1
|
Völtz LR, Berglund L, Oksman K. Use of Recycled Additive Materials to Promote Efficient Use of Resources While Acting as an Effective Toughness Modifier of Wood-Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2549. [PMID: 39339013 PMCID: PMC11435321 DOI: 10.3390/polym16182549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Wood-polymer composites (WPCs) with polypropylene (PP) matrix suffer from low toughness, and fossil-based impact modifiers are used to improve their performance. Material substitution of virgin fossil-based materials and material recycling are key aspects of sustainable development and therefore recycled denim fabric, and elastomer were evaluated to replace the virgin elastomer modifier commonly used in commercial WPCs. Microtomography images showed that the extrusion process fibrillated the denim fabric into long, thin fibers that were well dispersed within the WPC, while the recycled elastomer was found close to the wood fibers, acting as a soft interphase between the wood fibers and PP. The fracture toughness (KIC) of the WPC with recycled denim fabric matched the commercial WPC which was 1.4 MPa m1/2 and improved the composite tensile strength by 18% and E-modulus by 54%. Recycled elastomer resulted in slightly lower KIC, 1.1 MPa m1/2, as well as strength and modulus while increasing elongation and contributing to toughness. The results of this study showed that recycled materials can potentially be used to replace virgin fossil-based elastomeric modifiers in commercial WPCs, thereby reducing the CO2 footprint by 23% and contributing to more efficient use of resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Rosenstock Völtz
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden; (L.R.V.); (L.B.)
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Linn Berglund
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden; (L.R.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Kristiina Oksman
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden; (L.R.V.); (L.B.)
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (MIE), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kontiza A, Kartsonakis IA. Smart Composite Materials with Self-Healing Properties: A Review on Design and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2115. [PMID: 39125142 PMCID: PMC11314374 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on self-healing materials spans multiple academic disciplines and employs a variety of methodologies. Nature has been a major source of inspiration for developing self-healing materials and will likely continue to inspire innovative ideas in this field. This review article covers the principles of self-healing mechanisms, focusing on both autonomous and non-autonomous procedures. It explores both intrinsic and extrinsic self-healing abilities by considering their components, structures, and design. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the application of these materials across various sectors is provided, including aerospace, automotive, marine, energy, medical and healthcare, military, and construction. Finally, the review paper highlights the advancements in encapsulation technologies for microcapsules, their thermal stability, their mechanical properties, and the compatibility of healing agents with the matrix, which play a crucial role in the effectiveness of self-healing processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis A. Kartsonakis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Ding T. A Review on the Current State of Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing Dental Composites. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:165. [PMID: 38921538 PMCID: PMC11204524 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Resin-based dental composites, commonly used in dentistry, offer several advantages including minimally invasive application, esthetically pleasing appearance, and good physical and mechanical properties. However, these dental composites can be susceptible to microcracks due to various factors in the complex oral environment. These microcracks can potentially lead to clinical restoration failure. Conventional materials and methods are inadequate for detecting and repairing these microcracks in situ. Consequently, incorporating self-healing properties into dental composites has become a necessity. Recent years have witnessed rapid advancements in self-healing polymer materials, drawing inspiration from biological bionics. Microcapsule-based self-healing dental composites (SHDCs) represent some of the most prevalent types of self-healing materials utilized in this domain. In this article, we undertake a comprehensive review of the most recent literature, highlighting key insights and findings related to microcapsule-based SHDCs. Our discussion centers particularly on the preparation techniques, application methods, and the promising future of self-healing microcapsules in the field of dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Ding
- School of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan 250012, China;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Melekhina VY, Vlasova AV, Ilyin SO. Asphaltenes from Heavy Crude Oil as Ultraviolet Stabilizers against Polypropylene Aging. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4313. [PMID: 37959994 PMCID: PMC10648154 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The destruction of polymers under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the cause of their aging and deterioration of strength properties. Asphaltenes are low-value waste products after the refining and deasphalting of heavy crude oil, which absorb UV radiation well. Asphaltenes require rational utilization, which suggests their use as UV stabilizing agents for polymers. In this work, asphaltenes were used to prevent UV aging of polypropylene (PP) by adding them in a mass fraction from 5% to 30% within an asphaltene/PP composite material. Rheometry, calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and tensile strength of PP films containing asphaltenes were performed before and after their intense UV irradiation for accelerated aging. Asphaltenes slightly reduce the viscosity, crystallinity, and mechanical strength of the initial PP due to their plasticizing effect. However, this deterioration in properties is more than compensated when studying UV-aged samples. Intense UV aging causes multiple catastrophic drops in the viscosity and strength of pure PP with the preservation of crystallinity due to the break of polymer chains and a decrease in molecular weight by approximately eight times. Asphaltenes suppress the destruction of PP, which is expressed in a significantly smaller decline in its viscosity and strength due to UV aging. The most optimal content of asphaltenes is 20%, which suppresses UV destruction by six times and best preserves the strength properties of PP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey O. Ilyin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Foetisch A, Filella M, Watts B, Bragoni M, Bigalke M. After the sun: a nanoscale comparison of the surface chemical composition of UV and soil weathered plastics. MICROPLASTICS AND NANOPLASTICS 2023; 3:18. [PMID: 37547699 PMCID: PMC10400702 DOI: 10.1186/s43591-023-00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Once emitted into the environment, macro- (MaP), micro- (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) are exposed to environmental weathering. Yet, the effects of biogeochemical weathering factors occurring in the soil environment are unknown. As the transport, fate, and toxicity of MP and NP depend directly on their surface properties, it is crucial to characterize their transformation in soils to better predict their impact and interactions in this environment. Here, we used scanning transmission x-ray micro spectroscopy to characterize depth profiles of the surface alteration of environmental plastic debris retrieved from soil samples. Controlled weathering experiments in soil and with UV radiation were also performed to investigate the individual effect of these weathering factors on polymer surface alteration. The results revealed a weathered surface on a depth varying between 1 µm and 100 nm in PS, PET and PP environmental plastic fragments naturally weathered in soil. Moreover, the initial step of surface fragmentation was observed on a PS fragment, providing an insight on the factors and processes leading to the release of MP and NP in soils. The comparison of environmental, soil incubated (for 1 year) and UV weathered samples showed that the treatments led to different surface chemical modifications. While the environmental samples showed evidence of alteration involving oxidation processes, the UV weathered samples did not reveal oxidation signs at the surface but only decrease in peak intensities (indicating decrease of the number of chemical C bonds). After a one-year incubation of samples in soil no clear aging effects were observed, indicating that the aging of polymers can be slow in soils. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43591-023-00066-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Foetisch
