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Trancart M, Botta A, Le Coz C, Guatto N, Calas AG, Hanak AS. How does organophosphorus chemical warfare agent exposure affect respiratory physiology in mice? Toxicology 2024; 507:153890. [PMID: 39029734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In the absence of appropriate medical care, exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents, such as VX, can lead to respiratory failure, and potentially death by asphyxiation. Despite the critical role of respiratory disturbances in organophosphorus-induced toxicity, the nature and underlying mechanisms of respiratory failure remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize respiratory alterations by determining their type and duration in mice exposed to a subcutaneous sublethal dose of VX. Respiratory ventilation in Swiss mice was monitored using dual-chamber plethysmography for up to 7 days post-exposure. Cholinesterase activity was assessed via spectrophotometry, and levels of inflammatory biomarkers were quantified using Luminex technology in blood and tissues involved in respiration (diaphragm, lung, and medulla oblongata). Additionally, a histological study was conducted on these tissues to ensure their structural integrity. Ventilatory alterations appeared 20-25 minutes after the injection of 0.9 LD50 VX and increased until the end of the recording, i.e., 40 minutes after intoxication. Concurrent with the occurrence of apnea, increased inspiratory and expiratory times resulted in a significant decrease in respiratory rate in exposed mice compared to controls. Ventilatory amplitude and, consequently, minute volume were reduced, while specific airway resistance significantly increased, indicating bronchoconstriction. These ventilatory effects persisted up to 24 or even 72 hours post-intoxication, resolving on the 7th day. They were correlated with a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity in the diaphragm, which persisted for up to 72 hours, and with the triggering of an inflammatory reaction in the same tissue. No significant histologic lesions were observed in the examined tissues. The ventilatory alterations observed up to 72 hours post-VX exposure appear to result from a functional failure of the respiratory system rather than tissue damage. This comprehensive characterization contributes to a better understanding of the respiratory effects induced by VX exposure, which is crucial for developing specific medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilène Trancart
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - Antoine Botta
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - Christine Le Coz
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - Nathalie Guatto
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - André-Guilhem Calas
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hanak
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, France.
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2
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Huang T, Chen Q, Jiang H, Zhang K. Research Progress in the Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants Using Metal-Organic Frameworks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1108. [PMID: 38998714 PMCID: PMC11243471 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents primarily comprise organophosphorus nerve agents, saliva alkaloids, cyanides, and mustard gas. Exposure to these agents can result in severe respiratory effects, including spasms, edema, and increased secretions leading to breathing difficulties and suffocation. Protecting public safety and national security from such threats has become an urgent priority. Porous metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the degradation of chemical warfare agents due to their large surface area, tunable pore size distribution, and excellent catalytic performance. Furthermore, combining MOFs with polymers can enhance their elasticity and processability and improve their degradation performance. In this review, we summarize the literature of the past five years on MOF-based composite materials and their effectiveness in degrading chemical warfare agents. Moreover, we discuss key factors influencing their degradation efficiency, such as MOF structure, pore size, and functionalization strategies. Furthermore, we highlight recent developments in the design of MOF-polymer composites, which offer enhanced degradation performance and stability for practical applications in CWA degradation. These composite materials exhibit good performance in degrading chemical warfare agents, playing a crucial role in protecting public safety and maintaining national security. We can expect to see more breakthroughs in the application of metal-organic framework porous materials for degrading chemical warfare agents. It is hoped that these innovative materials will play a positive role in achieving social stability and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China; (T.H.); (Q.C.)
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3
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Amend N, Timperley CM, Bird M, Green AC, Worek F, Seeger T. The use of bispyridinium non-oxime analogues for the restoration of nerve agent impaired neuromuscular transmission in rat hemidiaphragms - Structure optimization. Toxicol Lett 2024; 397:42-47. [PMID: 38723915 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticide poisoning challenges health care systems worldwide. Furthermore, nerve agents remain a continuous threat. The treatment options for organophosphate poisoning have virtually been unchanged for decades, relying on symptomatic treatment and the use of oximes to indirectly restore neuromuscular function. Hence, compounds targeting directly nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) might substantially improve treatment options. The current study investigated a series of bispyridinium analogues with a trimethylene or 2,2'-diethyloxy linker in a rat hemidiaphragm model, using indirect field stimulation. Methyl- and ethyl-substituted bispyridinium analogues restored neuromuscular function up to 37 ± 17% (MB419, a 3-methyl analogue) at a stimulation frequency of 20 Hz. The bispyridinium analogues with a 2- or 3-methyl group, or a 2- or 3-ethyl group, tended towards a higher restoration of neuromuscular function than those with a 4-methyl or 4-ethyl group, respectively. The current data can be used for future studies to optimize structure-based molecular modeling of compounds targeting the nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Goethestr. 33, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Mike Bird
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich 80937, Germany
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Goulay R, Fémy F, Nervo A, Valentino S, Madi M, Joly AL, Servonnet A, Nachon F, Reymond C, Jaffré N. Baseline physiological data from anesthetized pigs in a VX intoxication model. Toxicol Lett 2024; 397:117-128. [PMID: 38768837 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Over the past fifty years, swine models have been used for organophosphorus intoxication studies. Among these studies and others on the swine model in general, some physiological data, especially cholinesterase activity highly impacted by organophosphorus compounds like nerve agent VX, still need to be completed. To support and compare our model to others, we have published the experimental protocol, the physiological values of 31 juvenile anesthetized pigs, and the 6 h-follow-up of six supplementary anesthetized control animals and 7 VX-intoxicated pigs. We reported hemodynamics and respiratory parameters, blood levels in several biochemical parameters, blood gas, and complete blood count and compared them to the literature. We also focused on tissue and blood cholinesterase activities and detailed them for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. After establishing a broad physiological data set consistent with the literature, we reported several cardio-respiratory parameters that seem more affected by an organophosphate intoxication, like heart rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and respiratory rate. Within the blood, oxygen saturation (SpO2), lactatemia, base excess, and glycemia can also be measured and associated with the other parameters to evaluate the life-threatening status. This swine model is currently used to develop and evaluate medical countermeasures against organophosphate nerve agent intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goulay
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France
| | - F Fémy
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France; Departments of Emergency, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - A Nervo
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France
| | - S Valentino
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France
| | - M Madi
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France
| | - A-L Joly
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France
| | - A Servonnet
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France
| | - F Nachon
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France
| | - C Reymond
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France
| | - N Jaffré
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny Sur Orge, France.
