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Knoop K, Klein LM, Knispel AM, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C, Knappstein K, Saltzmann J, Dänicke S. Dose-response study on the transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from a tansy ragwort extract ( Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.) to bovine milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38959287 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2371941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ragworts like tansy ragwort (J. vulgaris Gaertn., syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) contain hepatotoxic and cancerogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANO). Due to increasing spread of ragworts (Jacobaea spp.) PA/PANO may pose a health risk to animals and humans consuming contaminated feed and food. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the transfer of individual PA/PANO originating from a well-defined PA/PANO extract into the milk of dairy cows. For this objective, 16 German Holstein cows were assigned to four treatment groups (n = 4) in a 28-day dose-response study. Administration into the reticulorumen was performed daily by gavage after the morning milking. Three groups received different amounts of the J. vulgaris extract resulting in a PA/PANO exposure of 0.47, 0.95, or 1.91 mg PA/PANO/kg body weight/day, respectively. Furthermore, a control group received molasses to account for the sugar content of the used PA/PANO extract. While the composition of the PA/PANO extract was more diverse, the PA/PANO pattern in milk was dominated by the PA in their free base form. It was shown that mainly PA considered stable in the rumen environment were transferred into the milk. The main compounds in milk were jacoline (74.3 ± 2.4% of the PA/PANO sum), jaconine (11.2 ± 1.3%), and jacobine (7.2 ± 0.6%) with concentrations up to 29.7, 4.65 µg/l, or in the highest exposed group, 3.44 µg/l. There was no dose-dependent effect on the total PA/PANO transfer rate into the milk. The average transfer rate was 0.064 ± 0.005% of the administered content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knoop
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Monika Klein
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Miriam Knispel
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
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Klein LM, Lamp J, Schopf C, Gabler AM, Kaltner F, Guldimann C, Rychlik M, Schwake-Anduschus C, Knappstein K, Gottschalk C. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and tropane alkaloids in milk samples from individual dairy farms of the German federal states of Bavaria and Schleswig-Holstein. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:629-647. [PMID: 38592240 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2336054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
1,2-Dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), their corresponding N-oxides (PANO) and tropane alkaloids (TA), are toxic plant metabolites. If plant material, containing these toxins, is present in the feed of dairy cows these toxins can be transferred into milk. Here, milk was sampled directly from dairy farms in the German federal states of Bavaria and Schleswig-Holstein in 2020-2022 in order to investigate a possible contamination of milk at the production stage. In total, 228 milk samples were analysed for 54 PA/PANO and two TA by a sensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS method. In addition, a subset of milk samples (n = 85) was independently analysed for TA by a cooperating laboratory for verification. PA/PANO were found in 26 samples (11%) with a low median sum content of the contaminated samples of 0.024 µg/L. The highest level of contamination was 5.6 µg/L. Senecionine-, lycopsamine- and heliotrine-type PA/PANO were detected. In four samples (1.8%), atropine was determined up to 0.066 µg/L. The toxin levels in the milk samples hardly contributed to the total daily exposure. These data are first-time results on contamination rates and levels occurring in milk from individual dairy farms, based on a large sample number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Monika Klein
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Schopf
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Miriam Gabler
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christine Schwake-Anduschus
- Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Detmold, Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
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3
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Knoop K, Frahm J, Kersten S, Kluess J, Meyer U, von Soosten D, Beineke A, Saltzmann J, Dänicke S. Short-term exposure of dairy cows to pyrrolizidine alkaloids from tansy ragwort ( Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.): effects on organs and indicators of energy metabolism. Arch Anim Nutr 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38796745 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2024.2350095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Preserved feed from meadows contaminated with ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris, Gaertn.) may expose livestock to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Dairy cows are considered to be very susceptible animals and a PA ingestion can lead to liver and further organ damages and even death. Due to the lack of data, the present study aimed to evaluate critical PA doses based on organ effects, with a special focus on liver lesions and on indicators of energy metabolism. Therefore, 16 dairy cows (n = 4 per group) were exposed to increasing PA doses (group: CONMolasses: <0.001 mg PA/kg body weight (BW)/day (d); PA1: 0.47 mg PA/kg BW/d; PA2: 0.95 mg PA/kg BW/d; PA3: 1.91 mg PA/kg BW/d) for 28 days. Constant dosing was ensured by a defined PA extract administered orally once daily. Histological examinations of the livers showed infiltration by immune cells, higher proportions of apoptotic cells and enlargement of hepatocyte nuclei in the highest exposed group. In addition, bile volume increased with PA dose, which may indicate