proved that the adsorption of both cations followed pseudo-first order kinetic model. The prepared composites showed acceptable metal uptake capacity at three successive cycles.

Graphical Abstract

Plasma Copper Concentration Is Associated with Cardiovascular Mortality in Male Kidney Transplant Recipients

Kidney transplant recipients (KTR) are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. We investigated whether, in KTR, post-transplantation copper status is associated with the risk of cardiovascular mortality and potential effect modification by sex. In this cohort study, plasma copper was measured using mass spectrometry in extensively-phenotyped KTR with a functioning allograft >1-year. Cox regression analyses with the inclusion of multiplicative interaction terms were performed. In 660 KTR (53 ± 13 years old, 56% male), the median baseline plasma copper was 15.42 (IQR 13.53-17.63) µmol/L. During a median follow-up of 5 years, 141 KTR died, 53 (38%) due to cardiovascular causes. Higher plasma copper was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in the overall KTR population (HR 1.37; 95% CI, 1.07-1.77 per 1-SD, p = 0.01). Sex was a significant effect modifier of this association (P_interaction = 0.01). Among male KTR, higher plasma copper concentration was independently associated with a two-fold higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.09; 95% CI, 1.42-3.07 per 1-SD, p < 0.001). Among female KTR, this association was absent. This evidence offers a rationale for considering a sex-specific assessment of copper's role in cardiovascular risk evaluation. Further studies are warranted to elucidate whether copper-targeted interventions may decrease cardiovascular mortality in male KTR.

Association of single and joint metals with albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration longitudinal change in middle-aged adults from Spain: The Aragon workers health study

The nephrotoxicity of low-chronic metal exposures is unclear, especially considering several metals simultaneously. We assessed the individual and joint association of metals with longitudinal change in renal endpoints in Aragon Workers Health Study participants with available measures of essential (cobalt [Co], copper [Cu], molybdenum [Mo] and zinc [Zn]) and non-essential (As, barium [Ba], Cd, chromium [Cr], antimony [Sb], titanium [Ti], uranium [U], vanadium [V] and tungsten [W]) urine metals and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) (N = 707) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (N = 1493) change. Median levels were 0.24, 7.0, 18.6, 295, 3.1, 1.9, 0.28, 1.16, 9.7, 0.66, 0.22 μg/g for Co, Cu, Mo, Zn, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Sb, Ti, V and W, respectively, and 52.5 and 27.2 ng/g for Sb and U, respectively. In single metal analysis, higher As, Cr and W concentrations were associated with increasing ACR annual change. Higher Zn, As and Cr concentrations were associated with decreasing eGFR annual change. The shape of the longitudinal dose-responses, however, was compatible with a nephrotoxic role for all metals, both in ACR and eGFR models. In joint metal analysis, both higher mixtures of Cu-Zn-As-Ba-Ti-U-V-W and Co-Cd-Cr-Sb-V-W showed associations with increasing ACR and decreasing eGFR annual change. As and Cr were main drivers of the ACR change joint metal association. For the eGFR change joint metal association, while Zn and Cr were main drivers, other metals also contributed substantially. We identified potential interactions for As, Zn and W by other metals with ACR change, but not with eGFR change. Our findings support that Zn, As, Cr and W and suggestively other metals, are nephrotoxic at relatively low exposure levels. Metal exposure reduction and mitigation interventions may improve prevention and decrease the burden of renal disease in the population.