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Cornelissen AS, van den Berg RM, Langenberg JP, van Grol M, Bross R, Pittman J, Cochrane L, Savransky V. Effective skin decontamination with RSDL® (reactive skin decontamination lotion kit) following dermal exposure to a Novichok class nerve agent. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:111001. [PMID: 38641146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, various poisoning incidents have been reported, involving the alleged use of the so-called Novichok agents, resulting in their addition to the Schedule I list of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Warfare (OPCW). As the physicochemical properties of these agents are different from the 'classical' nerve agents, such as VX, research is needed to evaluate whether and to what extent existing countermeasures are effective. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of RSDL® (Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion Kit) for the neutralization of percutaneous toxicity caused by Novichok agents, both in vitro and in vivo. Experiments showed the three selected Novichok agents (A230, A232, A234) could be degraded by RSDL lotion, but at a different rate. The half-life of A234, in the presence of an excess of RSDL lotion, was 36 min, as compared to A230 (<5 min) and A232 (18 min). Following dermal exposure of guinea pigs to A234, application of the RSDL kit was highly effective in preventing intoxication, even when applied up until 30 min following exposure. Delayed use of the RSDL kit until the appearance of clinical signs of intoxication (3-4 h) was not able to prevent intoxication progression and deaths. This study determines RSDL decontamination as an effective treatment strategy for dermal exposure to the Novichok agent A234 and underscores the importance of early, forward use of skin decontamination, as rapidly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Cornelissen
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan P Langenberg
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Rowdy Bross
- TNO Defence, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - John Pittman
- Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Blom TL, Wingelaar TT. Current Perspectives on the Management of Patients Poisoned With Novichok: A Scoping Review. Mil Med 2024; 189:e1381-e1389. [PMID: 38035754 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nerve agents have emerged as a global threat since their discovery in the 1930s, posing severe risks due to their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and the subsequent accumulation of acetylcholine in nerve synapses. Despite the enforcement of the Chemical Weapon Convention to control chemical weapons, including nerve agents, recent events, such as the Novichok attacks on Sergei Skripal and Alexei Navalny, have highlighted the persistent threat. Novichok, a distinct class of nerve agents, raises specific concerns regarding its management due to limited understanding. This article aims to comprehensively analyze existing literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS A scoping review was employed to comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge on managing patients poisoned with Novichok. Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, relevant literature was identified in peer-reviewed journals covering symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, decontamination, and long-term effects. Searches were conducted on February 1, 2023, across four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) using "Novichok" as a keyword. No restrictions were applied, and additional studies were sought from the references of identified papers. Eligible papers included discussions on Novichok or its specific properties impacting management, regardless of study type, language, or publication date, while those unrelated to the study's conceptual framework were excluded. RESULTS A total of 170 records were identified from the initial database search, with 86 studies screened after removing duplicates. Among these, 28 publications met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. An additional relevant study was identified from the citation lists of included studies, bringing the total to 29. The review encompasses studies published from 2018 onwards, indicating the growing interest in this topic. While most studies are reviews on Novichok or nerve agents in general, several theoretical and experimental investigations were also found. CONCLUSION This review highlights the significant uncertainties and knowledge gaps surrounding the management of patients poisoned with Novichok. While some aspects align with other nerve agents, limited research likely due to safety and ethical challenges leads to assumptions and uncertainties in patient care. The review identifies areas with ongoing research, such as decontamination and biomarker recognition, while other aspects remain understudied. The possible inefficacy of current treatment options and the need for further research on oximes, bioscavengers, and long-term effects emphasize the necessity for increased research to optimize patient outcomes. More studies are essential to clarify the actual threat and toxicity of Novichok. Moreover, raising awareness among medical staff is crucial for early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and safety. This review offers valuable insights into managing Novichok-poisoned patients and calls for increased research and awareness in this critical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess L Blom
- Diving and Submarine Medical Center, Royal Netherlands Navy, Den Helder, CA 1780, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs T Wingelaar
- Diving and Submarine Medical Center, Royal Netherlands Navy, Den Helder, CA 1780, the Netherlands
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Clay WK, Buck AK, He Y, Hernández Sánchez DN, Ward NA, Lear JM, Nguyen KQ, Clark BH, Sapia RJ, Lalisse RF, Sriraman A, Cadieux CL, McElroy CA, Callam CS, Hadad CM. Treatment of Organophosphorus Poisoning with 6-Alkoxypyridin-3-ol Quinone Methide Precursors: Resurrection of Methylphosphonate-Aged Acetylcholinesterase. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:643-657. [PMID: 38556765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), creating a cholinergic crisis in which death can occur. The phosphylated serine residue spontaneously dealkylates to the OP-aged form, which current therapeutics cannot reverse. Soman's aging half-life is 4.2 min, so immediate recovery (resurrection) of OP-aged AChE is needed. In 2018, we showed pyridin-3-ol-based quinone methide precursors (QMPs) can resurrect OP-aged electric eel AChE in vitro, achieving 2% resurrection after 24 h of incubation (pH 7, 4 mM). We prepared 50 unique 6-alkoxypyridin-3-ol QMPs with 10 alkoxy groups and five amine leaving groups to improve AChE resurrection. These compounds are predicted in silico to cross the blood-brain barrier and treat AChE in the central nervous system. This library resurrected 7.9% activity of OP-aged recombinant human AChE after 24 h at 250 μM, a 4-fold increase from our 2018 report. The best QMP (1b), with a 6-methoxypyridin-3-ol core and a diethylamine leaving group, recovered 20.8% (1 mM), 34% (4 mM), and 42.5% (predicted maximum) of methylphosphonate-aged AChE activity over 24 h. Seven QMPs recovered activity from AChE aged with Soman and a VX degradation product (EA-2192). We hypothesize that QMPs form the quinone methide (QM) to realkylate the phosphylated serine residue as the first step of resurrection. We calculated thermodynamic energetics for QM formation, but there was no trend with the experimental biochemical data. Molecular docking studies revealed that QMP binding to OP-aged AChE is not the determining factor for the observed biochemical trends; thus, QM formation may be enzyme-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Clay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anne K Buck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yiran He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dalyanne N Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nathan A Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy M Lear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kenny Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Benjamin H Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ryan J Sapia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Aishwarya Sriraman
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - C Linn Cadieux
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Craig A McElroy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher S Callam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Trancart M, Hanak AS, Dambrune C, Madi M, Voros C, Baati R, Calas AG. No-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) assessment as an optimized dose of cholinesterase reactivators for the treatment of exposure to warfare nerve agents in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 392:110929. [PMID: 38417730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite the international convention on the prohibition of chemical weapons ratified in 1997, the threat of conflicts and terrorist attacks involving such weapons still exists. Among these, organophosphorus-nerve agents (OPs) inhibit cholinesterases (ChE) causing cholinergic syndrome. The reactivation of these enzymes is therefore essential to protect the poisoned people. However, these reactivating molecules, mainly named oximes, have major drawbacks with limited efficacy against some OPs and a non-negligible ChE inhibitor potential if administered at an inadequate dose, an effect that they are precisely supposed to mitigate. As a result, this project focused on assessing therapeutic efficacy, in mice, up to the NOAEL dose, the maximum dose of oxime that does not induce any observable toxic effect. NOAEL doses of HI-6 DMS, a reference oxime, and JDS364. HCl, a candidate reactivator, were assessed using dual-chamber plethysmography, with respiratory ventilation impairment as a toxicity criterion. Time-course modeling parameters and pharmacodynamic profiles, reflecting the interaction between the oxime and circulating ChE, were evaluated for treatments at their NOAEL and higher doses. Finally, the therapeutic potential against OPs poisoning was determined through the assessment of protective indices. For JDS364. HCl, the NOAEL dose corresponds to the smallest dose inducing the most significant therapeutic effect without causing any abnormality in ChE activity. In contrast, for HI-6 DMS, its therapeutic benefit was observed at doses higher than its NOAEL, leading to alterations in respiratory function. These alterations could not be directly correlated with ChE inhibition and had no adverse effects on survival. They are potentially attributed to the stimulation of non-enzymatic cholinergic targets by HI-6 DMS. Thus, the NOAEL appears to be an optimal dose for evaluating the efficacy of oximes, particularly when it can be linked to respiratory alterations effectively resulting from ChE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilène Trancart
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hanak
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Chloé Dambrune
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25, Rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Méliati Madi
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Camille Voros
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25, Rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25, Rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - André-Guilhem Calas
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, CBRN Defense Division, Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
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Andrew PM, Feng W, Calsbeek JJ, Antrobus SP, Cherednychenko GA, MacMahon JA, Bernardino PN, Liu X, Harvey DJ, Lein PJ, Pessah IN. The α4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Necessary for the Initiation of Organophosphate-Induced Neuronal Hyperexcitability. TOXICS 2024; 12:263. [PMID: 38668486 PMCID: PMC11054284 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors can produce seizures that rapidly progress to life-threatening status epilepticus. Significant research effort has been focused on investigating the involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in OP-induced seizure activity. In contrast, there has been far less attention on nicotinic AChRs (nAChRs) in this context. Here, we address this data gap using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. Pharmacological antagonism and genetic deletion of α4, but not α7, nAChR subunits prevented or significantly attenuated OP-induced electrical spike activity in acute hippocampal slices and seizure activity in mice, indicating that α4 nAChR activation is necessary for neuronal hyperexcitability triggered by acute OP exposures. These findings not only suggest that therapeutic strategies for inhibiting the α4 nAChR subunit warrant further investigation as prophylactic and immediate treatments for acute OP-induced seizures, but also provide mechanistic insight into the role of the nicotinic cholinergic system in seizure generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Andrew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Jonas J. Calsbeek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Shane P. Antrobus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Gennady A. Cherednychenko
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Jeremy A. MacMahon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Pedro N. Bernardino
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiuzhen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
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10
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Amend N, Timperley CM, Bird M, Green AC, Worek F, Seeger T. Restoration of nerve agent impaired neuromuscular transmission in rat diaphragm by bispyridinium non-oximes - Structure-activity relationships. Toxicology 2024; 503:153741. [PMID: 38311098 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning is currently treated with atropine, oximes and benzodiazepines. The nicotinic signs, i.e., respiratory impairment, can only be targeted indirectly via the use of oximes as reactivators of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Hence, compounds selectively targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) might fundamentally improve current treatment options. The bispyridinium compound MB327 has previously shown some therapeutic effect against nerve agents in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, compound optimization was deemed necessary, due to limitations (e.g., toxicity and efficacy). The current study investigated a series of 4-tert-butyl bispyridinium compounds and of corresponding bispyridinium compounds without substituents in a rat diaphragm model using an indirect field stimulation technique. The length of the respective linker influenced the ability of the bispyridinium compounds to restore muscle function in rat hemidiaphragms. The current data show structure-activity relationships for a series of bispyridinium compounds and provide insight for future structure-based molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Mike Bird
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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11
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Putra M, Vasanthi SS, Rao NS, Meyer C, Van Otterloo M, Thangi L, Thedens DR, Kannurpatti SS, Thippeswamy T. Inhibiting Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase with 1400W Reduces Soman (GD)-Induced Ferroptosis in Long-Term Epilepsy-Associated Neuropathology: Structural and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlations with Neurobehavior and Brain Pathology. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:724-738. [PMID: 38129129 PMCID: PMC10801728 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) nerve agent (OPNA) intoxication leads to long-term brain dysfunctions. The ineffectiveness of current treatments for OPNA intoxication prompts a quest for the investigation of the mechanism and an alternative effective therapeutic approach. Our previous studies on 1400W, a highly selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, showed improvement in epilepsy and seizure-induced brain pathology in rat models of kainate and OP intoxication. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities, behavioral outcomes, and biomarkers were comprehensively investigated for brain abnormalities following soman (GD) intoxication in a rat model. T1 and T2 MRI robustly identified pathologic microchanges in brain structures associated with GD toxicity, and 1400W suppressed those aberrant alterations. Moreover, functional network reduction was evident in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus after GD exposure, and 1400W rescued the losses except in the thalamus. Behavioral tests showed protection by 1400W against GD-induced memory dysfunction, which also correlated with the extent of brain pathology observed in structural and functional MRIs. GD exposure upregulated iron-laden glial cells and ferritin levels in the brain and serum, 1400W decreased ferritin levels in the epileptic foci in the brain but not in the serum. The levels of brain ferritin also correlated with MRI parameters. Further, 1400W mitigated the overproduction of nitroxidative markers after GD exposure. Overall, this study provides direct evidence for the relationships of structural and functional MRI modalities with behavioral and molecular abnormalities following GD exposure and the neuroprotective effect of an iNOS inhibitor, 1400W. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT: Our studies demonstrate the MRI microchanges in the brain following GD toxicity, which strongly correlate with neurobehavioral performances and iron homeostasis. The inhibition of iNOS with 1400W mitigates GD-induced cognitive decline, iron dysregulation, and aberrant brain MRI findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marson Putra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
| | - Suraj S Vasanthi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
| | - Nikhil S Rao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
| | - Christina Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
| | - Madison Van Otterloo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
| | - Lal Thangi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
| | - Daniel R Thedens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
| | - Sridhar S Kannurpatti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (M.P., S.S.V., N.S.R., C.M., M.V.O., L.T., T.T.); Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (D.R.T.); and Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (S.S.K.)
