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Di Salvo A, Chiaradia E, Sforna M, Della Rocca G. Endocannabinoid system and phytocannabinoids in the main species of veterinary interest: a comparative review. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10509-7. [PMID: 39162768 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the endocannabinoid system and due to the empirical evidence of the therapeutic effects on several illnesses both in humans and animals that follow the administration of exogenous cannabinoids (i.e., phytocannabinoids), numerous studies have been conducted. These investigations aimed to identify the expression and distribution of cannabinoid receptors in healthy and pathologic organs and tissues of different animal species and to define the interactions of phytocannabinoids with these receptors. In the last decade, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability of many Cannabis derivatives formulations, mainly containing cannabidiol, in the main species of veterinary interest, have been also investigated. This manuscript summarizes the findings reported by the scientific studies published so far on the molecular mode of action of the main phytocannabinoids, the localization of cannabinoid receptors in organs and tissues, as well as the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability of Cannabis derivatives in dogs, cats, horses and other species of veterinary interest. A deep knowledge of these issues is crucial for the use of phytocannabinoids for therapeutic purposes in animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Salvo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Research Center on Animal Pain (CeRiDA), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Research Center on Animal Pain (CeRiDA), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Azarfarin M, Ghadiri T, Dadkhah M, Sahab-Negah S. The interaction between cannabinoids and long-term synaptic plasticity: A survey on memory formation and underlying mechanisms. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4100. [PMID: 39090824 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), is an essential phenomenon in memory formation as well as maintenance along with many other cognitive functions, such as those needed for coping with external stimuli. Synaptic plasticity consists of gradual changes in the biochemistry and morphology of pre- and postsynaptic neurons, particularly in the hippocampus. Consuming marijuana as a primary source of exocannabinoids immediately impairs attention and working memory-related tasks. Evidence regarding the effects of cannabinoids on LTP and memory is contradictory. While cannabinoids can affect a variety of specific cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and nonspecific receptors throughout the body and brain, they exert miscellaneous systemic and local cerebral effects. Given the increasing use of cannabis, mainly among the young population, plus its potential adverse long-term effects on learning and memory processes, it could be a future global health challenge. Indeed, the impact of cannabinoids on memory is multifactorial and depends on the dosage, timing, formula, and route of consumption, plus the background complex interaction of the endocannabinoids system with other cerebral networks. Herein, we review how exogenously administrated organic cannabinoids, CBRs agonists or antagonists, and endocannabinoids can affect LTP and synaptic plasticity through various receptors in interaction with other cerebral pathways and primary neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azarfarin
- Department of Neuroscience,Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neuroscience,Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab-Negah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Cherry AL, Wheeler MJ, Mathisova K, Di Miceli M. In silico analyses of the involvement of GPR55, CB1R and TRPV1: response to THC, contribution to temporal lobe epilepsy, structural modeling and updated evolution. Front Neuroinform 2024; 18:1294939. [PMID: 38404644 PMCID: PMC10894036 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2024.1294939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is named after the discovery that endogenous cannabinoids bind to the same receptors as the phytochemical compounds found in Cannabis. While endogenous cannabinoids include anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), exogenous phytocannabinoids include Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). These compounds finely tune neurotransmission following synapse activation, via retrograde signaling that activates cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) and/or transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). Recently, the eCB system has been linked to several neurological diseases, such as neuro-ocular abnormalities, pain insensitivity, migraine, epilepsy, addiction and neurodevelopmental disorders. In the current study, we aim to: (i) highlight a potential link between the eCB system and neurological disorders, (ii) assess if THC exposure alters the expression of eCB-related genes, and (iii) identify evolutionary-conserved residues in CB1R or TRPV1 in light of their function. Methods To address this, we used several bioinformatic approaches, such as transcriptomic (Gene Expression Omnibus), protein-protein (STRING), phylogenic (BLASTP, MEGA) and structural (Phyre2, AutoDock, Vina, PyMol) analyzes. Results Using RNA sequencing datasets, we did not observe any dysregulation of eCB-related transcripts in major depressive disorders, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in the anterior cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens or dorsolateral striatum. Following in vivo THC exposure in adolescent mice, GPR55 was significantly upregulated in neurons from the ventral tegmental area, while other transcripts involved in the eCB system were not affected by THC exposure. Our results also suggest that THC likely induces neuroinflammation following in vitro application on mice microglia. Significant downregulation of TPRV1 occurred in the hippocampi of mice in which a model of temporal lobe epilepsy was induced, confirming previous observations. In addition, several transcriptomic dysregulations were observed in neurons of both epileptic mice and humans, which included transcripts involved in neuronal death. When scanning known interactions for transcripts involved in the eCB system (n = 12), we observed branching between the eCB system and neurophysiology, including proteins involved in the dopaminergic system. Our protein phylogenic analyzes revealed that CB1R forms a clade with CB2R, which is distinct from related paralogues such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, receptors, lysophosphatidic acid receptors and melanocortin receptors. As expected, several conserved residues were identified, which are crucial for CB1R receptor function. The anandamide-binding pocket seems to have appeared later in evolution. Similar results were observed for TRPV1, with conserved residues involved in receptor activation. Conclusion The current study found that GPR55 is upregulated in neurons following THC exposure, while TRPV1 is downregulated in temporal lobe epilepsy. Caution is advised when interpreting the present results, as we have employed secondary analyzes. Common ancestors for CB1R and TRPV1 diverged from jawless vertebrates during the late Ordovician, 450 million years ago. Conserved residues are identified, which mediate crucial receptor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Cherry
- Worcester Biomedical Research Group, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Wheeler
- Sustainable Environments Research Group, School of Science and the Environment University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Mathisova
- School of Science and the Environment University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Di Miceli
- Worcester Biomedical Research Group, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
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Dadiotis E, Cui M, Gerasi M, Mitsis V, Melliou E, Makriyannis A, Logothetis DE, Magiatis P. A Simple Chiral 1H NMR Method for the Discrimination of ( R)- and ( S)-Cannabichromene in Complex Natural Mixtures and Their Effects on TRPA1 Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:77-84. [PMID: 38158562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the enantiomeric ratio of cannabichromene (CBC) within the cannabis plant has attracted significant attention. Cannabichromene is one of the well-known cannabinoids found in cannabis, along with THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). Cannabichromene exists as a scalemic mixture, meaning it has two enantiomers, (S)-cannabichromene and (R)-cannabichromene, with the ratio between these enantiomers varying among different cannabis strains and even within individual plants. This study presents an accurate and robust chiral NMR method for analyzing cannabichromene's enantiomeric ratio, a well-investigated cannabinoid with numerous pharmacological targets. The use of Pirkle's alcohol as the chiral solvating agent (CSA) or, alternatively, the use of (S)-ibuprofen as a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA) facilitated this analysis. Moreover, the chiral NMR method proves to be a user-friendly tool, easily applicable within any NMR facility, and an expanded investigation of cannabichromene chirality may provide insights into the origin, cultivation, treatment, and processing of Cannabis sativa plants. This study also undertakes a pharmacological examination of the (R)- and (S)-cannabichromenes concerning their most extensively studied pharmacological target, the TRPA1 channels, with the two enantiomers showing the same strong agonistic effect as the racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Dadiotis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Meng Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Maria Gerasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Eleni Melliou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Lourenço DM, Soares R, Sá-Santos S, Mateus JM, Rodrigues RS, Moreira JB, Vaz SH, Sebastião AM, Solá S, Xapelli S. Unravelling a novel role for cannabidivarin in the modulation of subventricular zone postnatal neurogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176079. [PMID: 37802277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal neurogenesis has been shown to rely on the endocannabinoid system. Here we aimed at unravelling the role of Cannabidivarin (CBDV), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, with high affinity for the non-classical cannabinoid receptor TRPV1, on subventricular zone (SVZ) postnatal neurogenesis. Using the neurosphere assay, SVZ-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) were incubated with CBDV and/or 5'-Iodoresinferotoxin (TRPV1 antagonist), and their role on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation were dissected. CBDV was able to promote, through a TRPV1-dependent mechanism, cell survival, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments revealed that CBDV-induced neuronal differentiation was a result of cell cycle exit of NSPCs. Regarding oligodendrocyte differentiation, CBDV inhibited oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation. Since our data suggested that the CBDV-induced modulation of NSPCs acted via TRPV1, a sodium-calcium channel, and that intracellular calcium levels are known regulators of NSPCs fate and neuronal maturation, single cell calcium imaging was performed to evaluate the functional response of SVZ-derived cells. We observed that CBDV-responsive cells displayed a two-phase calcium influx profile, being the initial phase dependent on TRPV1 activation. Taken together, this work unveiled a novel and untapped neurogenic potential of CBDV via TRPV1 modulation. These findings pave the way to future neural stem cell biological studies and repair strategies by repurposing this non-psychoactive cannabinoid as a valuable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Soares