Environmental impacts of covid-19 pandemic: Release of microplastics, organic contaminants and trace metals from face masks under ambient environmental conditions

The covid-19 pandemic era was characterized by heavy usage and disposal of medical face masks, now estimated at over 1.24 trillion. Few studies had attempted to demonstrate the release of microplastics from face masks using simulated conditions and application of mechanical forces, far different from the effects experienced by face masks dumped in the open environment, in landfills and dumpsites. In the current study, we monitored the release of microplastics, organic contaminants and toxic metals from medical face masks degraded under normal outdoor environmental conditions, over a period of 60 weeks. We showed that face mask's decomposition proceeded via sunlight (UV) - initiated oxidative degradation, leading to the replacement of methylene (CH₂-) and alkyl (CH₃-) groups in face mask's polypropylene backbone with hydroxyl and ketonic functional groups. Organic compounds released from decaying face masks into the surrounding soil included alkanes, alkenes, carboxylic acids/diesters and phthalate esters. Mean maximum concentration of phthalates in the soil ranged from 3.14 mg/kg (diethyl phthalate) to 11.68 mg/kg di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Heavy metals, including Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Sn and Fe, were released into the soil, leading to contamination factors of 3.11, 2.84, 2.42, 2.26, 1.80 and 0.99, respectively. Together, the metals gave a pollution load index (PLI) of 2.102, indicating that they constitute moderate pollution of the soil surrounding the heap of face masks. This study provides a realistic insight into the fate and impacts of the enormous amounts of face masks, disposed or abandoned in soil environments during the covid-19 pandemic.

Study on Computer Screening and Drug Properties of Herbs Intervening in Copper Death

Objective

The objective of this study was to explore the medicinal properties of herbal medicines that can interfere with the copper death pathway.

Methods

The Human Gene Database, Chemical Interactions in Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Medical Information Platform, and Cytoscape software were used to find target and chemicals that interfere with copper death targets, as well as herbal medicines containing these chemicals and their four natures and five flavors (basic properties of herbal medicines).

Results

27 copper death-related targets were finally retrieved, as well as 2143 chemicals that could interfere with them, including 180 herbal compounds. The compounds with the highest degree values (number of nodes connected to this node) were folic acid, resveratrol, and quercetin. The 180 compounds were related to 278 herbs; those with the highest degree values (number of nodes connected to this node) were Jujubae Fructus, Ginkgo biloba L, and Acanthopanax senticosus. The 27 copper death targets were indirectly associated with 278 herbs; those with the highest degree values (number of nodes connected to this node) were Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc, and Mori Folium. Among the 278 herbs, 6 had incomplete information. A pharmacological analysis showed that among the 272 Chinese herbs, the most frequent meridians were the liver (133), lung (104), and spleen (91). Of the four natures, the most frequent were cold (73), warm (68), and flat (45). Of the five flavors, the most frequent were bitter (165), pungent (116), and sweet (99).

Conclusion

This study preliminarily discussed the material basis and medicinal properties of herbs that can intervene in copper death, which can provide reference for the theoretical discussion, drug development, and clinical research of Chinese medicine regulating copper death.

Trace element levels in serum and gastric mucosa in patients with Helicobacter pylori positive and negative gastritis

BACKGROUND

Most trace elements are inhibited by Helicobacter pylori-infection, and variations in specific element levels are linked to the development of stomach cancer. This is the first study to show the relationship between serum and tissue concentrations of twenty-five trace elements and H. pylori infection status. This study purposed to define serum and tissue trace element levels of 25 healthy individuals with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis and Helicobacter pylori-negative gastritis and to reveal their relationship with the disease.

METHODS

Study groups consisted of sixty-two patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive, thirty-seven patients with Helicobacter pylori-negative, and thirty healthy individuals. Serum and tissue concentrations of twenty-five elements (aluminum, boron, arsenic, barium, calcium, beryllium, copper, cadmium, iron, chromium, mercury, lithium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, nickel, phosphorus, lead, scandium, strontium, selenium, tellurium, titanium, zinc) were defined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