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12
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de Koning MC, Dadon L, Rozing LCM, van Grol M, Bross R. High Capacity Adsorption and Degradation of a Nerve Agent Simulant and a Pesticide by a Nickel Pyrazolate Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55877-55884. [PMID: 37983091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of materials that enable the efficient removal of toxic compounds is important for the improvement of current protective materials or decontamination technologies. Current materials rely either on agent removal by adsorption or by effecting (catalytic) degradation. Ideally, both of these mechanisms are combined in a single material in order to target a more broad spectrum of toxic agents and to improve the performance of the materials. Recent attempts to combine materials with either adsorptive or catalytic properties into a composite material are promising, although the overall performance often suffers from competition for the agent between the adsorptive and catalytic domains in the composites. In this work, we propose that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) could feature both adsorptive properties as well as catalytic properties in a single structural domain, thereby avoiding a reduction in the overall performance originating from competitive agent interactions. We showcase this concept using the MOF Ni3(BTP)2, which exhibits strong affinity and high capacity for the storage of a nerve agent simulant and a pesticide. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the adsorbed agents are efficiently degraded and that the nontoxic degradation products are rapidly expelled from the MOF pores. Its ability to catalyze the hydrolytic degradation of both organophosphate and organophosphorothioate compounds highlights another unique feature of this material. The presented concept illustrates the feasibility for developing materials that target a broader spectrum of agents via adsorption, catalysis, or both and by their broader reactivity toward different types of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C de Koning
- Department CBRN Protection, TNO, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Linn Dadon
- Department CBRN Protection, TNO, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Laura C M Rozing
- Department CBRN Protection, TNO, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Grol
- Department CBRN Protection, TNO, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Rowdy Bross
- Department CBRN Protection, TNO, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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13
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Disley J, Gil-Ramírez G, Eaton P, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J. A smart chitosan-graphite molecular imprinted composite for the effective trapping and sensing of dimethyl methylphosphonate based on changes in resistance. Analyst 2023; 148:5012-5021. [PMID: 37672009 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01293j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
A molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) fabricated from a chitosan doped with graphite to create a conductive composite (CG-MIC) with the ability to trap and detect dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) through a change in resistance of the material has been successfully manufactured. The GC-MIC presented a maximum trapping capacity of 96 ppm (0.096 mg g-1) of DMMP. A similar non-imprinted composite made of chitosan-graphite (CG-NIC) had a surface adsorption of 48 ppm (0.048 mg g-1) of DMMP. The manufacturing process was tested for consistency and there were no significant differences in resistance between batches of CG-MIC before (around 450 Ω) and after (around 70 Ω) DMMP extraction, representing a homogeneous manufacturing process. Although Atomic Force Microscopy studies revealed that the graphite was not homogenously distributed throughout the chitosan matrix, the response was consistent. The changes in the concentration of DMMP within the self-sensing material, being proportional to those in gas concentration, could be followed by the changes in resistance. The inclusion of common interferents: Acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide and 2-propanol, equivalent in concentration to the DMMP, caused a change in the resistance of the material but did not substantially affect the specific resistance response of the composite material. Based on this data, the CG-MIC could be used as a smart material with sensing capabilities to monitor trapping levels of DMMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Disley
- University of Lincoln, School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, Lincoln, UK.
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- University of Lincoln, School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, Lincoln, UK.
| | - Peter Eaton
- University of Lincoln, School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, Lincoln, UK.
- The Bridge, University of Lincoln, 4 Edgewest Road, Lincoln LN6 7EL, UK
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- University of Lincoln, School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, LN6 7DL, Lincoln, UK.
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14
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Amend N, Koller M, Schmitt C, Worek F, Wille T. The suitability of a polydimethylsiloxane-based (PDMS) microfluidic two compartment system for the toxicokinetic analysis of organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Lett 2023; 388:24-29. [PMID: 37827339 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip platforms are an emerging technology in experimental and regulatory toxicology (species-specific differences, ethical considerations). They address gaps between in vivo and in vitro models. However, there are still certain limitations considering material, setup and applicability. The current study examined the suitability of a commercially available polydimethylsiloxane-based (PDMS) organ-chip for the toxicokinetic characterization of the highly toxic nerve agent VX and the organophosphate pesticide parathion. The respective concentrations of 1000 µmol/L and 100 µmol/L VX and parathion were chosen deliberately high in order to study concentrations even if high compound absorption by PDMS might occur. Neuronal and liver spheroids, totaling 2 × 106 cells were used to study concentration changes of VX and parathion. In addition, VX enantiomers were quantified. The current study suggests a significant absorption of VX, respectively parathion by PDMS. This might require future investigation of alternative materials or coatings to limit absorption for organophosphorus compounds in toxicokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marianne Koller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schmitt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Department F, Medical CBRN Defence, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Ingolstädter Str 240, Munich 80939, Germany
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15
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Opravil J, Pejchal J, Finger V, Korabecny J, Rozsypal T, Hrabinova M, Muckova L, Hepnarova V, Konecny J, Soukup O, Jun D. A-agents, misleadingly known as "Novichoks": a narrative review. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2587-2607. [PMID: 37612377 PMCID: PMC10475003 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
"Novichok" refers to a new group of nerve agents called the A-series agents. Their existence came to light in 2018 after incidents in the UK and again in 2020 in Russia. They are unique organophosphorus-based compounds developed during the Cold War in a program called Foliant in the USSR. This review is based on original chemical entities from Mirzayanov's memoirs published in 2008. Due to classified research, a considerable debate arose about their structures, and hence, various structural moieties were speculated. For this reason, the scientific literature is highly incomplete and, in some cases, contradictory. This review critically assesses the information published to date on this class of compounds. The scope of this work is to summarize all the available and relevant information, including the physicochemical properties, chemical synthesis, mechanism of action, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and medical countermeasures used to date. The environmental stability of A-series agents, the lack of environmentally safe decontamination, their high toxicity, and the scarcity of information on post-contamination treatment pose a challenge for managing possible incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Opravil
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Finger
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Rozsypal
- Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence Institute, University of Defence, Vita Nejedleho 1, 682 03 Vyskov, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konecny
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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16
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Razak S, Hignett S, Barnes J, Hancox G. The Standardization of the Emergency Department Response to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Events: Human Factors/Ergonomics Approach. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e487. [PMID: 37694303 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide standardized recommendations for the emergency department (ED) response to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) events by combining the human factors/ergonomics method of hierarchical task analysis with the theoretical framework for Work as Imagined versus Work as Done. METHODS Document analyses were used to represent CBRN response operational procedures. Semi-structured interviews using scenario cards were carried out with 57 first receivers (ED staff) to represent CBRN practice at 2 acute hospitals in England. RESULTS Variability existed in general organizational responsibilities associated with the CBRN response. Variability was further evident in top level CBRN tasks and CBRN phases at both EDs. Operational procedures focused on tasks such as documentation, checking, and timing. CBRN practice focused on patient needs through assessment, treatment, and diagnosis. CONCLUSION The findings provide top-down and bottom-up insights to enhance the ED CBRN response through standardization. The standardized CBRN action card template embeds the choice approach to standardization. The standardized CBRN framework implements the streamlined categorization of CBRN phases. Work as Imagined versus Work as Done is a useful theoretical framework to unpack a complex sociotechnical system, and hierarchical task analysis is an effective system mapping tool in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saydia Razak
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Hignett
- School of Design & Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Barnes
- School of Design & Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hancox
- Digital Technology Services, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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17
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Jung H, Heo J, Park N, Lim KC, Jung H, Do Cao V, Joung S. Elimination of A-234 from the environment: Effect of different decontaminants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131150. [PMID: 36893597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the fact that there are Novichoks in the list of toxic chemicals by the Chemical Weapons Convention parties, it is necessary to develop methods of effective neutralization of the agents as well as for other organophosphorus toxic substances. However, experimental studies on their persistence in the environment and effective decontamination measures remain scarce. Therefore, here, we investigated the persistence behavior and decontamination methods of A-234 (ethyl N-[1-(diethylamino)ethylidene]phosphoramidofluoridate), a Novichok series, A-type nerve agent to assess its potential risk to the environment. Different analytical methods were implemented, including 31P solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid 31P NMR, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and vapor-emission screening using a microchamber/thermal extractor with GC-MS. Our results showed that A-234 is extremely stable in sand and poses a long-lasting risk to the environment even when released in trace quantities. Moreover, the agent is not easily decomposed by water, dichloroisocyanuric acid sodium salt, sodium persulfate, and chlorine-based water-soluble decontaminants. However, it is efficiently decontaminated by Oxone® monopersulfate, calcium hypochlorite, KOH, NaOH, and HCl within 30 min. Our findings provide valuable insights for eliminating the highly dangerous Novichok agents from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Jung