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Sá-Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M Mateus
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João B Moreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Solá
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Kim J, Yang S, Choi IS. Neutralization of Cannabidiol Neurotoxicity in Neuron-Astrocyte Sandwich Coculture. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300090. [PMID: 37080943 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a main nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid in the Cannabis genus, has been in the limelight for its potential health benefits in various neurological diseases. However, the safety issue of CBD in the nervous system has not been settled fully, while CBD has been reported to have mild side effects including dizziness and somnolence. In this work, a platform of neuron-astrocyte sandwich coculture to investigate the neurotoxicity of CBD, as well as the neuronal responses to CBD, in a more in vivo relevant mode is constructed. CBD (15 and 30 µm) causes the viability decrease, along with morphological damage, in the neuron-alone culture, whereas its neurotoxic effects are significantly attenuated by the supports of astrocytes in the neuron-astrocyte coculture. In addition, it is found that CBD-induced increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, via activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, are noticeably ameliorated by coculturing neurons with astrocytes. This work provides crucial information in the development of CBD as therapeutics for neurological disorders, as well as in a fundamental understanding of how CBD works in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Seoin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Insung S Choi
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
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Jin F, Wen Y, Lin G, Yu S, Wang C, Ye W, Zhang J. Design, synthesis, and analgesia evaluation of novel Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonists modified from Cannabidiol (CBD). Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117379. [PMID: 37336082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Pain-relief is a long-term research hotspot with huge demand in clinical treatment. The analgesics currently used have several side effects, such as being addictive and causing gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, new drugs and targets in analgesic field are both desirable. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) plays an essential role in pain perception and regulation, providing a new strategy for the development of antinociceptive agents. Here, a series of novel TRPV1 agonists were designed and synthesized based on Cannabidiol (CBD), a widely used pain-relieving agent with weak agonistic activity on TRPV1. According to the results of systematic in vitro and in vivo biological assays, compound 10f was finally identified as a promising TRPV1 agonist, with higher target affinity, stronger analgesic activity, and weak side effect of hyperthermia. Molecular docking simulations revealed a significant hydrogen bond interaction between 10f and Arg557, an amino acid residue key to the activity of TRPV1 protein. Taken together, compound 10f can be used as a lead compound for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Jin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuting Wen
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guoqiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaopeng Yu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenbo Ye
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jiange Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Wen Y, Wang Z, Zhang R, Zhu Y, Lin G, Li R, Zhang J. The antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of cannabigerol. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114163. [PMID: 36916438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries to treat pain. The antinociceptive activity of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) has been widely studied. However, the antinociceptive effects of other cannabis components, such as cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabigerol (CBG), have rarely been revealed. The antinociceptive mechanism of CBG is not yet clear, so we investigated the antinociceptive effect of CBG on different pain models, and explored the mechanism of action of CBG to exert antinociceptive effects. In the current study, we compared the antinociceptive effects of CBC, CBD, and CBG on the carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain model in mice, and the results showed that CBG had a better antinociceptive effects through intraplantar administration. On this basis, we further investigated the antinociceptive effect of CBG on CIA-induced arthritis pain model and nerve pain model in mice, and found that CBG also relieved on both types of pain. Then, we explored the antinociceptive mechanism of CBG, which revealed that CBG can activate TRPV1 and desensitize it to block the transmission of pain signals. In addition, CBG can further activate CB2R, but not CB1R, to stimulate the release of β-endorphin, which greatly promotes the antinociceptive effect. Finally, the safety test results showed that CBG had no irritating effect on the rabbits' skin, and it did not induce significant biochemical and hematological changes in mice. Transdermal delivery results also indicated that CBG has certain transdermal properties. Overall, this study indicates that CBG is promising for developing a transdermal dosage for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wen
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zefeng Wang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuying Zhu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guoqiang Lin
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jiange Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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The Cytotoxic Effects of Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol on Glioblastoma Stem Cells May Mostly Involve GPR55 and TRPV1 Signalling. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235918. [PMID: 36497400 PMCID: PMC9738061 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive cancers, comprising 60-70% of all gliomas. The large G-protein-coupled receptor family includes cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, GPR55, and non-specific ion receptor protein transporters TRPs. First, we found up-regulated CNR1, GPR55, and TRPV1 expression in glioma patient-derived tissue samples and cell lines compared with non-malignant brain samples. CNR1 and GPR55 did not correlate with glioma grade, whereas TRPV1 negatively correlated with grade and positively correlated with longer overall survival. This suggests a tumour-suppressor role of TRPV1. With respect to markers of GBM stem cells, preferred targets of therapy, TRPV1 and GPR55, but not CNR1, strongly correlated with different sets of stemness gene markers: NOTCH, OLIG2, CD9, TRIM28, and TUFM and CD15, SOX2, OCT4, and ID1, respectively. This is in line with the higher expression of TRPV1 and GPR55 genes in GSCs compared with differentiated GBM cells. Second, in a panel of patient-derived GSCs, we found that CBG and CBD exhibited the highest cytotoxicity at a molar ratio of 3:1. We suggest that this mixture should be tested in experimental animals and clinical studies, in which currently used Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is replaced with efficient and non-psychoactive CBG in adjuvant standard-of-care therapy.
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The Pharmacogenetics of Cannabis in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101832. [PMID: 36292717 PMCID: PMC9601332 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The increase in the medical use of cannabis has revealed a number of beneficial effects, a variety of adverse side effects and great inter-individual variability. Association studies connecting consumption, addiction and side effects related to recreational cannabis use have led to the identification of several polymorphic genes that may play a role in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cannabis. Method: In total, 600 patients treated with cannabis were genotyped for several candidate polymorphic genes (single-nucleotide polymorphism; SNP), encoding receptors CNR1 and TRPV1; for the ABCB1 transporter; for biotransformation, bioactivation and biosynthesis; and CYP3A4, COMT and UGT2B7 conjugation. Results: Three polymorphic genes (ABCB1, TRPV1 and UGT2B7) were identified as being significantly associated with decline in pain after treatment with cannabis. Patients simultaneously carrying the most favourable allele combinations showed a greater reduction (polygenic effect) in pain compared to those with a less favourable combination. Considering genotype combinations, we could group patients into good responders, intermediate responders and poor or non-responders. Results suggest that genetic makeup is, at the moment, a significant predictive factor of the variability in response to cannabis. Conclusions: This study proves, for the first time, that certain polymorphic candidate genes may be associated with cannabis effects, both in terms of pain management and side effects, including therapy dropout. Significance: Our attention to pharmacogenetics began in 2008, with the publication of a first study on the association between genetic polymorphisms and morphine action in pain relief. The study we are presenting is the first observational study conducted on a large number of patients involving several polymorphic candidate genes. The data obtained suggest that genetic makeup can be a predictive factor in the response to cannabis therapy and that more extensive and planned studies are needed for the opening of new scenarios for the personalization of cannabis therapy.
