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Shiono K, Ejiri M, Sawazaki Y, Egishi Y, Tsunoda T. Low nitrate under waterlogging triggers exodermal suberization to form a barrier to radial oxygen loss in rice roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:551-563. [PMID: 38761404 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
To acclimate to hypoxic waterlogged conditions, the roots of wetland plants form a radial oxygen loss (ROL) barrier that can promote oxygen diffusion to the root tips. We hypothesized that the low-nitrate concentrations that occur after molecular oxygen is consumed in waterlogged soils are an environmental trigger for ROL barrier formation in rice (Oryza sativa). We previously identified 128 tissue-specific up/downregulated genes during rice ROL barrier formation. The RiceXPro database showed that many of these genes were differentially regulated in response to nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, we assessed changes in the concentrations of ionic species of nitrogen under stagnant conditions, i.e. in a nutrient solution that mimics waterlogged soil conditions, and examined the effects of an increase or decrease of nitrate in the nutrient solution on ROL barrier formation and exodermal suberization. Preventing nitrate deficiency in the stagnant nutrient solution suppressed the formation of an ROL barrier. Conversely, a decrease in nitrate strongly induced ROL barrier formation, even under aerated conditions. In parallel with ROL barrier formation, suberin lamellae formed at the exodermis. Nitrate deficiency also promoted aerenchyma formation and the enlargement of root diameters. These findings suggest that the severe decline of nitrates under waterlogged conditions is an environmental cue for exodermal suberization to form an ROL barrier in rice roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Shiono
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Masato Ejiri
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yuto Sawazaki
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yuka Egishi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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Shiono K, Matsuura H. Exogenous abscisic acid induces the formation of a suberized barrier to radial oxygen loss in adventitious roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:931-940. [PMID: 38448365 PMCID: PMC11089260 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Internal root aeration is essential for root growth in waterlogged conditions. Aerenchyma provides a path for oxygen to diffuse to the roots. In most wetland species, including rice, a barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL) allows more of the oxygen to diffuse to the root tip, enabling root growth into anoxic soil. Most dryland crops, including barley, do not form a root ROL barrier. We previously found that abscisic acid (ABA) signalling is involved in the induction of ROL barrier formation in rice during waterlogging. Although rice typically does not form a tight ROL barrier in roots in aerated conditions, an ROL barrier with suberized exodermis was induced by application of exogenous ABA. Therefore, we hypothesized that ABA application could also trigger root ROL barrier formation with hypodermal suberization in barley. METHODS Formation of an ROL barrier was examined in roots in different exogenous ABA concentrations and at different time points using cylindrical electrodes and Methylene Blue staining. Additionally, we evaluated root porosity and observed suberin and lignin modification. Suberin, lignin and Casparian strips in the cell walls were observed by histochemical staining. We also evaluated the permeability of the apoplast to a tracer. KEY RESULTS Application of ABA induced suberization and ROL barrier formation in the adventitious roots of barley. The hypodermis also formed lignin-containing Casparian strips and a barrier to the infiltration of an apoplastic tracer (periodic acid). However, ABA application did not affect root porosity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in artificial conditions, barley can induce the formation of ROL and apoplastic barriers in the outer part of roots if ABA is applied exogenously. The difference in ROL barrier inducibility between barley (an upland species) and rice (a wetland species) might be attributable to differences in ABA signalling in roots in response to waterlogging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Shiono
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Haruka Matsuura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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Jiménez JDLC, Pedersen O. Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice via Manipulation of Key Root Traits. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 37160782 PMCID: PMC10169991 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice production worldwide represents a major anthropogenic source of greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen fertilization and irrigation practices have been fundamental to achieve optimal rice yields, but these agricultural practices together with by-products from plants and microorganisms, facilitate the production, accumulation and venting of vast amounts of CO2, CH4 and N2O. We propose that the development of elite rice varieties should target root traits enabling an effective internal O2 diffusion, via enlarged aerenchyma channels. Moreover, gas tight barriers impeding radial O2 loss in basal parts of the roots will increase O2 diffusion to the root apex where molecular O2 diffuses into the rhizosphere. These developments result in plants with roots penetrating deeper into the flooded anoxic soils, producing higher volumes of oxic conditions in the interface between roots and rhizosphere. Molecular O2 in these zones promotes CH4 oxidation into CO2 by methanotrophs and nitrification (conversion of NH4+ into NO3-), reducing greenhouse gas production and at the same time improving plant nutrition. Moreover, roots with tight barriers to radial O2 loss will have restricted diffusional entry of CH4 produced in the anoxic parts of the rhizosphere and therefore plant-mediated diffusion will be reduced. In this review, we describe how the exploitation of these key root traits in rice can potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de la Cruz Jiménez
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Variations in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization Associated with Root Diameter and Hypodermis Passages Cells across Temperate and Tropical Woody Species. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Root hypodermis passage cells (PCs) lack suberin and lignin deposition, responsible for nutrient absorption and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, which are crucial for root resource acquisition. Nevertheless, their quantitative variability across diverse woody species and their relationships with root morphology and anatomy, as well as arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, are still not well understood. Herein, the number and proportion of PCs in the root cross-section, root morphology, anatomy, and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate were quantified across 10 temperate and 12 tropical woody species. The objectives of this study were to determine how PCs vary across contrasting environmental conditions and to explore their relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate and other root functional traits. The results showed that tropical species possessed 56% more PCs than temperate species; by contrast, they had similar proportions of PCs. In both biomes, the number of PCs had a tightly positive correlation with arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate (R2 = 0.35–0.87), root diameter (R2 = 0.84–0.93), and cortex thickness (R2 = 0.87–0.89), but the proportion of PCs was mostly independent of root morphological and anatomical traits. Our results suggest that variation in passage cells could well explain the tight linkage between arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and root diameter across species and biomes, which provides insight into the collaboration gradient between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi that dominates the root economics space.
