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Charusalaipong P, Gordon MJ, Cantlay L, De Souza N, Horgan GW, Bates R, Gratz SW. Frequent Dietary Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in UK Children and Its Association with Dietary Intake. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:251. [PMID: 38922145 PMCID: PMC11209425 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are potent fungal toxins that frequently contaminate agricultural crops and foods. Mycotoxin exposure is frequently reported in humans, and children are known to be particularly at risk of exceeding safe levels of exposure. Urinary biomonitoring is used to assess overall dietary exposure to multiple mycotoxins. This study aims to quantify multi-mycotoxin exposure in UK children and to identify major food groups contributing to exposure. Four repeat urine samples were collected from 29 children (13 boys and 16 girls, aged 2.4-6.8 years), and food diaries were recorded to assess their exposure to eleven mycotoxins. Urine samples (n = 114) were hydrolysed with β-glucuronidase, enriched through immunoaffinity columns and analysed by LC-MS/MS for deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2/HT-2 toxins, zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxins. Food diaries were analysed using WinDiet software, and the daily intake of high-risk foods for mycotoxin contamination summarised. The most prevalent mycotoxins found in urine samples were DON (95.6% of all samples), OTA (88.6%), HT-2 toxin (53.5%), ZEN (48.2%) and NIV (26.3%). Intake of total cereal-based foods was strongly positively associated with urinary levels of DON and T-2/HT-2 and oat intake with urinary T-2/HT-2. Average daily mycotoxin excretion ranged from 12.10 µg/d (DON) to 0.03 µg/d (OTA), and co-exposure to three or more mycotoxins was found in 66% of samples. Comparing mycotoxin intake estimates to tolerable daily intakes (TDI) demonstrates frequent TDI exceedances (DON 34.2% of all samples, T-2/HT-2 14.9%, NIV 4.4% and ZEN 5.2%). OTA was frequently detected at low levels. When mean daily OTA intake was compared to the reference value for non-neoplastic lesions, the resulting Margin of Exposure (MoE) of 65 was narrow, indicating a health concern. In conclusion, this study demonstrates frequent exposure of UK children to multiple mycotoxins at levels high enough to pose a health concern if exposure is continuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praosiri Charusalaipong
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (P.C.); (M.-J.G.); (L.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Margaret-Jane Gordon
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (P.C.); (M.-J.G.); (L.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Louise Cantlay
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (P.C.); (M.-J.G.); (L.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Nicosha De Souza
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BioSS), Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (N.D.S.); (G.W.H.)
| | - Graham W. Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BioSS), Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (N.D.S.); (G.W.H.)
| | - Ruth Bates
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (P.C.); (M.-J.G.); (L.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Silvia W. Gratz
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (P.C.); (M.-J.G.); (L.C.); (R.B.)
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang M, Li C, Wang W, Suo Y, Song F. Population Genetic Analyses and Trichothecene Genotype Profiling of Fusarium pseudograminearum Causing Wheat Crown Rot in Henan, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:240. [PMID: 38667911 PMCID: PMC11051422 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In China, Fusarium pseudograminearum has emerged as a major pathogen causing Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and caused significant losses. Studies on the pathogen's properties, especially its mating type and trichothecene chemotypes, are critical with respect to disease epidemiology and food/feed safety. There are currently few available reports on these issues. This study investigated the species composition, mating type idiomorphs, and trichothecene genotypes of Fusarium spp. causing FCR in Henan, China. A significant shift in F. pseudograminearum-induced FCR was found in the present study. Of the 144 purified strains, 143 were F. pseudograminearum, whereas only 1 Fusarium graminearum was identified. Moreover, a significant trichothecene-producing capability of F. pseudograminearum strains from Henan was observed in this work. Among the 143 F. pseudograminearum strains identified, F. pseudograminearum with a 15ADON genotype was found to be predominant (133 isolates), accounting for 92.36% of all strains, followed by F. pseudograminearum with a 3ADON genotype, whereas only one NIV genotype strain was detected. Overall, a relatively well-balanced 1:1 ratio of the F. pseudograminearum population was found in Henan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has examined the Fusarium populations responsible for FCR across the Henan wheat-growing region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Zhang
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Plant Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China;
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Chunying Li
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yujuan Suo
- Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (M.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Fengping Song
- Plant Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China;
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Chen M, Liu W, Xiang P, Xu L, Tang Y, Kong R, Yang S, Yan H, Di B. Development of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of multiple mycotoxins in human urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37315076 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2222842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of 17 mycotoxins in human urine. The method incorporates a two-step liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate:acetonitrile (7:1), which had good extraction recovery. The LOQs of all mycotoxins ranged from 0.1 to 1 ng/mL. Intra-day accuracy ranged from 94 to 106%, and intra-day precision ranged from 1 to 12% for all mycotoxins. Inter-day accuracy and precision were 95-105% and 2-8%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to investigate the urine levels of 17 mycotoxins from 42 volunteers. Deoxynivalenol (DON, 0.97-9.88 ng/mL) was detected in 10 (24%) urine samples and zearalenone (ZEN, 0.13-1.11 ng/mL) in 2 (5%) urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Linhao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yiling Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ran Kong