RESULTS

Except for copper, lithium, and strontium elements in serum samples, other trace elements differed significantly between the groups (p < 0.05). The serum chromium (p = 0.002), mercury (p = 0.001), boron (p < 0.001), and cadmium (p < 0.001) levels of H. pylori-negative gastritis and H. pylori-positive gastritis participants were significantly different, and their serum concentrations were less than 0.5 µ/l. Boron, barium, beryllium, chromium, lithium, phosphorus and strontium elements in tissue samples did not differ significantly between the groups (p > 0.05). Manganese, nickel, tellurium and titanium elements were not detected in tissue and serum samples. The mean concentrations of calcium, beryllium, chromium, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, scandium, and selenium were higher in the tissues of patients with H. pylori gastritis compared to healthy control tissues. Also, cadmium could not be detected in tissue samples. There was a significant difference between H. pylori-infected tissue and serum chromium levels (p = 0.001), with lower levels detected in tissue samples.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study that we are knowledgeable of that reports the concentrations of twenty five elements in both serum and tissue samples, as well as the relationship between trace elements and Helicobacter pylori-infection status. Dietary adjustment is indicated as an adjunct to medical therapy to stabilize trace elements because Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause inflammation and impair element absorption in gastritis patients. We also think that this study will shed light on studies on the relationship between Helicobacter pylori-trace elements and serum-tissue/healthy serum-tissue trace element levels of patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis.

Significance of the great protection of the Yangtze River: Riverine input contributes primarily to the presence of PAHs and HMs in its estuary and the adjacent sea

The Yangtze River protection strategies are expected to improve the water quality and ecological function of the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE). The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 6 heavy metals (HMs) in the YRE were measured and the riverine fluxes were calculated subsequently. In particular, the concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in seawater decreased over time, while those of other studied pollutants did not change a lot. In sediments, the concentration changes for all the pollutants were insignificant. For the present pollutants, the river input is the dominant source, and the flux decreased after the protection. The contribution of the discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was quantified. Its influence cannot be ignored. The seafood quality remained stable and the risk via diet was insignificant. Long-term monitoring is necessary, and the positive impact of the Protection Strategy is gradually emerging.

Immune-antioxidant trait, growth, splenic cytokines expression, apoptosis, and histopathological alterations of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to sub-lethal copper toxicity and fed thyme and/or basil essential oils enriched diets

Two experiments were conducted in this study, using 250 Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) (average weight 30.28 ± 0.27 g). The first experiment was conducted to investigate the 96-h lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) of copper chloride (CuCl₂) using the probit analysis, seventy fish was divided into seven different concentration of CuCl₂ (0, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 mg/L), the accurate Cu concentrations were (1.23, 5.36, 6.02, 6.98, 7.05, 7.93, 8.12 mg/L Cu). The second experiment was conducted for investigating the effect of dietary supplementation with thyme (Thymus vulgaris, T. vulgaris) and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum, O. basilicum) essential oils (TEO and BEO respectively) against sub-lethal Cu exposure (1/10 96-h LC₅₀ of CuCl₂). About 180 fish was divided into six groups in triplicate (10 fish/replicate, 30 fish/group). Group 1 (C) was kept as a control group with no Cu exposure and was fed the control basal diet. Group 2 (C-Cu) was fed the control basal diet and simultaneously exposed to 1/10 of the 96 h LC₅₀ of CuCl₂ (2.574 mg/L) as a sub-lethal concentration of Cu, where the realistic Cu concentration was 3.976 mg/L. Group 3 (TEO) and group 4 (BEO) were fed the diets fortified with 1%TEO and BEO, respectively without exposure to Cu. Group 5 (TEO-Cu) and group 6 (BEO-Cu) were fed the diets fortified with 1%TEO and 1%BEO, respectively, and simultaneously exposed to 1/10 of the 96 h LC₅₀ of CuCl₂ (2.574 mg/L). The growth and behavioral performance, immunological response and its related gene expression, antioxidant status, stress biomarker indicators, apoptosis biomarkers, and histopathological alteration were investigated. The results of the first experiment showed that the 96-h LC₅₀ of CuCl₂ in O. niloticus was 25.740 mg/L with lower and upper confidence limits of 25.152 and 26.356 mg/L, respectively. The results of the second experiment showed that sub-lethal Cu exposure induced growth retardation (lowered final body weight, total weight gain, and specific growth rate %), behavioral abnormalities (slower swimming activity and feeding performance), immunosuppression (lowered nitric oxide, complement-3, lysozyme, total proteins, albumin, and globulin), and lowering the hepatic antioxidant functions (higher MDA, and lower SOD, CAT, and GPx) in the exposed fish. Furthermore, alteration in the immune-related genes expression (down-regulation of IL-10 and TGF-β and up-regulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TRL-4), hepato-renal dysfunction (elevated ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine), and high levels of serum stress indicators (cortisol and glucose) were markedly evident. sub-lethal Cu toxicity induced significant up-regulation of apoptosis biomarkers involving, nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κβ), Bcl-2 Associated X-protein (BAX), meanwhile, the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was remarkably down-regulated. In addition, apoptosis was also evident by histopathological investigation of branchial, hepatic, and renal sections. TEO and/or BEO dietary supplementation mitigate the destructive impacts of sub-lethal Cu exposure in O. niloticus, depending on the results of our study, it could be concluded that TEO and BEO with a 1% dietary level could be a promising antioxidant, immunostimulant, anti-stress factors, and anti-apoptosis mediators against heavy metal contaminants (Cu) in O. niloticus, providing a solution to the problem of aquatic bodies pollution, consequently aiding in the development of aquaculture industry.