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Maeva Bragoni
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Applied Geoscience, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Patadiya J, Wang X, Joshi G, Kandasubramanian B, Naebe M. 3D-Printed Biomimetic Hierarchical Nacre Architecture: Fracture Behavior and Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18449-18461. [PMID: 37273619 PMCID: PMC10233667 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nacreous architecture has a good combination of toughness and modulus, which can be mimicked at the micron to submicron level using 3D printing to resolve the demand in numerous applications such as automobile, aerospace, and protection equipment. The present study examines the fabrication of two nacre structures, a nacre columnar (NC) and a nacre sheet (NS), and a pristine structure via fused deposition modeling (FDM) and explores their mechanically superior stacking structure, mechanism of failure, crack propagation, and energy dissipation. The examination reveals that the nacre structure has significant mechanical properties compared to a neat sample. Additionally, NS has 112.098 J/m impact resistance (9.37% improvement), 803.415 MPa elastic modulus (11.23% improvement), and 1563 MPa flexural modulus (10.85% improvement), which are all higher than those of the NC arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Patadiya
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
- Additive
Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced
Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune 411025, Maharashtra, India
| | - Xungai Wang
- JC
STEM Lab of Sustainable Fibers and Textiles, School of Fashion and
Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ganapati Joshi
- Additive
Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced
Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune 411025, Maharashtra, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Additive
Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced
Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune 411025, Maharashtra, India
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barreira-Pinto R, Carneiro R, Miranda M, Guedes RM. Polymer-Matrix Composites: Characterising the Impact of Environmental Factors on Their Lifetime. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113913. [PMID: 37297046 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites are widely used in engineering applications. Yet, environmental factors impact their macroscale fatigue and creep performances significantly, owing to several mechanisms acting at the microstructure level. Herein, we analyse the effects of water uptake that are responsible for swelling and, over time and in enough quantity, for hydrolysis. Seawater, due to a combination of high salinity and pressures, low temperature and biotic media present, also contributes to the acceleration of fatigue and creep damage. Similarly, other liquid corrosive agents penetrate into cracks induced by cyclic loading and cause dissolution of the resin and breakage of interfacial bonds. UV radiation either increases the crosslinking density or scissions chains, embrittling the surface layer of a given matrix. Temperature cycles close to the glass transition damage the fibre-matrix interface, promoting microcracking and hindering fatigue and creep performance. The microbial and enzymatic degradation of biopolymers is also studied, with the former responsible for metabolising specific matrices and changing their microstructure and/or chemical composition. The impact of these environmental factors is detailed for epoxy, vinyl ester and polyester (thermoset); polypropylene, polyamide and poly etheretherketone (thermoplastic); and for poly lactic acid, thermoplastic starch and polyhydroxyalkanoates (biopolymers). Overall, the environmental factors mentioned hamper the fatigue and creep performances, altering the mechanical properties of the composite or causing stress concentrations through microcracks, promoting earlier failure. Future studies should focus on other matrices beyond epoxy as well as on the development of standardised testing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Barreira-Pinto
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Carneiro
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Miranda
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Miranda Guedes
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI-Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin Z, Su Y, Lv H, Liu M, Li W, Zhang C. Review of Decompression Damage of the Polymer Liner of the Type IV Hydrogen Storage Tank. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102258. [PMID: 37242833 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The type IV hydrogen storage tank with a polymer liner is a promising storage solution for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The polymer liner reduces the weight and improves the storage density of tanks. However, hydrogen commonly permeates through the liner, especially at high pressure. If there is rapid decompression, damage may occur due to the internal hydrogen concentration, as the concentration inside creates the pressure difference. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the decompression damage is significant for the development of a suitable liner material and the commercialization of the type IV hydrogen storage tank. This study discusses the decompression damage mechanism of the polymer liner, which includes damage characterizations and evaluations, influential factors, and damage prediction. Finally, some future research directions are proposed to further investigate and optimize tanks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Jin
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Hong Lv
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Min Liu
- Research Institute of State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Cunman Zhang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grujić A, Nedeljković D, Stajić-Trošić J, Stijepović MZ, Alnouri S, Perišić S. Magneto-Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Nd-Fe-B-Epoxy-Bonded Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081894. [PMID: 37112041 PMCID: PMC10143481 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-bonded magnets are a class of composite material that combines the magnetic properties of metal particles and the molding possibility of a polymeric matrix. This class of materials has shown huge potential for various applications in industry and engineering. Traditional research in this field has so far mainly focused on mechanical, electrical or magnetic properties of the composite, or on particle size and distribution. This examination of synthesized Nd-Fe-B-epoxy composite materials includes the mutual comparison of impact toughness, fatigue, and the structural, thermal, dynamic-mechanical, and magnetic behavior of materials with different content of magnetic Nd-Fe-B particles, in a wide range from 5 to 95 wt.%. This paper tests the influence of the Nd-Fe-B content on impacting the toughness of the composite material, as this relationship has not been tested before. The results show that impact toughness decreases, while magnetic properties increase, along with increasing content of Nd-Fe-B. Based on the observed trends, selected samples have been analyzed in terms of crack growth rate behavior. Analysis of the fracture surface morphology reveals the formation of a stable and homogeneous composite material. The synthesis route, the applied methods of characterization and analysis, and the comparison of the obtained results can provide a composite material with optimum properties for a specific purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Grujić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragutin Nedeljković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Stajić-Trošić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirko Z Stijepović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sabla Alnouri