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Jastrząb A, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Skrzydlewska E. The Origin and Biomedical Relevance of Cannabigerol. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7929. [PMID: 35887277 PMCID: PMC9322760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant search for new pharmacologically active compounds, especially those that do not exhibit toxic effects, intensifies the interest in plant-based ingredients and their potential use in pharmacotherapy. One of the plants that has great therapeutic potential is Cannabis sativa L., a source of the psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), namely cannabidiol (CBD), which exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and cannabigerol (CBG)-a biologically active compound that is present in much smaller quantities. CBG is generated during the non-enzymatic decarboxylation of cannabigerolic acid, a key compound in the process of biosynthesis of phytocannabinoids and consequently the precursor to various phytocannabinoids. By interacting with G-protein-coupled receptors, CBG exhibits a wide range of biological activities, inter alia, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities, regulation of the redox balance, and neuromodulatory effects. Due to the wide spectrum of biological activities, CBG seems to be a very promising compound to be used in the treatment of diseases that require multidirectional pharmacotherapy. Moreover, it is suggested that due to the relatively rapid metabolism of cannabigerol, determination of the concentration of the phytocannabinoid in blood or oral fluid can be used to determine cannabis use. Therefore, it seems obvious that new therapeutic approaches using CBG can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (I.J.-K.)
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Miagkoff L, Girard CA, St-Jean G, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S. Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in equine synovium and upregulated with synovitis. Equine Vet J 2022. [PMID: 35836386 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of equine lameness. Cannabinoid receptors (CB) are now considered to be promising therapeutic targets in human rheumatology for pain and inflammation, however little is known about the equine endocannabinoid system. OBJECTIVES The primary goal was to assess the presence and expression pattern of CB1 and CB2 in the synovium of healthy joints. A secondary goal was to explore the relationship between the CB expression, degree of synovitis and OA pathology. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo experimental study. METHODS Metacarpophalangeal joints (n=25) from a tissue bank were studied. The joints were dissected, and the articular cartilage lesions were scored. Synovial membrane specimens (n=45) were harvested, fixed and the degree of synovitis was graded on histological sections. Co-localised synovial sections were also immunostained with antibodies to CB1 and CB2. Five regions of interest (ROIs) were randomly selected from digital images of manually segmented synovial intima and scored blindly for positive cellular immunoreactive staining by 2 independent observers. Interobserver agreement was calculated with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Relationships between CB1 and CB2 immunoreactive scores and synovitis or joint OA grade were explored with mixed linear models. RESULTS CB1 was expressed in synovial intimal cells in all specimens studied whereas CB2 expression was identified in 94%. Both receptors were also expressed in the subintimal blood vessel walls. ICCs were 84.6% (CB1) and 92.9% (CB2) for the immunoreactivity scores. Both CB1 and CB2 expression were significantly upregulated (p=0.04 and p=0.03 respectively) with increasing degree of synovitis. Conversely, CB1 expression significantly decreased (p=0.03) with increasing severity of OA. MAIN LIMITATIONS The type of synovial cell expressing CB1 or CB2 was not investigated. CONCLUSIONS Equine synovial intimal cells constitutively express both CB1 and CB2 receptors that are upregulated with synovitis and may have a role in joint pain. They are potential targets for therapy with cannabinoid molecules or their derivatives. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Miagkoff
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christiane A Girard
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume St-Jean
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Christiansen IM, Edvinsson JCA, Reducha PV, Edvinsson L, Haanes KA. Dual action of the cannabinoid receptor 1 ligand arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide on calcitonin gene-related peptide release. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:30. [PMID: 35189809 PMCID: PMC8903492 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the current understanding of the role of neuropeptide signalling in migraine, we explored the therapeutic potential of a specific cannabinoid agonist. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the synthetic endocannabinoid (eCB) analogue, arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide (ACEA), on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release in the dura and trigeminal ganglion (TG), as cannabinoids are known to activate Gi/o-coupled cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1), resulting in neuronal inhibition. Methods The experiments were performed using the hemi-skull model and dissected TGs from male Sprague-Dawley rats. CGRP release was induced by either 60 mM K+ (for depolarization-induced stimulation) or 100 nM capsaicin (for transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) -induced stimulation) and measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The analysis of CGRP release data was combined with immunohistochemistry in order to study the cellular localization of CB1, cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), CGRP and receptor activity modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), a subunit of the functional CGRP receptor, in the TG. Results CB1 was predominantly expressed in neuronal somas in which colocalization with CGRP was observed. Furthermore, CB1 exhibited colocalization with RAMP1 in neuronal Aδ-fibres but was not clearly expressed in the CGRP-immunoreactive C-fibres. CB2 was mainly expressed in satellite glial cells and did not show substantial colocalization with either CGRP or RAMP1. Without stimulation, 140 nM ACEA per se caused a significant increase in CGRP release in the dura but not TG, compared to vehicle. Furthermore, 140 nM ACEA did not significantly modify neither K+- nor capsaicin-induced CGRP release. However, when the TRPV1 blocker AMG9810 (1 mM) was coapplied with ACEA, K+-induced CGRP release was significantly attenuated in the TG and dura. Conclusions Results from the present study indicate that ACEA per se does not exhibit antimigraine potential due to its dual agonistic properties, resulting in activation of both CB1 and TRPV1, and thereby inhibition and stimulation of CGRP release, respectively. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10194-022-01399-8.
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Son HW, Ali DW. Endocannabinoid Receptor Expression in Early Zebrafish Development. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:142-152. [PMID: 35168237 DOI: 10.1159/000522383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is widely studied due to its interactions with cannabis and its role in modulating physiological responses. While most research has focused on the effects of cannabis on adult endocannabinoid systems, recent studies have begun to investigate the role of the endocannabinoid system in developing organisms. However, little is known about the spatial or temporal expression of these receptors during early development. This study combines reverse-transcriptase PCR with in situ hybridizations to compile a timeline of the developmental expression of six key cannabinoid receptors; cb1, cb2, trpv1, trpa1a, trpa1b, and gpr55 in zebrafish embryos, starting from as early as 6 hours post fertilization (hpf) until 3 days post fertilization. This time frame is roughly equivalent to two to ten weeks in human embryonic development. All six genes were confirmed to be expressed within this time range and share similarities with human and rodent expression. Cb1 expression was first detected between 12 and 24 hpf in the retina and CNS, and its expression increased thereafter and was more evident in the olfactory bulb, tegmentum, hypothalamus and gut. Cb2 expression was relatively high at the 6 and 24 hpf timepoints, as determined by RT-PCR, but was undetectable at other times. Trpv1 was first detected at 1 dpf in the trigeminal ganglia, Rohon-Beard neurons and lateral line, and its expression increased in the first 3 days post fertilization (dpf). Expression of trpa1a was first detected as late as 3 dpf in vagal neurons, whereas trpa1b was first detected at 1 dpf associated with trigeminal, glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia. Expression of gpr55 was diffuse and widespread throughout the brain and head region but was undetectable elsewhere in the embryo. Thus, receptor expression was found to be enriched in the central nervous system and within sensory neurons. This work aims to serve as a foundation for further investigation on the role of cannabinoid and cannabinoid-interacting receptors in early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Won Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Declan William Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Laudanski K, Wain J. Considerations for Cannabinoids in Perioperative Care by Anesthesiologists. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030558. [PMID: 35160010 PMCID: PMC8836924 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased usage of recreational and medically indicated cannabinoid compounds has been an undeniable reality for anesthesiologists in recent years. These compounds’ complicated pharmacology, composition, and biological effects result in challenging issues for anesthesiologists during different phases of perioperative care. Here, we review the existing formulation of cannabinoids and their biological activity to put them into the context of the anesthesia plan execution. Perioperative considerations should include a way to gauge the patient’s intake of cannabinoids, the ability to gain consent properly, and vigilance to the increased risk of pulmonary and airway problems. Intraoperative management in individuals with cannabinoid use is complicated by the effects cannabinoids have on general anesthetics and depth of anesthesia monitoring while simultaneously increasing the potential occurrence of intraoperative hemodynamic instability. Postoperative planning should involve higher vigilance to the risk of postoperative strokes and acute coronary syndromes. However, most of the data are not up to date, rending definite conclusions on the importance of perioperative cannabinoid intake on anesthesia management difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Justin Wain
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (J.W.)