a cholestasis. Despite the signs of incipient liver damage, liver lipid content and clinical chemical parameters related to energy metabolism, such as glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and βhydroxybutyrate, remained unaffected. Fat depot masses were also not significantly altered over time, suggesting that PA exposure did not induce a wasting syndrome. The liver showed slight microscopic changes already at a dosage of 0.95 mg PA/kg BW/d. However, the short-term metabolic indicators of energy status, lipolysis and ketogenesis, glucose, NEFA and BHB, as well as changes in fat depot, which serves as a longer-term indicator of lipolysis, remained unaffected in all treatment groups in the chosen scenario. These findings suggest that despite histopathological and clinical-chemical evidence of PA-associated hepatocellular lesions, liver function was not compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knoop
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
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Peloso M, Minkoumba Sonfack G, Paduano S, De Martino M, De Santis B, Caprai E. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Food on the Italian Market. Molecules 2023; 28:5346. [PMID: 37513219 PMCID: PMC10385305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary metabolites produced by over 6000 plant species worldwide. PAs enter the food chain through accidental co-harvesting of PA-containing weeds and through soil transfer from the living plant to surrounding acceptor plants. In animal studies, 1,2-unsaturated PAs have proven to be genotoxic carcinogens. According to the scientific opinion expressed by the 2017 EFSA, the foods with the highest levels of PA contamination were honey, tea, herbal infusions, and food supplements. Following the EFSA's recommendations, data on the presence of PAs in relevant food were monitored and collected. On 1 July 2022, the Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2040 came into force, repealed by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915, setting maximum levels for the sum of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in certain food. A total of 602 food samples were collected from the Italian market between 2019 and 2022 and were classified as honey, pollen, dried tea, dried herbal infusions, dried herbs, and fresh borage leaves. The food samples were analyzed for their PA content via an in-house LC-MS/MS method that can detect PAs according to Regulation 2023/915. Overall, 42% of the analyzed samples were PA-contaminated, 14% exceeded the EU limits, and the items most frequently contaminated included dried herbs and tea. In conclusion, the number of food items containing considerable amounts of PAs may cause concern because they may contribute to human exposure, especially considering vulnerable populations-most importantly, children and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonietta Peloso
- National Reference Laboratory for Plant Toxins in Food, Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetan Minkoumba Sonfack
- National Reference Laboratory for Plant Toxins in Food, Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Paduano
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate for Hygiene and Food Safety and Nutrition, Via G. Ribotta, 5, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele De Martino
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate for Hygiene and Food Safety and Nutrition, Via G. Ribotta, 5, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara De Santis
- National Reference Laboratory for Plant Toxins in Food, Food Chemical Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caprai
- National Reference Laboratory for Plant Toxins in Food, Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Sousa AC, Ribeiro C, Gonçalves VMF, Pádua I, Leal S. Chromatographic Methods for Detection and Quantification of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Flora, Herbal Medicines, and Food: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37300809 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2218476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural toxins produced by some plants that gained special interest due to their potential hazardous effects in humans and animals. These substances have been found in wild flora, herbal medicines and food products raising health concerns. Recently, maximum concentration levels of PAs were established for some food products; however, maximum daily intake frequently surpasses the upper limit set by the competent authorities posing a health risk. Given the scarcity or absence of occurrence data on PAs in many products, there is an urgent need to measure their levels and establish safety intake levels. Analytical methods have been reported to detect and quantify PAs in different matrices. The commonly used chromatographic methodologies provides accurate and reliable results. Analytical methods include diverse steps as extraction and sample preparation procedures that are critical for sensitivity and selectivity of the analytical method. Great efforts have been directed toward optimization of extraction procedures, clean up and chromatographic conditions to improve recovery, reduce matrix effects, and achieve low limits of detection and quantification. Therefore, this paper aims to give a general overview about the occurrence of PAs in flora, herbal medicines, and foodstuff; and discuss the different chromatographic methodologies used for PAs analysis, namely extraction and sample preparation procedures and chromatographic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Sousa
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Virgínia M F Gonçalves
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Inês Pádua
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- Epidemiology Unit - Institute of Public Health of University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Leal
