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Hossam Abdelmonem B, Abdelaal NM, Anwer EKE, Rashwan AA, Hussein MA, Ahmed YF, Khashana R, Hanna MM, Abdelnaser A. Decoding the Role of CYP450 Enzymes in Metabolism and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1467. [PMID: 39062040 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a group of enzymes that play an essential role in Phase I metabolism, with 57 functional genes classified into 18 families in the human genome, of which the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 families are prominent. Beyond drug metabolism, CYP enzymes metabolize endogenous compounds such as lipids, proteins, and hormones to maintain physiological homeostasis. Thus, dysregulation of CYP450 enzymes can lead to different endocrine disorders. Moreover, CYP450 enzymes significantly contribute to fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and bile acid biosynthesis, impacting cellular physiology and disease pathogenesis. Their diverse functions emphasize their therapeutic potential in managing hypercholesterolemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, CYP450 enzymes are implicated in the onset and development of illnesses such as cancer, influencing chemotherapy outcomes. Assessment of CYP450 enzyme expression and activity aids in evaluating liver health state and differentiating between liver diseases, guiding therapeutic decisions, and optimizing drug efficacy. Understanding the roles of CYP450 enzymes and the clinical effect of their genetic polymorphisms is crucial for developing personalized therapeutic strategies and enhancing drug responses in diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Hossam Abdelmonem
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences & Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt
| | - Noha M Abdelaal
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Eman K E Anwer
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 4411601, Egypt
| | - Alaa A Rashwan
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Hussein
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Yasmin F Ahmed
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Rana Khashana
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mireille M Hanna
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Anwar Abdelnaser
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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2
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Manna VJ, Dwyer S, Pizutelli V, Caradonna SJ. Utilizing primary human airway mucociliary tissue cultures to model ramifications of chronic E-cigarette usage. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105725. [PMID: 37884163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are battery powered devices that use a vape-liquid to produce a vapor that is inhaled. A consequence of the rise in e-cigarette usage was the 2019 emergence of a vaping-induced respiratory disease denoted as 'e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury' (EVALI). One of the suspected causes of EVALI is Vitamin E Acetate (VEA), which was found to be a diluent in certain illicit vape-pens, whereas nicotine is commonly diluted in equal parts propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PG:VG). The prevalent use of e-cigarettes and the emergence of a novel illness has made understanding how e-cigarette vapors affect our respiratory tissues a public health concern. We have designed and produced a simple device that can operate e-cigarettes and deliver the vapor to a chamber containing a standard cell culture multi-well plate. Here we utilize our device to model the response of human airway mucociliary tissue after chronic exposure to vapors produced from either PG:VG or VEA. We note several differences between how PG:VG and VEA vapors interact with and alter airway tissue cultures and suggest potential mechanisms for how VEA-vapors can exacerbate EVALI symptoms. Our device combined with primary human airway tissue cultures make an economical and compact model system that allows for animal-free investigations into the acute and chronic consequences of e-cigarette vapors on primary respiratory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Manna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States.
