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Wang Y, Wu B, Gao X, Li J, Yang J, Ye Y, Sun J, Sheng L, Gao S, Zhang Y, Ji J, Sun X. Fusarium graminearum spores disrupt gut microbiota and metabolome via the lung-gut axis in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135573. [PMID: 39236537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the primary pathogen responsible for wheat Fusarium head blight, can induce pulmonary damage through its spores. However, the detailed mechanism by which these spores cause intestinal injury is not yet fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of exposure to fungal spores on the intestinal microbiota using a mice model that mimics the effects of fusarium graminearum spores on the gut microbiota and its metabolic profile. The study utilized 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics methodologies to analyze the contents of the cecum and feces in mice. The results showed that exposure to fungal spores led to significant changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice, characterized by an increase in Akkermansia and Staphylococcus populations. A non-targeted metabolomics analysis identified 316 metabolites associated with various metabolic pathways, particularly galactose metabolism. Pre-exposure to antibiotics before fungal spore exposure resulted in a decrease in the metabolic capacity of the intestinal microbiota in mice. This research demonstrates that fusarium graminearum spores can disrupt the intestinal microbiota and metabolome via the lung-gut axis. These findings provide valuable insights into the intestinal damage caused by fungal spores and offer important support for the development of therapeutic strategies for intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xingxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jinyou Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lina Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, China
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2
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Wu B, Li J, Wang Y, Yang J, Ye Y, Sun J, Sheng L, Wu M, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Zhou J, Ji J, Sun X. Exploring the impact of fungal spores from agricultural environments on the mice lung microbiome and metabolic profile. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115456. [PMID: 37714035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) from agricultural environments has been extensively reported to cause respiratory health concerns in both animals and agricultural workers. Furthermore, PM from agricultural environments, containing fungal spores, has emerged as a significant threat to public health and the environment. Despite its potential toxicity, the impact of fungal spores present in PM from agricultural environments on the lung microbiome and metabolic profile is not well understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we developed a mice model of immunodeficiency using cyclophosphamide and subsequently exposed the mice to fungal spores via the trachea. By utilizing metabolomics techniques and 16 S rRNA sequencing, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the alterations in the lung microbiome and metabolic profile of mice exposed to fungal spores. Our study uncovered significant modifications in both the lung microbiome and metabolic profile post-exposure to fungal spores. Additionally, fungal spore exposure elicited noticeable changes in α and β diversity, with these microorganisms being closely associated with inflammatory factors. Employing non-targeted metabolomics analysis via GC-TOF-MS, a total of 215 metabolites were identified, among which 42 exhibited significant differences. These metabolites are linked to various metabolic pathways, with amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, as well as galactose metabolism, standing out as the most notable pathways. Cysteine and methionine metabolism, along with glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, emerged as particularly crucial pathways. Moreover, these metabolites demonstrated a strong correlation with inflammatory factors and exhibited significant associations with microbial production. Overall, our findings suggest that disruptions to the microbiome and metabolome may hold substantial relevance in the mechanism underlying fungal spore-induced lung damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jinyou Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lina Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yajun Gong
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No. 311 Nongda Dong Road, Ürümqi 830052 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhou
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No. 311 Nongda Dong Road, Ürümqi 830052 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No. 311 Nongda Dong Road, Ürümqi 830052 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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3
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Liu T, Li G, Liu Z, Xi L, Ma W, Gao X. Characteristics of aerosols from swine farms: A review of the past two-decade progress. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108074. [PMID: 37441818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of large-scale and intensive swine production, the emission of aerosols from swine farms has become a growing concern, attracting extensive attention. While aerosols are found in various environments, those from swine farms are distinguished from human habitats, such as residential, suburban, and urban areas. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of aerosols from swine farms, this paper reviewed relevant studies conducted between 2000 and 2022. The main components, concentrations, and size distribution of the aerosols were systematically reviewed. The differences between aerosols from swine farms and human living and working environments were compared. Finally, the sources, influencing factors, and reduction technologies for aerosols from swine farms were thoroughly elucidated. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of aerosols inside swine farms varied considerably, and most exceeded safety thresholds. However, further exploration is needed to fully understand the difference in airborne microorganism community structure and particles with small sizes (<1 μm) between swine farms and human living and working environments. More airborne bacterial and viruses were adhered to large particles in swine houses, while the proportion of airborne fungi in the respirable fraction was similar to that of human living and working environments. In addition, swine farms have a higher abundance and diversity of potential pathogens, airborne resistant microorganisms and resistant genes compared to the human living and working environments. The aerosols of swine farms mainly originated from sources such as manure, feed, swine hair and skin, secondary production, and waste treatment. According to the source analysis and factors influencing aerosols in swine farms, various technologies could be employed to mitigate aerosol emissions, and some end-of-pipe technologies need to be further improved before they are widely applied. Swine farms are advised not to increase aerosol concentration in human living and working environments, in order to decrease the impact of aerosols from swine farms on human health and restrain the spread of airborne potential pathogens. This review provides critical insights into aerosols of swine farms, offering guidance for taking appropriate measures to enhance air quality inside and surrounding swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Henan Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment and Intelligent Equipment, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Guoming Li
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Institute for Artificial Intelligence, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy Library, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Lei Xi
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Henan Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment and Intelligent Equipment, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Henan Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment and Intelligent Equipment, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
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Adhikari A, Banerjee P, Thornton T, Jones DH, Adeoye C, Sherpa S. Exposure Levels of Airborne Fungi, Bacteria, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Cotton Farms during Cotton Harvesting and Evaluations of N95 Respirators against These Bioaerosols. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1561. [PMID: 37375063 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The USA is the third-leading cotton-producing country worldwide and cotton farming is common in the state of Georgia. Cotton harvest can be a significant contributor to airborne microbial exposures to farmers and nearby rural communities. The use of respirators or masks is one of the viable options for reducing organic dust and bioaerosol exposures among farmers. Unfortunately, the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR Part 1910.134) does not apply to agricultural workplaces and the filtration efficiency of N95 respirators was never field-tested against airborne microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during cotton harvesting. This study addressed these two information gaps. Airborne culturable microorganisms were sampled using an SAS Super 100 Air Sampler in three cotton farms during cotton harvesting, and colonies were counted and converted to airborne concentrations. Genomic DNA was extracted from air samples using a PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit. A series of comparative critical threshold (2-ΔΔCT) real-time PCR was used to quantify targeted bacterial (16S rRNA) genes and major ARGs. Two N95 facepiece respirator models (cup-shaped and pleated) were evaluated for their protection against culturable bacteria and fungi, total microbial load in terms of surface ATP levels, and ARGs using a field experimental setup. Overall, culturable microbial exposure levels ranged between 103 and 104 CFU/m3 during cotton harvesting, which was lower when compared with bioaerosol loads reported earlier during other types of grain harvesting. The findings suggested that cotton harvesting works can release antibiotic resistance genes in farm air and the highest abundance was observed for phenicol. Field experimental data suggested that tested N95 respirators did not provide desirable >95% protections against culturable microorganisms, the total microbial load, and ARGs during cotton harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Adhikari
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Pratik Banerjee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Taylor Thornton
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Daleniece Higgins Jones
- Department of Public Health, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Caleb Adeoye
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Sonam Sherpa
- Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
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Gomes B, Dias M, Cervantes R, Pena P, Santos J, Vasconcelos Pinto M, Viegas C. One Health Approach to Tackle Microbial Contamination on Poultries-A Systematic Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:374. [PMID: 37112601 PMCID: PMC10142658 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the search of available data published regarding microbial occupational exposure assessment in poultries, following the PRISMA methodology. Air collection through filtration was the most frequently used. The most commonly used passive sampling method was material collection such as dust, cages, soils, sediment, and wastewater. Regarding assays applied, the majority of studies comprised culture-based methods, but molecular tools were also frequently used. Screening for antimicrobial susceptibility was performed only for bacteria; cytotoxicity, virological and serological assays were also performed. Most of the selected studies focused on bacteria, although fungi, endotoxins, and β-glucans were also assessed. The only study concerning fungi and mycotoxins reported the carcinogenic mycotoxin AFB1. This study gives a comprehensive overview of microbial contamination in the poultry industry, emphasizing this setting as a potential reservoir of microbial pathogens threatening human, animal, and environmental health. Additionally, this research helps to provide a sampling and analysis protocol proposal to evaluate the microbiological contamination in these facilities. Few articles were found reporting fungal contamination in poultry farms worldwide. In addition, information concerning fungal resistance profile and mycotoxin contamination remain scarce. Overall, a One Health approach should be incorporated in exposure assessments and the knowledge gaps identified in this paper should be addressed in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Gomes
- CE3C—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Dias
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Renata Cervantes
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pena
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Santos
- CISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Marta Vasconcelos Pinto
- CISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Viegas
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
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Dzik S, Mituniewicz T, Beisenov A. Efficacy of a Biocidal Paint in Controlling Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Improving the Quality of Air and Litter in Poultry Houses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1264. [PMID: 35625110 PMCID: PMC9137729 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective disinfection and disinsection are the keys to successful operation of modern poultry farms and the safety of poultry products. The cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses are important aspects of farm hygiene management. The correct execution of all steps of cleaning, disinfection, and disinsection procedures and the use of appropriate products are crucial for the prevention and control of zoonotic and animal diseases. In this study it was assumed that a water-based slow-release biocidal paint could be useful in controlling insect pests such as Alphitobius diaperinus and reducing microbiological contamination of air and litter in poultry houses and have a beneficial effect on microclimate in poultry houses. Therefore, the locations of A. diaperinus in the poultry houses, the microbiological contamination of air and litter, as well as the microclimatic conditions in the houses and the physicochemical parameters of the litter were evaluated. The results suggest that the tested biocidal paint could be an effective alternative to other insecticides and disinfectants. Additionally, the research is of a practical nature and may be very useful for poultry producers in controlling A. diaperinus populations and maintaining proper hygiene in poultry houses. Further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dzik
- Department of Animal and Environmental Hygiene, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 5 Oczapowski Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Mituniewicz
- Department of Animal and Environmental Hygiene, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 5 Oczapowski Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ariphzan Beisenov
- Department of Technology and Biological Resources, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 8 Abai Avenue, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan;
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7
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Towards a software architecture to manage occupational safety at grain handling and storage facilities. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2612. [PMID: 35173242 PMCID: PMC8850590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study had as objective to evaluate occupational hazards on grain storage unit to define a conceptual model, implemented in an algorithm to manage the grains storage facilities safety standards compliance. Sampling points location were defined for static quantification of noise, dust and heat stress hazards in grains pre-processing operations to indicate the effectiveness of the control measures implemented. Safety standards applied to grain handling and storage facilities were identified and selected. Chart flows were elaborated to the algorithm logics and conceptual modeling. The highest level of noise was present in the grain cleaning operation (99.1 dB), while the expedition operation has the highest level of dust (20.27%). The heat stress was present in the grain drying operation (43.64 WBGT). Noise analysis did not show a difference between grains, only between operations. The flow of corn grain mass caused higher dust concentrations in the expedition operation. The method applied to characterize and quantify the hazards in grain storage units was satisfactory, and it is recommended as standard, for use in corn and soybean grains handling and storage units. The algorithm to manage occupational safety at storage facilities collaborates to monitor the safety compliance on postharvest operations.