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Vago R, Fiorio F, Trevisani F, Salonia A, Montorsi F, Bettiga A. The Mediterranean Diet as a Source of Bioactive Molecules with Cannabinomimetic Activity in Prevention and Therapy Strategy. Nutrients 2022; 14:468. [PMID: 35276827 PMCID: PMC8839035 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is a complex lipid signaling network that has evolved to be a key regulator of pro-homeostatic pathways for the organism. Its involvement in numerous processes has rendered it a very suitable target for pharmacological studies regarding metabolic syndrome, obesity and other lifestyle-related diseases. Cannabinomimetic molecules have been found in a large variety of foods, most of which are normally present in the Mediterranean diet. The majority of these compounds belong to the terpene and polyphenol classes. While it is known that they do not necessarily act directly on the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, their ability to regulate their expression levels has already been shown in some disease-related models, as well as their ability to modulate the activity of other components of the system. In this review, evidence was gathered to support the idea that phytocannabinoid dietary intake may indeed be a viable strategy for disease prevention and may be helpful in maintaining the health status. In an era where personalized nutrition is becoming more and more a reality, having new therapeutic targets could become an important resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Vago
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (F.T.); (A.S.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Fiorio
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (F.T.); (A.S.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco Trevisani
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (F.T.); (A.S.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (F.T.); (A.S.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (F.T.); (A.S.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Bettiga
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (F.T.); (A.S.); (F.M.); (A.B.)
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Holzer AK, Karreman C, Suciu I, Furmanowsky LS, Wohlfarth H, Loser D, Dirks WG, Pardo González E, Leist M. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:727-741. [PMID: 35689659 PMCID: PMC9299516 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of the peripheral nervous system would benefit from further refinements to better support studies on neuropathies. In particular, the assessment of pain-related signals is still difficult in human cell cultures. Here, we harnessed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate peripheral sensory neurons enriched in nociceptors. The objective was to generate a culture system with signaling endpoints suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies. Neurons generated by conventional differentiation protocols expressed moderate levels of P2X3 purinergic receptors and only low levels of TRPV1 capsaicin receptors, when maturation time was kept to the upper practically useful limit of 6 weeks. As alternative approach, we generated cells with an inducible NGN1 transgene. Ectopic expression of this transcription factor during a defined time window of differentiation resulted in highly enriched nociceptor cultures, as determined by functional (P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors) and immunocytochemical phenotyping, complemented by extensive transcriptome profiling. Single cell recordings of Ca2+-indicator fluorescence from >9000 cells were used to establish the “fraction of reactive cells” in a stimulated population as experimental endpoint, that appeared robust, transparent and quantifiable. To provide an example of application to biomedical studies, functional consequences of prolonged exposure to the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin were examined at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We found (i) neuronal (allodynia-like) hypersensitivity to otherwise non-activating mechanical stimulation that could be blocked by modulators of voltage-gated sodium channels; (ii) hyper-responsiveness to TRPV1 receptor stimulation. These findings and several other measured functional alterations indicate that the model is suitable for pharmacological and toxicological studies related to peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Graduate School Biological Sciences (GBS), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christiaan Karreman
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ilinca Suciu
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lara-Seline Furmanowsky
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald Wohlfarth
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dominik Loser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm G Dirks
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures and German Biological Resource Center, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emilio Pardo González
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Corresponding author: Marcel Leist, PhD, In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation at the University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany.
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Wilkerson JL, Alberti LB, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Peripherally administered cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB 2R) agonists lose anti-allodynic effects in TRPV1 knockout mice, while intrathecal administration leads to anti-allodynia and reduced GFAP, CCL2 and TRPV1 expression in the dorsal spinal cord and DRG. Brain Res 2022; 1774:147721. [PMID: 34774500 PMCID: PMC10763621 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels, of which the TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor plays a critical role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, is expressed on nociceptors and spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. TRPV1 is also expressed on spinal astrocytes and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) satellite cells. Agonists of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) suppress allodynia, with some that can bind TRPV1. The neuroimmune C-C class chemokine-2 (CCL2) expressed on injured DRG nociceptor cell bodies, Schwann cells and spinal astrocytes, stimulates immune cell accumulation in DRG and spinal cord, a known critical element in chronic allodynia. The current report examined whether two CB2R agonists, AM1710 and AM1241, previously shown to reverse light touch mechanical allodynia in rodent models of sciatic neuropathy, require TRPV1 activation that leads to receptor insensitivity resulting in reversal of allodynia. Global TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice with sciatic neuropathy given intrathecal or intraperitoneal AM1710 were examined for anti-allodynia followed by immunofluorescent microscopy analysis of lumbar spinal cord and DRG of astrocyte and CCL2 markers. Additionally, immunofluorescent analysis following intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 in rat was performed. Data reveal that intrathecal AM1710 resulted in mouse anti-allodynia, reduced spinal astrocyte activation and CCL2 expression independent of TRPV1 gene deletion. Conversely, peripheral AM1710 in TRPV1-KO mice failed to reverse allodynia. In rat, intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 reduced spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression, with CCL2-astrocyte and -microglial co-expression. These data support that CB2R agonists can impact spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression critical for anti-allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren B Alberti
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Anand U, Oldfield C, Pacchetti B, Anand P, Sodergren MH. Dose-Related Inhibition of Capsaicin Responses by Cannabinoids CBG, CBD, THC and their Combination in Cultured Sensory Neurons. J Pain Res 2021; 14:3603-3614. [PMID: 34853533 PMCID: PMC8627890 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s336773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analgesic effects of Cannabis sativa are mediated by ∆9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but the contributions of other bioactive complex components, including cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD), are unclear. We describe the individual and combined effects of CBG, CBD and THC, on blocking capsaicin responses in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, in an in vitro model of nociceptor hypersensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult rat DRG were dissected and enzyme digested to obtain a neuronal suspension in BSF2 medium containing 2% fetal calf serum, and the neurotrophic factors NGF and GDNF. After 48 h, cultured neurons were loaded with Fura-2 AM, to determine the effects of cannabinoids on capsaicin responses using calcium imaging. In control experiments, neurons were treated with vehicle, followed by 1 µM capsaicin. In cannabinoid treated cultures, CBG, CBD or THC were applied individually, or combined (1:1:1 ratio), followed by 1 µM capsaicin. Data from n = 6 experiments were analysed with Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS CBG, CBD and THC, applied individually, elicited dose-related calcium influx in a subset of DRG neurons, and a corresponding dose-related reduction of subsequent responses to capsaicin. Maximum inhibition of capsaicin responses was observed at 30 µM CBG, 100 µM CBD, and 100 µM THC individually, and with combined CBD+CBG+THC (1:1:1) at 90 µM. THC+CBD+CBG combined in a 1:1:1 proportion has the potential to enhance the potency of these compounds applied individually. There was a high correlation between cannabinoid-mediated calcium influx and reduction of capsaicin responses: CBG = -0.88, THC = -0.97, CBD = -0.99 and combined CBG + THC + CBD = -1.00. CONCLUSION CBG, CBD and THC demonstrated potent dose-related inhibition of capsaicin responses in DRG neurons when applied individually in vitro, and enhanced when applied in combination, being most effective at 90 μM. Thus, efficacy and tolerability of THC could be improved in combination with CBG and CBD at optimal concentrations, which deserve further studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Anand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Christian Oldfield
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | | | - Praveen Anand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Mikael H Sodergren
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 ONN, UK
- EMMAC Life Sciences Ltd, London, UK
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Gadotti VM, Huang S, Zamponi GW. The terpenes camphene and alpha-bisabolol inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels. Mol Brain 2021; 14:166. [PMID: 34775970 PMCID: PMC8591808 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
T-type calcium channels are known molecular targets of certain phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids. Here we explored the modulation of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels by terpenes derived from cannabis plants. A screen of eight commercially available terpenes revealed that camphene and alpha-bisabolol mediated partial, but significant inhibition of Cav3.2 channels expressed in tsA-201 cells, as well as native T-type channels in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Both compounds inhibited peak current amplitude with IC50s in the low micromolar range, and mediated an additional small hyperpolarizing shift in half-inactivation voltage. When delivered intrathecally, both terpenes inhibited nocifensive responses in mice that had received an intraplantar injection of formalin, with alpha-bisabolol showing greater efficacy. Both terpenes reduced thermal hyperalgesia in mice injected with Complete Freund's adjuvant. This effect was independent of sex, and absent in Cav3.2 null mice, indicating that these compounds mediate their analgesic properties by acting on Cav3.2 channels. Both compounds also inhibited mechanical hypersensitivity in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Hence, camphene and alpha-bisabolol have a wide spectrum of analgesic action by virtue of inhibiting Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Gadotti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Calgary, Canada.