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34063, Republic of Korea; Weapon Systems Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro, Yuseung-gu, Deajeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiwoong Heo
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34063, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahye Park
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34063, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Chan Lim
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34063, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Jung
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34063, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinh Do Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seewon Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ramadori GP. Organophosphorus Poisoning: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and Cardiac Failure as Cause of Death in Hospitalized Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076658. [PMID: 37047631 PMCID: PMC10094912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial production of food for animals and humans needs increasing amounts of pesticides, especially of organophosphates, which are now easily available worldwide. More than 3 million cases of acute severe poisoning are estimated to occur worldwide every year, and even more cases remain unreported, while 200,000–350,000 incidentally or intentionally poisoned people die every year. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in organophosphate poisoning have, however, remained unchanged. In addition to several neurologic symptoms (miosis, fasciculations), hypersecretion of salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of urine rapidly induce dehydration, hypovolemia, loss of conscience and respiratory distress. Within hours, signs of acidosis due to systemic hypoxia can be observed at first laboratory investigation after hospitalization. While determination of serum-cholinesterase does not have any diagnostic value, it has been established that hypoalbuminemia alone or accompanied by an increase in creatinine, lactate, or C-reactive protein serum levels has negative prognostic value. Increased serum levels of C-reactive protein are a sign of systemic ischemia. Protective mechanical ventilation should be avoided, if possible. In fact, acute respiratory distress syndrome characterized by congestion and increased weight of the lung, accompanied by heart failure, may become the cause of death. As the excess of acetylcholine at the neuronal level can persist for weeks until enough newly, locally synthesized acetylcholinesterase becomes available (the value of oximes in reducing this time is still under debate), after atropine administration, intravenous albumin and fluid infusion should be the first therapeutic interventions to reestablish normal blood volume and normal tissue oxygenation, avoiding death by cardiac arrest.
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19
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Li Y, Huang L, Zhang Z, Huang J, Xing H, Wang L, Sui X, Luo Y, Wang Y, Yang J. An in vitro nerve agent brain poisoning transwell model for convenient and accurate antidote evaluation. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105541. [PMID: 36572320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agent (NA) can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) causing seriously injury at extremely low doses. However, the cruel reality is that the lack of effective cerebral antidotes for treatment of NA poisoning. There is an urgent requirement for the large-scale evaluation and screening of antidotes. An effective NA antidote should include two characteristics: a) to permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB); 2) to reactivate the inhibited AChE in brain. Existing methods for evaluating reactivators in vitro can only examine the reactivation effect, while the current Transwell model can only evaluate the drug penetration performance for crossing the barrier. In this work, brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs) were inoculated to establish a Transwell model. AChE, NAs and antidotes of reactivators were added into the different chambers to simulate central poisoning and peripheral drug administration. This method can evaluate the reactivation ability and brain penetration ability of compounds at same time, which is a rapidly and accurately way for drug preliminary screening. In addition to small-molecule drugs, a liposomal nanoantidote loaded with the reactivator Asoxime chloride (HI-6)was prepared. This nanoantidote show high reactivation rate against the NA (sarin), evaluated by both this modified model in vitro and animal test, gaining the consistence results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Quality-control department, Military Hospital of 78 Group of PLA, Mudanjiang 157000, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zinan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huanchun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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20
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Qualitative Analysis of Novel Flavonoid Adducts from Nerve Agent Tabun-Exposed Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Based on Quadrupole–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062581. [PMID: 36985553 PMCID: PMC10055799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a kind of secondary metabolite which widely exist in plants. They contain a lot of active hydroxyls, which can react with toxic chemicals to produce potential exposure biomarkers. In this article, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) was exposed to the nerve agent O-Ethyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate (Tabun). By comparing with the plant not exposed to Tabun, some characteristic ions were identified by quadrupole–time of flight mass spectrometry in the acetonitrile extract of the exposed leaves. These characteristic ions were selected as parent ions to produce product ion mass spectra (PIMS). Some interesting fragmentation pathways were revealed, including neutral loss of glucoside, rhamnose and ethylene. O-Ethyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoryl modified flavonoids were deduced from assignment of the PIMS. The element components and the accurate mass of the product ions from each parent ion matched well with those of the proposed fragmentation pathways. Through comparison with the PIMS of structurally closely related chemical of Isobutyl methylphosphonyl modified flavonoids, the structures and the fragmentation pathways of the O-Ethyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoryl modified flavonoids were finally confirmed. Successfully finding and identifying these three specific exposure biomarkers in plants provided a new strategy for the retrospective analysis of organophosphorus exposure and forensic analysis.
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21
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Huang J, Xing H, Wang L, Huang L, Sui X, Luo Y, Shen L, Wang Y, Yang J. A fast-acting brain-targeted nano-delivery system with ultra-simple structure for brain emergency poisoning rescue. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4852-4862. [PMID: 36790243 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for acute brain conditions remains a major challenge owing to the unavailability of antidotes, especially for organophosphorus compounds, exposure to which leads to rapid death. Despite recent advances in brain-targeted nano delivery systems (BTNDS), the traditional ones which have been developed will likely not lead to the quick release of an antidote, which is essential to counteract fast neurotoxic effects. Herein, we present a BTNDS using thermosensitive liposomes, without the need for functionalization, to obtain a platform for brain-targeted delivery, which has a simple structure and thus can be easily synthesized and scaled-up. The brain-targeting effect of BTNDS was amplified by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an inflammatory biomarker. The combination of PLA2 and BTNDS significantly improved brain targeting, leading to an excellent emergency rescue effect - 83- and 4.8-fold better cerebral AChE reactivation response and survival time, respectively. These findings provide a promising strategy to generate a facile, druggable, and effective BTNDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zinan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jingyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Huanchun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Liao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
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22
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Nam JH, Kim MS, Song YJ, Kim CH, Kim WS, Yu CH, Joe HE, Hur GH, Seo MR, Kim Y, Park KE, Choi JY, Chung SJ, Shin YK. Pretreatment of rhesus monkeys with transdermal patches containing physostigmine and procyclidine: implications of the delivery system for the potential application against VX nerve agent intoxication in humans. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:697-710. [PMID: 36633609 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physostigmine (Phs) is a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and could be used to protect the central nervous system (CNS) against the effects of nerve agents. For prophylactic effectiveness, long, steady, and adequate inhibition of AChE activity by Phs is needed to broadly protect against the CNS effects of nerve agents. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of transdermal patches containing Phs and procyclidine (PC) as prophylactic agents. Patches (25 cm2) containing 4.4 mg Phs and 17.8 mg PC had a protective ratio of approximately 78.6-fold in rhesus monkeys challenged with VX nerve agent and given an antidote. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in conjunction with an indirect pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) was developed for Phs and scaled to rhesus monkeys. The model was able to reproduce the concentration profile and inhibitory effect on AChE of Phs in monkeys, as evidenced by correlation coefficients of 0.994 and 0.992 for 25 cm2 and 49 cm2 patches, respectively (i.e., kinetic data), and 0.989 and 0.968 for 25 cm2 and 49 cm2 patches, respectively (i.e., dynamic data). By extending the monkey PBPK/ PD model to humans, the effective human dose was predicted to be five applications of a 25 cm2 patch (i.e., 22 mg Phs), and two applications of a 49 cm2 patch (i.e., 17.4 mg Phs). Therefore, given that patch application of Phs in rhesus monkeys has a prolonged effect (namely, AChE inhibition of 19.6% for the 25 cm2 patch and 23.0% for the 49 cm2 patch) for up to 216 h, patch formulation of Phs may provide similar protection against nerve agent intoxication in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Nam
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Logone Bio-Convergence Research Foundation, Seoul, 08394, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jo Song
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Kim
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Soo Kim
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ho Yu
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Eun Joe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeung Haeng Hur
- Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung-Ryun Seo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Abion Inc, Seoul, 08394, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Use of a Nerve Agent Antidote-Dosing Tool for Mass Casualty Incident Emergency Preparedness. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e337. [PMID: 36847261 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nerve agent attacks pose a serious threat worldwide and ensuring optimal readiness is essential to management. We review a mass casualty incident (MCI) drill in a busy urban New York City Emergency Department incorporating an antidote-dosing tool. METHODS Emergency Management and Preparedness planned an MCI drill involving a nerve agent exposure and engaged the pharmacy department to participate on a more comprehensive level. The clinical pharmacist prepared a treatment tool with antidote dosing recommendations to distribute to team members participating in the drill. RESULTS During the launch of the exercise, all clinicians involved reviewed the antidote-dosing tool with the pharmacy team members. Because of the ease of use, limited time was necessary to review the dosing tool before the start of the exercise. After the exercise, feedback regarding the use of the tool was very positive and participants appreciated the tool for use in a theoretical emergency that they have had limited experience managing. CONCLUSIONS Optimizing team preparedness with accessible and practical dosing tools may be a helpful addition to emergency preparedness for chemical and biological events with the potential for many casualties.