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- CINTESIS-RISE, MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Roncada P, Isani G, Peloso M, Dalmonte T, Bonan S, Caprai E. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Monofloral and Multifloral Italian Honey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5410. [PMID: 37048023 PMCID: PMC10094242 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary metabolites produced by plants as a self-defense against insects. After bioactivation in the liver, some PAs can cause acute or chronic toxicity in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of PAs in 121 samples of monofloral and multifloral honey from three different Italian regions (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Marche and Calabria) to meet the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) suggestion. An in-house liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated according to European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) performance criteria. This method allowed the detection and quantification of 35 PAs. Of the 121 honey samples, 38 (31%), mostly from Calabria, contained PAs. The total content of the PAs ranged from 0.9 µg/kg to 33.1 µg/kg. In particular, echimidine was the most prevalent PA. A rapid human exposure assessment to PAs in honey and a risk characterization was performed using the EFSA RACE tool. The assessment highlighted a potential health concern only for toddlers who frequently consume elevated quantities of honey. This study showed a low presence of PAs in Italian honey; however, the importance of continuously monitoring these compounds is stressed, along with the suggestion that the relevant authorities establish maximum limits to guarantee support for producers and consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, via Tolara di sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, via Tolara di sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Peloso
- National Reference Laboratory for Plant Toxins in Food, Food Chemical Department, IZSLER, Via Fiorini, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Dalmonte
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, via Tolara di sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefania Bonan
- National Reference Laboratory for Plant Toxins in Food, Food Chemical Department, IZSLER, Via Fiorini, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caprai
- National Reference Laboratory for Plant Toxins in Food, Food Chemical Department, IZSLER, Via Fiorini, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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7
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Gong B, Zhang S, Wang X, Ran G, Zhang X, Xi J, Gao Z, Lei Y, Pan J, Liu Y, Luan Y, Zhang X, Peng Y, Li W, Zheng J. Inflammation Intensifies Monocrotaline-Induced Liver Injury. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3433-3443. [PMID: 36753335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are the most common toxins of plant origin, and it is evident that PAs pollute soil, water, nearby plants, and derived foods. Cases of human poisoning due to ingestion of PA-contaminated foods have been reported in several countries. Monocrotaline (MCT) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid from the plants of Crotalaria genus that causes hepatic and cardiopulmonary toxicities, and the exhibition of the toxicities requires the metabolic activation by CYP3A4 to form electrophilic dehydro-monocrotaline (DHM). The present study demonstrated that myeloperoxidase (MPO) also participated in the bioactivation of MCT. N-Chloromonocrotaline was detected in both HClO/MCT incubations and MPO/H2O2/MgCl2/MCT incubations. DHM-derived N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugates were detected in the above incubations fortified with NAC. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in mice resulted in an elevated level of hepatic MPO activity, increased metabolic activation of MCT, and intensified elevation of serum ALT and AST activity induced by MCT. MPO inhibitor 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide was found to reverse these alterations. Mpo-KO mice were resistant to the observed potentiating effect of inflammation on MCT-induced liver injury. In conclusion, inflammation intensified MCT-induced liver injury. MPO participated in the observed potentiating effect of inflammation on the hepatotoxicity induced by MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Guangyun Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhenna Gao
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuyang Lei
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
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8
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Silva AL, Oliveira JL, do Nascimento RP, Santos LO, de Araújo FM, Dos Santos BL, Santana RC, Moreira ELT, Batatinha MJM, Alves IM, Velozo ES, Victor MM, Assis AM, Almeida RF, de Souza DOG, Silva VDA, Costa SL. Monocrotaline induces acutely cerebrovascular lesions, astrogliosis and neuronal degeneration associated with behavior changes in rats: A model of vascular damage in perspective. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:59-70. [PMID: 36336098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites playing an important role as phytotoxins in the plant defense mechanisms and can be present as contaminant in the food of humans and animals. The PA monocrotaline (MCT), one of the major plant derived toxin that affect humans and animals, is present in a high concentration in Crotalaria spp. (Leguminosae) seeds and can induce toxicity after consumption, characterized mainly by hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity. However, the effects of the ingestion of MCT in the central nervous system (CNS) are still poorly elucidated. Here we investigated the effects of MCT oral acute administration on the behavior and CNS toxicity in rats. Male adult Wistar were treated with MCT (109 mg/Kg, oral gavage) and three days later the Elevated Pluz Maze test demonstrated that MCT induced an anxiolytic-like effect, without changes in novelty habituation and in operational and spatial memory profiles. Histopathology revealed that the brain of MCT-intoxicated animals presented hyperemic vascular structures in the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex and neocortex, mild perivascular edema in the