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8
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Chen G, Ma D, Huang Q, Tang W, Wei M, Li Y, Jiang L, Zhu H, Yu X, Zheng W, Zhang J, Zhang X. Aerosol Concentrations and Fungal Communities Within Broiler Houses in Different Broiler Growth Stages in Summer. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:775502. [PMID: 34966809 PMCID: PMC8710567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.775502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal aerosols in broiler houses are important factors that can harm the health of human beings and broiler. To determine the composite characteristics and changes in fungal aerosols in broiler houses during different broiler growth stages in summer. We analyzed the species, concentration and particle diameter distribution characteristics of the aerosols in poultry houses using an Andersen sampler and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) high-throughput sequencing technology. The concentration of fungal aerosols in the poultry houses increased as the ages of the broiler increased, which was also accompanied by gradual increases in the variety and diversity indices of the fungal communities in the air of the poultry houses. During the entire broiler growth period, the dominant genera in the fungal aerosols in the poultry houses included Trichosporon, Candida, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Alternaria. These fungi may be harmful to the health of poultry and human beings, so permanent monitoring of microbial air quality in chicken houses is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China.,Shandong Aquaculture Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China
| | - Di Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenli Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
| | - Maolian Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Weibo Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China.,Shandong Aquaculture Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China.,Shandong Aquaculture Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China
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9
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Axelrod K, Samburova V, Khlystov AY. Relative abundance of saccharides, free amino acids, and other compounds in specific pollen species for source profiling of atmospheric aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149254. [PMID: 34375869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Though studies in bioaerosols are being conducted with increasing frequency over the past decade, the total breadth of knowledge on bioaerosols and their role in atmospheric processes is still minimal. In order to better characterize the chemical composition of fresh biological aerosol for purposes of source apportionment and tracing in the atmosphere, several plant pollen species were selected for detailed chemical analyses. For this purpose, different pollen species were purchased and collected around Reno, Nevada, USA, for further extraction and detailed chemical analysis. These species included aspen, corn, pecan, ragweed, eastern cottonwood, paper mulberry, rabbitbrush, bitterbrush, lodgepole pine, and Jeffrey pine. Saccharides, free amino acids, and various other polar compounds (e.g., anhydrosugars and resin acids) were quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry techniques (GC-MS and UPLC-MS), with the purpose to identify differences and nuances in chemical composition of specific pollen species. The saccharides β-d-fructose, α-d-glucose, and β-d-glucose were ubiquitously found across all pollen samples (10), and sucrose was found in five samples. d-galactose was also found in pine species. Total saccharides were 4.0 to 29% of total dry weight across all samples. Total free amino acids were 0.29% to 15% of total dry weight across all samples, with the most common amino acid being proline. Chemical profiles (including both saccharides and amino acids) of surface-deposited aerosol in the Lake Tahoe area correlated most closely with pine pollen than other analyzed pollen species, indicating that chemical profiles of pollen can be used to infer its contribution to local aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Axelrod
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Vera Samburova
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Andrey Y Khlystov
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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10
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Bellochio SDC, Coradi PC. Systematic review of occupational hazards at postharvest grain operations. Inj Prev 2021; 28:165-174. [PMID: 34656989 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Agriculture stands out in relation to the high number of occupational incidents and diseases. In this sense, grains postharvest operations, such as receiving, precleaning, drying, storage and shipping the grains, are highlighted in the number of injuries and fatalities. AIM To identify and extract qualitative and quantitative data related to the main occupational hazards present in grains postharvest operations at preprocessing and storage facilities. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in the databases of Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science for papers published between 1980 and 2019. The abstract should have described a study related to any occupational hazard (physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and mechanical) and at least one of the occupational hazards should be related to any postharvest operations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In total, 42% of 38 analysed papers were published between 2015 and 2019. Three journals were responsible for 45% of publications related to occupational hazards present in grains postharvest operations. The most part of analysed publications related to confined spaces, grain entrapment, machine entanglement and falls hazards are related to Purdue University's Agricultural Safety and Health Program which applied research in occupational safety at grains postharvest. CONCLUSIONS The creation of standardised internationals can collaborate to reduce occupational risks in grain storage units. It is suggested the development of monitoring technologies to obtain real-time information on noise, dust, gases and heat in postharvest operations and equipment. The use of intelligent algorithms can create prevention mechanisms for possible occupational risks and avoid injuries to employees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Carteri Coradi
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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11
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Wippich C, Koppisch D, Pitzke K, Breuer D. Estimating nickel exposure in respirable dust from nickel in inhalable dust. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 238:113838. [PMID: 34500213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of dust components is of high importance for retrospective evaluations of exposure levels, of occupational diseases or the time trend of occupational dust exposure. For this purpose, possibilities to convert nickel concentrations from inhalable to respirable dust are discussed in this study. Therefore, 551 parallel measurements of nickel concentrations in inhalable and respirable dust fractions were extracted from the exposure database MEGA (maintained at the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance) and investigated by linear regression analysis of ln-transformed concentrations. Inhalable dust is the most important predictor variable, showing an adjusted coefficient of determination (adj. R2) of 0.767 (R2 adjusted to sample size). Since multilinear regression analysis, cannot be applied, further description of data is gained by splitting the whole dataset into working activity groups (e. g. 'high temperature processing', adj. R2 = 0.628,' filling/transport/storage' adj. R2 = 0.741, 'machining/abrasive techniques', adj. R2 = 0.777). From these groups, four task restrictive subgroups, so-called 'heuristic groups', can be derived by pooling similar working tasks with similar regression coefficients and enhanced quality measures (adj. R2 between 0.724 and 0.924): 'welding (grinding time fraction [GTF] < 5%)', 'welding (grinding time fraction [GTF] > 5%)', 'high temperature cutting' and 'grinding'. For the working activity group 'high temperature processing' and the heuristic group 'welding' the determination of the grinding time fraction and its inclusion or exclusion from a dataset has a huge impact on the description of data and whether a transformation of nickel concentrations using the natural logarithm (ln) is necessary or not. In case of GTF < 5%, the conversions functions are linear, all other conversion functions are power functions with exponents between 0.713 and 0.986. It is possible to develop conversion functions for estimating the nickel concentration in the respirable dust fraction (cR(Ni)) out of the nickel concentration in the inhalable dust fraction (cI(Ni)). For the estimation of Nickel in respirable dust other studies, it is recommend to use the conversion functions of the heuristic trial and error groups. Limitations of the possibility to use the conversion functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Wippich
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
| | - Dorothea Koppisch
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
| | - Katrin Pitzke
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Breuer
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
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12
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Microbiological Aerosol, Particulate Matter Concentrations and Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus spp. in the Premises of Poland’s Oldest Agricultural School. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioaerosol, particulate matter concentration and antibiotic resistance of airborne Staphylococcus was assessed in animal and public premises (classroom, sports hall, horse stable, cowshed, newborn calf shed and outdoor background control site) of Poland’s oldest agricultural school. The concentration and size distribution of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and staphylococci were assessed with a six stage Andersen impactor. Particulate matter (PM10, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1) was determined using the DustTrak aerosol monitor. The Staphylococcus species were determined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and antimicrobial resistance was assessed using disk diffusion. Bioaerosol concentrations differed significantly between sampling points, with the highest levels of all microorganisms occurring in the newborn calf shed. The proportion of respirable fraction exceeded 60% in all sites, indicating potential harmfulness to exposed people. Mean concentrations of particulate matter were the smallest in school rooms and the highest in the newborn calf shed. Neither particulate matter nor microbial aerosol exceeded threshold values for workplaces. Among thirty-four isolated staphylococcal strains, S. equorum (35%), S. succinus (26%) and S. xylosus (15%) were the most prevalent. Resistance to macrolides (erythromycin) and lincosamides (clindamycin) was the most frequent. One strain was methicillin-resistant. Farm animals are significant sources of bioaerosol and therefore attention should be paid with respect to maintaining appropriate sanitary conditions and hygiene of premises and animals.