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Holbein J, Shen D, Andersen TG. The endodermal passage cell - just another brick in the wall? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1321-1328. [PMID: 33438208 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The endodermis surrounds and protects the vasculature partly by depositing hydrophobic suberin in the cell walls. Yet, some cells remain unsuberised. These historically termed 'passage cells' are assumed to provide a low-resistance pathway to the xylem. Only recently have we started to gain molecular insights into these cells, which allow us to probe how roots coordinate communication with the environment across barriers with single-cell precision. Increased understanding of root physiology at a high-resolution is intriguing, as it is likely to provide us with new tools to improve overall plant health. With this in mind, we here provide a brief overview of passage cells, their presence across plant species, as well as a molecular update and future directions for passage cell-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holbein
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Defeng Shen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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Jiménez JDLC, Clode PL, Signorelli S, Veneklaas EJ, Colmer TD, Kotula L. The barrier to radial oxygen loss impedes the apoplastic entry of iron into the roots of Urochloa humidicola. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3279-3293. [PMID: 33543268 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lack of O2 and high concentrations of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) commonly occur in waterlogged soils. The development of a barrier to impede radial O2 loss (ROL) is a key trait improving internal O2 transport and waterlogging tolerance in plants. We evaluated the ability of the barrier to ROL to impede the entry of excess Fe into the roots of the waterlogging-tolerant grass Urochloa humidicola. Plants were grown in aerated or stagnant deoxygenated nutrient solution with 5 µM or 900 µM Fe. Quantitative X-ray microanalysis was used to determine cell-specific Fe concentrations at two positions behind the root apex in relation to ROL and the formation of apoplastic barriers. At a mature zone of the root, Fe was 'excluded' at the exodermis where a suberized lamella was evident, a feature also associated with a strong barrier to ROL. In contrast, the potassium (K) concentration was similar in all root cells, indicating that K uptake was not affected by apoplastic barriers. The hypothesis that the formation of a tight barrier to ROL impedes the apoplastic entry of toxic concentrations of Fe into the mature zones of roots was supported by the significantly higher accumulation of Fe on the outer side of the exodermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de la Cruz Jiménez
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, CP 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kotula
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Ejiri M, Fukao T, Miyashita T, Shiono K. A barrier to radial oxygen loss helps the root system cope with waterlogging-induced hypoxia. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:40-50. [PMID: 33762875 PMCID: PMC7973497 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Internal aeration is crucial for root growth under waterlogged conditions. Many wetland plants have a structural barrier that impedes oxygen leakage from the basal part of roots called a radial oxygen loss (ROL) barrier. ROL barriers reduce the loss of oxygen transported via the aerenchyma to the root tips, enabling long-distance oxygen transport for cell respiration at the root tip. Because the root tip does not have an ROL barrier, some of the transferred oxygen is released into the waterlogged soil, where it oxidizes and detoxifies toxic substances (e.g., sulfate and Fe2+) around the root tip. ROL barriers are located at the outer part of roots (OPRs). Their main component is thought to be suberin. Suberin deposits may block the entry of potentially toxic compounds in highly reduced soils. The amount of ROL from the roots depends on the strength of the ROL barrier, the length of the roots, and environmental conditions, which causes spatiotemporal changes in the root system's oxidization pattern. We summarize recent achievements in understanding how ROL barrier formation is regulated and discuss opportunities for breeding waterlogging-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ejiri
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195,
Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukao
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195,
Japan
| | - Tomoki Miyashita
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195,
Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiono
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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