neocortex, hemorrhagic focal area in the brain stem, hemorrhage and edema in the thalamus. MCT also induced neurotoxicity in the cortex and hippocampus, as revealed by Fluoro Jade-B and Cresyl Violet staining, as well astrocyte reactivity, revealed by immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Additionally, it was demonstrated by RT-qPCR that MCT induced up-regulation on mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory mediator, especially IL1β and CCL2 in the hippocampus and cortex, and down-regulation on mRNA expression of neurotrophins HGDF and BDNF in the cortex. Together, these results demonstrate that the ingestion of MCT induces cerebrovascular lesions and toxicity to neurons that are associated to astroglial cell response and neuroinflammation in the cortex and hippocampus of rats, highlighting CNS damages after acute intoxication, also putting in perspective it uses as a model for cerebrovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana L Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joana L Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ravena P do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Letícia O Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Balbino L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
| | - Rejane C Santana
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Federal University of Bahia, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz T Moreira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria José M Batatinha
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Iura M Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eudes S Velozo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Victor
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano M Assis
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Catholic University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Roberto F Almeida
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Diogo O G de Souza
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil
| | - Victor Diógenes A Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil.
| | - Silvia L Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil.
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Casado N, Fernández-Pintor B, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. Quick and Green Microextraction of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Infusions of Mallow, Calendula, and Hibiscus Flowers Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7826-7841. [PMID: 35714998 PMCID: PMC9930110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable microextraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from edible flower infusions using the innovative μSPEed technique is proposed. Different sorbents and extraction conditions were tested, achieving the highest extraction efficiency with an octadecylsilane sorbent (4 mg). The extraction procedure just took 1 min per sample, and only 300 μL of methanol and 300 μL of the sample were used per extraction. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used for analysis. The method was properly validated, providing suitable linearity, selectivity, sensitivity (quantification limits 0.3-1 μg/L), overall recoveries (79-97%), and precision (≤17% relative standard deviation). Its application to the analysis of different infusions of mallow, calendula, and hibiscus flowers revealed similar total PA values (23-41 μg/L) and contamination profile among the mallow and hibiscus samples, with predominance of senecionine-type and heliotrine-type PAs, respectively. Conversely, calendula samples showed more variations (23-113 μg/L), highlighting the occurrence of intermedine N-oxide and europine N-oxide on them.
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Jansons M, Fedorenko D, Pavlenko R, Berzina Z, Bartkevics V. Nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for quantitative analysis and target ion screening of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey, tea, herbal tinctures, and milk. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463269. [PMID: 35763949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea, honey, herbal tinctures, and milk samples was developed by employing nano-LC-MS with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Quantitation was performed using the available analytical standards, and a MS2 target ion screening approach was developed using fragment ions that were specific for pyrrolizidine alkaloids under collision-induced dissociation. Proof of concept was delivered for the screening approach, proposing that the C6H8N+ fragment ion is a highly selective fragment ion for the detection of potential pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The elaborated quantitation was applied for the occurrence study of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food products available on the Latvian market, including samples of tea (n = 15), honey (n = 40), herbal tinctures (n = 15), and milk (n = 10). The median LOQ over all analytes was 0.33 µg kg-1 in honey, 3.6 µg kg-1 in tea, 3.3 µg kg-1 in herbal tinctures, and 0.32 µg kg-1 in milk. The herbal tinctures samples and milk samples did not contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids above LOQ values. Analytes were detected in 33% of honey and 47% of tea samples. Most common were echimidine, intermedine, and enchinatine N-oxide. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea samples were mainly N-oxides, with the highest total concentration being 215 µg kg-1 among the samples, exceeding the maximum limit of 200 µg kg-1 set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2040. In honey samples, lycopsamine-type alkaloids were detected most frequently, with the highest total concentration equal to 74 µg kg-1. Advantages of the developed nano-LC-MS methods included increased sensitivity in comparison with conventional flow LC-MS, low solvent consumption typical with nano-LC and the novel use of a selective common target ion for detection and discovery of potential pyrrolizidine alkaloids using high resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Jansons
- Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV 1076, Latvia.