| | - Shannon Dwyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Vanessa Pizutelli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Salvatore J Caradonna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
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Stading R, Swanson L, Xia G, Jiang W, Wang L, Couroucli X, Lingappan K, Moorthy B. Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) augments neonatal hyperoxic lung injury: Role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, 1A2, and 1B1. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 211:35-46. [PMID: 38081439 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are at increased risk for premature delivery. Premature infants often require supplemental oxygen, a known risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes have been implicated in hyperoxic lung injury. We hypothesize that prenatal PAH exposure exacerbates oxygen-mediated lung injury in neonatal mice, and that this effect is differentially altered in mice lacking the gene for (Cyp)1a1, 1a2, or 1b1. Timed pregnant wild type (WT) (C57BL/6J) mice were orally administered a PAH mixture of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) or the vehicle corn oil (CO) once daily on gestational days 16-19, and the dose response on postnatal lung injury was examined. In addition, timed pregnant mice with one of four genotypes, WT, Cyp1a1-null, Cyp1a2-null, and Cyp1b1-null, were treated orally with CO or PAH on gestational days 16-19 and exposed to hyperoxia or room air for 14 days. Lung injury was assessed on PND15 by radial alveolar count (RAC) and mean linear intercept (MLI) Gene expression of DNA repair genes in lung and liver were measured. Results showed that neonatal hyperoxic lung injury is augmented by prenatal PAH exposure in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was differentially altered in the Cyp-null mice, with Cyp1a2-null showing the greatest extent of lung injury. We concluded that newborn mice exposed to PAH in utero had more significant lung injury in response to hyperoxia than non-PAH exposed pups, and that CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 are protective against lung injury while CYP1B1 augments lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Stading
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lauren Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guobin Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Weiwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xanthi Couroucli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Krithika Lingappan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
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LeFort KR, Rungratanawanich W, Song BJ. Melatonin Prevents Alcohol- and Metabolic Dysfunction- Associated Steatotic Liver Disease by Mitigating Gut Dysbiosis, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, and Endotoxemia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:43. [PMID: 38247468 PMCID: PMC10812487 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) has often been used to support good sleep quality, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, as many have suffered from stress-related disrupted sleep patterns. It is less known that MT is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory compound, and modulator of gut barrier dysfunction, which plays a significant role in many disease states. Furthermore, MT is produced at 400-500 times greater concentrations in intestinal enterochromaffin cells, supporting the role of MT in maintaining the functions of the intestines and gut-organ axes. Given this information, the focus of this article is to review the functions of MT and the molecular mechanisms by which it prevents alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), including its metabolism and interactions with mitochondria to exert its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the gut-liver axis. We detail various mechanisms by which MT acts as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory compound, and modulator of intestinal barrier function to prevent the progression of ALD and MASLD via the gut-liver axis, with a focus on how these conditions are modeled in animal studies. Using the mechanisms of MT prevention and animal studies described, we suggest behavioral modifications and several exogenous sources of MT, including food and supplements. Further clinical research should be performed to develop the field of MT in preventing the progression of liver diseases via the gut-liver axis, so we mention a few considerations regarding MT supplementation in the context of clinical trials in order to advance this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli R. LeFort
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | | | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Grimm SL, Stading RE, Robertson MJ, Gandhi T, Fu C, Jiang W, Xia G, Lingappan K, Coarfa C, Moorthy B. Loss of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1B1 mitigates hyperoxia response in adult mouse lung by reprogramming metabolism and translation. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102790. [PMID: 37348155 PMCID: PMC10271936 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen supplementation is life saving for premature infants and for COVID-19 patients but can induce long-term pulmonary injury by triggering inflammation, with xenobiotic-metabolizing CYP enzymes playing a critical role. Murine studies showed that CYP1B1 enhances, while CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 protect from, hyperoxic lung injury. In this study we tested the hypothesis that Cyp1b1-null mice would revert hyperoxia-induced transcriptomic changes observed in WT mice at the transcript and pathway level. Wild type (WT) C57BL/6J and Cyp1b1-null mice aged 8-10 weeks were maintained in room air (21% O2) or exposed to hyperoxia (>95% O2) for 48h. Transcriptomic profiling was conducted using the Illumina microarray platform. Hyperoxia exposure led to robust changes in gene expression and in the same direction in WT, Cyp1a1-, Cyp1a2-, and Cyp1b1-null mice, but to different extents for each mouse genotype. At the transcriptome level, all Cyp1-null murine models reversed hyperoxia effects. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis identified 118 hyperoxia-affected pathways mitigated only in Cyp1b1-null mice, including lipid, glutamate, and amino acid metabolism. Cell cycle genes Cdkn1a and Ccnd1 were induced by hyperoxia in both WT and Cyp1b1-null mice but mitigated in Cyp1b1-null O2 compared to WT O2 mice. Hyperoxia gene signatures associated positively with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which occurs in premature infants (with supplemental oxygen being one of the risk factors), but only in the Cyp1b1-null mice did the gene profile after hyperoxia exposure show a partial rescue of BPD-associated transcriptome. Our study suggests that CYP1B1 plays a pro-oxidant role in hyperoxia-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Grimm