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Wang L, Yan Z, Zhao QY, Liu N, Yu DZ, Jia BX, Li KL, Gao Y, Wu AB. A prospective study of total urinary deoxynivalenol in adolescents in Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135727. [PMID: 35863411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure during puberty because experimental evidence shows that DON-exposed to adolescents are more sensitive to DON and have limited detoxification ability. Nevertheless, there have been few surveys of DON exposure for adolescents in China. Furthermore, little is known about the effects of collection times on risk exposure. In the study, we estimated the risk of DON exposure for adolescents in Shanghai and explore the effects of collection time, areas, sex and BMI on intake estimates. A total of 315 adolescents aged 14-16 years, including 161 boys and 154 girls, were recruited. Urine samples were collected for three consecutive days and digested with β-glucuronidase and then purified using a DON-immunoaffinity column (IAC). Total deoxynivalenol levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in combination with a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA). DON was detected in 945 morning urine samples taken from 315 individuals for three consecutive days. The mean estimated dietary intake of DON did not exceed the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of l μg/kg·bw/day, showing that exposure of adolescents in Shanghai is not of concern. However, 10-20% of probable daily intake (PDI) values exceed the TDI, indicating potential adverse effects. In addition, the DON concentration at the population level did not differ for urine samples collected at different times except for those of overweight adolescents. Therefore, assessment of exposure to DON by monitoring the morning urine of a healthy adolescent, except for overweight people, provides an appropriate estimate of exposure and related risk at the population level, but intake estimates for individuals are uncertain; these could be used to assess exposure of adolescents to DON rapidly and effectively for epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qian Yu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Na Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dian Zhen Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bing Xuan Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Kai Lin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ying Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ai Bo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Penczynski KJ, Cramer B, Dietrich S, Humpf HU, Abraham K, Weikert C. Mycotoxins in Serum and 24-h Urine of Vegans and Omnivores from the Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet (RBVD) Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100874. [PMID: 35072972 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Scope Vegans might have a higher exposure to mycotoxins due to their heightened consumption of typical mycotoxin containing food sources. Yet, data on internal exposure among vegans in comparison to omnivores are currently lacking. Methods and Results This cross-sectional study included 36 vegans and 36 omnivores (50% females, 30-60 years). A set of 28 and 27 mycotoxins was analyzed in 24-h urine and serum samples, respectively, by validated multi-mycotoxin methods (HPLC-MS/MS). Ochratoxin A (OTA), 2'R-OTA, and enniatin B in serum as well as deoxynivalenol-glucuronide in 24-h urine were quantified in 57 to 100% of the samples. Serum OTA levels were twofold higher in vegans than in omnivores (median 0.24 versus 0.12 ng/mL; P <0.0001). No further significant differences were observed. Serum OTA levels were associated with intake of "vegan products" (r = 0.50, P <0.0001) and "pasta & rice" (r = 0.33, P = 0.006). Sensitivity analyses advise cautious interpretation. Furthermore, serum levels of 2'R-OTA were related to coffee consumption (r = 0.64, P <0.0001). Conclusion Our results indicate a higher exposure of vegans to OTA, but not to other mycotoxins. However, larger studies with repeated measurements are required to better evaluate the exposure to mycotoxins from plant-based diets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Penczynski
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Stefan Dietrich
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weikert
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, 10589, Germany
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Eriksen GS, Knutsen HK, Sandvik M, Brantsæter AL. Urinary deoxynivalenol as a biomarker of exposure in different age, life stage and dietary practice population groups. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106804. [PMID: 34352564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified forms are present in most samples of grain and grain-based products. Due to the widespread presence of DON in these highly consumed food commodities, nearly all individuals are exposed to DON. Previous estimates of the dietary DON intake in Norway indicated that children's dietary intake is close to or exceed the TDI of 1 µg/kg bw/day for the sum of DON and three modified forms. One aim of the current study was to determine whether the concentrations of DON in morning urine differ between population groups like men, women, children, vegetarians, and pregnant women. An additional aim was to compare a set of models for estimating the dietary intake of DON based on urinary DON concentrations and also compare these models with DON-intakes estimated using food consumption data. DON and metabolites were detected in the morning urine from 256 out of 257 individuals and with concentrations in similar range as reported from other countries. Children have higher urinary DON-concentration than adults and elderly. The urinary DON-concentration in pregnant women and vegetarians did not differ from other adults. The estimated intake of DON was higher for children than for other age groups on a body weight basis. The correlations between different models for estimating DON-intake based on urinary concentration as well as based on individual food consumption were good (0.79-0.99), but with some outliers. We conclude that Norwegians are exposed to DON in the same range as reported from other countries and that children have a higher exposure than adults. Furthermore, we conclude that intake estimates based on urinary DON concentration is a useful tool for evaluation of the exposure at population level, but due to outliers, the estimates for individuals are uncertain. There are also uncertainties in intake estimates both from food consumption and from urinary DON concentration, and we could not conclude on which approach provides the most accurate exposure estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helle K Knutsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Brantsæter