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization: Current Collection Approaches, Stem Cell Heterogeneity, and a Proposed New Method for Stem Cell Transplant Conditioning. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1939-1953. [PMID: 34661830 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells naturally traffic out of their bone marrow niches into the peripheral blood. This natural trafficking process can be enhanced with numerous pharmacologic agents - a process termed "mobilization" - and the mobilized stem cells can be collected for transplantation. We review the current state of mobilization with an update on recent clinical trials and new biologic mechanisms regulating stem cell trafficking. We propose that hematopoietic mobilization can be used to answer questions regarding hematopoietic stem cell heterogeneity, can be used for non-toxic conditioning of patients receiving stem cell transplants, and can enhance gene editing and gene therapy strategies to cure genetic diseases.
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Cannabidiol modulation of oxidative stress and signalling. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20200080. [PMID: 34497718 PMCID: PMC8385185 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the primary non-euphoric components in the Cannabis sativa L. plant, has undergone clinical development over the last number of years as a therapeutic for patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndromes. This phytocannabinoid demonstrates functional and pharmacological diversity, and research data indicate that CBD is a comparable antioxidant to common antioxidants. This review gathers the latest knowledge regarding the impact of CBD on oxidative signalling, with focus on the proclivity of CBD to regulate antioxidants and control the production of reactive oxygen species. CBD is considered an attractive therapeutic agent for neuroimmune disorders, and a body of literature indicates that CBD can regulate redox function at multiple levels, with a range of downstream effects on cells and tissues. However, pro-oxidant capacity of CBD has also been reported, and hence caution must be applied when considering CBD from a therapeutic standpoint. Such pro- and antioxidant functions of CBD may be cell- and model-dependent and may also be influenced by CBD dose, the duration of CBD treatment and the underlying pathology.
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Gutierrez A, Creehan KM, Turner ML, Tran RN, Kerr TM, Nguyen JD, Taffe MA. Vapor exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) slows locomotion of the Maine lobster (Homarus americanus). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 207:173222. [PMID: 34197845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite a long history of use in synaptic physiology, the lobster has been a neglected model for behavioral pharmacology. A restaurateur proposed that exposing lobster to cannabis smoke reduces anxiety and pain during the cooking process. It is unknown if lobster gill respiration in air would result in significant Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) uptake and whether this would have any detectable behavioral effects. OBJECTIVE The primary goal was to determine tissue THC levels in the lobster after exposure to THC vapor. Secondary goals were to determine if THC vapor altered locomotor behavior or nociception. METHODS Tissue samples were collected (including muscle, brain and hemolymph) from Homarus americanus (N = 3 per group) following 30 or 60 min of exposure to vapor generated by an e-cigarette device using THC (100 mg/mL in a propylene glycol vehicle). Separate experiments assessed locomotor behavior and hot water nociceptive responses following THC vapor exposure. RESULTS THC vapor produced duration-related THC levels in all tissues examined. Locomotor activity was decreased (distance, speed, time-mobile) by 30 min inhalation of THC. Lobsters exhibit a temperature-dependent withdrawal response to immersion of tail, antennae or claws in warm water; this is novel evidence of thermal nociception for this species. THC exposure for 60 min had only marginal effect on nociception under the conditions assessed. CONCLUSIONS Vapor exposure of lobsters, using an e-cigarette based model, produces dose-dependent THC levels in all tissues and reduces locomotor activity. Hot water nociception was temperature dependent, but only minimal anti-nociceptive effect of THC exposure was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Gutierrez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Creehan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell L Turner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Rachelle N Tran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tony M Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacques D Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Dumitrache MD, Jieanu AS, Scheau C, Badarau IA, Popescu GDA, Caruntu A, Costache DO, Costache RS, Constantin C, Neagu M, Caruntu C. Comparative effects of capsaicin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:917. [PMID: 34306191 PMCID: PMC8280727 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are chronic respiratory diseases with high prevalence and mortality that significantly alter the quality of life in affected patients. While the cellular and molecular mechanisms engaged in the development and evolution of these two conditions are different, COPD and asthma share a wide array of symptoms and clinical signs that may impede differential diagnosis. However, the distinct signaling pathways regulating cough and airway hyperresponsiveness employ the interaction of different cells, molecules, and receptors. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) plays a major role in cough and airway inflammation. Consequently, its agonist, capsaicin, is of substantial interest in exploring the cellular effects and regulatory pathways that mediate these respiratory conditions. Increasingly more studies emphasize the use of capsaicin for the inhalation cough challenge, yet the involvement of TRPV1 in cough, bronchoconstriction, and the initiation of inflammation has not been entirely revealed. This review outlines a comparative perspective on the effects of capsaicin and its receptor in the pathophysiology of COPD and asthma, underlying the complex entanglement of molecular signals that bridge the alteration of cellular function with the multitude of clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Daniel Dumitrache
- Department of Pneumology IV, 'Marius Nasta' Institute of Pneumophtysiology, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Stefania Jieanu
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, 'Titu Maiorescu' University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Octavian Costache
- Department of Dermatology, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Simona Costache
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Clinic, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pathology, 'Colentina' University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Department of Immunology, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pathology, 'Colentina' University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 76201 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Prof. N.C. Paulescu' National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
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25
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Morris G, Walder K, Kloiber S, Amminger P, Berk M, Bortolasci CC, Maes M, Puri BK, Carvalho AF. The endocannabinoidome in neuropsychiatry: Opportunities and potential risks. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105729. [PMID: 34119623 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises two cognate endocannabinoid receptors referred to as CB1R and CB2R. ECS dysregulation is apparent in neurodegenerative/neuro-psychiatric disorders including but not limited to schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and potentially bipolar disorder. The aim of this paper is to review mechanisms whereby both receptors may interact with neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways, which play a pathophysiological role in these disorders. CB1R is located in the presynaptic terminals of GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons where it regulates the retrograde suppression of neurotransmission. CB1R plays a key role in long-term depression, and, to a lesser extent, long-term potentiation, thereby modulating synaptic transmission and mediating learning and memory. Optimal CB1R activity plays an essential neuroprotective role by providing a defense against the development of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, which is achieved, at least in part, by impeding AMPA-mediated increase in intracellular calcium overload and oxidative stress. Moreover, CB1R activity enables optimal neuron-glial communication and the function of the neurovascular unit. CB2R receptors are detected in peripheral immune cells and also in central nervous system regions including the striatum, basal ganglia, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala as well as the ventral tegmental area. CB2R upregulation inhibits the presynaptic release of glutamate in several brain regions. CB2R activation also decreases neuroinflammation partly by mediating the transition from a predominantly neurotoxic "M1" microglial phenotype to a more neuroprotective "M2" phenotype. CB1R and CB2R are thus novel drug targets for the treatment of neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative disorders including schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
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Ramal-Sanchez M, Bernabò N, Valbonetti L, Cimini C, Taraschi A, Capacchietti G, Machado-Simoes J, Barboni B. Role and Modulation of TRPV1 in Mammalian Spermatozoa: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4306. [PMID: 33919147 PMCID: PMC8122410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the abundance of scientific publications, the polymodal sensor TRPV1 is known as one of the most studied proteins within the TRP channel family. This receptor has been found in numerous cell types from different species as well as in spermatozoa. The present review is focused on analyzing the role played by this important channel in the post-ejaculatory life of spermatozoa, where it has been described to be involved in events such as capacitation, acrosome reaction, calcium trafficking, sperm migration, and fertilization. By performing an exhaustive bibliographic search, this review gathers, for the first time, all the modulators of the TRPV1 function that, to our knowledge, were described to date in different species and cell types. Moreover, all those modulators with a relationship with the reproductive process, either found in the female tract, seminal plasma, or spermatozoa, are presented here. Since the sperm migration through the female reproductive tract is one of the most intriguing and less understood events of the fertilization process, in the present work, chemotaxis, thermotaxis, and rheotaxis guiding mechanisms and their relationship with TRPV1 receptor are deeply analyzed, hypothesizing its (in)direct participation during the sperm migration. Last, TRPV1 is presented as a pharmacological target, with a special focus on humans and some pathologies in mammals strictly related to the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramal-Sanchez