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel E Stading
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Robertson
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tanmay Gandhi
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chenlian Fu
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Mathematical and Computational Biology, Harvey Mudd College, CA, USA
| | - Weiwu Jiang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guobin Xia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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Ghimire B, Pour SK, Middleton E, Campbell RA, Nies MA, Aghazadeh-Habashi A. Renin-Angiotensin System Components and Arachidonic Acid Metabolites as Biomarkers of COVID-19. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2118. [PMID: 37626615 PMCID: PMC10452267 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the ACE2, a main enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), SARS-CoV-2 gains access into the cell, resulting in different complications which may extend beyond the RAS and impact the Arachidonic Acid (ArA) pathway. The contribution of the RAS through ArA pathways metabolites in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is unknown. We investigated whether RAS components and ArA metabolites can be considered biomarkers of COVID-19. We measured the plasma levels of RAS and ArA metabolites using an LC-MS/MS. Results indicate that Ang 1-7 levels were significantly lower, whereas Ang II levels were higher in the COVID-19 patients than in healthy control individuals. The ratio of Ang 1-7/Ang II as an indicator of the RAS classical and protective arms balance was dramatically lower in COVID-19 patients. There was no significant increase in inflammatory 19-HETE and 20-HETE levels. The concentration of EETs was significantly increased in COVID-19 patients, whereas the DHETs concentration was repressed. Their plasma levels were correlated with Ang II concentration in COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, evaluating the RAS and ArA pathway biomarkers could provide helpful information for the early detection of high-risk groups, avoid delayed medical attention, facilitate resource allocation, and improve patient clinical outcomes to prevent long COVID incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwash Ghimire
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (B.G.)
| | - Sana Khajeh Pour
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (B.G.)
| | - Elizabeth Middleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert A. Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division ofHematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mary A. Nies
- College of Health, School of Nursing, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
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Fu Y, Xue H, Wang T, Ding Y, Cui Y, Nie H. Fibrinolytic system and COVID-19: From an innovative view of epithelial ion transport. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114863. [PMID: 37172333 PMCID: PMC10169260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifeways of worldwide people have changed dramatically amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and public health is at stake currently. In the early stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, fibrinolytic system is mostly inhibited, which is responsible for the development of hypofibrinolysis, promoting disseminated intravascular coagulation, hyaline membrane formation, and pulmonary edema. Whereas the common feature and risk factor at advanced stage is a large amount of fibrin degradation products, including D-dimer, the characteristic of hyperfibrinolysis. Plasmin can cleave both SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and γ subunit of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), a critical element to edematous fluid clearance. In this review, we aim to sort out the role of fibrinolytic system in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, as well as provide the possible guidance in current treating methods. In addition, the abnormal regulation of ENaC in the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 mediated hypofibrinolysis and hyperfibrinolysis are summarized, with the view of proposing an innovative view of epithelial ion transport in preventing the dysfunction of fibrinolytic system during the progress of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmei Fu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Tingyu Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Hongguang Nie
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Luan R, Ding D, Yang J. The protective effect of natural medicines against excessive inflammation and oxidative stress in acute lung injury by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1039022. [PMID: 36467050 PMCID: PMC9709415 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1039022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common critical disease of the respiratory system that progresses into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with high mortality, mainly related to pulmonary oxidative stress imbalance and severe inflammation. However, there are no clear and effective treatment strategies at present. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) is a transcription factor that interacts with multiple signaling pathways and regulates the activity of multiple oxidases (NOX, NOS, XO, CYP) related to inflammation and apoptosis, and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles in ALI. Recently, several studies have reported that the active ingredients of natural medicines show protective effects on ALI via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. In addition, they are cheap, naturally available, and possess minimal toxicity, thereby having good clinical research and application value. Herein, we summarized various studies on the protective effects of natural pharmaceutical components such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharides on ALI through the Nrf2 signaling pathway and demonstrated existing gaps as well as future perspectives.