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Wang X, Qiu N, Zhang C, Zhou S, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Gong YY. Comprehensive dietary and internal exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol contamination in a high-risk area in China using duplicate diet studies and urinary biomarkers. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ali N, Manirujjaman M, Rana S, Degen GH. Determination of aflatoxin M 1 and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in infants and children urines from Bangladesh. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3775-3786. [PMID: 32880717 PMCID: PMC7603468 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are found worldwide in crops and dietary staples. The prevalence and levels of these contaminants can vary greatly, and data in Bangladeshi food commodities are scarce. To characterize human exposure, we have conducted biomonitoring, analyzing AFM1 (a metabolite of AFB1) and DON levels in urines of adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Yet, AFM1 and DON occurrence has not been studied in the very young population of this country. Thus, the same methods, HPLC-FD for AFM1 and LC-MS/MS for DON analysis, were now applied to determine these biomarkers in urines of infants (n = 49) and young children (n = 105) in Rajshahi and Dhaka district. Overall, AFM1 and DON detection frequency was 43.5% and 33.4%, with 34.7% and 11.5% in infant and 47.6% and 39.4% in children urines, respectively. The mean AFM1 levels in all infants (9.1 ± 14.3, max 55.6 pg/mL) and children (8.8 ± 12.9, max 75.3 pg/mL) were not significantly different. The AFM1 mean level was slightly higher in Dhaka (9.4 ± 12.4) compared to Rajshahi (8.5 ± 13.9 pg/mL) district. The average DON level was about 2-fold higher in infant (3.8 ± 2.9, max 6.8 ng/mL) than children urines (1.6 ± 1.8, max 8.6 ng/mL), and higher in Rajshahi (2.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL) than Dhaka (1.4 ± 1.6 ng/mL) district. The biomarker-based estimated average daily DON intake (29.6 ± 108.3 ng/kg bw in infants and 36.4 ± 81.8 ng/kg bw in children) or the maximum exposure (560 ng/kg bw) do not exceed the current maximum provisional tolerable daily intake value of 1 µg/kg bw for DON, although DON exposure in infants and children is higher than that of Bangladeshi adults. The AFM1 urine levels in young children are somewhat lower than those found previously in adult cohorts in Bangladesh, but the frequent detection of this biomarker for AFB1 exposure raises further concerns, also for this vulnerable part of the population. Therefore, continuous surveillance for aflatoxins in Bangladeshi food commodities is clearly required, first to identify major sources of intake and then to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - M. Manirujjaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, 1344 Bangladesh
| | - Sohel Rana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Gratz SW, Currie V, Duncan G, Jackson D. Multimycotoxin Exposure Assessment in UK Children Using Urinary Biomarkers-A Pilot Survey. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:351-357. [PMID: 31826612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cereal foods are commonly contaminated with multiple mycotoxins resulting in frequent human mycotoxin exposure. Children are at risk of high-level exposure because of their high cereal intake relative to body weight. Hence, this study aims to assess multimycotoxin exposure in UK children using urinary biomarkers. Spot urines (n = 21) were analyzed for multimycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON; nivalenol, NIV; ochratoxin A, OTA; zearalenone, ZEN; α-zearalenol, α-ZEL; β-zearalenol, β-ZEL; T-2 toxin, T-2; HT-2 toxin, HT-2; and aflatoxin B1 and M1, AFB1, AFM1) using liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Urine samples frequently contained DON (13.10 ± 12.69 ng/mL), NIV (0.36 ± 0.16 ng/mL), OTA (0.05 ± 0.02 ng/mL), and ZEN (0.09 ± 0.07 ng/mL). Some samples (1-3) contained T-2, HT-2, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL but not aflatoxins. Dietary mycotoxin estimation showed that children were frequently exposed to levels exceeding the tolerable daily intake (52 and 95% of cases for DON and OTA). This demonstrates that UK children are exposed to multiple mycotoxins through their habitual diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia W Gratz
- Rowett Institute , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , AB25 2ZD , Aberdeen , U.K
| | - Valerie Currie
- Rowett Institute , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , AB25 2ZD , Aberdeen , U.K
| | - Gary Duncan
- Rowett Institute , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , AB25 2ZD , Aberdeen , U.K
| | - Diane Jackson
- Rowett Institute , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , AB25 2ZD , Aberdeen , U.K
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10
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Martins C, Assunção R, Nunes C, Torres D, Alvito P. Are Data from Mycotoxins’ Urinary Biomarkers and Food Surveys Linked? A Review Underneath Risk Assessment. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Martins
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R. Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C. Nunes
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D. Torres
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P. Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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De Santis B, Debegnach F, Miano B, Moretti G, Sonego E, Chiaretti A, Buonsenso D, Brera C. Determination of Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in Italian Urine Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E441. [PMID: 31349679 PMCID: PMC6722612 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin mainly produced by Fusariumgraminearum that can contaminate cereals and cereal-based foodstuff. Urinary DON levels can be used as biomarker for exposure assessment purposes. This study assessed urinary DON concentrations in Italian volunteers recruited by age group, namely children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. In addition, vulnerable groups, namely vegetarians and pregnant women, were included in the study. To determine the urinary DON, its glucuronide and de-epoxydated (DOM-1) forms, an indirect analytical approach was used, measuring free DON and total DON (as sum of free and glucuronides forms), before and after enzymatic treatment, respectively. Morning urine samples were collected on two consecutive days, from six different population groups, namely children, adolescent, adults, elderly, vegetarians and pregnant women. Total DON was measured in the 76% of the collected samples with the maximum incidences in children and adolescent age group. Urine samples from children and adolescent also showed the highest total DON levels, up to 17.0 ng/mgcreat. Pregnant women had the lowest positive samples per category (40% for day 1 and 43% for day 2, respectively), low mean levels of total DON (down to 2.84 ng/mgcreat) and median equal to 0 ng/mgcreat. Estimation of DON dietary intake reveals that 7.5% of the total population exceeds the TDI of 1 μg/kg bw/day set for DON, with children showing 40% of individuals surpassing this value (male, day 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Santis