- Gas Processing Centre, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Srdjan Perišić
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A Multiaxial Fatigue Damage Model Based on Constant Life Diagrams for Polymer Fiber-Reinforced Laminates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224985. [PMID: 36433115 PMCID: PMC9696290 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, fatigue damage models for fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been developed assuming the fracture energy equivalence hypothesis. These models are able to predict a fatigue life of composite laminates, but their identification requires a significant number of off-axial tests for various stress ratios. The present study proposes the stress ratio dependent model, which phenomenologically adopts a decrease in stiffness and residual strength of a unique ply according to experimental constant life diagrams. Hashin, Tsai-Hill, and the maximum stress failure criteria are utilized for damage initiation considering the residual strength of the ply. The obtained results indicate a sufficiency of using S-N curves for UD 0°, UD 45°, and UD 90° for identification of the model. The model was verified by S-N curves for UD 10°, UD 15°, and UD 30° and its applicability was demonstrated for prediction of a fatigue life of composite laminates with an arbitrary lay-up. The model is implemented into ABAQUS finite element software as a user subroutine.
Collapse
|
11
|
Simon SA, Hain J, Sracic MW, Tewani HR, Prabhakar P, Osswald TA. Mechanical Response of Fiber-Filled Automotive Body Panels Manufactured with the Ku-Fizz TM Microcellular Injection Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224916. [PMID: 36433043 PMCID: PMC9695732 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To maximize the driving range and minimize the associated energy needs and, thus, the number of batteries of electric vehicles, OEMs have adopted lightweight materials, such as long fiber-reinforced thermoplastics, and new processes, such as microcellular injection molding. These components must withstand specific loading conditions that occur during normal operation. Their mechanical response depends on the fiber and foam microstructures, which in turn are defined by the fabrication process. In this work, long fiber thermoplastic door panels were manufactured using the Ku-FizzTM microcellular injection molding process and were tested for their impact resistance, dynamic properties, and vibration response. Material constants were compared to the properties of unfoamed door panels. The changes in mechanical behavior were explained through the underlying differences in their respective microstructures. The specific storage modulus and specific elastic modulus of foamed components were within 10% of their unfoamed counterparts, while specific absorbed energy was 33% higher for the foamed panel by maintaining the panel's mass/weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrea Simon
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-358-1158
| | - Jörg Hain
- Volkswagen AG, Open Hybrid LabFactory, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Michael W. Sracic
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Hridyesh R. Tewani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pavana Prabhakar
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tim A. Osswald
- Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chaudhary K, Kandasubramanian B. Self-Healing Nanofibers for Engineering Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Chaudhary
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Deemed University (DU), Pune, 411025, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Deemed University (DU), Pune, 411025, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Service Life of Adhesive Bonds under Cyclic Loading with a Filler Based on Natural Waste from Coconut Oil Production. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051033. [PMID: 35267858 PMCID: PMC8915070 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The research is focused on the evaluation of mechanical properties of adhesive bonds with a composite layer of adhesive to increase their service life (safety) under cyclic loading of different intensities. Cyclic loading represents a frequent cause of adhesive bond failure and, thus, a reduction in their service life. Waste from the production of coconut oil, that is, coconut shells in the form of particles, was used as a filler. Coconut shells are in most cases incinerated or otherwise uselessly incinerated, but they can also be used as a natural filler. Cyclic loading (quasi-static tests) was performed for 1000 cycles in two intensities, that is, 5–30% (157–940 N) of maximum force and 5–50% (157–1567 N) of maximum force. The results of the experiment showed a positive effect of the added filler, especially at an intensity of 5–50%, when the service life of adhesive bonds with a composite adhesive layer (AB10, AB20, AB30) increased compared to adhesive bonds without added AB0 filler, which did not withstand the given intensity. A more pronounced viscoelastic behavior of adhesive bonds was demonstrated at an intensity of 5–50% between the 1st and 1000th cycle. SEM analysis showed reduced wetting of the filler and matrix and delamination due to cyclic loading.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pathak AK, Sharma L, Garg H, Yokozeki T, Dhakate SR. In situ cross‐linking capability of novel amine‐functionalized graphene with epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K. Pathak
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Lekha Sharma
- Sustainable Environergy Research Laboratory (SERL), Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Hema Garg
- School of Interdisciplinary Research Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Tomohiro Yokozeki
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Sanjay R. Dhakate
- Advanced Carbon Products & Metrology, Advanced Materials & Device Metrology CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Hassani S, Mousavi M, Gandomi AH. Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Structures: A Comprehensive Review. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010153. [PMID: 35009695 PMCID: PMC8747674 DOI: 10.3390/s22010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive review of the history of research and development of different damage-detection methods in the realm of composite structures. Different fields of engineering, such as mechanical, architectural, civil, and aerospace engineering, benefit excellent mechanical properties of composite materials. Due to their heterogeneous nature, composite materials can suffer from several complex nonlinear damage modes, including impact damage, delamination, matrix crack, fiber breakage, and voids. Therefore, early damage detection of composite structures can help avoid catastrophic events and tragic consequences, such as airplane crashes, further demanding the development of robust structural health monitoring (SHM) algorithms. This study first reviews different non-destructive damage testing techniques, then investigates vibration-based damage-detection methods along with their respective pros and cons, and concludes with a thorough discussion of a nonlinear hybrid method termed the Vibro-Acoustic Modulation technique. Advanced signal processing, machine learning, and deep learning have been widely employed for solving damage-detection problems of composite structures. Therefore, all of these methods have been fully studied. Considering the wide use of a new generation of smart composites in different applications, a section is dedicated to these materials. At the end of this paper, some final remarks and suggestions for future work are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hassani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran;
| | - Mohsen Mousavi
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.H.G.)