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Wu J, Yang D, Song Z, Qian Q, Dai J, Dong J. Target RNA expression omics approach to reveal the liver detoxification effect induced by Chinese medicine prescription Niu Huang Jie Du against realgar overexposure to mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115610. [PMID: 35973632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Niu Huang Jie Du prescription (NHJD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) widely used in patients suffering from excessive inner fire toxin (Huo Du Nei Sheng) syndrome, such as sore throat, gingival swelling, and pain, mouth and tongue sores, etc. This formula contains realgar (As4S4) which is one of the 28 toxic medicinal materials promulgated by the Chinese Ministry of Health. Many studies reported its toxicity on the liver and kidney, and the detoxification effect of NHJD. However, its detoxification mechanism is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To clarify the detoxification mechanism of NHJD to realgar, this study evaluated the detoxification effect of NHJD on realgar exposure in mice, and analyzed differences in mRNA expression profiles in liver tissues and associated functional predictions. MATERIAL AND METHODS ICR mice were administered with NHJD, realgar, and CMC-Na as blank control for 12 weeks, respectively. Liver injury was evaluated by histopathologic examination and liver mRNA gene were sequenced by Illumina. Differentially expressed gene, functionally enrichment and protein association network analysis were conducted. RESULTS 43 genes were screened out, among which 15 genes in the realgar group were decreased, but the extent of the decline has been restored in the NHJD group. The remaining 28 genes have exactly the opposite trends. Functional module analysis revealed that those detoxification function-related genes were primarily for positive regulation of glutathione metabolism, P450 on the metabolism of exogenous compounds, oxidative stress and immune-related, etc. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that realgar mainly causes liver damage by changing the common enzymes of drug metabolism, especially the expression of genes related to CYPs, GSTs family, oxidative stress, and complement immunity, while the TCM prescription NHJD has a regulatory effect on the abnormal expression of corresponding genes. Our results will provide some clues for the detoxification mechanism of arsenic-containing TCM prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ziwei Song
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | | | - Jianguo Dai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ju Dong
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Wang G, Xiao B, Deng J, Gong L, Li Y, Li J, Zhong Y. The Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in COVID-19 Pathogenesis and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:791922. [PMID: 35185562 PMCID: PMC8847594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.791922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a new public health crisis threatening the world. Dysregulated immune responses are the most striking pathophysiological features of patients with severe COVID-19, which can result in multiple-organ failure and death. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) system is the most important drug metabolizing enzyme family, which plays a significant role in the metabolism of endogenous or exogenous substances. Endogenous CYPs participate in the biosynthesis or catabolism of endogenous substances, including steroids, vitamins, eicosanoids, and fatty acids, whilst xenobiotic CYPs are associated with the metabolism of environmental toxins, drugs, and carcinogens. CYP expression and activity are greatly affected by immune response. However, changes in CYP expression and/or function in COVID-19 and their impact on COVID-19 pathophysiology and the metabolism of therapeutic agents in COVID-19, remain unclear. In this analysis, we review current evidence predominantly in the following areas: firstly, the possible changes in CYP expression and/or function in COVID-19; secondly, the effects of CYPs on the metabolism of arachidonic acid, vitamins, and steroid hormones in COVID-19; and thirdly, the effects of CYPs on the metabolism of therapeutic COVID-19 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linmei Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Role of Human NADPH Quinone Oxidoreductase (NQO1) in Oxygen-Mediated Cellular Injury and Oxidative DNA Damage in Human Pulmonary Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5544600. [PMID: 34691356 PMCID: PMC8536466 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5544600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental oxygen administration is frequently used in premature infants and adults with pulmonary insufficiency. NADPH quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) protects cells from oxidative injury