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Valbonetti
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Cimini
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Angela Taraschi
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giulia Capacchietti
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Juliana Machado-Simoes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
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Topical Treatments and Their Molecular/Cellular Mechanisms in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathic Pain-Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040450. [PMID: 33810493 PMCID: PMC8067282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain in humans results from an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system at the peripheral or central level. Despite the considerable progress in pain management methods made to date, peripheral neuropathic pain significantly impacts patients' quality of life, as pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods often fail or induce side effects. Topical treatments are gaining popularity in the management of peripheral neuropathic pain, due to excellent safety profiles and preferences. Moreover, topical treatments applied locally may target the underlying mechanisms of peripheral sensitization and pain. Recent studies showed that peripheral sensitization results from interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells, with numerous signaling molecules and molecular/cellular targets involved. This narrative review discusses the molecular/cellular mechanisms of drugs available in topical formulations utilized in clinical practice and their effectiveness in clinical studies in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. We searched PubMed for papers published from 1 January 1995 to 30 November 2020. The key search phrases for identifying potentially relevant articles were "topical AND pain", "topical AND neuropathic", "topical AND treatment", "topical AND mechanism", "peripheral neuropathic", and "mechanism". The result of our search was 23 randomized controlled trials (RCT), 9 open-label studies, 16 retrospective studies, 20 case (series) reports, 8 systematic reviews, 66 narrative reviews, and 140 experimental studies. The data from preclinical studies revealed that active compounds of topical treatments exert multiple mechanisms of action, directly or indirectly modulating ion channels, receptors, proteins, and enzymes expressed by neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and thus contributing to antinociception. However, which mechanisms and the extent to which the mechanisms contribute to pain relief observed in humans remain unclear. The evidence from RCTs and reviews supports 5% lidocaine patches, 8% capsaicin patches, and botulinum toxin A injections as effective treatments in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. In turn, single RCTs support evidence of doxepin, funapide, diclofenac, baclofen, clonidine, loperamide, and cannabidiol in neuropathic pain states. Topical administration of phenytoin, ambroxol, and prazosin is supported by observational clinical studies. For topical amitriptyline, menthol, and gabapentin, evidence comes from case reports and case series. For topical ketamine and baclofen, data supporting their effectiveness are provided by both single RCTs and case series. The discussed data from clinical studies and observations support the usefulness of topical treatments in neuropathic pain management. This review may help clinicians in making decisions regarding whether and which topical treatment may be a beneficial option, particularly in frail patients not tolerating systemic pharmacotherapy.
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Costa FV, Rosa LV, Quadros VA, de Abreu MS, Santos ARS, Sneddon LU, Kalueff AV, Rosemberg DB. The use of zebrafish as a non-traditional model organism in translational pain research: the knowns and the unknowns. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:476-493. [PMID: 33719974 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210311104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the nervous system to detect a wide range of noxious stimuli is crucial to avoid life-threatening injury and to trigger protective behavioral and physiological responses. Pain represents a complex phenomenon, including nociception associated with cognitive and emotional processing. Animal experimental models have been developed to understand the mechanisms involved in pain response, as well as to discover novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological anti-pain therapies. Due to the genetic tractability, similar physiology, low cost, and rich behavioral repertoire, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a powerful aquatic model for modeling pain responses. Here, we summarize the molecular machinery of zebrafish to recognize painful stimuli, as well as emphasize how zebrafish-based pain models have been successfully used to understand specific molecular, physiological, and behavioral changes following different algogens and/or noxious stimuli (e.g., acetic acid, formalin, histamine, Complete Freund's Adjuvant, cinnamaldehyde, allyl isothiocyanate, and fin clipping). We also discuss recent advances in zebrafish-based studies and outline the potential advantages and limitations of the existing models to examine the mechanisms underlying pain responses from an evolutionary and translational perspective. Finally, we outline how zebrafish models can represent emergent tools to explore pain behaviors and pain-related mood disorders, as well as to facilitate analgesic therapy screening in translational pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano V Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria RS. Brazil
| | - Luiz V Rosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria RS. Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Quadros
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria RS. Brazil
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS. Brazil
| | - Adair R S Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC. Brazil
| | - Lynne U Sneddon
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg. Sweden
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg. Russian Federation
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria RS. Brazil
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Jansen C, Baker JD, Kodaira E, Ang L, Bacani AJ, Aldan JT, Shimoda LMN, Salameh M, Small-Howard AL, Stokes AJ, Turner H, Adra CN. Medicine in motion: Opportunities, challenges and data analytics-based solutions for traditional medicine integration into western medical practice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113477. [PMID: 33098971 PMCID: PMC7577282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional pharmacopeias have been developed by multiple cultures and evaluated for efficacy and safety through both historical/empirical iteration and more recently through controlled studies using Western scientific paradigms and an increasing emphasis on data science methodologies for network pharmacology. Traditional medicines represent likely sources of relatively inexpensive drugs for symptomatic management as well as potential libraries of new therapeutic approaches. Leveraging this potential requires hard evidence for efficacy that separates science from pseudoscience. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a review of non-Western medical systems and developed case studies that illustrate the epistemological and practical translative barriers that hamper their transition to integration with Western approaches. We developed a new data analytics approach, in silico convergence analysis, to deconvolve modes of action, and potentially predict desirable components of TM-derived formulations based on computational consensus analysis across cultures and medical systems. RESULTS Abstraction, simplification and altered dose and delivery modalities were identified as factors that influence actual and perceived efficacy once a medicine is moved from a non-Western to Western setting. Case studies on these factors highlighted issues with translation between non-Western and Western epistemologies, including those where epistemological and medicinal systems drive markets that can be epicenters for zoonoses such as the novel Coronavirus. The proposed novel data science approach demonstrated the ability to identify and predict desirable medicinal components for a test indication, pain. CONCLUSIONS Relegation of traditional therapies to the relatively unregulated nutraceutical industry may lead healthcare providers and patients to underestimate the therapeutic potential of these medicines. We suggest three areas of emphasis for this field: First, vertical integration and embedding of traditional medicines into healthcare systems would subject them to appropriate regulation and evidence-based practice, as viable integrative implementation mode. Second, we offer a new Bradford-Hill-like framework for setting research priorities and evaluating efficacy, with the goal of rescuing potentially valuable therapies from the nutraceutical market and discrediting those that are pseudoscience. Third, data analytics pipelines offer new capacity to generate new types of TMS-inspired medicines that are rationally-designed based on integrated knowledge across cultures, and also provide an evaluative framework against which to test claims of fidelity and efficacy to TMS made for nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jansen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
| | - J D Baker
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
| | - E Kodaira
- Medicinal Plant Garden, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - L Ang
- Undergraduate Program in Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
| | - A J Bacani
- Undergraduate Program in Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
| | - J T Aldan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA; Graduate Program in Public Health, Eastern Washington University, Spokane, WA, USA.
| | - L M N Shimoda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
| | - M Salameh
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.