| | - Amir H. Gandomi
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.H.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mechanical Properties of a Biocomposite Based on Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoplatelet Reinforced Polymers: Analytical and Numerical Study. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5090234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocomposites based on thermoplastic polymers and natural fibers have recently been used in wind turbine blades, to replace non-biodegradable materials. In addition, carbon nanofillers, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), are being implemented to enhance the mechanical performance of composites. In this work, the Mori–Tanaka approach is used for homogenization of a polymer matrix reinforced by CNT and GNP nanofillers for the first homogenization, and then, for the second homogenization, the effective matrix was used with alfa and E-glass isotropic fibers. The objective is to study the influence of the volume fraction Vf and aspect ratio AR of nanofillers on the elastic properties of the composite. The inclusions are considered in a unidirectional and random orientation by using a computational method by Digimat-MF/FE and analytical approaches by Chamis, Hashin–Rosen and Halpin–Tsai. The results show that CNT- and GNP-reinforced nanocomposites have better performance than those without reinforcement. Additionally, by increasing the volume fraction and aspect ratio of nanofillers, Young’s modulus E increases and Poisson’s ratio ν decreases. In addition, the composites have enhanced mechanical characteristics in the longitudinal orientation for CNT- reinforced polymer and in the transversal orientation for GNP-reinforced polymer.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zhao X, Yang X, Yu R, Zhang Y, Huang W. A High Strength but Fast Fracture-Self-Healing Thermoplastic Elastomer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100135. [PMID: 34142391 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a new type of healable thermoplastic poly(urethane-urea) (PUU) elastomer with a unique dual dynamic network structure consisting of multi-strength hydrogen bonds and aromatic disulfide bonds, is designed and synthesized. The resultant PUU elastomer exhibits high tensile strength (41 MPa), great toughness (104 MJ m-3 ), and excellent self-healing capability (completely severes, heals at 60 ℃ for just 1 h, and recovers more than 80% of the original tensile strength). Although the PUU possesses high-density hydrogen bonds, it is completely homogeneous without micro-phase separation. The unique dual dynamic network structure alleviates the adverse effects of strong molecular interactions on self-healing process, simultaneously endowing the polymer with outstanding mechanical properties and excellent self-healing capability at mild temperature. In addition, the underlying mechanism between performance and structure is revealed. The PUU has potential applications in soft robots and wearable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ran Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-Tech Polymer Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tan YJ, Susanto GJ, Anwar Ali HP, Tee BCK. Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self-Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002800. [PMID: 33346389 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Robots are increasingly assisting humans in performing various tasks. Like special agents with elite skills, they can venture to distant locations and adverse environments, such as the deep sea and outer space. Micro/nanobots can also act as intrabody agents for healthcare applications. Self-healing materials that can autonomously perform repair functions are useful to address the unpredictability of the environment and the increasing drive toward the autonomous operation. Having self-healable robotic materials can potentially reduce costs, electronic wastes, and improve a robot endowed with such materials longevity. This review aims to serve as a roadmap driven by past advances and inspire future cross-disciplinary research in robotic materials and electronics. By first charting the history of self-healing materials, new avenues are provided to classify the various self-healing materials proposed over several decades. The materials and strategies for self-healing in robotics and stretchable electronics are also reviewed and discussed. It is believed that this article encourages further innovation in this exciting and emerging branch in robotics interfacing with material science and electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Innovation in Health Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Glenys Jocelin Susanto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Hashina Parveen Anwar Ali
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Innovation in Health Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- N.1 Institute of Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park J, Lee J. Effects of alkyl/vinyl‐modified nanosilicas on negative or positive high voltage direct current breakdown strength and tensile properties in silicone rubber nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae‐Jun Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Joongbu University South Korea
| | - Jae‐Young Lee