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Brunella Miano
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giorgio Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Sonego
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiaretti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma-Italia-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma-Italia-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Brera
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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12
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Al-Jaal BA, Jaganjac M, Barcaru A, Horvatovich P, Latiff A. Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001–2018. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Papageorgiou M, Wells L, Williams C, White KL, De Santis B, Liu Y, Debegnach F, Miano B, Moretti G, Greetham S, Brera C, Atkin SL, Hardie LJ, Sathyapalan T. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in an elderly cohort in the UK: a biomonitoring approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2032-2044. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1508890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papageorgiou
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Liz Wells
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Courtney Williams
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kay L.M. White
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Food Chemical Risk, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Yunru Liu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Food Chemical Risk, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Brunella Miano
- Public Health and Risk Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Brera
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Food Chemical Risk, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen L. Atkin
- Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar
| | - Laura J. Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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14
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Deng C, Li C, Zhou S, Wang X, Xu H, Wang D, Gong YY, Routledge MN, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Risk assessment of deoxynivalenol in high-risk area of China by human biomonitoring using an improved high throughput UPLC-MS/MS method. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3901. [PMID: 29497102 PMCID: PMC5832810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A risk assessment of deoxynivalenol (DON) was recently conducted for the residents in Henan province, China, where wheat as the staple food are highly consumed. A high-throughput sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method following 96-well μElution solid-phase extraction (SPE) were developed and validated for the determination of DON biomarkers in human urine. Isotope labelled internal standard, 13C-DON, was used for accurate quantification. Urinary samples collected from 151 healthy Chinese aged 2-78 years were processed with and without enzyme hydrolysis to determine total and free biomarkers, respectively. DON, and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) to a lesser extent, can be frequently detected in these samples both with and without enzyme hydrolysis. Free DOM-1 was detected at low level in human urine for the first time. Total DON was detected in all samples with a mean concentration at 47.6 ng mL-1. The mean and median probable daily intakes (PDI) for the whole participants, estimated to be 1.61 μg/kg bw and 1.10 μg/kg bw, both exceeded the PMTDI (1 μg/kg bw/day), indicating a potential risk for the residents in this area, especially for children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Deng
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Chenglong Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Haibin Xu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Yunfeng Zhao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, PR China
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15
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Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in UK Children and Adolescents. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020050. [PMID: 29360781 PMCID: PMC5848151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), the mycotoxin produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and found in contaminated cereal-based foodstuff, has been consistently detected in body fluids in adults. Available data in children and adolescents are scarce. This study assessed urinary DON concentrations in children aged 3-9 years (n = 40) and adolescents aged 10-17 years (n = 39) in the UK. Morning urine samples were collected over two consecutive days and analysed for free DON (un-metabolised form), DON-glucuronides (DON-GlcA), deepoxy deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), and total DON (sum of free DON, DON-GlcA, and DOM-1). Total DON was detected in the urine of >95% of children and adolescents on both days. Mean total DON concentrations (ng/mg creatinine) were 41.6 and 21.0 for children and adolescents, respectively. The greatest total DON levels were obtained in female children on both days (214 and 219 ng/mg creatinine on days 1 and 2, respectively). Free DON and DON-GlcA were detected in most urine specimens, whereas DOM-1 was not present in any sample. Estimation of dietary DON exposure suggested that 33-63% of children and 5-46% of adolescents exceeded current guidance regarding the maximum provisional tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for DON. Although moderate mean urinary DON concentrations were shown, the high detection frequency of urinary DON, the maximum biomarker concentrations, and estimated dietary DON exposure are concerning.