| | - Deniss Fedorenko
- Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV 1076, Latvia; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV 1004, Latvia
| | - Romans Pavlenko
- Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV 1076, Latvia; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV 1004, Latvia
| | - Zane Berzina
- Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV 1076, Latvia; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV 1004, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Institute of Food Safety, Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV 1076, Latvia; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV 1004, Latvia
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Simultaneous Determination of Pyrrolizidine and Tropane Alkaloids in Honey by Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry. J Vet Res 2022; 66:235-243. [PMID: 35892104 PMCID: PMC9281522 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and tropane alkaloids (TAs) are natural contaminants of honey and respectively hepatoxic and neurotoxic compounds. Because honey is a popular constituent of the human diet, it is relevant to warrant the safety of the product. For that reason, a method for simultaneous determination of PAs and TAs in honey based on liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry was developed. Material and Methods The analytical protocol used sulphuric acid extraction and solid-phase extraction purification. The developed procedure was subjected to validation in terms of linearity, selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, limits of quantification and determination, matrix effect and uncertainty. A total of 29 honey samples were analysed for the determination of PAs and TAs. Results All the evaluated validation parameters fulfilled the requirements of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. At least one of the monitored alkaloids was determined in 52% of the samples. Among the most abundant alkaloids were echimidine, intermedine and lycopsamine. The total PA concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 147.0 μg kg-1. Contrastingly, none of the monitored TAs was detected in the analysed samples. An assessment of the dietary exposure to PAs from the consumption of the contaminated honeys showed that three of them would pose a risk to consumers, especially if they were children. Conclusion A sensitive method suitable for simultaneous determination of PAs and TAs in honey was developed and validated. The analysis of 29 honey samples for PAs and TAs revealed that honey destined for retail could pose a risk to consumers.
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Martinello M, Manzinello C, Gallina A, Mutinelli F. In‐house validation and application of UHPLC‐MS/MS method for the quantification of pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in commercial honey bee‐collected pollen, teas and herbal infusions purchased on Italian market in 2019‐2020 referring to recent European Union regulations. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martinello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Chiara Manzinello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Albino Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
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Hepatotoxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Compound Intermedine: Comparison with Other Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Its Toxicological Mechanism. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120849. [PMID: 34941687 PMCID: PMC8709407 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common secondary plant compounds with hepatotoxicity. The consumption of herbal medicines and herbal teas containing PAs is one of the main causes of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS), a potentially life-threatening condition. The present study aimed to reveal the mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of intermedine (Im), the main PA in Comfrey. We evaluated the toxicity of the retronecine-type PAs with different structures to cell lines derived from mammalian tissues, including primary mouse hepatocytes, human hepatocytes (HepD), mouse hepatoma-22 (H22) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The cytotoxicity of Im to hepatocyte was evaluated by using cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation experiment, wound healing assay and dead/live fluorescence imaging. In vitro characterization showed that these PAs were cytotoxic and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that Im induced cell apoptosis by generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), changing the mitochondrial membrane potential and releasing cytochrome c (Cyt c) before activating the caspase-3 pathway. Importantly, we directly observed the destruction of the cell mitochondrial structure after Im treatment through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study provided the first direct evidence of Im inducing hepatotoxicity through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. These results supplemented the basic toxicity data of PAs and facilitated the comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the toxicity caused by PA compounds.