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13
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Crawford MS, Nordgren TM, McCole DF. Every breath you take: Impacts of environmental dust exposure on intestinal barrier function-from the gut-lung axis to COVID-19. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G586-G600. [PMID: 33501887 PMCID: PMC8054554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00423.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As countries continue to industrialize, major cities experience diminished air quality, whereas rural populations also experience poor air quality from sources such as agricultural operations. These exposures to environmental pollution from both rural and populated/industrialized sources have adverse effects on human health. Although respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are the most commonly reported following long-term exposure to particulate matter and hazardous chemicals, gastrointestinal complications have also been associated with the increased risk of lung disease from inhalation of polluted air. The interconnectedness of these organ systems has offered valuable insights into the roles of the immune system and the micro/mycobiota as mediators of communication between the lung and the gut during disease states. A topical example of this relationship is provided by reports of multiple gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), whereas the rapid transmission and increased risk of COVID-19 has been linked to poor air quality and high levels of particulate matter. In this review, we focus on the mechanistic effects of environmental pollution on disease progression with special emphasis on the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meli'sa S Crawford
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
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14
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The Impact of Bushfire Smoke on Cattle-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030848. [PMID: 33802695 PMCID: PMC8002418 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2019–2020, Australia had a particularly bad bushfire season which resulted in large numbers of people and animals being exposed to smoke haze for several weeks. We conducted a literature review to examine the evidence for effects of prolonged exposure to bushfire smoke on cattle. There was general agreement that small airborne particulate matter in smoke is the substance most likely to cause problems. There was indirect evidence about effects on cattle caused by other types of pollution containing particulate matter. We found little evidence to support severe effects on cattle. This may be because cattle do not tend to suffer from the co-morbidities that, in the human population, seem to be made worse by smoke and pollution. However, small changes to death rates or disease that is not severe may go unreported, so further study is warranted. Abstract In 2019–2020, a particularly bad bushfire season in Australia resulted in cattle being exposed to prolonged periods of smoke haze and reduced air quality. Bushfire smoke contains many harmful pollutants, and impacts on regions far from the fire front, with smoke haze persisting for weeks. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major components of bushfire smoke known to have a negative impact on human health. However, little has been reported about the potential effects that bushfire smoke has on cattle exposed to smoke haze for extended periods. We explored the current literature to investigate evidence for likely effects on cattle from prolonged exposure to smoke generated from bushfires in Australia. We conducted a search for papers related to the impacts of smoke on cattle. Initial searching returned no relevant articles through either CAB Direct or PubMed databases, whilst Google Scholar provided a small number of results. The search was then expanded to look at two sub-questions: the type of pollution that is found in bushfire smoke, and the reported effects of both humans and cattle being exposed to these types of pollutants. The primary mechanism for damage due to bushfire smoke is due to small airborne particulate matter (PM). Although evidence demonstrates that PM from bushfire smoke has a measurable impact on both human mortality and cardiorespiratory morbidities, there is little evidence regarding the impact of chronic bushfire smoke exposure in cattle. We hypothesize that cattle are not severely affected by chronic exposure to smoke haze, as evidenced by the lack of reports. This may be because cattle do not tend to suffer from the co-morbidities that, in the human population, seem to be made worse by smoke and pollution. Further, small changes to background mortality rates or transient morbidity may also go unreported.
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15
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Bayle S, Drapeau A, Rocher J, Laurent F, Métayer V, Haenni M, Madec JY, Valat C. Characterization of cultivable airborne bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in French milking parlour. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11689-11696. [PMID: 33411281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this preliminary study was to quantify airborne particles and characterize the dominant cultivable bacterial species as well as some Gram-positive species, and their antibiotic resistance pattern, from environmental samples taken inside and outside of a dairy milking parlour. Sampling was performed over 2 days, in different seasons. The small viable particulate matter < 10 μm (bioaerosols) and cultivable bacteria reached their highest concentrations in the milking parlour. The majority of airborne bacteria in the milking parlour belonged to the genera Staphylococcus (41.9%) and Bacillus (20.9%). A total of 32 different bacterial species of Staphylococcus, Aerococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Acinetobacter were identified. Many of these bacteria may be opportunistic pathogens, causing disease in humans or animals. We found low levels of acquired resistance to the antibiotics commonly used in human or animal infections caused by these opportunistic bacteria. More specifically, resistance to tetracyclines (13.4%), penicillin G (13.4%) and macrolides (7.5%) was identified in Staphylococcus sp. as was a methicillin-resistant S. hominis and resistance to spiramycin (n = 1), lincomycin (n = 1) and streptomycin (n = 2) in Aerococcus sp. An assessment of the occupational risk run by dairy farmers for contracting infections after long- or short-term exposure to micro-organisms requires further studies on the concentration of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in dairy farm environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bayle
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement Industriel, IMT- Mines d'Alès, Université de Montpellier, 30100, Alès, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- Anses, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon cedex 07, 69364, France
| | | | - Frédéric Laurent
- Institut des agents Infectieux, CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon cedex 07, 69364, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, 69342, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Véronique Métayer
- Anses, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon cedex 07, 69364, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Anses, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon cedex 07, 69364, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Anses, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon cedex 07, 69364, France
| | - Charlotte Valat
- Anses, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon cedex 07, 69364, France.
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69100, France.
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16
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Schaefer AL, Ceesay M, Leier JA, Tesch J, Wisenden BD, Pandey S. Factors Contributing to Sex Differences in Mice Inhaling Aspergillus fumigatus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8851. [PMID: 33260764 PMCID: PMC7729525 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a respiratory fungal pathogen and an allergen, commonly detected in flooded indoor environments and agricultural settings. Previous studies in Balb/c mice showed that repeated inhalation of live and dry A. fumigatus spores, without any adjuvant, elevated allergic immune response and airway remodeling. Sex-specific differences can influence host-pathogen interactions and allergic-asthma related outcomes. However, the effect of host sex on immune response, in the context of A. fumigatus exposure, remains unknown. In this study, we quantified the multivariate and univariate immune response of C57BL/6J mice to live, dry airborne A. fumigatus spores. Our results corroborate previous results in Balb/c mice that repeated inhalation of live A. fumigatus spores is sufficient to induce mucus production and inflammation by day 3 post last challenge, and antibody titers and collagen production by day 28 post-challenge. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that females exhibited significantly higher levels of immune components than males did. Taken together, our data indicate that host-sex is an important factor in shaping the immune response against A. fumigatus, and must be considered when modeling disease in animals, in designing diagnostics and therapeutics for A. fumigatus-associated diseases or while drafting evidence-based guidelines for safe mold levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sumali Pandey
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead, Moorhead, 56563 MN, USA; (A.L.S.); (M.C.); (J.A.L.); (J.T.); (B.D.W.)
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17
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Ahmed MFE, Ramadan H, Seinige D, Kehrenberg C, Abd El-Wahab A, Volkmann N, Kemper N, Schulz J. Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, microbial loads, and endotoxin levels in dust from laying hen houses in Egypt. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:301. [PMID: 32838780 PMCID: PMC7446189 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poultry houses are often highly contaminated with dust, which might contain considerable amounts of microorganisms and endotoxins. The concentrations of microorganisms and endotoxins in dust from laying hen houses in Egypt are unknown. However, to estimate the risks for birds, the environment, and people working in laying hen houses, it is important to gather information about the composition of these dusts. Here we report the microbial loads, the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and endotoxin concentrations in dust samples from 28 laying hen farms in Dakahliya Governorate, Egypt, and discuss the results relevant to the literature. Results Pooled settled dust samples (n = 28) were analyzed for total viable counts of bacteria and fungi (CFU/g), the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and endotoxin concentrations (ng/g). The means and standard deviations of total viable counts were 7.10 × 108 ± 2.55 × 109 CFU/g for bacteria and 5.37 × 106 ± 7.26 × 106 CFU/g for fungi. Endotoxin levels varied from 2.9 × 104 to 6.27 × 105 ng/g. None of the tested samples contained Salmonella spp. or MRSA. In contrast, by direct plating, Enterobacteriaceae were found frequently (57%; n = 16), and suspected ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae occurred in 21% (n = 6) of the sampled barns. Using an enrichment method, the detection of Enterobacteriaceae and suspected ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae increased to 20 and 16 positive barns, respectively. Taking results from both methods into account, Enterobacteriaceae and suspected ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 23 barns Overall, 100 ESBL suspected isolates (Escherichia coli, n = 64; Enterobacter cloacae, n = 20; and Klebsiella pneumoniae n = 16) were identified to species level by MALDI-TOF MS. Isolates from 20 barns (71% positive barns) were confirmed as ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae by the broth microdilution test. Conclusions Dust in Egyptian laying hen houses contains high concentrations of microorganisms and endotoxins, which might impair the health of birds and farmers when inhaled. Furthermore, laying hens in Egypt seem to be a reservoir for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Thus, farmers are at risk of exposure to ESBL-producing bacteria, and colonized hens might transmit these bacteria into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa F E Ahmed
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Diana Seinige
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nina Volkmann
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Silvey B, Seto E, Gipe A, Ghodsian N, Simpson CD. Occupational Exposure to Particulate Matter and Volatile Organic Compounds in Two Indoor Cannabis Production Facilities. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:715-727. [PMID: 32696065 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Legal commercial cultivation and processing of cannabis is a rapidly growing industry in multiple countries. However, to date little effort has been made to characterize and identify the various occupational hazards that workers may be facing in the cannabis production industry, including airborne contaminants that may affect the human respiratory system. In the current study, we quantified occupational exposures to particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in various task zones of two indoor cannabis facilities in Washington State. Full-shift (8-h) area measurements of PM and VOCs were collected in each task zone. Measurement devices were placed near the employee's work area in order to attempt to estimate the personal exposure to the contaminants. In each task zone we measured particle number concentration, particle mass concentration (PMC), cumulative size distribution of the particles, and total terpene mass concentrations. The mean PMCs were greater in task zones that required the employees to manipulate the cannabis plants and materials. The arithmetic mean PMC for the trim task was 60 µg m-3, preroll task was 45 µg m-3, grow task was 42 µg m-3, and the referent office area was 27 µg m-3. When comparing each task zone PMC to the office referent PMC, the trim task, and the preroll task were significantly higher than the referent group (P-values both <0.05). The arithmetic mean terpene mass concentration for the trim task was 36 mg m-3, preroll task was 9.9 mg m-3, grow task was 15 mg m-3, and for the office referent space was 4.9 mg m-3. Compared with the office space, only the trim task area had significantly elevated terpene mass concentrations (P-value <0.01). We observed a weak but statistically significant correlation between PMC and total terpene mass concentrations (rho = 0.42, P < 0.02). Overall, we observed that exposures to respiratory hazards were highest in task zones where cannabis plants and material were manipulated by workers, including the trim, preroll, and the grow task areas. These observations can help inform the employer of the task zones where exposure to respiratory hazards are the highest, and where it may be beneficial to deploy control measures to reduce worker exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynne Silvey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Gipe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Niloufar Ghodsian