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Parts and Applied Technology Regional Innovation Center Woosuk University Jeollabuk‐do South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A Review of the Polymer for Cryogenic Application: Methods, Mechanisms and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030320. [PMID: 33498276 PMCID: PMC7863936 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the application of polymer-based composites at cryogenic conditions has become a hot topic, especially in aerospace fields. At cryogenic temperature, the polymer becomes more brittle, and the adverse effect of thermal stress induced by temperature is more remarkable. In this paper, the research development of thermoset and thermoplastic polymers for cryogenic applications are all reviewed. This review considers the literature concerning: (a) the cryogenic performance of modified thermoset polymers and the improving mechanisms of the reported modification methods; (b) the cryogenic application potential of some commercial thermoplastic polymers and the cryogenic performance of modified thermoplastic polymers; (c) the recent advance in the use of polymer for special cryogenic environment-liquid oxygen. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research development of the polymer for cryogenic application. Moreover, future research directions have been proposed to facilitate its practical applications in aerospace.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pathak AK, Dhakate SR. Validation of experimental results for graphene
oxide‐epoxy
polymer nanocomposite through computational analysis. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K. Pathak
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology Section, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi India
- Academy of Scientific Innovation and Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sanjay R. Dhakate
- Advanced Carbon Products and Metrology Section, Advanced Materials and Device Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi India
- Academy of Scientific Innovation and Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kumar R, Travas-Sejdic J, Padhye LP. Conducting polymers-based photocatalysis for treatment of organic contaminants in water. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
24
|
Khalid HU, Ismail MC, Nosbi N. Permeation Damage of Polymer Liner in Oil and Gas Pipelines: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102307. [PMID: 33050120 PMCID: PMC7601364 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-metallic pipe (NMP) materials are used as an internal lining and standalone pipes in the oil and gas industry, constituting an emerging corrosion strategy. The NMP materials are inherently susceptible to gradual damage due to creep, fatigue, permeation, processing defects, and installation blunder. In the presence of acid gases (CO2, H2S), and hydrocarbons under high pressure and temperature, the main damage is due to permeation. The monitoring of possible damage due to permeation is not well defined, which leads to uncertainty in asset integrity management. Assessment of permeation damage is currently performed through mechanical, thermal, chemical, and structural properties, employing Tensile Test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), to evaluate the change in tensile strength, elongation, weight loss or gain, crystallinity, chemical properties, and molecular structure. Coupons are commonly used to analyze the degradation of polymers. They are point sensors and did not give real-time information. Polymers are dielectric materials, and this dielectric property can be studied using Impedance Analyzer and Dielectric Spectroscopy. This review presents a brief status report on the failure of polymer liners in pipelines due to the exposure of acid gases, hydrocarbons, and other contaminants. Permeation, liner failures, the importance of monitoring, and new exclusive (dielectric) property are briefly discussed. An inclusive perspective is provided, showing the challenges associated with the monitoring of the polymer liner material in the pipeline as it relates to the life-time prediction requirement.
Collapse
|
25
|
Alavian H, Samie A, Tavakoli-Anbaran H. Experimental and Monte Carlo investigations of gamma ray transmission and buildup factors for inorganic nanoparticle/epoxy composites. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
26
|
Liu Y, Xu XZ, Mo S, Lan BW, Zhu CZ, Li CH, Xu J, Fan L. Long-term Thermo-oxidative Degradation Modeling of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyimide Composite: Multistep Degradation Behaviors and Kinetics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Experimental Evaluation of Low Velocity Impact Properties and Damage Progression on Bamboo/Glass Hybrid Composites Subjected to Different Impact Energy Levels. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061288. [PMID: 32512848 PMCID: PMC7361674 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Six impact energy values, ranging from 2.5 J to 10 J, were applied to study the impact properties of neat epoxy and bamboo composites, while six impact energy values, ranging from 10 J to 35 J, were applied on bamboo/glass hybrid composites. Woven glass fibre was embedded at the outermost top and bottom layer of bamboo powder-filled epoxy composites, producing sandwich structured hybrid composites through lay-up and molding techniques. A drop weight impact test was performed to study the impact properties. A peak force analysis showed that neat epoxy has the stiffest projectile for targeting interaction, while inconsistent peak force data was collected for the non-hybrid composites. The non-hybrid composites could withstand up to 10 J, while the hybrid composites showed a total failure at 35 J. It can be concluded that increasing the filler loading lessened the severity of damages in non-hybrid composites, while introducing the woven glass fibre could slow down the penetration of the impactor, thus lowering the chances of a total failure of the composites.