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24
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Lee JY, Shin JY, Kim HS. Optimization of Solid-Phase Extraction of a Degradation Product of Novichok (A234) and Its Application to Environmental Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:81-88. [PMID: 35640302 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been no detailed investigations regarding solid-phase-extraction (SPE) optimization and screening for the degradation products of ethyl (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidofluoridate (A234) in various environmental samples. Therefore, as a first step in the selective SPE of the degradation products of A234, we optimized the SPE adsorption and extraction parameters for the A234 degradation product ethylhydrogen (1-(diethylamino)ethylidene)phosphoramidate (cpd 1). Among various SPE cartridges, the Si cartridge (500 mg, 3 mL) selectively extracted cpd 1 using an elution volume of 4 mL of 25% H2O in acetonitrile, which eliminated most interference without cpd 1 loss during loading and washing. In addition, the sorbent capacity is also critical in the adsorption of cpd 1. The Si cartridge (500 mg, 3 mL) retained cpd 1 in the concentration range 1-10 µg/mL. The linearity of detector response of cpd 1 in deionized H2O was studied in the range of 1.0-100 ng/mL and showed good linearity with γ2 ranging from 0.9979 to 0.996. The limits of detection for cpd 1 are 10 ng/mL in the product-scan mode and 100 ng/mL in the full-scan mode. Also, after we optimized the SPE method, we validated the precision and accuracy of the Si-cartridge extraction method in real soil samples with diverse concentrations. The precision ranged from 2.5% to 5.3%. This newly developed SPE is applicable to the analysis of a degradation product of Novichok A234 in various environmental matrices, such as water, soil and sand, in the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) proficiency test and unknown samples collected from suspected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Lee
- ChemBio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, PO Box 35-5, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Shin
- ChemBio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, PO Box 35-5, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Kim
- ChemBio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, PO Box 35-5, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
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25
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John H, Lindl T, Reuter H, Schmeißer W, Schrader M, Thiermann H. Phosphonylated tyrosine and lysine residues as biomarkers of local exposure of human hair to the organophosphorus nerve agents sarin and VX. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 36787649 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We herein present for the first time a micro liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high-resolution tandem-mass spectrometry (μLC-ESI MS/HR MS) procedure to detect phosphonylated tyrosine (Tyr) and lysine (Lys) residues obtained from human hair exposed to organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNA). In general, toxic OPNA react with endogenous blood proteins causing the formation of adducts representing well-known targets for biomedical analysis to prove exposure. In contrast, no protein-derived biomarker has been introduced so far to document local exposure of hair. Accordingly, we developed and characterized a μLC-ESI MS/HR MS method for the analysis of scalp hair exposed to OPNA in vitro. Type I and Type II keratin from hair was dissolved during lysis, precipitated and subjected to pronase-catalyzed hydrolysis yielding single adducted Lys and in a much higher amount Tyr residues. Exposure to sarin caused the adduction of an isopropyl methylphosphonic acid moiety and exposure to VX yielded adducts of ethyl methylphosphonic acid, well suited as biomarkers of exposure. These were of appropriate stability in the autosampler for 24 h. The biomarker yield obtained from hair of six individuals as well as from hair of six different parts of the body of one individual (armpit, beard, leg, arm, scalp, and pubic) differed reasonably indicating the variable individual protein composition and structure of hair. Exposed hair stored at ambient temperature for 9 weeks with contact to air and daylight showed stability of all adducts and therefore their suitability for verification of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Lindl
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Henrik Reuter
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schrader
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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26
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Precisely predicting the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts in new types of nerve agents and building spectra database. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20288. [PMID: 36434133 PMCID: PMC9700684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the recent terrorist attacks using Novichok agents and the subsequent decomposition operations, understanding the chemical structures of nerve agents has become important. To mitigate the ever-evolving threat of new variants, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons has updated the list of Schedule 1 substances defined by the Chemical Weapons Convention. However, owing to the several possible structures for each listed substance, obtaining an exhaustive dataset is almost impossible. Therefore, we propose a nuclear magnetic resonance-based prediction method for 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of Novichok agents based on conformational and density functional study calculations. Four organophosphorus compounds and five G- and V-type nerve agents were used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed procedure. Moreover, 1H and 13C NMR prediction results for an additional 83 Novichok candidates were compiled as a database to aid future research and identification. Further, this is the first study to successfully predict the NMR chemical shifts of Novichok agents, with an exceptional agreement between predicted and experimental data. The conclusions enable the prediction of all possible structures of Novichok agents and can serve as a firm foundation for preparation against future terrorist attacks using new variants of nerve agents.
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27
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Spangardt C, Keßler C, Dobrzewski R, Tepler A, Hanio S, Klaubert B, Meinel L. Leveraging Dissolution by Autoinjector Designs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112544. [PMID: 36432735 PMCID: PMC9695427 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical warfare or terrorism attacks with organophosphates may place intoxicated subjects under immediate life-threatening and psychologically demanding conditions. Antidotes, such as the oxime HI-6, which must be formulated as a powder for reconstitution reflecting the molecule's light sensitivity and instability in aqueous solutions, dramatically improve recovery-but only if used soon after exposure. Muscle tremors, anxiety, and loss of consciousness after exposure jeopardize proper administration, translating into demanding specifications for the dissolution of HI-6. Reflecting the patients' catastrophic situation and anticipated desire to react immediately to chemical weapon exposure, the dissolution should be completed within ten seconds. We are developing multi-dose and single-dose autoinjectors to reliably meet these dissolution requirements. The temporal and spatial course of dissolution within the various autoinjector designs was profiled colorimetrically. Based on these colorimetric insights with model dyes, we developed experimental setups integrating online conductometry to push experiments toward the relevant molecule, HI-6. The resulting blueprints for autoinjector designs integrated small-scale rotor systems, boosting dissolution across a wide range of viscosities, and meeting the required dissolution specifications driven by the use of these drug products in extreme situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Spangardt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 102, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Keßler
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ramona Dobrzewski
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Tepler
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hanio
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Klaubert
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 102, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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28
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Fémy F, Meesemaecker G, Belverge N, Courageux C, Nervo A, Goulay R, Reymond C, Chantegreil F, Madi M, Nachon F, Taudon N, Jaffré N. Toxicokinetics of plasmatic VX in a swine model: comparison of a simple enzymatic titration method with a mass spectrometry method. Arch Toxicol 2022; 97:10.1007/s00204-022-03408-w. [PMID: 36326899 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03408-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent events have shown that organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) are a serious threat. Cholinesterase inhibition by OPNAs results in acetylcholine accumulation, a cholinergic crisis leading to death if untreated. Efficacy assessment of new medical countermeasures against OPNAs relies on translational animal models. We developed a swine model of percutaneous VX intoxication and a simple plate reader-based enzymatic method to quantify plasmatic VX over time. Juvenile pigs anesthetized with sevoflurane were poisoned with a single supralethal (n = 5; 1200 μg/kg) or sublethal (n = 6; 320 μg/kg) percutaneous dose of VX. These intoxicated animals were compared to 7 control animals. Repeated blood sampling was performed up to 6 h post-intoxication. Blood cholinesterase activities were measured using the Ellman assay. Nanomolar plasma concentrations of VX were measured by exogenous butyrylcholinesterase added to an aliquot of plasma. As expected, we observed a steady increase in plasma concentration of VX over time concomitant to a decrease in blood cholinesterase activities for all intoxicated pigs. Despite the simplicity of the enzymatic method, the results obtained are in good agreement with those of the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. This method is also applicable to other OPNAs such as novichoks with minor adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fémy
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
- Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - G Meesemaecker
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - N Belverge
- Unité de Développements Analytiques et Bioanalyse, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - C Courageux
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - A Nervo
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - R Goulay
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - C Reymond
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - F Chantegreil
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - M Madi
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - F Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | - N Taudon
- Unité de Développements Analytiques et Bioanalyse, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - N Jaffré
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
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29
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Cowen T, Bedwell TS, Piletska EV, Rice H, Piletsky SA. Nanoparticle-induced enhancement of cholinesterase activity in the presence of malathion: a potential nerve agent therapeutic. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Lao YE, Goffeng A, Spillum BJ, Jacobsen D, Nakstad ER, Hovda KE. A survey of the antidote preparedness in Norwegian hospitals. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2022; 29:319-323. [PMID: 33483361 PMCID: PMC9614115 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antidotes are an important part of the emergency preparedness in hospitals. In the case of a major chemical accident or a fire, large quantities of antidotes may be needed within a short period of time. For time-critical antidotes it is therefore necessary that they be immediately available. We wanted to evaluate the antidote preparedness in Norwegian hospitals as regards the national recommendations and compare this with other international guidelines. METHODS A digital survey was sent to the 50 hospitals in Norway that treat acute poisonings. Of these, four hospitals are categorised as regional hospitals, 15 as large hospitals and 31 as small hospitals. Each hospital was asked which antidotes they stockpiled from a list of 35 antidotes. The financial costs (low, moderate, high) were added to an established efficacy scale to illustrate the cost-effectiveness of the different antidotes. RESULTS The response rate was 100%. Eleven of fifty (22%) hospitals stockpiled all antidotes recommended for their hospital size. All four regional hospitals had all the recommended antidotes. Large hospitals which were not regional hospitals had the least availability of antidotes, and only one large hospital stockpiled all antidotes recommended for this hospital size. CONCLUSIONS We found varying compliance with the national recommendations for antidote storage in hospitals. To strengthen antidote preparedness, we recommend standardised European guidelines to support national guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Elisabeth Lao