| | | | - A J Stokes
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA; Hawai'i Data Science Institute, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA; The Adra Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - H Turner
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA; The Adra Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - C N Adra
- The Adra Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Marsh DT, Smid SD. Cannabis Phytochemicals: A Review of Phytocannabinoid Chemistry and Bioactivity as Neuroprotective Agents. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of medical cannabis usage globally, there has been a renewed interest in exploring the chemical diversity of this unique plant. Cannabis produces hundreds of unique phytocannabinoids, which not only have diverse chemical structures but also a range of cellular and molecular actions, interesting pharmacological properties, and biological actions. In addition, it produces other flavonoids, stilbenoids, and terpenes that have been variably described as conferring additional or so-called entourage effects to whole-plant extracts when used in therapeutic settings. This review explores this phytochemical diversity in relation to specific bioactivity ascribed to phytocannabinoids as neuroprotective agents. It outlines emergent evidence for the potential for selected phytocannabinoids and other cannabis phytochemicals to mitigate factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress as drivers of neurotoxicity, in addition to focusing on specific interactions with pathological misfolding proteins, such as amyloid β, associated with major forms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Heblinski M, Santiago M, Fletcher C, Stuart J, Connor M, McGregor IS, Arnold JC. Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Actions of Phytocannabinoids or Endocannabinoids on TRPA1 and TRPV1 Channels. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:305-317. [PMID: 33376801 PMCID: PMC7759271 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Cannabis sativa produces hundreds of bioactive compounds, including cannabinoids and terpenoids. It has been proposed that cannabinoids act in synergy with terpenoids to produce the entourage effect, a concept used to explain the therapeutic benefits of medicinal cannabis. One molecular explanation for the entourage effect is that the terpenoids augment the actions of cannabinoids at their molecular drug targets in cells. We recently reported that terpenoids commonly found in cannabis do not influence the functional effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) on cannabinoid 1 and cannabinoid 2 receptors. The present study aimed to extend on this research by examining whether terpenoids influence the effects of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids on human transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (hTRPA1) and human transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (hTRPV1) channels heterologously expressed in mammalian cells. Materials and Methods: The activity of terpenoids, phytocannabinoids, and endocannabinoids was assessed in inducible HEK Flp-In T-Rex cells transfected with hTRPA1 and hTRPV1 channels, respectively. Real-time changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca]i) were measured using the Calcium 5 dye and a FlexStation 3 plate reader. Results: α-pinene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, linalool, limonene, β-myrcene or α-humulene did not affect [Ca]i in hTRPA1 and hTRPV1 overexpressing cells. Cinnamaldehyde (CA), Δ9-THC, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) activated TRPA1 receptors with high efficacy and similar potency (EC50s of ∼10 μM). Capsaicin and anandamide (AEA) activated TRPV1 receptors with an EC50 of 61 nM and 4.3 μM, respectively, but TRPV1 showed no response to Δ9-THC, cannabidiol, and other minor cannabinoids. Terpenoids did not significantly affect the responses of TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors to submaximal and maximal concentrations of CA and Δ9-THC or the endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG. Discussion: We could not find any evidence that the terpenoids tested here activate TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels or modulate their activation by Δ9-THC and other agonists, including endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Heblinski
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, Australia
| | - Charlotte Fletcher
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Muller C, Reggio PH. An Analysis of the Putative CBD Binding Site in the Ionotropic Cannabinoid Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:615811. [PMID: 33362478 PMCID: PMC7755602 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.615811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been long studied for their therapeutic properties, particularly for their use in the treatment of pain. As new therapies are sought after to treat conditions of chronic pain, so is a better understanding of the ligands and their target receptors or channels. A recently published cryo-EM structure showed the putative binding location of a well-known cannabinoid ligand, cannabidiol (CBD), in TRPV2, a channel that has been implicated in inflammation and chronic pain. TRPV2, along with TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPA1, and TRPM8 all have the capability to be modulated by cannabinoid ligands and are located in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we analyze the putative CBD binding site in each of these channels and compare structural and sequential information with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Perin P, Mabou Tagne A, Enrico P, Marino F, Cosentino M, Pizzala R, Boselli C. Cannabinoids, Inner Ear, Hearing, and Tinnitus: A Neuroimmunological Perspective. Front Neurol 2020; 11:505995. [PMID: 33329293 PMCID: PMC7719758 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.505995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for recreational and therapeutic purposes. Whereas, the recreative uses are based on the psychotropic effect of some of its compounds, its therapeutic effects range over a wide spectrum of actions, most of which target the brain or the immune system. Several studies have found cannabinoid receptors in the auditory system, both at peripheral and central levels, thus raising the interest in cannabinoid signaling in hearing, and especially in tinnitus, which is affected also by anxiety, memory, and attention circuits where cannabinoid effects are well described. Available studies on animal models of tinnitus suggest that cannabinoids are not likely to be helpful in tinnitus treatment and could even be harmful. However, the pharmacology of cannabinoids is very complex, and most studies focused on neural CB1R-based responses. Cannabinoid effects on the immune system (where CB2Rs predominate) are increasingly recognized as essential in understanding nervous system pathological responses, and data on immune cannabinoid targets have emerged in the auditory system as well. In addition, nonclassical cannabinoid targets (such as TRP channels) appear to play an important role in the auditory system as well. This review will focus on neuroimmunological mechanisms for cannabinoid effects and their possible use as protective and therapeutic agents in the ear and auditory system, especially in tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perin
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Pizzala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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34
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Vigli D, Cosentino L, Pellas M, De Filippis B. Chronic Treatment with Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) Reduces Thermal Pain Sensitivity in Male Mice and Rescues the Hyperalgesia in a Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome. Neuroscience 2020; 453:113-123. [PMID: 33010341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurologic disorder, characterized by severe behavioural and physiological symptoms. RTT is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene in about 95% of cases and to date no cure is available. Recent evidence suggests that non-euphoric phytocannabinoids (pCBs) extracted from Cannabis sativa may represent innovative therapeutic molecules for RTT, with the cannabinoid cannabidivarin having beneficial effects on behavioural and brain molecular alterations in RTT mouse models. The present study evaluated the potential therapeutic efficacy for RTT of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA; 0.2, 2, 20 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injections for 14 days), a pCB that has proved to be effective for the treatment of nausea and anxiety in rodents. This study demonstrates that systemic treatment with the low dose of CBDA has anti-nociceptive effects and reduces the thermal hyperalgesia in 8 month-old MeCP2-308 male mice, a validated RTT mouse model. CBDA did not affect other behavioural or molecular parameters. These results provide support to the antinociceptive effects of CBDA and stress the need for further studies aimed at clarifying the mechanisms underlying the abnormal pain perception in RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vigli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Cosentino
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Pellas
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca De Filippis
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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35
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Duitama M, Vargas-López V, Casas Z, Albarracin SL, Sutachan JJ, Torres YP. TRP Channels Role in Pain Associated With Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:782. [PMID: 32848557 PMCID: PMC7417429 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) are cation channels expressed in both non-excitable and excitable cells from diverse tissues, including heart, lung, and brain. The TRP channel family includes 28 isoforms activated by physical and chemical stimuli, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and noxious stimuli. Recently, it has been shown that TRP channels are also directly or indirectly activated by reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and TRP channels are involved in the progression of those diseases by mechanisms involving changes in the crosstalk between Ca2+ regulation, oxidative stress, and production of inflammatory mediators. TRP channels involved in nociception include members of the TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, and TRPC subfamilies that transduce physical and chemical noxious stimuli. It has also been reported that pain is a complex issue in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and adequate management of pain in those conditions is still in discussion. TRPV1 has a role in neuroinflammation, a critical mechanism involved in neurodegeneration. Therefore, some studies have considered TRPV1 as a target for both pain treatment and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, this review aimed to describe the TRP-dependent mechanism that can mediate pain sensation in neurodegenerative diseases and the therapeutic approach available to palliate pain and neurodegenerative symptoms throughout the regulation of these channels.