Collapse
|
28
|
Yao S, Li T, Zhou C, Weir MD, Melo MAS, Tay FR, Lynch CD, Imazato S, Wu J, Xu HH. Novel antibacterial and therapeutic dental polymeric composites with the capability to self-heal cracks and regain mechanical properties. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
29
|
Ali A, Andriyana A. Properties of multifunctional composite materials based on nanomaterials: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16390-16403. [PMID: 35498826 PMCID: PMC9053090 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10594h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite materials are being used for high-end applications such as aviation technology, space ships, and heavy equipment manufacturing. The use of composite materials has been observed in recent advancements in the field of multifunctional composite materials (MFCMs). There is continuous progress related to improvements, innovations, and replacement of metals inspite of rigorous destructive and non-destructive testing, proving the toughness and lifelong durability of such materials. The present study aims to review the topics relevant to modern multifunctional composite materials. The reviewed articles mostly cover the field of MFCMs based on nanomaterials. The structural functions emphasize on the mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, strength, thermal stability, damping, stiffness, and tensile strength. The non-structural properties include biodegradability, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The study has concluded that the applications of multifunctional nanoparticle-based composite materials and structures include durable but light-weight aircraft wings, components and structures of electric self-driving vehicles, and biomedical composite materials for drug delivery. Composite materials are being used for high-end applications such as aviation technology, space ships, and heavy equipment manufacturing.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alamry Ali
- Center of Advanced Materials
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Andri Andriyana
- Center of Advanced Materials
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baqasah H, He F, Zai BA, Asif M, Khan KA, Thakur VK, Khan MA. In-Situ Dynamic Response Measurement for Damage Quantification of 3D Printed ABS Cantilever Beam under Thermomechanical Load. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122079. [PMID: 31842417 PMCID: PMC6960933 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) offers good mechanical properties and is effective in use to make polymeric structures for industrial applications. It is one of the most common raw material used for printing structures with fused deposition modeling (FDM). However, most of its properties and behavior are known under quasi-static loading conditions. These are suitable to design ABS structures for applications that are operated under static or dead loads. Still, comprehensive research is required to determine the properties and behavior of ABS structures under dynamic loads, especially in the presence of temperature more than the ambient. The presented research was an effort mainly to provide any evidence about the structural behavior and damage resistance of ABS material if operated under dynamic load conditions coupled with relatively high-temperature values. A non-prismatic fixed-free cantilever ABS beam was used in this study. The beam specimens were manufactured with a 3D printer based on FDM. A total of 190 specimens were tested with a combination of different temperatures, initial seeded damage or crack, and crack location values. The structural dynamic response, crack propagation, crack depth quantification, and their changes due to applied temperature were investigated by using analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches. In experiments, a combination of the modal exciter and heat mats was used to apply the dynamic loads on the beam structure with different temperature values. The response measurement and crack propagation behavior were monitored with the instrumentation, including a 200× microscope, accelerometer, and a laser vibrometer. The obtained findings could be used as an in-situ damage assessment tool to predict crack depth in an ABS beam as a function of dynamic response and applied temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Baqasah
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (H.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Feiyang He
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (H.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Behzad A. Zai
- Department of Engineering Sciences, PN Engineering College, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Karachi 75350, Pakistan (M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Engineering Sciences, PN Engineering College, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Karachi 75350, Pakistan (M.A.)
| | - Kamran A. Khan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE;
| | - Vijay K. Thakur
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (H.B.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: (V.K.T.); (M.A.K.); Tel.: +44-1234-75-2344 (V.K.T.); +44-1234-75-4788 (M.A.K.)
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; (H.B.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: (V.K.T.); (M.A.K.); Tel.: +44-1234-75-2344 (V.K.T.); +44-1234-75-4788 (M.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The partial cross-linking reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by esterification using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a cross-linking agent was performed to obtain a PVA–PAA supramolecular polymer complex. The PVA–PAA coatings with a different molar ratio between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups were prepared to examine scratch–healing ability. These coatings exhibited high optical transparency and excellent scratch–healing properties, which are attributed to considerable amount of free hydroxyl groups at the scratched interfaces to reversibly form multiple hydrogen bonds. Importantly, the PVA–PAA polymer was capable of initiating scratch recovery at temperature of 20 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 40%. Scratches produced on the PVA–PAA polymer coatings with different constant loading in the range of 1.5–2.7 N were healed significantly more rapidly under humid conditions (RH = 99%). Increase of cross-linking temperature also resulted in similar effect but with some reduction of the final scratch healing ratio.
Collapse
|
32
|
Shrivastava R, Singh KK. Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Characterization of Laminated Composites: A Review. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1677708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir Shrivastava
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
| | - K. K. Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu J, Xie X, Zhou H, Tay FR, Weir MD, Melo MAS, Oates TW, Zhang N, Zhang Q, Xu HH. Development of a new class of self-healing and therapeutic dental resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
34
|
Khattak A, Amin M, Khan A, Imran K. Life Estimation and Investigation of Dielectric Strength and Siloxane Backbone of High Voltage Silicone Rubber Composites Under Accelerated Multistress Conditions. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-03839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
35
|
BROWN HR, PELOSO JG, WERNER WCLAY, MECHOLSKY JJ, COHEN ND, VOGLER JB. A Thoroughbred racehorse with a unicortical palmar lateral condylar fracture returned to training 14 days after surgery: a hypothesis on the role of a single bone screw on crack propagation. J Equine Sci 2019; 30:7-12. [PMID: 30944541 PMCID: PMC6445752 DOI: 10.1294/jes.30.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorse had LF lameness that began post high-speed exercise and persisted for two days before the horse once again became sound. Diagnostic analgesia localized the lameness to the LF distal metacarpus, and a standing MRI identified a unicortical condylar fracture. A single 5.5 mm cortical screw was placed in lag fashion. The horse began hand walking at 14 days, racetrack jogging at 30 days, and racing at 5 months after the day of surgery. Placement of a single lag screw ahead of the tip of the crack in unicortical condylar fracture may be useful for reducing the recovery period for horses returning to training and racing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John J. MECHOLSKY
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL
32611, U.S.A.