- Norwegian National Unit for CBRNE Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy Enterprise, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Goffeng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dag Jacobsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Rostrup Nakstad
- Norwegian National Unit for CBRNE Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Hovda
- Norwegian National Unit for CBRNE Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Wang C, Wang Y, Kirlikovali KO, Ma K, Zhou Y, Li P, Farha OK. Ultrafine Silver Nanoparticle Encapsulated Porous Molecular Traps for Discriminative Photoelectrochemical Detection of Mustard Gas Simulants by Synergistic Size-Exclusion and Site-Specific Recognition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202287. [PMID: 35790037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid, discriminative, and portable detection of highly toxic chemical warfare agents is extremely important for response to public security emergencies but remains a challenge. One plausible solution involves the integration of porous molecular traps onto a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor. Here, a fast and facile protocol is developed to fabricate sub-1 nm AgNPs encapsulated hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) nanocomposite materials through an in situ photoreduction and subsequent encapsulation process. Compared to traditional semiconductors and selected metal-organic frameworks (MOF) materials, these AgNPs@HOFs show significantly enhanced photocurrent. Most importantly, the portable PEC device based on AgNPs@HOF-101 can selectively recognize 13 different mustard gas simulants, including 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), based on synergistic size-exclusion and specific recognition. The extremely low detection limit for CEES (15.8 nmol L-1 ), reusability (at least 30 cycles), and long-term working stability (at least 30 d) of the portable PEC device warrant its use as a chemical warfare agents (CWAs) sensor in practical field settings. More broadly, this work indicates that integrating porous molecular traps onto PEC sensors offers a promising strategy to further develop portable devices for CWAs detection with both ultrahigh sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kaikai Ma
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yaming Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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32
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Wilson D, Christie G, Fryer P, Hall I, Landel J, Whitehead K. Lessons to learn from roadmapping in cleaning and decontamination. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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33
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Socher M, Zilker T, Fromme H, Wildner M. [Preparedness on Assaults with Highly Toxic Substances in Public Space]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2022; 84:647-650. [PMID: 35835097 PMCID: PMC11248044 DOI: 10.1055/a-1871-2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of chemical substances in terrorist scenarios is to be feared everywhere, especially in the western world, after the events that have become known in recent years. In order to protect civilian populations in an emergency, it is essential that the poisoning pattern (toxidrome) is recognized as quickly and reliably as possible through further training of the relevant agents and the provision of necessary rescue equipment (antidotes) in prepared facilities. In the event of a chemical attack with terrorist motivation, doctors from the Public Health Service (PHS) will foreseeably play a key role in communicating with decision-makers and the public a spart of a competency network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Socher
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | | | - Hermann Fromme
- Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Gesundheit und Pflege, München
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München
| | - Manfred Wildner
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München
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34
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Bird S. The Salisbury Poisonings: a tale of public health and ordinary heroism. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:329-331. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bird
- South West Public Health Training Scheme , Devon County Council, Exeter EX2 4QL, UK
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35
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Allard JL, Shields KA, Munro T, Lua LHL. Design and production strategies for developing a recombinant butyrylcholinesterase medical countermeasure for Organophosphorus poisoning. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:109996. [PMID: 35654125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents represent a serious chemical threat due to their ease of production and scale of impact. The recent use of the nerve agent Novichok has re-emphasised the need for broad-spectrum medical countermeasures (MCMs) to these agents. However, current MCMs are limited. Plasma derived human butyrylcholinesterase (huBChE) is a promising novel bioscavenger MCM strategy, but is prohibitively expensive to isolate from human plasma at scale. Efforts to produce recombinant huBChE (rBChE) in various protein expression platforms have failed to achieve key critical attributes of huBChE such as circulatory half-life. These proteins often lack critical features such as tetrameric structure and requisite post-translational modifications. This review evaluates previous attempts to generate rBChE and assesses recent advances in mammalian cell expression and protein engineering strategies that could be deployed to achieve the required half-life and yield for a viable rBChE MCM. This includes the addition of a proline-rich attachment domain, fusion proteins, post translational modifications, expression system selection and optimised downstream processes. Whilst challenges remain, a combinatorial approach of these strategies demonstrates potential as a technically feasible approach to achieving a bioactive and cost effective bioscavenger MCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Allard
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Katherine A Shields
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - TrentP Munro
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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36
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de Koning MC, Vieira Soares C, van Grol M, Bross RPT, Maurin G. Effective Degradation of Novichok Nerve Agents by the Zirconium Metal-Organic Framework MOF-808. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9222-9230. [PMID: 35138813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novichoks are a novel class of nerve agents (also referred to as the A-series) that were employed in several poisonings over the last few years. This calls for the development of novel countermeasures that can be applied in protective concepts (e.g., protective clothing) or in decontamination methods. The Zr metal-organic framework MOF-808 has recently emerged as a promising catalyst in the hydrolysis of the V- and G-series of nerve agents as well as their simulants. In this paper, we report a detailed study of the degradation of three Novichok agents by MOF-808 in buffers with varying pH. MOF-808 is revealed to be a highly efficient and regenerable catalyst for Novichok agent hydrolysis under basic conditions. In contrast to the V- and G-series of agents, degradation of Novichoks is demonstrated to proceed in two consecutive hydrolysis steps. Initial extremely rapid P-F bond breaking is followed by MOF-catalyzed removal of the amidine group from the intermediate product. The intermediate thus acted as a competitive substrate that was rate-determining for the whole two-step degradation route. Under acidic conditions, the amidine group in Novichok A-230 is more rapidly hydrolyzed than the P-F bond, giving rise to another moderately toxic intermediate. This intermediate could in turn be efficiently hydrolyzed by MOF-808 under basic conditions. These experimental observations were corroborated by density functional theory calculations to shed light on molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C de Koning
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Vieira Soares
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Rowdy P T Bross
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk 2288GJ, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Maurin
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Place E. Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
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John H, Dentzel M, Siegert M, Thiermann H. Nontargeted High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Workflow for the Detection of Butyrylcholinesterase-Derived Adducts with Organophosphorus Toxicants and Structural Characterization of Their Phosphyl Moiety after In-Source Fragmentation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2048-2055. [PMID: 35041786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents were used for chemical warfare, assassination, and attempted murder of individuals. Therefore, forensic methods are required to identify known and unknown incorporated OP poisons. Serum is tested for the presence of covalent reaction products (adducts) of the toxicant with, e.g., butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) typically by targeted analysis, thus only detecting known OP adducts. We herein present a nontargeted two-step mass spectrometry (MS)-based workflow taking advantage of a high-resolution (HR) Orbitrap mass spectrometer and its option for in-source collision-induced dissociation (IS-CID) highly valuable for the detection of unknown agents. BChE adducts are extracted by immunomagnetic separation and proteolyzed with pepsin yielding a phosphylated nonapeptide (NP) biomarker NP(OP). In step 1, the sample is separated by micro liquid chromatography (μLC) detecting the NP(OP) by nontargeted HR MS followed by data-dependent tandem-MS (ddMS2). Extracted ion chromatograms of diagnostic product ions at m/z 778.33661, 673.29402, and 602.25690 reveal the accurate mass of the NP(OP) precursor ion as well as the elemental composition of the adducted phosphyl moiety. Considering this information, a second μLC run is performed (step 2) for nonselective IS-CID of NP(OP) yielding the cleaved charged phosphyl moiety. This fragment ion is immediately subjected to targeted CID in parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The accurate mass of its product ions allows the determination of their elemental composition and thus supports its structural elucidation. The described workflow was exemplarily applied to NP(OP) of three Tamelin esters and VX providing highly appropriate abilities for the detection of adducts even of unknown OP poisons like Novichok agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Dentzel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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39