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Van Pamel E, Henrottin J, Van Poucke C, Gillard N, Daeseleire E. Multi-Class UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Plant Toxins and Cyanotoxins in Food Supplements and Application for Belgian Market Samples. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:1069-1079. [PMID: 34243208 DOI: 10.1055/a-1517-5828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of plant toxins and/or cyanotoxins in food supplements implies consumer health risks. Therefore, a targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method to detect/quantify 25 toxins simultaneously in food supplement formulations was developed and validated. Full validation for tablets/powders and secondary validation for a liquid and soft gel capsule indicated that most compounds were efficiently extracted (≥ 75%), while others were only partly extracted (18 - 61%). Trueness was fulfilled (70 - 120%), with some exceptions (mostly at the lowest validation level). Intralaboratory repeatability, intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility values of ≤ 20%, ≤ 25%, and ≤ 25% were obtained for most, respectively. Matrix effects were found to be significant for most compounds. Good sensitivity (µg/kg level) was observed for galegin(e), lycopsamine, lycorine, rubiadin, skimmiamine, and vascin(e), in contrast to helveticoside, lucidin, lucidin-3-primveroside, plumbagin(e), and thujone, which were detected at the mg/kg level. The other compounds were characterized by a sensitivity between 10 to 1000 µg/kg. The validated methodology was applied for 52 food supplements (tablets, capsules, liquids/syrup, etc.) purchased from the Belgian market. In more than 25% of the samples, one or more toxins were detected (concentrations determined using standard addition). Lycopsamine, microcystin LR, solamargine, thujone, and vasicin(e) were the most frequently detected toxins. A clear link between the toxins detected and the plant species on the food supplement ingredient list could not always be established. This generic "dilute-and-shoot" procedure can be used for further research on toxins in food supplements and by extension other plant/algae-based food/feed commodities (herbs, edible flowers, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Van Pamel
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Christof Van Poucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Els Daeseleire
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
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Huybrechts B, Malysheva SV, Masquelier J. A Targeted UHPLC-MS/MS Method Validated for the Quantification of Ergot Alkaloids in Cereal-Based Baby Food from the Belgian Market. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080531. [PMID: 34437402 PMCID: PMC8402575 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following pending new legislation in the European Union setting a maximum of 20 ng g−1 for the total sum of ergot alkaloids in dry cereal-based baby food, a new UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed. It is suitable for the quantification of six ergot alkaloids: Ergocornine, ergocristine, ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, α-ergocryptine, and their corresponding epimers. The method is able to reliably detect individual ergot alkaloids at a level as low as 0.5 ng g−1. The method uses a modified QuEChERS extraction approach before UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The method showed good sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. It has been applied to 49 samples from the Belgian market. In 26 samples, not a single ergot alkaloid was detected while in 23 out of 49 samples at least one ergot alkaloid was detected with 2 samples containing 12 ergot alkaloids. Ergometrine was the alkaloid most frequently detected i.e., 16 out of 49 samples. Only one sample, testing positive for all 12 ergot alkaloids, would be non-conforming to the newly proposed Maximum Residue Level (MRL).