| | - Noah D. COHEN
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TX 77801,
U.S.A.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang M, Zhao F, Luo Y. Self-Healing Mechanism of Microcracks on Waterborne Polyurethane with Tunable Disulfide Bond Contents. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1703-1714. [PMID: 31459427 PMCID: PMC6648753 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing mechanism of microcracks on waterborne polyurethane (WPU) with varied disulfide bond contents was investigated thoroughly in this paper. The self-healing process could be observed by an optical microscope, which was divided into two steps. The first step was the cohesive healing movement, closely related with microphase separations and further characterized by the Fourier transform infrared peak fitting, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The second step of the exchange reactions of disulfide bonds could be confirmed by the in situ Raman and tensile mechanics. In addition, the cohesive healing behavior was quantitatively described by the kinetic method, and the exchange reaction active energies of disulfide bonds were also calculated to be 20.42 kJ/mol by gel permeation chromatography tests. The best self-healing performance of SHWPUs was WPU-8, and it could be healed at 75 °C in 15 min with 100% self-healing efficiency. Combining the self-healing process observation with the kinetic analysis can provide deep insights into the self-healing mechanism of microcracks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Zhang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Science
and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Structural/Load-Bearing Characteristics of Polymer–Carbon Composites. SPRINGER SERIES ON POLYMER AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2688-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
|
38
|
Effects of thermal cycling on phenylethynyl-terminated PMDA-type asymmetric polyimide composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318804046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of thermal cycling on a polymerized monomeric reactant (PMR) type polyimide (TriA X) reinforced with carbon fibers were investigated. Composite specimens were subjected to 2000 thermal cycles between −54°C and 232°C. At 400-cycle intervals, laminates were inspected for microcracks, and glass transition temperature ( T g) and short-beam shear (SBS) strength were measured. The composites did not exhibit microcracks after thermal cycling, although after 2000 thermal cycles, mechanical properties of the matrix declined slightly. The matrix degradation decreased the resistance to microcracking upon further loading. No effects of thermal oxidative aging were observed from thermal cycling, and thermally driven fatigue and creep were identified as the primary and secondary factors inducing mechanical degradation of the matrix. T g of the composites exhibited no change after 2000 cycles, while the SBS strength decreased slightly (3–9%). The results highlight the potential for use of TriA X composites as long-term structural components in high-temperature service environments.
Collapse
|
39
|
Yadav R, Goud R, Dutta A, Wang X, Naebe M, Kandasubramanian B. Biomimicking of Hierarchal Molluscan Shell Structure Via Layer by Layer 3D Printing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramdayal Yadav
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Rajendra Goud
- Rapid Prototyping Lab, Department of Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune 411025, India
| | - Abhishek Dutta
- Core Research and Development, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Xungai Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Rapid Prototyping Lab, Department of Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune 411025, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Safi S, Zadhoush A, Ahmadi M, Tehrani SPR. Hybrid silane-treated glass fabric/epoxy composites: tensile properties by micromechanical approach. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-017-0578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
41
|
Burel CAS, Alsayed A, Malassis L, Murray CB, Donnio B, Dreyfus R. Plasmonic-Based Mechanochromic Microcapsules as Strain Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701925. [PMID: 28834168 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficiently detecting mechanical deformations within materials is critical in a wide range of devices, from micro-electromechanical systems to larger structures in the aerospace industry. This communication reports the fabrication of new mechanochromic micrometer-size capsules enabling the detection of strains. These microcapsules are synthesized using an emulsification approach. They are made of densely packed gold nanoparticles embedded in a spherical silica crust. Billions of these composite spherical microcapsules are fabricated in a single batch. Each microcapsule is an opto-mechanosensor by itself, and can easily be recovered and incorporated into polymer films. When the films are stretched, the microcapsules are deformed into elongated ellipsoidal shapes and the distance between the Au NPs embedded in their shells concomitantly increases. As the extinction of Au NPs depends on the separation between the Au NPs, microcapsules exhibit different colors when they are elongated. These novel sensitive microcapsules can be used to detect and measure strain in polymer films by outputting color information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline A S Burel
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter Laboratory (COMPASS), UMI 3254, CNRS-Solvay-University of Pennsylvania, RIC, Bristol, PA, 19007, USA
| | - Ahmed Alsayed
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter Laboratory (COMPASS), UMI 3254, CNRS-Solvay-University of Pennsylvania, RIC, Bristol, PA, 19007, USA
| | - Ludivine Malassis
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter Laboratory (COMPASS), UMI 3254, CNRS-Solvay-University of Pennsylvania, RIC, Bristol, PA, 19007, USA
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rémi Dreyfus
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter Laboratory (COMPASS), UMI 3254, CNRS-Solvay-University of Pennsylvania, RIC, Bristol, PA, 19007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mehdipour MR, Talebi S, Aghjeh MKR. Effect of Unplasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride (UPVC) Molecular Weight and Graft-Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (g-ABS) Content on Compatibility and Izod Impact Strength of UPVC/g-ABS Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2017.1360684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Mehdipour
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran P.C
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran P.C
| | - S. Talebi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran P.C
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran P.C
| | - M. K. Razavi Aghjeh
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran P.C
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran P.C
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Laycock B, Nikolić M, Colwell JM, Gauthier E, Halley P, Bottle S, George G. Lifetime prediction of biodegradable polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
44
|
O'Brien C, McBride A, E Zaghi A, Burke KA, Hill A. Mechanical Behavior of Stainless Steel Fiber-Reinforced Composites Exposed to Accelerated Corrosion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E772. [PMID: 28773132 PMCID: PMC5551815 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in metal fibers have introduced a promising new type of stainless steel fiber with high stiffness, high failure strain, and a thickness < 100 μm (<0.00394 in.) that can be utilized in a steel fiber-reinforced polymer. However, stainless steel is known to be susceptible to pitting corrosion. The main goal of this study is to compare the impact of corrosion on the mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced composites with those of conventional types of stainless steel. By providing experimental evidences, this study may promote the application of steel fiber-reinforced composite as a viable alternative to conventional metals. Samples of steel fiber-reinforced polymer and four different types of stainless steel were subjected to 144 and 288 h of corrosion in ferric chloride solution to simulate accelerated corrosion conditions. The weight losses due to corrosion were recorded. The corroded and control samples were tested under monotonic tensile loading to measure the ultimate stresses and strains. The effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of the different materials was evaluated. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to investigate the failure mechanism of the corrosion-damaged specimens. Overall, steel fiber-reinforced composites had the greatest corrosion resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin O'Brien
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3037, Storrs, CT 06269-3037, USA.