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Younis F, Salem E, Salem E. Respiratory health disorders associated with occupational exposure to bioaerosols among workers in poultry breeding farms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19869-19876. [PMID: 32227302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Working in poultry farms revealed the exposure to chemical and biological emissions (bioaerosols) that might be related to respiratory diseases in the workers and an increased loss in lung function. The current study aimed to determine the respiratory health status among poultry farm workers and to monitor the biological and the environmental conditions at ten poultry farms in Egypt. It reported that the total dust, ammonia (NH3), and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the studied poultry farms did not exceed the permissible exposure limits except farm V where NH3 was slightly exceeded the recommended levels. 35.7% of the poultry farm workers had positive nose and throat culture (bacterial and fungal). The poultry farm workers had higher prevalence of cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath with lower mean values of spirometric measurements than the controls (P < 0.05). Also, the positive culture poultry farm workers had significantly higher respiratory manifestations and lower spirometry values than negative culture ones (P < 0.05). Therefore, intervention programs for reducing the exposure are amendatory point for the health and safety of poultry farm workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Younis
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-kom City, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Eman Salem
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-kom City, Egypt
| | - Eman Salem
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-kom City, Menoufia, Egypt
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20
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Chaudhary VB, Nolimal S, Sosa-Hernández MA, Egan C, Kastens J. Trait-based aerial dispersal of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:238-252. [PMID: 32421866 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2040] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal is a key process driving local-scale community assembly and global-scale biogeography of plant symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities. A trait-based approach could improve predictions regarding how AM fungal aerial dispersal varies by species. We conducted month-long collections of aerial AM fungi for 12 consecutive months in an urban mesic environment at heights of 20 m. We measured morphological functional traits of collected spores and assessed aerial AM fungal community structure both morphologically and with high-throughput sequencing. Large numbers of AM fungal spores were present in the air over the course of one year and these spores exhibited traits that facilitate aerial dispersal. Measured aerial spores were smaller than average for Glomeromycotinan fungi. Trait-based predictions indicate that nearly 1/3 of described species from diverse genera demonstrate the potential for aerial dispersal. Diversity of aerial AM fungi was relatively high (20 spore species and 17 virtual taxa) and both spore abundance and community structure shifted temporally. The prevalence of aerial dispersal in AM fungi is perhaps greater than previously indicated and a hypothesized model of AM fungal aerial dispersal mechanisms is presented. Anthropogenic soil impacts may liberate AM fungal propagules initiating the dispersal of ruderal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bala Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, 60614, United States
| | - Sarah Nolimal
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, 60614, United States
| | - Moisés A Sosa-Hernández
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Cameron Egan
- Department of Biology, Okanagan College, Kelowna, BC, Canada, V1Y 4X8
| | - Jude Kastens
- Kansas Applied Remote Sensing Program, Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, United States
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21
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Hsiao TC, Lin AYC, Lien WC, Lin YC. Size distribution, biological characteristics and emerging contaminants of aerosols emitted from an urban wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121809. [PMID: 31843411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Air-liquid exchange process could spread pathogens and pharmaceutical emerging pollutants into the air as aerosol particles in an Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs). These particles can later be transported to places where such pollution is unforeseen. In this study, measurements were conducted in the aeration area of a UWTP in northern Taiwan. According to this investigation, nanoparticles are major contributors to both the number and volume concentration of particles. Most fluorescent particles may be bacterial aggregates or fungal species. Moreover, nine common emerging contaminants were analyzed and found in both air and water samples. Among these contaminants, the most abundant chemicals in the air were erythromycin-H2O (191.45 pg/m3) and methamphetamine (39.02 pg/m3). These results imply that UWTPs could be an emission source of emerging contaminants and bioaerosols, and the potential risk of inhalation exposure should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chien Lien
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Associations Between Bioaerosol Exposures and Lung Function Changes Among Dairy Workers in Colorado. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 62:424-430. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Islam MA, Ikeguchi A, Naide T. Concentrations of Aerosol Numbers and Airborne Bacteria, and Temperature and Relative Humidity, and Their Interrelationships in a Tie-Stall Dairy Barn. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1023. [PMID: 31771315 PMCID: PMC6941166 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol particles and airborne microorganisms are crucial factors of indoor air quality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interrelationships among aerosol numbers, various types of airborne bacteria, temperature, and relative humidity (RH) to decide which parameters have more significant relationships among them. The concentrations of aerosol numbers, airborne total aerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the indoor air, as well as indoor and outdoor temperatures and RH, were assessed each week for a total of 20 days in a tie-stall dairy barn during the summer season in Tochigi, Japan. The mean concentrations of the fine aerosol numbers (0.3-2.0 µm) were greater than the mean concentrations of coarse aerosol numbers (5.0-10.0 µm). Among the airborne total aerobic bacteria, the mean concentration of airborne S. aureus was higher compared with airborne E. coli. More significant positive associations were found between outdoor environmental temperatures and aerosol numbers rather than indoor temperatures and aerosol numbers. All three types of airborne bacteria were associated with both outdoor and indoor environmental temperatures. These findings are crucial in the mitigation of aerosol numbers and airborne bacteria in the indoor air of dairy barns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Aminul Islam
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Atsuo Ikeguchi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Minemachi, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan;
| | - Takanori Naide
- Earth Environmental Service Co., Ltd., 17 Kanda-konyacho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 101-0035, Japan;
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Zhao Y, Richardson B, Takle E, Chai L, Schmitt D, Xin H. Airborne transmission may have played a role in the spread of 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the United States. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11755. [PMID: 31409807 PMCID: PMC6692305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented 2015 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 in the U.S. devastated its poultry industry and resulted in over $3 billion economic impacts. Today HPAI continues eroding poultry operations and disrupting animal protein supply chains around the world. Anecdotal evidence in 2015 suggested that in some cases the AI virus was aerially introduced into poultry houses, as abnormal bird mortality started near air inlets of the infected houses. This study modeled air movement trajectories and virus concentrations that were used to assess the probability or risk of airborne transmission for the 77 HPAI cases in Iowa. The results show that majority of the positive cases in Iowa might have received airborne virus, carried by fine particulate matter, from infected farms within the state (i.e., intrastate) and infected farms from the neighboring states (i.e., interstate). The modeled airborne virus concentrations at the Iowa recipient sites never exceeded the minimal infective doses for poultry; however, the continuous exposure might have increased airborne infection risks. In the worst-case scenario (i.e., maximum virus shedding rate, highest emission rate, and longest half-life), 33 Iowa cases had > 10% (three cases > 50%) infection probability, indicating a medium to high risk of airborne transmission for these cases. Probability of airborne HPAI infection could be affected by farm type, flock size, and distance to previously infected farms; and more importantly, it can be markedly reduced by swift depopulation and inlet air filtration. The research results provide insights into the risk of airborne transmission of HPAI virus via fine dust particles and the importance of preventative and containment strategies such as air filtration and quick depopulation of infected flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Brad Richardson
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Eugene Takle
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lilong Chai
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - David Schmitt
- Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Des Moines, IA, 50319, USA
| | - Hongwei Xin
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Jachowicz A, Majchrzycka K, Szulc J, Okrasa M, Gutarowska B. Survival of Microorganisms on Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices Used at Agricultural Facilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2819. [PMID: 31394819 PMCID: PMC6719021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioaerosol is a threat at workplaces, therefore the selection and safe use of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is important in preventive activities. The aim of the study was to assess the survival of microorganisms on materials used for FFRs construction. The parameters for microorganism growth under model conditions were described using the Gompertz equation, model verification was also carried out using FFRs at the farmers' workplaces. We found that the factors determining a high survival of microorganisms were as follows: moisture corresponding to the conditions of use and storage of FFRs at workplaces, the presence of sweat and organic dust; inorganic dust and addition of biocide in nonwovens limited the growth of microorganisms, resulting in a shortening of the stationary growth phase and decreased cell numbers (5-6 log). Dust concentration at workplaces was higher than EU occupational exposure limit values and WHO recommendations for airborne particulate matter. Microbial contaminations of the air (103-104 CFU/m3), settled dust (104-106 CFU/g) and FFRs (105 CFU/4cm2) during the grain harvest were high, the main contamination being bacteria (actinomycetes, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and xerophilic fungi. A high correlation was found between the number of microorganisms and the weight of dust on FFRs (R2 = 0.93-0.96).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jachowicz
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Majchrzycka
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Łódź, Poland
| | - Justyna Szulc
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Okrasa
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Łódź, Poland
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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Production Phase Affects the Bioaerosol MicrobialComposition and Functional Potential in SwineConfinement Buildings. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030090. [PMID: 30871116 PMCID: PMC6466638 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioaerosols from swine confinement buildings (SCBs) pose a challenge to public health,and microorganisms within the SCBs bioaerosols originate from swine feces, of which the microbialcomposition is associated with the production phase. The present study adopted the wholemetagenome shotgun sequencing approach, to assess the effects of the production phase on thecomposition and functional potential of microbial populations in SCBs bioaerosols. Most annotatedproteins were assigned into domain bacteria, within which the predominant phylum was Firmicutes.The taxonomical profiles of bioaerosols from different types of piggeries showed that buildingshousing weaning piglets (WP) exhibited higher abundances of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria thanbuildings housing finishing pigs (FP), gestating sows (GS), farrowing sows (FS), and breeding boars(BB). Regarding the functional potential, the WP bioaerosol had more genes involved in the proteinturnover and fewer genes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism than bioaerosols from othertypes of SCBs. Furthermore, production phase influenced the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)profile of the SCBs bioaerosols. Bioaerosol microbiome of BB, shared a high similarity with GS, andWP bioaerosol microbiome was more similar to FP than other types of SCBs. Our study suggeststhat the production phase plays a key role in the SCBs bioaerosol microbiome.