Comprehensive Assessment of Tailing Dumps' Impact on Water Quality of Rivers, Lakes, and Wells from Mining Areas

This study is the third in a series of investigations conducted by the authors, and certainly the most comprehensive research regarding the former uranium, copper, and charcoal mines from a particular geographical area of Romania. In this respect, the present scientific incursion focused on two areas containing former extraction uranium ore sites, Ciudanovita and Lisava, as well as copper ore from Moldova Noua and charcoal mines from Anina, Banat Region, Romania. It highlighted that, for the first time, the heavy metal concentration was correlated with the values of physicochemical indicators of water (i.e., EC, DO, pH, resistivity, salinity, and ORP), by using multivariate analysis, to shape a regional based model on spatial distributions and the variability of toxic contaminants from the hydrographic basin of Banat, Romania, as a consequence of former uranium, copper, and charcoal mines. In this regard, 11 metals including Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Sr, Cd, and Pb from different water samples (well, spring, river, and lake), collected from three mining areas (uranium, copper, and coal mines) were investigated. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of seven heavy metals were assessed using the EDI, DIM, and THQ. The obtained THQ values were within the acceptable limits for cancer risks for adults, but as regards children, eight samples out of 18 proved toxic. However, the HRI and THQ average values for Cd (0.265 adults/0.996 children) and Pb (0.025 adults/0.095 children) for children were 3-4 times higher than those for adults. This is a source of concern as their prevalence in well water exposes children and residents in the Banat Region to the risk of various types of cancers.

AIE+ESIPT Active Hydroxybenzothiazole for Intracellular Detection of Cu2+: Anticancer and Anticounterfeiting Applications

Here, in the present work, a new hydroxybenzothiazole derivative (HBT 2) with AIE+ESIPT features was synthesized by Suzuki-Miyora coupling of HBT 1 with 4-formylphenylboronic acid. The AIE and ESIPT features were confirmed by optical, microscopic (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The yellow fluorescent aggregates of HBT 2 can specifically detect Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ ions with limits of detection as low as 250 nM and 69 nM. The Job's plot revealed the formation of a 1:1 complex. The Cu²⁺ complexation was further confirmed by optical, NMR, AFM and DLS techniques. HBT 2 was also used for the detection of Cu²⁺ ions in real water samples collected from different regions of Punjab. HBT 2 was successfully used for the bio-imaging of Cu²⁺ ions in live A549 and its anticancer activity was checked on different cancer cell lines, such as MG63, and HeLa, and normal cell lines such as L929. We successfully utilized HBT 2 to develop security labels for anticounterfeiting applications.