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16
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Pitt JI, Miller JD. A Concise History of Mycotoxin Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7021-7033. [PMID: 27960261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins entered human food supplies about the time when mankind first began to cultivate crops and to store them from one season to the next, perhaps 10,000 years ago. The storage of cereals probably initiated the transition by mankind from hunter-gatherer to cultivator, at the same time providing a vast new ecological niche for fungi pathogenic on grain crops or saprophytic on harvested grain, many of which produced mycotoxins. Grains have always been the major source of mycotoxins in the diet of man and his domestic animals. In the historical context, ergotism from Claviceps purpurea in rye has been known probably for more than 2000 years and caused the deaths of many thousands of people in Europe in the last millennium. Known in Japan since the 17th century, acute cardiac beriberi associated with the consumption of moldy rice was found to be due to citreoviridin produced by Penicillium citreonigrum. This toxin was believed to be only of historic importance until its reemergence in Brazil a few years ago. Other Penicillium toxins, including ochratoxin A, once considered to be a possible cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy, are treated in a historical context. The role of Fusarium toxins in human and animal health, especially T-2 toxin in alimentary toxic aleukia in Russia in the 1940s and fumonisins in equine leucoencephalomalasia, is set out in some detail. Finally, this paper documents the story of the research that led to our current understanding of the formation of aflatoxins in grains and nuts, due to the growth of Aspergillus flavus and its role, in synergy with the hepatitis B virus, in human liver cancer. During a period of climate change and greatly reduced crop diversity on a global basis, researchers tasked with monitoring the food system need to be aware of fungal toxins that might have been rare in their working careers that can reappear.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crops, Agricultural/chemistry
- Crops, Agricultural/history
- Crops, Agricultural/microbiology
- Food Contamination/analysis
- Fungi/genetics
- Fungi/metabolism
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Ancient
- History, Medieval
- Humans
- Mycotoxins/chemistry
- Mycotoxins/history
- Mycotoxins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Pitt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food , P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, New South Wales 1670, Australia
| | - J David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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17
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Zhao L, Apaliya MT, Yang Q, Sun W, Zhang X, Zhang H. Screening of Deoxynivalenol Producing Strains and Elucidation of Possible Toxigenic Molecular Mechanism. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060184. [PMID: 28587179 PMCID: PMC5488034 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, seven strains of Fusarium graminearum were isolated from wheat, of which six were identified to produce deoxynivalenol and the production of deoxynivalenol was assessed. F. graminearum strain Fg1 was noted to produce 1.0 μg/g deoxynivalenol during the incubation period in the Czapek yeast broth, while none was detected in F. graminearum strain Fg2. Hence, the differences in proteomes and transcriptomes of Fg1 and Fg2 were compared to analyze the mechanism underlying deoxynivalenol production. Among the 66 significantly differentially expressed proteins in Fg1, 39 and 27 were more or less abundant expressed. Functional analysis suggested that the enzymes involved in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate and mevalonate pathways, which provide a substrate for biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a precursor of DON, were activated in Fg1. The transcriptomics data demonstrated that the expression level of a majority of genes, including trichothecene biosynthetic genes, protein kinases, and transcription factors, involved in trichothecene biosynthesis was higher in Fg1 than in Fg2. The results also revealed differential expression profiles of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis genes in strains Fg1 and Fg2, which emphasized their deoxynivalenol producing ability and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Maurice T Apaliya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Zhen Jiang Grain and Oil Quality Testing Center, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Alizadeh A, Braber S, Akbari P, Kraneveld A, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J. Deoxynivalenol and Its Modified Forms: Are There Major Differences? Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8110334. [PMID: 27854268 PMCID: PMC5127130 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the diverse toxic effects of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON), its common occurrence in wheat-based products, and its stability during processing, DON constitutes an increasing health concern for humans and animals. In addition to the parent compound DON, human and animal exposure encompasses the acetylated fungal metabolites 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON) as well as the plant-derived DON-glucoside (DON3G) and the bacterial product de-epoxy-DON (DOM-1). In the current study we used the well-established Caco-2 cell model to compare the effects of these naturally occurring forms of DON on cell viability and markers of barrier integrity, as well as on the release of the pro-inflammatory chemokine chemokine CXC motif ligand (CXCL8). Results show that 3ADON is less potent in inducing adverse effects on barrier integrity when compared to DON, whereas 15ADON appears to be slightly more potent than DON. In contrast, DON3G and DOM-1 exerted no measurable adverse effects on the intestinal barrier. It was also demonstrated that galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are able to protect epithelial cells against DON and its acetylated forms, which suggests that GOS are beneficial food additives in the protection of vulnerable segments of the human population against adverse effects of DON and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Alizadeh
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584-CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584-CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584-CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peyman Akbari
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584-CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584-CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Aletta Kraneveld