by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that overexpression of NQO1 in BEAS-2B cells will mitigate cell injury and oxidative DNA damage caused by hyperoxia and that A-1221C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the NQO1 promoter would display altered susceptibility to hyperoxia-mediated toxicity. Using stable transfected BEAS-2B cells, we demonstrated that hyperoxia decreased cell viability in control cells (Ctr), but this effect was differentially mitigated in cells overexpressing NQO1 under the regulation of the CMV viral promoter, the wild-type NQO1 promoter (NQO1-NQO1), or the NQO1 promoter carrying the SNP. Interestingly, hyperoxia decreased the formation of bulky oxidative DNA adducts or 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in Ctr cells. qPCR studies showed that mRNA levels of CYP1A1 and NQO1 were inversely related to DNA adduct formation, suggesting the protective role of these enzymes against oxidative DNA injury. In SiRNA experiments entailing the NQO1-NQO1 promoter, hyperoxia caused decreased cell viability, and this effect was potentiated in cells treated with CYP1A1 siRNA. We also found that hyperoxia caused a marked induction of DNA repair genes DDB2 and XPC in Ctr cells, supporting the idea that hyperoxia in part caused attenuation of bulky oxidative DNA lesions by enhancing nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. In summary, our data support a protective role for human NQO1 against oxygen-mediated toxicity and oxidative DNA lesions in human pulmonary cells, and protection against toxicity was partially lost in SNP cells. Moreover, we also demonstrate a novel protective role for CYP1A1 in the attenuation of oxidative cells and DNA injury. Future studies on the mechanisms of attenuation of oxidative injury by NQO1 should help in developing novel approaches for the prevention/treatment of ARDS in humans.
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Perrelli A, Retta SF. Polymorphisms in genes related to oxidative stress and inflammation: Emerging links with the pathogenesis and severity of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:403-417. [PMID: 34175437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a cerebrovascular disease of genetic origin affecting 0.5% of the population and characterized by abnormally enlarged and leaky capillaries that predispose to seizures, neurological deficits, and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). CCM occurs sporadically or is inherited as dominant condition with incomplete penetrance and highly variable expressivity. Three disease genes have been identified: KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2 and CCM3. Previous results demonstrated that loss-of-function mutations of CCM genes cause pleiotropic effects, including defective autophagy, altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, and enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress and inflammatory events, suggesting a novel unifying pathogenetic mechanism, and raising the possibility that CCM disease onset and severity are influenced by the presence of susceptibility and modifier genes. Consistently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in large and homogeneous cohorts of patients sharing the familial form of CCM disease and identical mutations in CCM genes have led to the discovery of distinct genetic modifiers of major disease severity phenotypes, such as development of numerous and large CCM lesions, and susceptibility to ICH. This review deals with the identification of genetic modifiers with a significant impact on inter-individual variability in CCM disease onset and severity, including highly polymorphic genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammatory and immune responses, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and Toll-like receptors (TLR), pointing to their emerging prognostic value, and opening up new perspectives for risk stratification and personalized medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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Ding H, Jiang M, Li D, Zhao Y, Yu D, Zhang R, Chen W, Pi J, Chen R, Cui L, Zheng Y, Piao J. Effects of Real-Ambient PM 2.5 Exposure on Lung Damage Modulated by Nrf2 -/. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:662664. [PMID: 33967806 PMCID: PMC8104929 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the morbidity and mortality of pulmonary diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary emphysema. Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in pulmonary damage caused by PM2.5. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) could regulate the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes and is pivotal for protection against PM2.5-induced oxidative stress. In this study, a real-ambient exposure system was constructed with the outdoor ambient air in north China. Wild-type (WT) and Nrf2−/− (KO) mice were exposed to the real-ambient system for six weeks. After PM2.5 exposure, our data showed that the levels of inflammatory factors and malondialdehyde were significantly increased in WT and KO mice. Moreover, the lung function and pathological phenotype of the WT mice were altered but there was no obvious change in the Nrf2−/− mice. To further explore the potential molecular mechanisms, we performed RNA-sequencing. The RNA-sequence analysis results showed that the CYP450 pathway in the first ten pathways of KEGG was related to the metabolism of PM2.5. In WT and KO mice, the expression of CYP2E1 in the CYP450 pathway showed opposite trends after PM2.5 exposure. The data showed that the expression of the CYP2E1 gene in WT-PM mice increased while it decreased in KO-PM; the expression of the CYP2E1 protein showed a similar trend. CYP2E1 is primarily distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it could metabolize various exogenous substances attached to PM2.5 and produce highly toxic oxidation products closely related to ER stress. Consistently, the expression level of GRP94, a biomarker of ER stress, was increased in WT mice and reduced in KO mice under PM2.5 exposure. Persistent ER stress is a mechanism that causes lung damage under PM2.5 exposure. Nrf2 facilitates lung injury during PM2.5 exposure and CYP2E1 metabolism is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Menghui Jiang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhua Cui
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinmei Piao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Popescu RG, Bulgaru C, Untea A, Vlassa M, Filip M, Hermenean A, Marin D, Țăranu I, Georgescu SE, Dinischiotu A. The Effectiveness of Dietary Byproduct Antioxidants on Induced CYP Genes Expression and Histological Alteration in Piglets Liver and Kidney Fed with Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:148. [PMID: 33671978 PMCID: PMC7919288 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of a byproduct mixture derived from grapeseed and sea buckthorn oil industry to mitigate the harmful damage produced by ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 at hepatic and renal level in piglets after weaning. Forty cross-bred TOPIGS-40 hybrid piglets after weaning were assigned to three experimental groups (E1, E2, E3) and one control group (C), and fed with experimental diets for 30 days. The basal diet was served as a control and contained normal compound feed for starter piglets without mycotoxins. The experimental groups were fed as follows: E1-basal diet plus a mixture (1:1) of two byproducts (grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal); E2-the basal diet experimentally contaminated with mycotoxins (479 ppb OTA and 62ppb AFB1); and E3-basal diet containing 5% of the mixture (1:1) of grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal and contaminated with the mix of OTA and AFB1. After 4 weeks, the animals were slaughtered, and tissue samples were taken from liver and kidney in order to perform gene expression and histological analysis. The gene expression analysis showed that when weaned piglets were fed with contaminated diet, the expression of most analyzed genes was downregulated. Among the CYP450 family, CYP1A2 was the gene with the highest downregulation. According to these results, in liver, we found that mycotoxins induced histomorphological alterations in liver and kidney and had an effect on the expression level of CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A29, but we did not detect important changes in the expression level of CY4A24, MRP2 and GSTA1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roua Gabriela Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei No. 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.G.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Cristina Bulgaru
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, 077015 Ilfov, Romania; (C.B.); (A.U.); (D.M.)
| | - Arabela Untea
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, 077015 Ilfov, Romania; (C.B.); (A.U.); (D.M.)
| | - Mihaela Vlassa
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeş Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Miuta Filip
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeş Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Anca Hermenean
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Godis Western University of Arad, Rebreanu 86, 310414 Arad, Romania;
| | - Daniela Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, 077015 Ilfov, Romania; (C.B.); (A.U.); (D.M.)
| | - Ionelia Țăranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, 077015 Ilfov, Romania; (C.B.); (A.U.); (D.M.)
| | - Sergiu Emil Georgescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei No. 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.G.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei No. 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.G.P.); (A.D.)
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