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Fournel S, Godbout S, Ruel P, Fortin A, Duquette-Lozeau K, Létourneau V, Généreux M, Lemieux J, Potvin D, Côté C, Duchaine C, Pellerin D. Production of recycled manure solids for use as bedding in Canadian dairy farms: II. Composting methods. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1847-1865. [PMID: 30580939 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in the dairy industry have enabled Canadian farms with liquid manure systems to use mechanical solid-liquid separation paired with composting of the separated solids for on-farm production of low-cost bedding material. However, because several approaches are available, it is difficult for farmers to select the appropriate one to achieve high quality recycled manure solids (RMS). Whereas 3 solid-liquid manure separators were compared in part I of the series (companion paper in this issue), the present study (part II) aims to assess the performance of 4 composting methods (static or turned windrow and drum composter for 24 or 72 h) under laboratory conditions. Parameters evaluated included temperature, physico-chemical characteristics, and bacterial composition of RMS, as well as airborne microorganisms, dust, and gases associated with composting RMS. Because each treatment attained the desired composting temperature range of 40 to 65°C (either in heaps or in the drum composter), reductions in bacteria were a better indicator of the sanitation efficiency. The treatment of fresh RMS in a drum composter for 24 h showed decreased bacterial counts, especially for Escherichia coli (from 1.0 × 105 to 2.0 × 101 cfu/g of dry matter) and Klebsiella spp. (from 3.2 × 104 to 4.0 × 102 cfu/g of dry matter). Increasing the time spent in the rotating vessel to 72 h did not result in further decreases of these pathogens. Composting in a static or turned windrow achieved similar E. coli and Klebsiella spp. reductions as the 24-h drum composting but in 5 or 10 d, and generally showed the lowest occupational exposure risk for dairy farmers regarding concentrations of airborne mesophilic bacteria, mesophilic and thermotolerant fungi, and total dust. Drum-composted RMS stored in piles exhibited intermediate to high risk. Composting approaches did not have a major influence on the physico-chemical characteristics of RMS and gas emissions. Drum composting for 24 h was the best compromise in terms of product quality, temperature reached, decreased bacterial numbers, and emitted airborne contaminants. However, because levels of pathogenic agents rapidly increase once composted RMS are spread in stalls, bacteriological characteristics of RMS along with milk quality and animal health and welfare features should be monitored in Canadian dairy barns applying recommended separation (part I) and composting (part II) systems to evaluate health risk and optimize management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fournel
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - S Godbout
- Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), Québec City, Québec, Canada G1P 3W8
| | - P Ruel
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Deschambault, Québec, Canada G0A 1S0
| | - A Fortin
- Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), Québec City, Québec, Canada G1P 3W8
| | - K Duquette-Lozeau
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - V Létourneau
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - M Généreux
- Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), Québec City, Québec, Canada G1P 3W8
| | - J Lemieux
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - D Potvin
- Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), Québec City, Québec, Canada G1P 3W8
| | - C Côté
- Research and Development Institute for the Agri-Environment (IRDA), Québec City, Québec, Canada G1P 3W8
| | - C Duchaine
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - D Pellerin
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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Bioaerosol Sampler Choice Should Consider Efficiency and Ability of Samplers To Cover Microbial Diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01589-18. [PMID: 30217848 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01589-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioaerosol studies aim to describe the microbial content and increase understanding of the aerosolization processes linked to diseases. Air samplers are used to collect, identify, and quantify bioaerosols. Studies comparing the performances of air samplers have typically used a culture approach or have targeted a specific microorganism in laboratory settings. The objective of this study was to use environmental field samples to compare the efficiencies of 3 high-airflow-rate samplers for describing bioaerosol diversity using a next-generation sequencing approach. Two liquid cyclonic impactors and one electrostatic filter dry sampler were used in four wastewater treatment plants to target bacterial diversity and in five dairy farms to target fungal diversity. The dry electrostatic sampler was consistently more powerful in collecting more fungal and bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Substantial differences in OTU abundances between liquid and dry sampling were revealed. The majority of the diversity revealed by dry electrostatic sampling was not identified using the cyclonic liquid impactors. The findings from this work suggest that the choice of a bioaerosol sampler should include information about the efficiency and ability of samplers to cover microbial diversity. Although these results suggest that electrostatic filters result in better coverage of the microbial diversity among the tested air samplers, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. While it is difficult to determine a single universally optimal air sampler, this work provides an in-depth look at some of the considerations that are essential when choosing an air sampler for studying the microbial ecology of bioaerosols.IMPORTANCE Associating bioaerosol exposure and health problems is challenging, and adequate exposure monitoring is a priority for scientists in the field. Conclusions that can be drawn from bioaerosol exposure studies are highly dependent on the design of the study and the methodologies used. The air sampling strategy is the first methodological step leading to an accurate interpretation of what is present in the air. Applying new molecular approaches to evaluate the efficiencies of the different types of samplers used in the field is necessary in order to circumvent traditional approaches and the biases they introduce to such studies. The results and conclusions provided in this paper should be taken in consideration when conducting a bioaerosol study.
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Mirskaya E, Agranovski IE. Sources and mechanisms of bioaerosol generation in occupational environments. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:739-758. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1508125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Jiang L, Zhang J, Tang J, Li M, Zhao X, Zhu H, Yu X, Li Y, Feng T, Zhang X. Analyses of Aerosol Concentrations and Bacterial Community Structures for Closed Cage Broiler Houses at Different Broiler Growth Stages in Winter. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1557-1564. [PMID: 30138054 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the aerosol concentrations and microbial community structures in closed cage broiler houses at different broiler growth stages to assess the dynamic pattern of microbial aerosols in closed cage systems. Our results revealed that the total concentration of bacterial aerosols gradually increased during the growth cycle of broilers. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA revealed that microbial compositions differed tremendously during different growth stages, although Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant taxa in samples from all broiler growth stages. At the genus level, dominant phylotypes displayed great variation during different growth stages. Escherichia and Shigella were the most dominant taxa throughout the growth cycle, increasing from 4.3 to 12.4% as the broilers grew. The alpha index revealed that the microbial diversity displayed significant differences between the different growth stages and that the bacterial community had the highest diversity when broilers were 22 days old. High-throughput sequencing analyses revealed that environmental microbes and opportunistic pathogens had relatively high abundances during the winter growth period. The data revealed the composition and aerodynamic diameters of microbial aerosols in closed cage broiler houses at different broiler growth stages in winter. The results also enabled us to elucidate the dynamic pattern of microbial aerosols in broiler houses in response to bacterial communities. Our results may provide a basis for developing technologies for air quality control in caged poultry houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Jiang
- 1 College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-9170 [L.J.])
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- 1 College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-9170 [L.J.])
| | - Jinxiu Tang
- 1 College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-9170 [L.J.])
| | - Meng Li
- 1 College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-9170 [L.J.])
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- 1 College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-9170 [L.J.])
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- 1 College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-9170 [L.J.])
| | - Xin Yu
- 1 College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-9170 [L.J.])
| | - Youzhi Li
- 2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, 68 Huaicun Street, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Feng
- 2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, 68 Huaicun Street, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- 1 College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, 186 Hongqi Middle Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-9170 [L.J.])