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584-CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584-CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584-CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department Immunology, Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584-CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584-CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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de Nijs M, Mengelers M, Boon P, Heyndrickx E, Hoogenboom L, Lopez P, Mol H. Strategies for estimating human exposure to mycotoxins via food. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, five strategies to estimate mycotoxin exposure of a (sub-)population via food, including data collection, are discussed with the aim to identify the added values and limitations of each strategy for risk assessment of these chemicals. The well-established point estimate, observed individual mean, probabilistic and duplicate diet strategies are addressed, as well as the emerging human biomonitoring strategy. All five exposure assessment strategies allow the estimation of chronic (long-term) exposure to mycotoxins, and, with the exception of the observed individual mean strategy, also acute (short-term) exposure. Methods for data collection, i.e. food consumption surveys, food monitoring studies and total diet studies are discussed. In food monitoring studies, the driving force is often enforcement of legal limits, and, consequently, data are often generated with relatively high limits of quantification and targeted at products suspected to contain mycotoxin levels above these legal limits. Total diet studies provide a solid base for chronic exposure assessments since they provide mycotoxin levels in food based on well-defined samples and including the effect of food preparation. Duplicate diet studies and human biomonitoring studies reveal the actual exposure but often involve a restricted group of human volunteers and a limited time period. Human biomonitoring studies may also include exposure to mycotoxins from other sources than food, and exposure to modified mycotoxins that may not be detected with current analytical methods. Low limits of quantification are required for analytical methods applied for data collection to avoid large uncertainties in the exposure due to high numbers of left censored data, i.e. with levels below the limit of quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. de Nijs
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M.J.B. Mengelers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - P.E. Boon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - E. Heyndrickx
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L.A.P. Hoogenboom
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P. Lopez
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H.G.J. Mol
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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20
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Sun J, Wu Y. Evaluation of dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives from cereals in China. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Degen GH. Assessment of deoxynivalenol exposure among Bangladeshi and German adults by a biomarker-based approach. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Chen L, Yu M, Wu Q, Peng Z, Wang D, Kuča K, Yao P, Yan H, Nüssler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Gender and geographical variability in the exposure pattern and metabolism of deoxynivalenol in humans: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:60-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou Hubei China
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management; University of Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management; University of Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center; University Hospital Hradec Kralove; Czech Republic
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology; BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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23
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Fromme H, Gareis M, Völkel W, Gottschalk C. Overall internal exposure to mycotoxins and their occurrence in occupational and residential settings – An overview. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:143-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Föllmann W, Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Degen GH. Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Urine: Pilot Study in Mill Workers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:1015-1025. [PMID: 27924714 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1219540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of grains with mycotoxins results in a dietary background exposure of the general population. In occupational settings such as during processing of raw materials as in milling, an additional mycotoxin exposure by inhalation is possible. Biomonitoring is an integrative approach to assess human exposure from various sources and by all routes. To investigate possible workplace exposure to mycotoxins, a pilot study was conducted that compared levels of urinary biomarkers in mill workers to those in a control group with dietary mycotoxin intake alone. Workers (n = 17) from three grain mills in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany, provided spot urines during shift; volunteers (n = 13, IfADo staff) with matched age structure served as control group. The mycotoxins selected for biomarker analysis were citrinin (CIT) deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN). Immunoaffinity columns (CIT, DON, ZEN) or liquid-liquid extraction (OTA) was employed for urine sample cleanup prior to targeted analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, mycotoxin metabolites that may be formed in the organism were analyzed, including deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), ochratoxin alpha (OTα), dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT), and α- and β-zearalenol (α- and β-ZEL), as well as phase II metabolites that were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase prior to sample cleanup. All analyte concentrations were adjusted for creatinine (crea) content in the spot urine samples. Citrinin, DON, OTA, and ZEN were detected in nearly all urine samples from mill workers and controls. Interestingly, DH-CIT was found at higher mean levels than the parent compound (~0.14 and 0.045 µg/g crea, respectively), suggesting an effective metabolism of CIT in humans. Other metabolites DOM-1, OTα, and α- and β-ZEL were detected less frequently in urine. Deoxynivalenol was detected at the highest concentrations (mean ~6 µg/g crea), followed by OTA (mean ~0.08 µg/g crea); ZEN (mean ~0.03 µg/g crea) and its metabolites appeared in urine at lower levels. Mycotoxin biomarker levels in urine from mill workers and controls were not significantly different. From these results it is concluded that biomarker levels measured in urine samples from the two cohorts reflect mainly dietary mycotoxin exposure. An additional occupational (inhalational) exposure of mill workers, if any, is apparently low at the investigated workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Föllmann
- a Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo) , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Nurshad Ali
- a Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo) , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Meinolf Blaszkewicz
- a Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo) , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Gisela H Degen
- a Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo) , Dortmund , Germany