Sex-Based Differences in the Association between Serum Copper and Kidney Function: Evidence from NHANES 2011-2016

Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between copper (Cu) and kidney function is rare, and few studies examine the sex differences in this association. We aimed to explore the overall and sex-based relationship between exposure to Cu and biomarkers of kidney function among 4331 participants of the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to examine the overall and sex-specific associations between serum Cu and the kidney function indicator-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR). Restricted cubic spline models (RCS) stratified by sex were performed to explore the sex-based dose-response associations. Serum Cu in the highest quartile was associated with higher levels of UACR (β = 0.203, 95% CI: 0.100 to 0.306) among overall participants. In males, there was an association of the highest Cu quartile with decreased eGFR (β = -0.023, 95% CI: -0.042 to -0.003) and increased UACR (β = 0.349, 95% CI: 0.171 to 0.527); serum Cu levels also demonstrated a negative nonlinear dose-response association with eGFR and a positive linear dose-response association with UACR in males, whereas females showed a marginally significant nonlinear positive association of eGFR with serum Cu levels. In conclusion, there were sex-specific and dose-response relationships between serum Cu and kidney function indicators. Further prospective and mechanistic studies are warranted.

Adult Honeybees and Beeswax as Indicators of Trace Elements Pollution in a Vulnerable Environment: Distribution among Different Apicultural Compartments

Bees in search of diet sources intensively fly within a radius of up to 3 km, encountering nectar, pollen, and water sources which are potentially contaminated. Consequently, their products can provide valuable information about potential pollution. In the current study, 27 macro and trace elements, including the most hazardous ones, were measured in bees, honey, wax, pollen, and larvae, obtained from seven explicitly industrial areas in eastern regions of Slovakia, using a validated ICP-MS method. All the analysed elements were detected at least in one matrix. The detected concentrations of toxic elements, such as Hg, Pb, and Cd were in some cases higher in wax and bee samples, compared with honey, larvae, and pollen. In particular, Pb and Hg maximum concentrations were detected in the wax samples from Poša (3193 µg/kg) and Strážske_A (90 μg/kg). In addition, adult bees accumulated more elements than larvae, while wax and adult bees seemed more suitable for monitoring macro and trace elements in the surrounding environment. Statistical analysis emphasizing bees and wax correlated Cd with the Strážske area, possibly attributed to the intensified industrial activity in this region.

Cross-sectional Study of Workers Employed at a Copper Smelter-Effects of Long-term Exposures to Copper on Lung Function and Chronic Inflammation

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of exposure to copper-containing dust on lung function and inflammatory endpoints among workers of a German copper plant, effects rarely studied before.

METHODS

One hundred four copper-exposed smelter workers and 70 referent workers from the precious metal and lead facilities were included, with different metal exposures in both groups due to the different process materials. Body plethysmography, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements, and blood sampling were conducted in all workers. Smoking status and the use of respiratory protective equipment were considered. In a subgroup of 40 nonsmoking volunteers (28 copper-exposed and 12 referents), sputum biomarkers were assessed.

RESULTS

Median lung function values of both copper-exposed and the referent groups were within reference ranges of "healthy" individuals, and statistical differences between the groups were mostly not evident. Similarly, differences in blood and sputum biomarkers were too small to be biologically relevant.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest the absence of the detectable effects of copper-containing dust exposure on lung function or chronic inflammation within the investigated cohort.

Heavy metals research in Nigeria: a review of studies and prioritization of research needs