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36
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Assis DB, Aragão Neto HDC, da Fonsêca DV, de Andrade HHN, Braga RM, Badr N, Maia MDS, Castro RD, Scotti L, Scotti MT, de Almeida RN. Antinociceptive Activity of Chemical Components of Essential Oils That Involves Docking Studies: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:777. [PMID: 32547391 PMCID: PMC7272657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pain is considered an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, being considered as one of the most important causes of human suffering. Computational chemistry associated with bioinformatics has stood out in the process of developing new drugs, through natural products, to manage this condition. OBJECTIVE To analyze, through literature data, recent molecular coupling studies on the antinociceptive activity of essential oils and monoterpenes. DATA SOURCE Systematic search of the literature considering the years of publications between 2005 and December 2019, in the electronic databases PubMed and Science Direct. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Were considered as criteria of 1) Biological activity: non-clinical effects of an OE and/or monoterpenes on antinociceptive activity based on animal models and in silico analysis, 2) studies with plant material: chemically characterized essential oils and/or their constituents isolated, 3) clinical and non-clinical studies with in silico analysis to assess antinociceptive activity, 4) articles published in English. Exclusion criteria were literature review, report or case series, meta-analysis, theses, dissertations, and book chapter. RESULTS Of 16,006 articles, 16 articles fulfilled all the criteria. All selected studies were non-clinical. The most prominent plant families used were Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, and Lauraceae. Among the phytochemicals studied were α-Terpineol, 3-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N'-[2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene] propane hydrazide, β-cyclodextrin complexed with citronellal, (-)-α-bisabolol, β-cyclodextrin complexed with farnesol, and p-Cymene. The softwares used for docking studies were Molegro Virtual Docker, Sybyl®X, Vlife MDS, AutoDock Vina, Hex Protein Docking, and AutoDock 4.2 in PyRx 0.9. The molecular targets/complexes used were Nitric Oxide Synthase, COX-2, GluR2-S1S2, TRPV1, β-CD complex, CaV1, CaV2.1, CaV2.2, and CaV2.3, 5-HT receptor, delta receptor, kappa receptor, and MU (μ) receptor, alpha adrenergic, opioid, and serotonergic receptors, muscarinic receptors and GABAA opioid and serotonin receptors, 5-HT3 and M2 receptors. Many of the covered studies used molecular coupling to investigate the mechanism of action of various compounds, as well as molecular dynamics to investigate the stability of protein-ligand complexes. CONCLUSIONS The studies revealed that through the advancement of more robust computational techniques that complement the experimental studies, they may allow some notes on the identification of a new candidate molecule for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davidson Barbosa Assis
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Vilar da Fonsêca
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Humberto Hugo Nunes de Andrade
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Renan Marinho Braga
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Nader Badr
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mayara dos Santos Maia
- Cheminformatics Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dias Castro
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Cheminformatics Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Cheminformatics Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Lima MDCL, de Araújo JIF, Gonçalves Mota C, Magalhães FEA, Campos AR, da Silva PT, Rodrigues THS, Matos MGC, de Sousa KC, de Sousa MB, Saker-Sampaio S, Pereira AL, Teixeira EH, Dos Santos HS. Antinociceptive Effect of the Essential Oil of Schinus terebinthifolius (female) Leaves on Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2020; 17:112-119. [PMID: 32105571 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) is popularly known in Brazil as aroeira-da-praia and has pharmacological use as an astringent, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, and antifebrile agent. Although the neuropathic antinociceptive potential of S. terebinthifolius fruits has already been investigated, this study is the first one to analyze the acute antinociceptive effect of the essential oil of S. terebinthifolius (female) leaves (EOFSt) on adult zebrafish. EOFSt was submitted to antioxidant activity evaluation by two methods (ferrous ion-chelating capacity [FIC] and β-carotene). The animals (n = 6/group) were treated orally (20 μL) with EOFSt (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/mL) or vehicle (0.9% sodium chloride [NaCl]; 20 μL), and submitted to nociception (formalin, cinnamaldehyde, capsaicin, glutamate, acidic saline, and hypertonic saline). Possible neuromodulation mechanisms, as well motor alterations and toxicity were also evaluated. In the FIC assay, EOFSt showed ferrous ion-chelating capacity in ∼40% to 90%. Regarding the β-carotene bleaching assay, EOFSt showed inhibition in a 58% to 80% range. Oral administration of EOFSt showed no acute toxicity and did not alter the locomotor system of aZF, and reduced the nociceptive behavior in all tested models. These effects of EOFSt were significantly similar to those of morphine, used as a positive control. The antinociceptive effect of EOFSt was inhibited by naloxone, L-NAME, ketamine, camphor, ruthenium red, and amiloride. The antinociceptive effect of the EOFSt cornea was inhibited by capsazepine. EOFSt has the pharmacological potential for acute pain treatment and this effect is modulated by the opioid system, NMDA receptors, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and acid-sensing ion channels. The EOFSt also has the pharmacological potential for corneal pain treatment and this effect is modulated by the TRPV1 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Conceição L Lima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Bioprospecting and Biotechnology (LBPNB), Ceara State University, Department of Chemistry, Campus CECITEC, Tauá, Brazil
| | - José Ismael F de Araújo
- Laboratory of Natural Product Bioprospecting and Biotechnology (LBPNB), Ceara State University, Department of Chemistry, Campus CECITEC, Tauá, Brazil
| | - Carolina Gonçalves Mota
- Laboratory of Natural Product Bioprospecting and Biotechnology (LBPNB), Ceara State University, Department of Chemistry, Campus CECITEC, Tauá, Brazil
| | - Francisco Ernani A Magalhães
- Laboratory of Natural Product Bioprospecting and Biotechnology (LBPNB), Ceara State University, Department of Chemistry, Campus CECITEC, Tauá, Brazil
| | - Adriana R Campos
- Experimental Biology Nucleus (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Priscila T da Silva
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karolina C de Sousa
- Laboratory of Marine Natural Products, Department of Fishing Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Márcia B de Sousa
- Institute of Exact and Nature Sciences, Biological Sciences Course, University of the Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Silvana Saker-Sampaio
- Laboratory of Marine Natural Products, Department of Fishing Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anna L Pereira
- Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS), Federal University of Ceara, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Edson H Teixeira
- Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS), Federal University of Ceara, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil.,Science and Technology Center-Chemistry Course, State University of Vale do Acarau, Sobral, Brazil
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38
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Jansen C, Shimoda L, Kawakami J, Ang L, Bacani A, Baker J, Badowski C, Speck M, Stokes A, Small-Howard A, Turner H. Myrcene and terpene regulation of TRPV1. Channels (Austin) 2019; 13:344-366. [PMID: 31446830 PMCID: PMC6768052 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1654347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociceptive Transient Receptor Potential channels such as TRPV1 are targets for treating pain. Both antagonism and agonism of TRP channels can promote analgesia, through inactivation and chronic desensitization. Since plant-derived mixtures of cannabinoids and the Cannabis component myrcene have been suggested as pain therapeutics, we screened terpenes found in Cannabis for activity at TRPV1. We used inducible expression of TRPV1 to examine TRPV1-dependency of terpene-induced calcium flux responses. Terpenes contribute differentially to calcium fluxes via TRPV1 induced by Cannabis-mimetic cannabinoid/terpenoid mixtures. Myrcene dominates the TRPV1-mediated calcium responses seen with terpenoid mixtures. Myrcene-induced calcium influx is inhibited by the TRPV1 inhibitor capsazepine and Myrcene elicits TRPV1 currents in the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. TRPV1 currents are highly sensitive to internal calcium. When Myrcene currents are evoked, they are distinct from capsaicin responses on the basis of Imax and their lack of shift to a pore-dilated state. Myrcene pre-application and residency at TRPV1 appears to negatively impact subsequent responses to TRPV1 ligands such as Cannabidiol, indicating allosteric modulation and possible competition by Myrcene. Molecular docking studies suggest a non-covalent interaction site for Myrcene in TRPV1 and identifies key residues that form partially overlapping Myrcene and Cannabidiol binding sites. We identify several non-Cannabis plant-derived sources of Myrcene and other compounds targeting nociceptive TRPs using a data mining approach focused on analgesics suggested by non-Western Traditional Medical Systems. These data establish TRPV1 as a target of Myrcene and suggest the therapeutic potential of analgesic formulations containing Myrcene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jansen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - L.M.N Shimoda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - J.K. Kawakami
- Department of Chemistry, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - L. Ang
- Undergraduate Program in Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - A.J. Bacani
- Undergraduate Program in Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - J.D. Baker
- Department of Biology, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - C. Badowski
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - M. Speck
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - A.J. Stokes
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - H Turner
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, USA
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