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Saint-Cyr MJ, Perrin-Guyomard A, Manceau J, Houée P, Delmas JM, Rolland JG, Laurentie M. Risk Assessment of Deoxynivalenol by Revisiting Its Bioavailability in Pig and Rat Models to Establish Which Is More Suitable. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5167-81. [PMID: 26633505 PMCID: PMC4690123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its toxic properties, high stability, and prevalence, the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the food chain is a major threat to food safety and therefore a health risk for both humans and animals. In this study, experiments were carried out with sows and female rats to examine the kinetics of DON after intravenous and oral administration at 100 µg/kg of body weight. After intravenous administration of DON in pigs, a two-compartment model with rapid initial distribution (0.030 ± 0.019 h) followed by a slower terminal elimination phase (1.53 ± 0.54 h) was fitted to the concentration profile of DON in pig plasma. In rats, a short elimination half-life (0.46 h) and a clearance of 2.59 L/h/kg were estimated by sparse sampling non-compartmental analysis. Following oral exposure, DON was rapidly absorbed and reached maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 42.07 ± 8.48 and 10.44 ± 5.87 µg/L plasma after (tmax) 1.44 ± 0.52 and 0.17 h in pigs and rats, respectively. The mean bioavailability of DON was 70.5% ± 25.6% for pigs and 47.3% for rats. In the framework of DON risk assessment, these two animal models could be useful in an exposure scenario in two different ways because of their different bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jimmy Saint-Cyr
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jacqueline Manceau
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Paméla Houée
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Delmas
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Analysis of Residues and Contaminants Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jean-Guy Rolland
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Michel Laurentie
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
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Heyndrickx E, Sioen I, Huybrechts B, Callebaut A, De Henauw S, De Saeger S. Human biomonitoring of multiple mycotoxins in the Belgian population: Results of the BIOMYCO study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:82-9. [PMID: 26233555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are important food contaminants responsible for health effects such as cancer, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity or immunosuppression. The assessment of mycotoxin exposure is often based on calculations combining mycotoxin occurrence data in food with population data on food consumption. Because of limitations inherent to that approach, the direct measurement of biomarkers of exposure in biological fluids has been proposed as a suitable alternative to perform an accurate mycotoxin exposure assessment at individual level. For this reason, the BIOMYCO study was designed to assess mycotoxin exposure in Belgian adults and children using urinary biomarkers of exposure. Morning urine was gathered in a representative part of the Belgian population according to a standardised study protocol, whereby 155 children (3-12 years old) and 239 adults (19-65 years old) were selected based on random cluster sampling. These urine samples were analysed for the presence of 33 potential biomarkers with focus on aflatoxins, citrinin (CIT), fumonisins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone and their metabolites using two validated LC-MS/MS methods. Nine out of the 33 analysed mycotoxins were detected whereby deoxynivalenol (DON), OTA, CIT and their metabolites were the most frequently detected. Deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was the main urinary DON biomarker and was found in all urine samples in the ng/mL range. Furthermore deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide was quantified in 91% of the urine samples collected from children and in 77% of the samples collected from adults. Deoxynivalenol was detected in 70% and 37% of the samples of children and adults respectively. For the first time deepoxy-deoxynivalenol-glucuronide was detected in children's urine (17%). In the samples collected by adults, the prevalence was 22%. Whereas all these mycotoxins contaminated the urine samples in the ng/mL range, CIT and OTA were present in much lower concentrations (pg/mL). OTA contaminated 51% and 35% of the samples collected by children and adults respectively. CIT and its metabolite were present in 72% and 6% of children's urine, whereas they contaminated 59% and 12% of adult's urine. Finally, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol-14-glucuronide were found in respectively one and two samples from adults. The exposure to DON, OTA and CIT was compared between subgroups and urinary mycotoxin concentrations differed significantly among age and gender. Based on the urinary levels, the daily intake of DON and OTA was estimated and evaluated whereby, depending on the used method, 16-69% of the population possibly exceeded the tolerable daily intake for DON and 1% for OTA. The BIOMYCO study is the first study whereby a multi-toxin approach was applied for mycotoxin exposure assessment in adults and children on a large-scale. Moreover, it is the first study that described the exposure to an elaborated set of mycotoxins in the Belgian population. Biomarker analysis showed a clear exposure of a broad segment of the Belgian population to DON, OTA and CIT. The risk assessment based on these data indicates a potential concern for a number of individuals whereby young children need special attention because of the relatively higher food intake per kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heyndrickx
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium.
| | - Alfons Callebaut
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Al Nahid A, Rahman M, Degen GH. Deoxynivalenol Exposure Assessment for Pregnant Women in Bangladesh. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3845-57. [PMID: 26404372 PMCID: PMC4626706 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a contaminant of crops worldwide and known to cause adverse health effects in exposed animals and humans. A small survey reported the presence of DON in maize samples in Bangladesh, but these data are insufficient to assess human exposure, and also, biomonitoring data are still scarce. The present study applied biomarker analysis to investigate the DON exposure of pregnant women in Bangladesh. Urine samples were collected from pregnant women living in a rural (n = 32) and in a suburban (n = 22) area of the country. Urines were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronic acid conjugates and to immunoaffinity column clean-up prior to LC-MS/MS analysis of DON and its de-epoxy metabolite DOM-1. The limits of detection (LOD) for DON and DOM-1 in urine were 0.16 ng/mL and 0.10 ng/mL, respectively. DOM-1 was not detected in any of the urines, whilst DON was detectable in 52% of the samples at levels ranging from 0.18–7.16 ng/mL and a mean DON concentration of 0.86 ± 1.57 ng/mL or 2.14 ± 4.74 ng/mg creatinine. A significant difference in mean urinary DON levels was found between the rural (0.47 ± 0.73 ng/mL) and suburban (1.44 ± 2.20 ng/mL) cohort, which may be related to different food habits in the two cohorts. Analysis of food consumption data for the participants did not show significant correlations between their intake of typical staple foods and DON levels in urine. The biomarker concentrations found and published urinary excretion rates for DON were used to estimate daily mycotoxin intake in the cohort: the mean DON intake was 0.05 µg/kg b.w., and the maximum intake was 0.46 µg/kg b.w., values lower than the tolerable daily intake of 1 µg/kg b.w. These first results indicate a low dietary exposure of pregnant women in Bangladesh to DON. Nonetheless, further biomonitoring studies in children and in adult cohorts from other parts of the country are of interest to gain more insight into DON exposure in the population of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, Dortmund D-44139, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
- Department of Biochemistry, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College and Hospital, Gono University, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh.