| | - Amanda McBride
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3037, Storrs, CT 06269-3037, USA.
| | - Arash E Zaghi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3037, Storrs, CT 06269-3037, USA.
| | - Kelly A Burke
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, CT 06269-3222, USA.
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, CT 06269-3247, USA.
| | - Alex Hill
- Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gao W, Bie M, Liu F, Chang P, Quan Y. Self-Healable and Reprocessable Polysulfide Sealants Prepared from Liquid Polysulfide Oligomer and Epoxy Resin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:15798-15808. [PMID: 28417630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polysulfide sealants have been commercially applied in many industrial fields. In this article, we study the self-healing property of the epoxy resin-cured polysulfide sealants for the first time. The obtained sealants showed a flexible range of ultimate elongation of 157-478% and a tensile strength of 1.02-0.75 MPa corresponding to different polysulfide oligomers. By taking advantage of the dynamic reversible exchange of disulfide bonds, polysulfide sealants exhibited good self-healing ability under a moderate thermal stimulus. A higher molecular weight and a lower degree of cross-linking of polysulfide oligomer were helpful in improving the ultimate elongation and healing efficiency of the polysulfide sealants. After subjecting to a temperature of 75 °C for 60 min, both the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of a fully cut sample, LP55-F, were restored to 91% of the original values, without affecting the sealing property. Furthermore, the sample exhibited excellent reshaping and reprocessing abilities. These outcomes offer a paradigm toward sustainable industrial applications of the polysulfide-based sealants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentong Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengyao Bie
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pengshan Chang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiwu Quan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Boulatov R. The Challenges and Opportunities of Contemporary Polymer Mechanochemistry. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1419-1421. [PMID: 28323365 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Boulatov
- Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Fish DNA-modified clays: Towards highly flame retardant polymer nanocomposite with improved interfacial and mechanical performance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38194. [PMID: 27917901 PMCID: PMC5137040 DOI: 10.1038/srep38194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) has been recently found to be an efficient renewable and environmentally-friendly flame retardant. In this work, for the first time, we have used waste DNA from fishing industry to modify clay structure in order to increase the clay interactions with epoxy resin and take benefit of its additional thermal property effect on thermo-physical properties of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. Intercalation of DNA within the clay layers was accomplished in a one-step approach confirmed by FT-IR, XPS, TGA, and XRD analyses, indicating that d-space of clay layers was expanded from ~1.2 nm for pristine clay to ~1.9 nm for clay modified with DNA (d-clay). Compared to epoxy nanocomposite containing 2.5%wt of Nanomer I.28E organoclay (m-clay), it was found that at 2.5%wt d-clay loading, significant enhancements of ~14%, ~6% and ~26% in tensile strength, tensile modulus, and fracture toughness of epoxy nanocomposite can be achieved, respectively. Effect of DNA as clay modifier on thermal performance of epoxy nanocomposite containing 2.5%wt d-clay was evaluated using TGA and cone calorimetry analysis, revealing significant decreases of ~4000 kJ/m2 and ~78 kW/m2 in total heat release and peak of heat release rate, respectively, in comparison to that containing 2.5%wt of m-clay.
Collapse
|
49
|
Acquarelli C, Paliotta L, Tamburrano A, De Bellis G, Sarto MS. Electro-Mechanical Properties of Multilayer Graphene-Based Polymeric Composite Obtained through a Capillary Rise Method. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1780. [PMID: 27792153 PMCID: PMC5134439 DOI: 10.3390/s16111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new sensor made of a vinyl-ester polymer composite filled with multilayer graphene nanoplatelets (MLG) is produced through an innovative capillary rise method for application in strain sensing and structural health monitoring. The new sensor is characterized by high stability of the piezoresistive response under quasi-static consecutive loading/unloading cycles and monotonic tests. This is due to the peculiarity of the fabrication process that ensures a smooth and clean surface of the sensor, without the presence of filler agglomerates acting as micro- or macro-sized defects in the composite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Acquarelli
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (DIAEE), Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00185, Italy.
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Licia Paliotta
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (DIAEE), Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00185, Italy.
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Alessio Tamburrano
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (DIAEE), Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00185, Italy.
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Giovanni De Bellis
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (DIAEE), Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00185, Italy.
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Maria Sabrina Sarto
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (DIAEE), Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00185, Italy.
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University (CNIS), Rome 00185, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ahmadi M, Masoomi M, Safi S, Zabihi O. Interfacial evaluation of epoxy/carbon nanofiber nanocomposite reinforced with glycidyl methacrylate treated UHMWPE fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Mahmood Masoomi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Somayeh Safi
- Department of Textile Engineering; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Omid Zabihi
- Deakin University, Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials; Geelong Australia
| |
Collapse
|