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Rivera-Pérez A, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Determination and Occurrence of Alkenylbenzenes, Pyrrolizidine and Tropane Alkaloids in Spices, Herbs, Teas, and Other Plant-derived Food Products Using Chromatographic Methods: Review from 2010–2020. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1929300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (Ceia3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (Ceia3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (Ceia3), University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
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18
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Application of the sum parameter method for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in teas. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:622-633. [PMID: 32023201 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1719284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tea samples from the Polish market were analysed for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). The method applied in the study is based on the GC-MS technique and uses the sum parameter approach for quantification. The analytical protocol was subjected to validation in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, the limit of quantification and determination, matrix effect, selectivity, and uncertainty, and all evaluated parameters fulfilled the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657. A total of 78% of the analysed samples contained 1,2-unsaturated PAs, and the concentrations were determined to fall in the range of 2-6498 µg kg-1. The highly contaminated samples were additionally subjected to LC-MS analysis. Much higher PA concentrations were determined with the sum parameter method, proving its superior quantification capability. The high contamination found prompted an assessment of the dietary exposure from the consumption of infusions prepared from the analysed teas. Two approaches were adopted: one assuming 100% transfer of PAs to the infusions and the second assuming only partial transfer. Regardless of the adopted approach, consumption of several infusions was shown to greatly exceed the maximum acceptable daily intake of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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19
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Chen JY, Brockmöller J, Tzvetkov MV, Wang LJ, Chen XJ. An in vitro study on interaction of anisodine and monocrotaline with organic cation transporters of the SLC22 and SLC47 families. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 17:490-497. [PMID: 31514980 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current study systematically investigated the interaction of two alkaloids, anisodine and monocrotaline, with organic cation transporter OCT1, 2, 3, MATE1 and MATE2-K by using in vitro stably transfected HEK293 cells. Both anisodine and monocrotaline inhibited the OCTs and MATE transporters. The lowest IC50 was 12.9 µmol·L-1 of anisodine on OCT1 and the highest was 1.8 mmol·L-1 of monocrotaline on OCT2. Anisodine was a substrate of OCT2 (Km = 13.3 ± 2.6 µmol·L-1 and Vmax = 286.8 ± 53.6 pmol/mg protein/min). Monocrotaline was determined to be a substrate of both OCT1 (Km = 109.1 ± 17.8 µmol·L-1, Vmax = 576.5 ± 87.5 pmol/mg protein/min) and OCT2 (Km = 64.7 ± 14.8 µmol·L-1, Vmax = 180.7 ± 22.0 pmol/mg protein/min), other than OCT3 and MATE transporters. The results indicated that OCT2 may be important for renal elimination of anisodine and OCT1 was responsible for monocrotaline uptake into liver. However neither MATE1 nor MATE2-K could facilitate transcellular transport of anisodine and monocrotaline. Accumulation of these drugs in the organs with high OCT1 expression (liver) and OCT2 expression (kidney) may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Mladen V Tzvetkov
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Xi-Jing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Lab, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Prenatal exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids induced hepatotoxicity and pulmonary injury in fetal rats. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:34-41. [PMID: 30771476 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic and pulmonary toxicity in fetal rats induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) was investigated. Retrorsine (RTS) or monocrotaline (MCT) was intragastrically administered during pregnancy. The reduction of body and tail lengths was consistent with body weight loss in PA-exposed fetuses, and pathological lesions in liver and lung were observed only in fetuses. Both PAs reduced fetal serum transaminase activities. The GSH/GSSG ratio, GSH peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities also decreased but glutathione S-transferase activity increased in fetal lung, especially for MCT. The pyrrole-protein adducts in fetal liver and lung could be detected, and those adducts in RTS fetal lungs were about 65% of those in MCT group. In conclusion, prenatal PAs exposure induced fetal hepatic and pulmonary toxicities through the generation of pyrrole metabolites and oxidative injury. The difference on fetal pulmonary redox homeostasis between two PAs groups might be associated with the content of PAs migrated to fetal lungs.
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Rückert C, Emmerich I, Hertzsch R, Vervuert I. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial feedstuffs for horses. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:495-499. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rückert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - I. Emmerich