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Marchand G, Gardette M, Nguyen K, Amano V, Neesham-Grenon E, Debia M. Assessment of Workers' Exposure to Grain Dust and Bioaerosols During the Loading of Vessels' Hold: An Example at a Port in the Province of Québec. Ann Work Expo Health 2018. [PMID: 28637341 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Longshoremen are exposed to large amounts of grain dust while loading of grain into the holds of vessels. Grain dust inhalation has been linked to respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, hypersensitivity, pneumonitis, and toxic pneumonitis. Our objective was to characterize the exposure of longshoremen to inhalable and total dust, endotoxins, and cultivable bacteria and fungi during the loading of grain in a vessel's hold at the Port of Montreal in order to assess the potential health risks. Sampling campaigns were conducted during the loading of two different types of grain (wheat and corn). Environmental samples of microorganisms (bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes) were taken near the top opening of the ship's holds while personal breathing zone measurements of dust and endotoxins were sampled during the worker's 5-hour shifts. Our study show that all measurements are above the recommendations with concentration going up to 390 mg m-3 of total dust, 89 mg m-3 of inhalable fraction, 550 000 EU m-3 of endotoxins, 20 000 CFU m-3 of bacteria, 61 000 CFU m-3 of fungus and 2500 CFU m-3 of actinomycetes. In conclusion, longshoremen are exposed to very high levels of dust and of microorganisms and their components during grain loading work. Protective equipment needs to be enforced for all workers during such tasks in order to reduce their exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Marchand
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 Boul de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, QC H3A 3C2, Canada.,Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, 2375 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Marie Gardette
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, 2375 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Kiet Nguyen
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, 2375 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Valérie Amano
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, 2375 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Eve Neesham-Grenon
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, 2375 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Maximilien Debia
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, 2375 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada
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Powers C, Hanlon R, Schmale DG. Remote collection of microorganisms at two depths in a freshwater lake using an unmanned surface vehicle (USV). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4290. [PMID: 29383287 PMCID: PMC5788060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in freshwater aquatic environments, but little is known about their abundance, diversity, and transport. We designed and deployed a remote-operated water-sampling system onboard an unmanned surface vehicle (USV, a remote-controlled boat) to collect and characterize microbes in a freshwater lake in Virginia, USA. The USV collected water samples simultaneously at 5 and 50 cm below the surface of the water at three separate locations over three days in October, 2016. These samples were plated on a non-selective medium (TSA) and on a medium selective for the genus Pseudomonas (KBC) to estimate concentrations of culturable bacteria in the lake. Mean concentrations ranged from 134 to 407 CFU/mL for microbes cultured on TSA, and from 2 to 8 CFU/mL for microbes cultured on KBC. There was a significant difference in the concentration of microbes cultured on KBC across three sampling locations in the lake (P = 0.027), suggesting an uneven distribution of Pseudomonas across the locations sampled. There was also a significant difference in concentrations of microbes cultured on TSA across the three sampling days (P = 0.038), demonstrating daily fluctuations in concentrations of culturable bacteria. There was no significant difference in concentrations of microbes cultured on TSA (P = 0.707) and KBC (P = 0.641) across the two depths sampled, suggesting microorganisms were well-mixed between 5 and 50 cm below the surface of the water. About 1 percent (7/720) of the colonies recovered across all four sampling missions were ice nucleation active (ice+) at temperatures warmer than −10 °C. Our work extends traditional manned observations of aquatic environments to unmanned systems, and highlights the potential for USVs to understand the distribution and diversity of microbes within and above freshwater aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Powers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Regina Hanlon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - David G Schmale
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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Ercilla-Montserrat M, Izquierdo R, Belmonte J, Montero JI, Muñoz P, De Linares C, Rieradevall J. Building-integrated agriculture: A first assessment of aerobiological air quality in rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:109-120. [PMID: 28437767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Building-integrated rooftop greenhouse (i-RTG) agriculture has intensified in recent years, due to the growing interest in the development of new agricultural spaces and in the promotion of food self-sufficiency in urban areas. This paper provides a first assessment of the indoor dynamics of bioaerosols in an i-RTG, with the aim of evaluating biological air quality in a tomato greenhouse near Barcelona. It evaluates the greenhouse workers' exposure to airborne pollen and fungal spores in order to prevent allergy problems associated with occupational tasks. Moreover, it evaluates whether the quality of the hot air accumulated in the i-RTG is adequate for recirculation to heat the building. Daily airborne pollen and fungal spore concentrations were measured simultaneously in the indoor and outdoor environments during the warm season. A total of 4,924pollengrains/m3 were observed in the i-RTG, with a peak of 334pollengrains/m3day, and a total of 295,038 fungal spores were observed, reaching a maximum concentration of 26,185spores/m3day. In general, the results showed that the most important source of pollen grains and fungal spores observed indoors was the outdoor environment. However, Solanaceae pollen and several fungal spore taxa, such as the allergenic Aspergillus/Penicillium, largely originated inside the greenhouses or were able to colonize the indoor environment under favourable growing conditions. Specific meteorological conditions and agricultural management tasks are related to the highest observed indoor concentrations of pollen grains and fungal spores. Therefore, preventive measures have been suggested in order to reduce or control the levels of bioaerosols indoors (to install a system to interrupt the recirculation of air to the building during critical periods or to implement appropriate air filters in ventilation air ducts). This first evaluation could help in making decisions to prevent the development of fungal diseases, specifically those due to Oidium and Torula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Ercilla-Montserrat
- Sostenipra Research Group (SGR 01412), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (MDM-2015-0552), Z Building, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Izquierdo
- AEROBIOTA Research Group (2014SGR1274), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ICTA), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordina Belmonte
- AEROBIOTA Research Group (2014SGR1274), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ICTA), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Montero
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Research (IRTA), Carretera de Cabrils, km 2, 08348 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Muñoz
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Research (IRTA), Carretera de Cabrils, km 2, 08348 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepción De Linares
- AEROBIOTA Research Group (2014SGR1274), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ICTA), Z Building, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Rieradevall
- Sostenipra Research Group (SGR 01412), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (MDM-2015-0552), Z Building, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Building Q, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Shukla SK, Ye Z, Sandberg S, Reyes I, Fritsche TR, Keifer M. The nasal microbiota of dairy farmers is more complex than oral microbiota, reflects occupational exposure, and provides competition for staphylococci. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183898. [PMID: 28850578 PMCID: PMC5574581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic and autoimmune diseases had been attributed to lack of exposure to biodiversity, an important factor in regulating immune homeostasis in a healthy host. We posit that the microbiome of healthy dairy farmers (DF) will be richer than non-farmers (NF) living in urban settings due to exposure to a greater biodiversity in the dairy environment. However, no studies have investigated the relationships between microbiota of dairy farmers (DF) compared with urban non-farmers (NF). We compared the nasal and oral microbiota of dairy farmers (N_DF, O_DF, respectively) with nasal and oral microbiota of NF in the same geographical area. The N_DF showed high microbial diversity with hundreds of unique genera that reflected environmental/occupational exposures. The nasal and oral microbiomes clustered separately from each other using Principal Coordinate Analysis, and with DF harboring two-fold and 1.5-fold greater exclusive genera in their nose and mouth respectively, than did non-farmers. Additionally, the N_DF group had a lower burden of Staphylococcus spp. suggesting a correlation between higher microbial diversity and competition for colonization by staphylococci. The N_DF samples were negative for the mecA gene, a marker of methicillin-resistance in staphylococci. The lower burden of staphylococci was found to be independent of the abundance of Corynebacterium spp. Exposure to greater biodiversity could enhance microbial competition, thereby reducing colonization with opportunistic pathogens. Future studies will analyze whether exposure to livestock microbiomes offers protection from acute and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K. Shukla
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhan Ye
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott Sandberg
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Iris Reyes
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Fritsche
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew Keifer
- VA Puget Sound, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Anderson BD, Lednicky JA, Torremorell M, Gray GC. The Use of Bioaerosol Sampling for Airborne Virus Surveillance in Swine Production Facilities: A Mini Review. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:121. [PMID: 28798919 PMCID: PMC5529434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern swine production facilities typically house dense populations of pigs and may harbor a variety of potentially zoonotic viruses that can pass from one pig generation to another and periodically infect human caretakers. Bioaerosol sampling is a common technique that has been used to conduct microbial risk assessments in swine production, and other similar settings, for a number of years. However, much of this work seems to have been focused on the detection of non-viral microbial agents (i.e., bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, etc.), and efforts to detect viral aerosols in pig farms seem sparse. Data generated by such studies would be particularly useful for assessments of virus transmission and ecology. Here, we summarize the results of a literature review conducted to identify published articles related to bioaerosol generation and detection within swine production facilities, with a focus on airborne viruses. We identified 73 scientific reports, published between 1991 and 2017, which were included in this review. Of these, 19 (26.7%) used sampling methodology for the detection of viruses. Our findings show that bioaerosol sampling methodologies in swine production settings have predominately focused on the detection of bacteria and fungi, with no apparent standardization between different approaches. Information, specifically regarding virus aerosol burden in swine production settings, appears to be limited. However, the number of viral aerosol studies has markedly increased in the past 5 years. With the advent of new sampling technologies and improved diagnostics, viral bioaerosol sampling could be a promising way to conduct non-invasive viral surveillance among swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Jäckel U, Martin E, Schäfer J. Heterogeneity in Cultivation-Based Monitoring of Airborne Bacterial Biodiversity in Animal Farms. Ann Work Expo Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schäfer J, Weiß S, Jäckel U. Preliminary Validation of a Method Combining Cultivation and Cloning-Based Approaches to Monitor Airborne Bacteria. Ann Work Expo Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Schaeffer JW, Reynolds S, Magzamen S, VanDyke A, Gottel NR, Gilbert JA, Owens SM, Hampton-Marcell JT, Volckens J. Size, Composition, and Source Profiles of Inhalable Bioaerosols from Colorado Dairies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6430-6440. [PMID: 28492313 PMCID: PMC9552963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter emissions from agricultural livestock operations contain both chemical and biological constituents that represent a potential human health hazard. The size and composition of these dusts, however, have not been well described. We evaluated the full size distribution (from 0 to 100 μm in aerodynamic diameter) and chemical/biological composition of inhalable dusts inside several Colorado dairy parlors. Four aerodynamic size fractions (<3, 3-10, 10-30, and >30 μm) were collected and analyzed using a combination of physiochemical techniques to understand the structure of bacterial communities and chemical constituents. Airborne particulate mass followed a bimodal size distribution (one mode at 3 μm and a second above 30 μm), which also correlated with the relative concentrations of the following microbiological markers: bacterial endotoxin, 3-hydroxy fatty acids, and muramic acid. Sequencing of the 16S-rRNA components of this aerosol revealed a microbiome derived predominantly from animal sources. Bacterial genera included Staphlyococcus, Pseudomonas, and Streptococcus, all of which have proinflammatory and pathogenic capacity. Our results suggest that the size distribution of bioaerosols emitted by dairy operations extends well above 10 μm in diameter and contains a diverse mixture of potentially hazardous constituents and opportunistic pathogens. These findings should inform the development of more effective emissions control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Neil R Gottel
- The Microbiome Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- The Microbiome Center, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- The Microbiome Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- The Microbiome Center, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sarah M Owens
- The Microbiome Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jarrad T Hampton-Marcell
- The Microbiome Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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González-Delgado A, Shukla MK, DuBois DW, Flores-Márgez JP, Hernández Escamilla JA, Olivas E. Microbial and size characterization of airborne particulate matter collected on sticky tapes along US-Mexico border. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 53:207-216. [PMID: 28372745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) emissions from various sources can affect significantly human health and environmental quality especially in the Chihuahuan Desert region along US-Mexico border. The objective of this study was to use the low-cost sticky tape method to collect airborne PM for size characterization and identification of fungal spores. Sticky tape samplers were placed at 1.0 and 2.0m above the ground surface at experimental sites in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and at 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8m at New Mexico sites, USA. Soil samples were collected in both countries to determine fungal diversity, texture and moisture content. Dust particles collected from all of the experimental sites had a dominant texture of clay (<0.002mm). The dominant textures identified from soil samples collected from the US and Mexican sites were loam and sandy clay loam, respectively. Alternaria, Penicillium and Fusarium were frequently found funguses in the US sites while Alternaria and Aspergillus were commonly observed in the Mexican sites. The sticky tapes also showed a similar diversity of fungal microorganisms present in the airborne PM at both Mexico and US sites. Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus were the three groups of airborne fungal microorganisms consistently present in the US and Mexican sites. The low-cost sticky tape method has the potential to be used for characterizing different airborne microorganisms and dust particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir González-Delgado
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, New Mexico State University, MSC 3Q Skeen Hall Room N 127, P.O. Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA.