| | - Meinolf Blaszkewicz
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, Dortmund D-44139, Germany.
| | - Abdullah Al Nahid
- Department of Physiology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College and Hospital, Gono University, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh.
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College and Hospital, Gono University, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh.
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, Dortmund D-44139, Germany.
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Michlmayr H, Malachová A, Varga E, Kleinová J, Lemmens M, Newmister S, Rayment I, Berthiller F, Adam G. Biochemical Characterization of a Recombinant UDP-glucosyltransferase from Rice and Enzymatic Production of Deoxynivalenol-3-O-β-D-glucoside. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2685-700. [PMID: 26197338 PMCID: PMC4516937 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7072685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important plant defense mechanism and conjugates of Fusarium mycotoxins often co-occur with their parent compounds in cereal-based food and feed. In case of deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (D3G) is the most important masked mycotoxin. The toxicological significance of D3G is not yet fully understood so that it is crucial to obtain this compound in pure and sufficient quantities for toxicological risk assessment and for use as an analytical standard. The aim of this study was the biochemical characterization of a DON-inactivating UDP-glucosyltransferase from rice (OsUGT79) and to investigate its suitability for preparative D3G synthesis. Apparent Michaelis constants (Km) of recombinant OsUGT79 were 0.23 mM DON and 2.2 mM UDP-glucose. Substrate inhibition occurred at DON concentrations above 2 mM (Ki = 24 mM DON), and UDP strongly inhibited the enzyme. Cu2+ and Zn2+ (1 mM) inhibited the enzyme completely. Sucrose synthase AtSUS1 was employed to regenerate UDP-glucose during the glucosylation reaction. With this approach, optimal conversion rates can be obtained at limited concentrations of the costly co-factor UDP-glucose. D3G can now be synthesized in sufficient quantity and purity. Similar strategies may be of interest to produce β-glucosides of other toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Michlmayr
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Malachová
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Jana Kleinová
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marc Lemmens
- Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department IFA-Tulln, BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Sean Newmister
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Hassan YI, Watts C, Li XZ, Zhou T. A novel Peptide-binding motifs inference approach to understand deoxynivalenol molecular toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1989-2005. [PMID: 26043274 PMCID: PMC4488686 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7061989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that is commonly detected in cereals and grains world-wide. The low-tolerated levels of this mycotoxin, especially in mono-gastric animals, reflect its bio-potency. The toxicity of DON is conventionally attributed to its ability to inhibit ribosomal protein biosynthesis, but recent advances in molecular tools have elucidated novel mechanisms that further explain DON’s toxicological profile, complementing the diverse symptoms associated with its exposure. This article summarizes the recent findings related to novel mechanisms of DON toxicity as well as how structural modifications to DON alter its potency. In addition, it explores feasible ways of expanding our understating of DON-cellular targets and their roles in DON toxicity, clearance, and detoxification through the utilization of computational biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef I Hassan
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Christena Watts
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Xiu-Zhen Li
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
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Preliminary estimation of deoxynivalenol excretion through a 24 h pilot study. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:705-18. [PMID: 25723325 PMCID: PMC4379519 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A duplicate diet study was designed to explore the occurrence of 15 Fusarium mycotoxins in the 24 h-diet consumed by one volunteer as well as the levels of mycotoxins in his 24 h-collected urine. The employed methodology involved solvent extraction at high ionic strength followed by dispersive solid phase extraction and gas chromatography determination coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem. Satisfactory results in method performance were achieved. The method’s accuracy was in a range of 68%–108%, with intra-day relative standard deviation and inter-day relative standard deviation lower than 12% and 15%, respectively. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.1 to 8 µg/Kg. The matrix effect was evaluated and matrix-matched calibrations were used for quantitation. Only deoxynivalenol (DON) was quantified in both food and urine samples. A total DON daily intake amounted to 49.2 ± 5.6 µg whereas DON daily excretion of 35.2 ± 4.3 µg was determined. DON daily intake represented 68.3% of the established DON provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI). Valuable preliminary information was obtained as regards DON excretion and needs to be confirmed in large-scale monitoring studies.
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