Nigeria is experiencing continuous economic and industrial transformations, typical of many developing nations. In addition to its well-established oil industry, which is infamous for exuding various kinds of pollutants, there are increased mining operations, indiscriminate disposal and burning of wastes, illegal oil refinery and terroristic insurgency, all poised to increase the levels of heavy metal contaminants in the Nigerian environment. A recent revelation indicates that about 2 million people in South-western Nigeria alone could potentially be poisoned by lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), emanating from illegal mining operations. This further underscores the importance of investigations of toxic trace metal levels in the country. The current review of 148 research articles was conducted to provide an understanding of the scope of heavy metals research in Nigeria and to prioritize needed research. The review recognized that the scope of heavy metals studies has been wide, covering matrices such as cosmetics, human blood, hair, medicines, foods, beverages, water, air, soil and crude oil. However, important toxic metals, especially mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb), are largely under-investigated. Also, there is a need for more studies to be conducted in the northern part of the country. Furthermore, studies need to focus on marine environments rather than the freshwater ecosystems alone. Techniques such as the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analyses are herein recommended to bridge the data gap and to overcome limitations in trace metals analyses in the Nigerian total environment.

Biocompatibility Study of a Cu-Al-Ni Rod Obtained by Continuous Casting

Cu-Al-Nishape memory alloys (SMAs) are widely known for their better properties in comparison to other SMAs (lower production costs, increased ductility, enhanced machinability, reduced liquidus temperature, and decreased hysteresis), but there is still controversy in terms of the biological properties of these materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate biofunctional performances of Cu-Al-Ni alloy produced by continuous casting. The micro-chemical analysis was investigated by SEM/EDX. Immersion tests performed for seven days were used to estimate the quantity of Cu, Al, and Ni ions released in neutral pH and slightly acidic artificial saliva. To assess the biocompatibility of the Cu-Al-Ni alloy samples, MTT assay on fibroblasts and dental pulp cells was performed in indirect and direct contact with samples after 1,3, and 7 days.The study revealed that continuous casting enables the primary fabrication of Cu-Al-Ni rods with a shape memory effect. Samples immersed in artificial saliva with 6.5 pH value showed no significant amounts of released ions, despite the high concentration of copper in the alloy. However, in the acidic environment, the suppression of Cu was 0.14 µg/cm2, Al 1.9 µg/cm2, and Ni 0.73 µg/cm2, and as expected, it was confirmed that Cu-Al-Ni alloy is not corrosion resistant in an acidic environment. In conclusion, this study showed that biocompatibility concerns are related only to materials with a high Cu content in acidic environments. Oppositely, small doses of Cu ions promote cell proliferation, which might be useful in further attempts to enrich different biomedical materials with copper.

Cu and As(V) Adsorption and Desorption on/from Different Soils and Bio-Adsorbents

This research is concerned with the adsorption and desorption of Cu and As(V) on/from different soils and by-products. Both contaminants may reach soils by the spreading of manure/slurries, wastewater, sewage sludge, or pesticides, and also due to pollution caused by mining and industrial activities. Different crop soils were sampled in A Limia (AL) and Sarria (S) (Galicia, NW Spain). Three low-cost by-products were selected to evaluate their bio-adsorbent potential: pine bark, oak ash, and mussel shell. The adsorption/desorption studies were carried out by means of batch-type experiments, adding increasing and individual concentrations of Cu and As(V). The fit of the adsorption data to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models was assessed, with good results in some cases, but with high estimation errors in others. Cu retention was higher in soils with high organic matter and/or pH, reaching almost 100%, while the desorption was less than 15%. The As(V) adsorption percentage clearly decreased for higher As doses, especially in S soils, from 60−100% to 10−40%. The As(V) desorption was closely related to soil acidity, being higher for soils with higher pH values (S soils), in which up to 66% of the As(V) previously adsorbed can be desorbed. The three by-products showed high Cu adsorption, especially oak ash, which adsorbed all the Cu added in a rather irreversible manner. Oak ash also adsorbed a high amount of As(V) (>80%) in a rather non-reversible way, while mussel shell adsorbed between 7 and 33% of the added As(V), and pine bark adsorbed less than 12%, with both by-products reaching 35% desorption. Based on the adsorption and desorption data, oak ash performed as an excellent adsorbent for both Cu and As(V), a fact favored by its high pH and the presence of non-crystalline minerals and different oxides and carbonates. Overall, the results of this research can be relevant when designing strategies to prevent Cu and As(V) pollution affecting soils, waterbodies, and plants, and therefore have repercussions on public health and the environment.