| | - Manoj K Shukla
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, New Mexico State University, MSC 3Q Skeen Hall Room N 127, P.O. Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA
| | - David W DuBois
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, New Mexico State University, MSC 3Q Skeen Hall Room N 127, P.O. Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA
| | - Juan P Flores-Márgez
- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, UACJ, Av. Plutarco Elías Calles 1020, Fovisste Chamizal, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua C.P. 32310, Mexico
| | - Joel A Hernández Escamilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, UACJ, Av. Plutarco Elías Calles 1020, Fovisste Chamizal, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua C.P. 32310, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Olivas
- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, UACJ, Av. Plutarco Elías Calles 1020, Fovisste Chamizal, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua C.P. 32310, Mexico
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Kumari P, Woo C, Yamamoto N, Choi HL. Variations in abundance, diversity and community composition of airborne fungi in swine houses across seasons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37929. [PMID: 27892507 PMCID: PMC5124938 DOI: 10.1038/srep37929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the abundance, diversity and community composition of airborne fungi in swine houses during winter and summer seasons by using quantitative PCR and Illumina HiSeq sequencing of ITS1 region. The abundance of airborne fungi varied significantly only between seasons, while fungal diversity varied significantly both within and between seasons, with both abundance and diversity peaked in winter. The fungal OTU composition was largely structured by the swine house unit and season as well as by their interactions. Of the measured microclimate variables, relative humidity, particulate matters (PMs), ammonia, and stocking density were significantly correlated with fungal OTU composition. The variation in beta diversity was higher within swine houses during summer, which indicates that the airborne fungal community composition was more heterogeneous in summer compared to winter. We also identified several potential allergen/pathogen related fungal genera in swine houses. The total relative abundance of potential allergen/pathogen related fungal genera varied between swine houses in both seasons, and showed positive correlation with PM2.5. Overall, our findings show that the abundance, diversity and composition of airborne fungi are highly variable in swine houses and to a large extent structured by indoor microclimate variables of swine houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea
| | - Cheolwoon Woo
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Naomichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hong-Lim Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea
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Ahmed MF, Khalifa MI, Wahab AAE, Youssef MA. Indoor Fungal Load in Broiler Flocks Environment at Different Stages of Production Cycle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016; 15:297-303. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2016.297.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Skóra J, Matusiak K, Wojewódzki P, Nowak A, Sulyok M, Ligocka A, Okrasa M, Hermann J, Gutarowska B. Evaluation of Microbiological and Chemical Contaminants in Poultry Farms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:192. [PMID: 26861361 PMCID: PMC4772212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the microbiological and chemical contamination in settled dust at poultry farms. The scope of research included evaluating the contributions of the various granulometric fractions in settled dust samples, assessing microbial contamination using culture methods, concentrations of secondary metabolites in dust and their cytotoxicity against hepatocyte chicken cells by means of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tests. In addition, we also evaluated the concentration of selected volatile odorous compounds (VOCs) using gas chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods and airborne dust concentration in the air with DustTrak™ DRX Aerosol Monitor. Studies were carried out on chicken broilers and laying hens at 13 poultry farms, with numbers of birds ranging from 8000 to 42,000. The airborne total dust concentration at poultry farms averaged 1.44 mg/m³ with a high percentage of the PM10 fraction (particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 μm). Microorganism concentrations in the settled dust were: 3.2 × 10⁸ cfu/g for bacteria and 1.2 × 10⁶ cfu/g for fungi. Potential pathogens (Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Paecilomyces variotii) were also found. Secondary metabolites included aurofusarin, deoxynivalenol, 15-hydroxyculmorin zearalenone, zearalenone-sulfate, infectopyron, and neochinulin A. However, the dust samples showed weak cytotoxicity towards chicken hepatocyte cells, which ranged between 9.2% and 29.7%. Among volatile odorous compounds ammonia, acrolein, methyloamine, acetic acid, acetoaldehyde and formaldehyde were detected in the air. In conclusion, settled dust can be a carrier of microorganisms, odours and secondary metabolites in poultry farms, which can be harmful to workers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Skóra
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 90 924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Matusiak
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 90 924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Piotr Wojewódzki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Technology and Life Science in Bydgoszcz, 85 796 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 90 924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Anna Ligocka
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, University of Technology and Life Science in Bydgoszcz, 85 796 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Okrasa
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection, National Research Institute, 00 701 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Janusz Hermann
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Technology and Life Science in Bydgoszcz, 85 796 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, 90 924 Łódź, Poland.
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Capasso L, Longhin E, Caloni F, Camatini M, Gualtieri M. Synergistic inflammatory effect of PM10 with mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on human lung epithelial cells. Toxicon 2015; 104:65-72. [PMID: 26263889 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, has been reported worldwide in food and feedstuffs. Even though oral intake is the main route of exposure, DON inhalation is also of concern in workers and exposed population. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most important causes of air quality detriment and it induces several adverse health effects. Therefore it is of primary importance to understand possible combined effects of DON and PM. The alveolar type II, A549, and the bronchial epithelial, BEAS-2B, cell lines were exposed for 24 h to different concentrations of DON (10-1000 ng/ml), PM10 (5 μg/cm(2), sampled in summer or winter season), and a combination of these pollutants. Cell death, interleukins release and cell cycle alteration were analysed; protein array technique was also applied to evaluate proteins activation related to MAP-kinases cascade. Our results demonstrate that low doses of PM and DON used alone have scarce toxic effects, while induce cytotoxicity and inflammation when used in combination. This observation outlines the importance of investigation on the combined effects of air pollutants for their possible outcomes on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Capasso
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Longhin
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Camatini
- Polaris Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- ENEA-UTTS/SSPT-MET-INAT, Strada per Crescentino 41, 13040, Saluggia, VC, Italy.
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David B, Moe RO, Michel V, Lund V, Mejdell C. Air Quality in Alternative Housing Systems May Have an Impact on Laying Hen Welfare. Part I-Dust. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:495-511. [PMID: 26479370 PMCID: PMC4598690 DOI: 10.3390/ani5030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The new legislation for laying hens in the European Union put a ban on conventional cages. Production systems must now provide the hens with access to a nest, a perch, and material for dust bathing. These requirements will improve the behavioral aspects of animal welfare. However, when hens are kept with access to litter, it is a concern that polluted air may become an increased threat to health and therefore also a welfare problem. This article reviews the literature regarding the health and welfare effects birds experience when exposed to barn dust. Dust is composed of inorganic and organic compounds, from the birds themselves as well as from feed, litter, and building materials. Dust may be a vector for microorganisms and toxins. In general, studies indicate that housing systems where laying hens have access to litter as aviaries and floor systems consistently have higher concentrations of suspended dust than caged hens with little (furnished cages) or no access to litter (conventional cages). The higher dust levels in aviaries and floor housing are also caused by increased bird activity in the non-cage systems. There are gaps in both the basic and applied knowledge of how birds react to dust and aerosol contaminants, i.e., what levels they find aversive and/or impair health. Nevertheless, high dust levels may compromise the health and welfare of both birds and their caretakers and the poor air quality often found in new poultry housing systems needs to be addressed. It is necessary to develop prophylactic measures and to refine the production systems in order to achieve the full welfare benefits of the cage ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce David
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, Oslo 0106, Norway.
| | - Randi Oppermann Moe
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., Oslo 0033, Norway.
| | - Virginie Michel
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), P.O.Box 53, Ploufragan 22440, France.
| | | | - Cecilie Mejdell
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, Oslo 0106, Norway.