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Dhuguru J, Zviagin E, Skouta R. FDA-Approved Oximes and Their Significance in Medicinal Chemistry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:66. [PMID: 35056123 PMCID: PMC8779982 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the scientific advancements, organophosphate (OP) poisoning continues to be a major threat to humans, accounting for nearly one million poisoning cases every year leading to at least 20,000 deaths worldwide. Oximes represent the most important class in medicinal chemistry, renowned for their widespread applications as OP antidotes, drugs and intermediates for the synthesis of several pharmacological derivatives. Common oxime based reactivators or nerve antidotes include pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, trimedoxime and methoxime, among which pralidoxime is the only FDA-approved drug. Cephalosporins are β-lactam based antibiotics and serve as widely acclaimed tools in fighting bacterial infections. Oxime based cephalosporins have emerged as an important class of drugs with improved efficacy and a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Among the several oxime based derivatives, cefuroxime, ceftizoxime, cefpodoxime and cefmenoxime are the FDA approved oxime-based antibiotics. Given the pharmacological significance of oximes, in the present paper, we put together all the FDA-approved oximes and discuss their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Dhuguru
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 SpringHill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Eugene Zviagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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40
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Stigler L, Köhler A, Koller M, Job L, Escher B, Potschka H, Thiermann H, Skerra A, Worek F, Wille T. Post-VX exposure treatment of rats with engineered phosphotriesterases. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:571-583. [PMID: 34962578 PMCID: PMC8837561 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The biologically stable and highly toxic organophosphorus nerve agent (OP) VX poses a major health threat. Standard medical therapy, consisting of reactivators and competitive muscarinic receptor antagonists, is insufficient. Recently, two engineered mutants of the Brevundimonas diminuta phosphotriesterase (PTE) with enhanced catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 21 to 38 × 106 M−1 min−1) towards VX and a preferential hydrolysis of the more toxic P(−) enantiomer were described: PTE-C23(R152E)-PAS(100)-10-2-C3(I106A/C59V/C227V/E71K)-PAS(200) (PTE-2), a single-chain bispecific enzyme with a PAS linker and tag having enlarged substrate spectrum, and 10-2-C3(C59V/C227V)-PAS(200) (PTE-3), a stabilized homodimeric enzyme with a double PASylation tag (PAS-tag) to reduce plasma clearance. To assess in vivo efficacy, these engineered enzymes were tested in an anesthetized rat model post-VX exposure (~ 2LD50) in comparison with the recombinant wild-type PTE (PTE-1), dosed at 1.0 mg kg−1 i.v.: PTE-2 dosed at 1.3 mg kg−1 i.v. (PTE-2.1) and 2.6 mg kg−1 i.v. (PTE-2.2) and PTE-3 at 1.4 mg kg−1 i.v. Injection of the mutants PTE-2.2 and PTE-3, 5 min after s.c. VX exposure, ensured survival and prevented severe signs of a cholinergic crisis. Inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) could not be prevented. However, medulla oblongata and diaphragm AChE activity was partially preserved. All animals treated with the wild-type enzyme, PTE-1, showed severe cholinergic signs and died during the observation period of 180 min. PTE-2.1 resulted in the survival of all animals, yet accompanied by severe signs of OP poisoning. This study demonstrates for the first time efficient detoxification in vivo achieved with low doses of heterodimeric PTE-2 as well as PTE-3 and indicates the suitability of these engineered enzymes for the development of highly effective catalytic scavengers directed against VX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stigler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marianne Koller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Job
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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Utilization of Pharmaceutical Technology Methods for the Development of Innovative Porous Metasilicate Pellets with a Very High Specific Surface Area for Chemical Warfare Agents Detection. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111860. [PMID: 34834274 PMCID: PMC8622269 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical technology offers various dosage forms that can be applied interdisciplinary. One of them are spherical pellets which could be utilized as a carrier in emerging second-generation detection tubes. This detection system requires carriers with high specific surface area (SSA), which should allow better adsorption of toxic substances and detection reagents. In this study, a magnesium aluminometasilicate with high SSA was utilized along with various concentrations of volatile substances (menthol, camphor and ammonium bicarbonate) to increase further the carrier SSA after their sublimation. The samples were evaluated in terms of physicochemical parameters, their morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy, and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method was utilized to measure SSA. The samples were then impregnated with a detection reagent o-phenylenediamine-pyronine and tested with diphosgene. Only samples prepared using menthol or camphor were found to show red fluorescence under the UV light in addition to the eye-visible red-violet color. This allowed the detection of diphosgene/phosgene at a concentration of only 0.1 mg/m3 in the air for samples M20.0 and C20.0 with their SSA higher than 115 m2/g, thus exceeding the sensitivity of the first-generation DT-12 detection tube.
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Gage M, Putra M, Gomez-Estrada C, Golden M, Wachter L, Gard M, Thippeswamy T. Differential Impact of Severity and Duration of Status Epilepticus, Medical Countermeasures, and a Disease-Modifier, Saracatinib, on Brain Regions in the Rat Diisopropylfluorophosphate Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:772868. [PMID: 34720886 PMCID: PMC8555467 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.772868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute organophosphate (OP) toxicity poses a significant threat to both military and civilian personnel as it can lead to a variety of cholinergic symptoms including the development of status epilepticus (SE). Depending on its severity, SE can lead to a spectrum of neurological changes including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this study, we determined the impact of SE severity and duration on disease promoting parameters such as gliosis and neurodegeneration and the efficacy of a disease modifier, saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src/Fyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Animals were exposed to 4 mg/kg diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, s.c.) followed by medical countermeasures. We had five experimental groups: controls (no DFP), animals with no continuous convulsive seizures (CS), animals with ∼20-min continuous CS, 31-60-min continuous CS, and > 60-min continuous CS. These groups were then assessed for astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration 8 days after DFP exposure. The 31-60-min and > 60-min groups, but not ∼20-min group, had significantly upregulated gliosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus compared to controls. In the piriform cortex and amygdala, however, all three continuous CS groups had significant upregulation in both gliosis and neurodegeneration. In a separate cohort of animals that had ∼20 and > 60-min of continuous CS, we administered saracatinib for 7 days beginning three hours after DFP. There was bodyweight loss and mortality irrespective of the initial SE severity and duration. However, in survived animals, saracatinib prevented spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) during the first week in both severity groups. In the ∼20-min CS group, compared to the vehicle, saracatinib significantly reduced neurodegeneration in the piriform cortex and amygdala. There were no significant differences in the measured parameters between the naïve control and saracatinib on its own (without DFP) groups. Overall, this study demonstrates the differential effects of the initial SE severity and duration on the localization of gliosis and neurodegeneration. We have also demonstrated the disease-modifying potential of saracatinib. However, its’ dosing regimen should be optimized based on initial severity and duration of CS during SE to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize toxicity in the DFP model as well as in other OP models such as soman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Gage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Marson Putra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal Gomez-Estrada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Madison Golden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Logan Wachter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Megan Gard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Behl T, Rachamalla M, Najda A, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Chigurupati S, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Hobani YH, Mohan S, Goyal A, Katyal T, Solarska E, Bungau S. Applications of Adductomics in Chemically Induced Adverse Outcomes and Major Emphasis on DNA Adductomics: A Pathbreaking Tool in Biomedical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10141. [PMID: 34576304 PMCID: PMC8467560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adductomics novel and emerging discipline in the toxicological research emphasizes on adducts formed by reactive chemical agents with biological molecules in living organisms. Development in analytical methods propelled the application and utility of adductomics in interdisciplinary sciences. This review endeavors to add a new dimension where comprehensive insights into diverse applications of adductomics in addressing some of society's pressing challenges are provided. Also focuses on diverse applications of adductomics include: forecasting risk of chronic diseases triggered by reactive agents and predicting carcinogenesis induced by tobacco smoking; assessing chemical agents' toxicity and supplementing genotoxicity studies; designing personalized medication and precision treatment in cancer chemotherapy; appraising environmental quality or extent of pollution using biological systems; crafting tools and techniques for diagnosis of diseases and detecting food contaminants; furnishing exposure profile of the individual to electrophiles; and assisting regulatory agencies in risk assessment of reactive chemical agents. Characterizing adducts that are present in extremely low concentrations is an exigent task and more over absence of dedicated database to identify adducts is further exacerbating the problem of adduct diagnosis. In addition, there is scope of improvement in sample preparation methods and data processing software and algorithms for accurate assessment of adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; (T.B.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada;
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; (T.B.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; (T.B.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; (T.B.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Centro Latinoamericano de Enseñanza e Investigación en Bacteriología Alimentaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru;
- E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Yahya Hasan Hobani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amit Goyal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana 141104, India;
| | - Taruna Katyal
- RBMCH Division, ICMR Head Quarters, Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Ewa Solarska
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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Jacquet P, Rémy B, Bross RPT, van Grol M, Gaucher F, Chabrière E, de Koning MC, Daudé D. Enzymatic Decontamination of G-Type, V-Type and Novichok Nerve Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8152. [PMID: 34360916 PMCID: PMC8347808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) are highly toxic compounds inhibiting cholinergic enzymes in the central and autonomic nervous systems and neuromuscular junctions, causing severe intoxications in humans. Medical countermeasures and efficient decontamination solutions are needed to counteract the toxicity of a wide spectrum of harmful OPNAs including G, V and Novichok agents. Here, we describe the use of engineered OPNA-degrading enzymes for the degradation of various toxic agents including insecticides, a series of OPNA surrogates, as well as real chemical warfare agents (cyclosarin, sarin, soman, tabun, VX, A230, A232, A234). We demonstrate that only two enzymes can degrade most of these molecules at high concentrations (25 mM) in less than 5 min. Using surface assays adapted from NATO AEP-65 guidelines, we further show that enzyme-based solutions can decontaminate 97.6% and 99.4% of 10 g∙m-2 of soman- and VX-contaminated surfaces, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate that these enzymes can degrade ethyl-paraoxon down to sub-inhibitory concentrations of acetylcholinesterase, confirming their efficacy from high to micromolar doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacquet
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Benjamin Rémy
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Rowdy P. T. Bross
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - Floriane Gaucher
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Unité Microbe Evolution Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Martijn C. de Koning
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
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Noort D, Fidder A, van der Riet-van Oeveren D, Busker R, van der Schans MJ. Verification of Exposure to Novichok Nerve Agents Utilizing a Semitargeted Human Butyrylcholinesterase Nonapeptide Assay. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1926-1932. [PMID: 34255498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novichok (NV) nerve agents were recently added to the list of Schedule 1 chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. There is a well-accepted method for assessment of nerve agent exposure based on mass spectrometric analysis of a nonapeptide with the serine-198 residue modified by the nerve agent, but this approach has not yet been reported for the class of NV agents and requires the availability of reference standards, which may be a limitation for NV agent exposure assessment. Thus, a goal of this study was to first verify the utility of the nonapeptide method for the characterization of human plasma samples exposed in vitro to the NV agents A-230, A-232, and A-234. A second aim was to evaluate the possibility of identifying unknown exposures by applying precursor ion scanning in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Thus, precursor ion scanning, with a generic fragment ion (m/z 778) of the nonapeptide, was used to pinpoint any modified nonapeptide, while HRMS was used for structural elucidation of the adduct moiety. By this approach, use of HRMS enabled differentiation between adducts of agents with similar molecular masses. A new unique feature that could be exploited for NV nonapeptide analysis was that the modification was released from the peptide during fragmentation in the mass spectrometer and was detected in the low-mass region of the mass spectrum. This low-mass region was extremely informative and contributed to the assignment of the structure of the particular agent used, which is especially important in case no reference materials are available. The presented method is important for verification purposes by the Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), e.g., in case of investigations of alleged use of NV agents, and for regular forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Noort
- TNO-CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Fidder
- TNO-CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud Busker
- TNO-CBRN Protection, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Zandona A, Maraković N, Mišetić P, Madunić J, Miš K, Padovan J, Pirkmajer S, Katalinić M. Activation of (un)regulated cell death as a new perspective for bispyridinium and imidazolium oximes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2737-2754. [PMID: 34173857 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oximes, investigated as antidotes against organophosphates (OP) poisoning, are known to display toxic effects on a cellular level, which could be explained beyond action on acetylcholinesterase as their main target. To investigate this further, we performed an in vitro cell-based evaluation of effects of two structurally diverse oxime groups at concentrations of up to 800 μM, on several cell models: skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and neural cells. As indicated by our results, compounds with an imidazolium core induced necrosis, unregulated cell death characterized by a cell burst, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of antioxidant scavenging. On the other hand, oximes with a pyridinium core activated apoptosis through specific caspases 3, 8, and/or 9. Interestingly, some of the compounds exhibited a synergistic effect. Moreover, we generated a pharmacophore model for each oxime series and identified ligands from public databases that map to generated pharmacophores. Several interesting hits were obtained including chemotherapeutics and specific inhibitors. We were able to define the possible structural features of tested oximes triggering toxic effects: chlorine atoms in combination with but-2(E)-en-1,4-diyl linker and adding a second benzene ring with substituents such as chlorine and/or methyl on the imidazolium core. Such oximes could not be used in further OP antidote development research, but could be introduced in other research studies on new specific targets. This could undoubtedly result in an overall improved wider use of unexplored oxime database created so far in OP antidotes field of research in a completely new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Josip Madunić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Miš
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
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[Accidental injection of an unknown emergency antidote for acetylcholinesterase activation]. Unfallchirurg 2021; 125:91-93. [PMID: 34032886 PMCID: PMC8763776 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-021-01010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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John H, Richter A, Siegert M, Eyer F, Thiermann H. Evidence of exposure to organophosphorus toxicants by detection of the propionylated butyrylcholinesterase-derived nonapeptide-adduct as a novel biomarker. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 323:110818. [PMID: 33990018 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents represent a class of highly toxic chemical warfare agents banned by the Chemical Weapons Convention. Nevertheless, in the past few years they have been used repeatedly for warfare, assassination and attempted murder. In addition, the chemically related OP pesticides were frequently used for suicide and may be deployed for terroristic attacks. Therefore, sensitive and selective bioanalytical methods are indispensable to investigate biological specimens as pieces of evidence to prove poisoning. OP agents form long-lived covalent reaction products (adducts) with endogenous proteins like human serum albumin (HSA) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The adducted nonapeptide (NP) obtained by proteolysis of the BChE-adduct is one of the most sensitive and important biomarkers. We herein present a novel class of NP-adducts propionylated at its N-terminal phenylalanine residue (F195). The biomarker derivative is produced by addition of propionic anhydride to the NP-adduct inducing its quantitative conversion in aqueous buffer within 5 min at room temperature. Afterwards the mixture is directly analyzed by micro-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem-mass spectrometry (µLC-ESI MS/MS). The sensitivity of the method is comparable to that of the non-derivatized NP-adduct. These characteristics make the method highly beneficial for forensic analysis especially in cases in which the OP agent does not form adducts with HSA that are typically targeted as a second biomarker of exposure. This novel procedure was successfully applied to nerve agent-spiked samples sent by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as well as to plasma samples of real cases of pesticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Annika Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Eyer
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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Butera E, Zammataro A, Pappalardo A, Trusso Sfrazzetto G. Supramolecular Sensing of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chempluschem 2021; 86:681-695. [PMID: 33881227 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents are a class of organic molecules used as chemical weapons due to their high toxicity and lethal effects. For this reason, the fast detection of these compounds in the environment is crucial. Traditional detection methods are based on instrumental techniques, such as mass spectrometry or HPLC, however the use of molecular sensors able to change a detectable property (e. g., luminescence, color, electrical resistance) can be cheaper and faster. Today, molecular sensing of chemical warfare agents is mainly based on the "covalent approach", in which the sensor reacts with the analyte, or on the "supramolecular approach", which involves the formation of non-covalent interactions between the sensor and the analyte. This Review is focused on the recent developments of supramolecular sensors of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents (from 2013). In particular, supramolecular sensors are classified by function of the sensing mechanism: i) Lewis Acids, ii) hydrogen bonds, iii) macrocyclic hosts, iv) multi-topic sensors, v) nanosensors. It is shown how the supramolecular non-covalent approach leads to a reversible sensing and higher selectivity towards the selected analyte respect to other interfering molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Butera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Agatino Zammataro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.,INSTM Udr of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.,INSTM Udr of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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50
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Collins S, James T, Carter H, Symons C, Southworth F, Foxall K, Marczylo T, Amlôt R. Mass Casualty Decontamination for Chemical Incidents: Research Outcomes and Future Priorities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3079. [PMID: 33802722 PMCID: PMC8002470 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Planning for major incidents involving the release of hazardous chemicals has been informed by a multi-disciplinary research agenda which has sought to inform all aspects of emergency response, but with a focus in recent years on mass casualty decontamination. In vitro and human volunteer studies have established the relative effectiveness of different decontamination protocols for a range of chemical agents. In parallel, a programme of research has focused on communicating with and managing large numbers of contaminated casualties at the scene of an incident. We present an accessible overview of the evidence underpinning current casualty decontamination strategies. We highlight where research outcomes can directly inform response planning, including the critical importance of beginning the decontamination process as soon as possible, the benefits of early removal of contaminated clothing, the evidence under-pinning dry and wet decontamination and how effective communication is essential to any decontamination response. We identify a range of priority areas for future research including establishing the significance of the 'wash-in' effect and developing effective strategies for the decontamination of hair. We also highlight several areas of future methodological development, such as the need for novel chemical simulants. Whilst considerable progress has been made towards incorporating research outcomes into operational policy and practice, we outline how this developing evidence-base might be used to inform future iterations of mass casualty decontamination guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Collins
- Chemicals and Environmental Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK;
| | - Thomas James
- Chemicals and Environmental Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK;
| | - Holly Carter
- COVID-19 Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, Public Health England, Public Health England, London SE1 8UG, UK; (H.C.); (C.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Charles Symons
- COVID-19 Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, Public Health England, Public Health England, London SE1 8UG, UK; (H.C.); (C.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Felicity Southworth
- Behavioural Science, Emergency Response Department Science & Technology, Health Protection Directorate, Public Health England, Porton SP4 0JG, UK;
| | - Kerry Foxall
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; (K.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Richard Amlôt
- COVID-19 Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, Public Health England, Public Health England, London SE1 8UG, UK; (H.C.); (C.S.); (R.A.)
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London SE1 1UL, UK
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