Pollution potential of dumping sites on surface water quality in Ethiopia using leachate and comprehensive pollution indices

Municipal solid waste disposed of in illegal dumpsites pollutes the surface and groundwater. However, accurately determining these pollution levels is typically challenging for practitioners and decision-makers in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to use the leachate pollution index (LPI) to assess the contamination potential of uncontrolled dumping sites along the course of the Kulfo River in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. The comprehensive pollution index (CPI) approach was also utilized to assess the suitability of Kulfo River water quality for aquatic species. Leachate samples were collected from four uncontrolled dumping sites along the Kulfo River's course and analyzed for fifteen leachate characteristics necessary to quantify the LPI sub-indices. Water samples were taken from three monitoring stations along the river and examined for aquatic species suitability. When the leachate parameters were compared to the Indian limit for discharge of treated leachate, it was found that dumping sites posed a considerable risk of pollution to adjacent water resources. The overall LPI ranged from 23.34 to 27.35, which is higher than the discharge standard LPI of 5.69, indicating that dumping sites can threaten the surrounding water resources and human health. Based on the rating scale of CPI, at all monitoring stations, the river resulted severely polluted. Finally, appropriate strategies to reduce the pollution and the related mismanagement of solid waste were discussed. Combining LPI and CPI methods can represent a crucial tool for experts and decision-makers in developing countries to evaluate the pollution potential of dumping sites and water resource monitoring.

Inhalation Toxicity of Copper Compounds: Results of 14-day range finding study for copper sulphate pentahydrate and dicopper oxide and 28-day subacute inhalation exposure of dicopper oxide in rats

Inhalation exposure to copper may occur during a range of occupational activities and the purpose of this study was to characterise the toxicological response to repeated inhalation of two copper compounds, representative of copper substances in large-scale production/use. Crl:CD(SD) rats were repeatedly exposed to aerosols of dicopper oxide (Cu₂O) or copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO₄.5H₂O) for 14-days as part of a range finding study at a normalised copper doses of 0.18, 0.71, 1.78 and 9mg/m³ Cu. Within the 28-days main study (Cu₂O only), animals were repeatedly exposed to 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 2.0mg/m³ Cu₂O following OECD TG 412. The main study also consisted of satellite groups exposed for 1-, 2- or 3- weeks as well as a 13-week post-exposure recovery period group. Repeated exposure for 14-days to both copper compounds, normalised for copper content, led to an acute influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) and macrophages whilst only CuSO₄.5H₂O exposure resulted in epithelial hyperplasia. This differential response may reflect the highly dissolvable nature of CuSO₄.5H₂O in lung lining fluid leading to a release of copper ions at the epithelial surface whilst Cu₂O is relatively indissolvable at neutral pH. In the 28-day study with Cu₂O, an increase in cellularity was also evident in both histological and BALF samples and was dose-related with minimal to mild (neutrophilic) inflammation observed > 0.4mg/m³ in the lung tissue sections and significant increases from 0.2mg/m³ in BALF. There were no clinical and minimal haematological findings and systemic organs were unaffected by inhalation exposure to dicopper oxide. The lung cellular response was limited to alveolar histiocytosis and neutrophil influx with no evidence of epithelial hyperplasia or fibrosis and all lung biomarkers returned to control levels within the post-exposure recovery period. Interestingly, the satellite groups showed that this acute cellular response followed a biphasic rather than monotonic pattern with a peak in lung biomarkers between weeks 1-3 and reduction thereafter. This reduction in lung biomarkers occurred during continued exposure and may indicate an adaptive response to copper exposure. Overall, these results show that repeated exposure to copper compounds results in an acute cellular response with no associated pathology and which fully resolved after the cessation of exposure. Therefore, the cellular response is evidence of a controlled and adaptive response associated with the removal of Cu₂O from the alveolar surface.