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Blais-Lecours P, Perrott P, Duchaine C. Non-culturable bioaerosols in indoor settings: Impact on health and molecular approaches for detection. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 110:45-53. [PMID: 32288547 PMCID: PMC7108366 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite their significant impact on respiratory health, bioaerosols in indoor settings remain understudied and misunderstood. Culture techniques, predominantly used for bioaerosol characterisation in the past, allow for the recovery of only a small fraction of the real airborne microbial burden in indoor settings, given the inability of several microorganisms to grow on agar plates. However, with the development of new tools to detect non-culturable environmental microorganisms, the study of bioaerosols has advanced significantly. Most importantly, these techniques have revealed a more complex bioaerosol burden that also includes non-culturable microorganisms, such as archaea and viruses. Nevertheless, air quality specialists and consultants remain reluctant to adopt these new research-developed techniques, given that there are relatively few studies found in the literature, making it difficult to find a point of comparison. Furthermore, it is unclear as to how this new non-culturable data can be used to assess the impact of bioaerosol exposure on human health. This article reviews the literature that describes the non-culturable fraction of bioaerosols, focussing on bacteria, archaea and viruses, and examines its impact on bioaerosol-related diseases. It also outlines available molecular tools for the detection and quantification of these microorganisms and states various research needs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Blais-Lecours
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Phillipa Perrott
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bioinformatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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46
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Wei M, Yu Z, Zhang H. Molecular characterization of microbial communities in bioaerosols of a coal mine by 454 pyrosequencing and real-time PCR. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 30:241-251. [PMID: 25872733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial diversity and abundance in bioaerosols of a coal mine were analyzed based on 454 pyrosequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 37,191 high quality sequences were obtained and could be classified into 531, 1730 and 448 operational taxonomic units respectively for archaea, bacteria and fungi at 97% sequence similarity. The Shannon diversity index for archaea, bacteria and fungi was respectively 4.71, 6.29 and 3.86, indicating a high diversity in coal mine bioaerosols. Crenarchaeota, Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were the dominant phyla for archaea, bacteria and fungi, respectively. The concentrations of total archaea, bacteria and fungi were 1.44×10(8), 1.02×10(8) and 9.60×10(4) cells/m3, respectively. Methanotrophs observed in bioaerosols suggested possible methane oxidation in the coal mine. The identified potential pathogens to coal miners, such as Acinetobacter schindleri, Aeromonas cavernicola, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus penicillioides, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium brevicompactum were also observed. This was the first investigation of microbial diversity and abundance in coal mine bioaerosols. The investigation of microbial communities would be favorable in promoting the progress of methane control based on microbial technique and concern on coal miners' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hongxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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47
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Nigatu AW, Bråtveit M, Deressa W, Moen BE. Respiratory symptoms, fractional exhaled nitric oxide & endotoxin exposure among female flower farm workers in Ethiopia. J Occup Med Toxicol 2015; 10:8. [PMID: 25741375 PMCID: PMC4347973 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Greenhouse workers are exposed to organic dusts, and they are thereby at risk of developing airway disorders. This study aims to measure personal endotoxin exposure, assess respiratory symptoms and measure fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) among female flower farm workers in Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study involving female workers (n = 248) from four flower farms was conducted. The workers were interviewed for respiratory symptoms using a standard questionnaire. Workers from two of these farms also participated in personal endotoxin sampling (46 workers, 75 measurements) on glass fiber filters (0.2 μm pore size) inside conductive 25 mm Millipore cassettes for sampling of the “total dust” fraction. They also participated in FeNO (n = 114) measurements with a portable electrochemistry-based sensor. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. A mixed-effects model was used to analyze exposure determinants. Results Endotoxin exposure had a geometric mean (GM) of 22.8 endotoxin units (EU)/m3 with a maximum of 180 EU/m3. Greenhouse workers had significantly higher endotoxin exposure than workers outside the greenhouses (GM = 26.7 vs. 19.3 EU/m3 respectively; p < 0.05). The mean age of the workers was 24 years, and their mean working time in the flower farm was 21 months. Greenhouse workers had higher prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms than those outside greenhouses. However, after adjusting for education only blocked nose remained significant. The FeNO concentration ranged 5–166 ppb (GM = 14 ppb). Two workers had FeNO concentration above 50 ppb. FeNO levels differs significantly between the farms but there was no difference between workers inside and outside greenhouses. Conclusion Greenhouse workers at flower farms had higher prevalence of blocked nose than workers outside, which may indicate the presence of rhinitis. Endotoxin exposure was low. There were few workers with objective signs of airway inflammation; this might be because the mean working time in the greenhouses was only two years. We suggest further studies to evaluate the effect of longer employment and exposure time as well as to investigate possible exposure to pesticides and other components in the bio-aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amare W Nigatu
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magne Bråtveit
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bente E Moen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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48
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Martin E, Dziurowitz N, Jäckel U, Schäfer J. Detection of airborne bacteria in a duck production facility with two different personal air sampling devices for an exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:77-86. [PMID: 25093856 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.946514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Prevalent airborne microorganisms are not well characterized in industrial animal production buildings with respect to their quantity or quality. To investigate the work-related microbial exposure, personal bioaerosol sampling during the whole working day is recommended. Therefore, bioaerosol sampling in a duck hatchery and a duck house with two personal air sampling devices, a filter-based PGP and a NIOSH particle size separator, was performed. Subsequent, quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out with" culture independent methods. Total cell concentrations (TCC) determined via fluorescence microscopy showed no difference between the two devices. In average, 8 × 10(6) cells/m(3) were determined in the air of the duck hatchery and 5 × 10(7) cells/m(3) in the air of the duck house. A Generated Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) pattern revealed deviant bacterial compositions comparing samples collected with both devices. Clone library analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis from the hatchery's air showed 65% similarity between the two sampling devices. Detailed 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed the occurrence of bacterial species like Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia sp., and Shigella sp.; and a group of Staphylococcus delphini, S. intermedius, and S. pseudintermedius that provided the evidence of potential exposure to risk group 2 bacteria at the hatchery workplace. Size fractionated sampling with the developed by the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA) device revealed that pathogenic bacteria would deposit in the inhalable, the thorax, and possibly alveolar dust fraction according to EN481. TCC analysis showed the deposition of bacterial cells in the third stage (< 1μm) at the NIOSH device which implies that bacteria can reach deep into the lungs and contaminate the alveolus after inhalation. Nevertheless, both personal sampling devices could be recommended for exposure assessment at agricultural workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martin
- a Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Berlin , Germany
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49
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Huang WH, Yen TH, Chan MJ, Su YJ. Impact of environmental particulate matter and peritoneal dialysis-related infection in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e149. [PMID: 25437027 PMCID: PMC4616373 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), PD-related infection is a major cause of PD failure and hospital admission. Good air quality is required when dialysate exchange or exit site wound care is performed. To our knowledge, investigation of air pollution as a factor for PD-related infection in patients undergoing dialysis is limited. This study aimed to assess the effect of environmental particulate matter (PM) and other important risk factors on 1-year PD-related infection in patients undergoing PD.A total of 175 patients undergoing PD were recruited in this 1-year retrospective observational study. Differences in environmental PMs (PM10 and PM2.5) were analyzed with respect to the patients' living areas. The patients undergoing PD were categorized into 2 groups according to PM2.5 exposure: high (n = 61) and low (n = 114). Demographic, hematological, nutritional, inflammatory, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were analyzed. Multivariate binary logistic and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to analyze 1-year PD-related infection.A total of 175 patients undergoing PD (50 men and 125 women) were enrolled. Thirty-five patients had PD-related infection within 1 year. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high environmental PM2.5 exposure (hazard ratio (HR): 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.03-3.91]; P = .04) and female sex (HR: 2.77, 95% CI [1.07-7.19]; P = .03) were risk factors for 1-year PD-related infection.Patients undergoing PD with high environmental PM2.5 exposure had a higher 1-year PD-related infection rate than that in those with low exposure. Therefore, air pollution may be associated with PD-related infection in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Huang
- From the Department of Nephrology and Division of Clinical Toxicology (W-HH, T-HY); Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center (M-JC, Y-JS); and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan (W-HH, T-HY), Taiwan, Republic of China
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50
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Reynolds SJ, Nonnenmann MW, Basinas I, Davidson M, Elfman L, Gordon J, Kirychuck S, Reed S, Schaeffer JW, Schenker MB, Schlünssen V, Sigsgaard T. Systematic review of respiratory health among dairy workers. J Agromedicine 2014; 18:219-43. [PMID: 23844790 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2013.797374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The dairy industry is changing on a global scale with larger, more efficient operations. The impact of this change on worker health and safety, specifically, associations between occupational lung disease and inhalation exposures, has yet to be reported in a comprehensive review of the scientific literature. Therefore, a three-tier process was used to identify information using a keyword search of online databases of scientific literature. Of the 147 citations reviewed, 52 met initial screening criteria, and 30 were included in this review. Dairy workers experience lung conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, chronic bronchitis, and cancer. Recent pulmonary function studies have identified obstructive lung changes among dairy farm workers. The increased scale of dairy production with significant changes in technology and work practices has altered inhalation exposure patterns among dairy workers. The inhalation exposure in the dairy work environment may elicit differing inflammatory responses in relation to timing of initial exposure as well as to repeated exposures. Few studies have measured inhalation exposure while simultaneously assessing the impact of the exposure on lung function of dairy farm workers. Even fewer studies have been implemented to assess the impact of aerosol control technology to reduce inhalation exposure. Future research should evaluate worker exposure to aerosols through a task-based approach while utilizing novel methods to assess inhalation exposure and associated inflammatory responses. Finally, potential solutions should be developed and tested to reduce inhalation exposure to inflammatory agents and respiratory diseases in the dairy farm work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Reynolds
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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