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - R. Hertzsch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - I. Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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Ma C, Liu Y, Zhu L, Ji H, Song X, Guo H, Yi T. Determination and regulation of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: A critical review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Use of a New LC-MS Method for The Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Feeds. J Vet Res 2018; 62:183-191. [PMID: 30364865 PMCID: PMC6200292 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary metabolites produced by many plant species. Due to their toxicity PAs can pose a risk to human and animal health. To detect the toxic compounds in feed materials a sensitive method based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has been developed. MATERIAL AND METHODS PAs were extracted with sulphuric acid and purified with cation exchange cartridges. A newly developed solvent mixture consisting of ethyl acetate, methanol, acetonitrile, ammonia, and triethylamine was used to wash alkaloids from the cartridges. After evaporation the residues were reconstituted in water and methanol mixture and subjected to LC-MS analysis. RESULTS The developed method was validated according to SANTE/11945/2015 guidelines. The recovery was from 84.1% to 112.9%, the repeatability ranged from 3.0% to 13.6%, and the reproducibility was from 4.8% to 18.9%. CONCLUSIONS A sensitive and selective method for determination of PAs in feed materials has been developed and validated. All evaluated validation parameters were in accordance with EU Reference Laboratories document no. SANTE/11945/2015. Almost 41% of the analysed feed samples were positive for the presence of at least one PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey: Determination with Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Method. J Vet Res 2018; 62:173-181. [PMID: 30364911 PMCID: PMC6200291 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are probably the most widespread toxins of natural origin. More than 6,000 plant species produce these toxic compounds. Bees can forage on flowers of plants producing PAs, which leads to contamination of honey with the toxic compounds. To determine the contamination of honey with PAs, a sensitive method based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has been developed. MATERIAL AND METHODS PAs were extracted with 0.05 M sulphuric acid and purified with MCX cartridges. A solvent mixture consisting of ethyl acetate, methanol, acetonitrile, ammonia, and triethylamine (8:1:1:0.1:0.1, v/v) was used to wash alkaloids from the cartridges. After evaporation the residues were reconstituted in water and methanol mixture and subjected to LC-MS analysis. RESULTS The developed method was validated according to SANTE/11945/2015 requirements. The recovery was from 80.6% to 114.5%. The repeatability ranged from 2.3% to 14.6%, and the reproducibility was from 4.9% to 17.7%. CONCLUSIONS A new method for the determination of PAs in honey has been developed and validated. All evaluated parameters were in accordance with the SANTE/11945/2015 guidance document. Out of 50 analysed honey samples, 16 (32%) were positive for the content of at least one PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
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Li X, Yang X, Xiang E, Luo J, Qiu S, Fang Y, Zhang L, Guo Y, Zheng J, Wang H. Maternal-Fetal Disposition and Metabolism of Retrorsine in Pregnant Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:422-428. [PMID: 29352068 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are extensively synthesized by plants, are commonly present in herbs and foodstuffs, and exhibit hepatotoxicity requiring metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 3A to form the electrophilic metabolites-pyrrolic esters. PAs also cause embryo toxicity, but the metabolic profiles of PAs in fetus and placenta have been far from clear. In this study, we determined the basal metabolic activation of retrorsine (RTS) in rat maternal liver, placenta, and fetal liver in vitro and examined the fetal toxicity and bioactivation of RTS in vivo. Detection of microsomal RTS metabolites in vitro showed that the basal metabolic activity of fetal liver and placenta to RTS was much weaker than that of maternal liver. In addition, a higher rate of pyrrolic ester formation was found in normal male fetal liver compared with that of female pups. In vivo exposure to RTS caused fetal growth retardation, as well as placental and fetal liver injury. Little difference in serum RTS was observed in dams and fetuses, but the content of pyrrole-protein adduction in the fetal liver was much lower than that in maternal liver, which was consistent with basal metabolic activity. Unexpectedly, compared with basal metabolism in fetal liver, exposure to RTS during middle and late pregnancy caused an opposite gender difference in RTS metabolism and CYP3A expression in the fetal liver. For the first time, our study showed that RTS can permeate the placenta barrier and entering fetal circulation, whereas the intrauterine pyrrolic metabolite was generated mainly by fetal liver but not transported from the maternal circulation. Induction of CYP3A by RTS was gender-dependent in the fetal liver, which was probably responsible for RTS-induced fetal hepatic injury, especially for female pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - E Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Jinyuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Shuaikai Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (X.L., E.X., J.L., S.Q., Y.F., Y.G., H.W.); and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan (Y.G., H.W.); Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning (X.Y., J.Z.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou (J.Z.); Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan (L.Z.), China
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26
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Kast C, Kilchenmann V, Reinhard H, Droz B, Lucchetti MA, Dübecke A, Beckh G, Zoller O. Chemical fingerprinting identifies Echium vulgare, Eupatorium cannabinum and Senecio spp. as plant species mainly responsible for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee-collected pollen. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:316-327. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1378443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans Reinhard
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Droz
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Angelo Lucchetti
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Dübecke
- Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Beckh
- Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Otmar Zoller
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Robertson J, Stevens K. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: occurrence, biology, and chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:62-89. [PMID: 27782262 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 up to the end of 2015This review covers the isolation and structure of new pyrrolizidines; pyrrolizidine biosynthesis; biological activity, including the occurrence of pyrrolizidines as toxic components or contaminants in foods and beverages; and formal and total syntheses of naturally-occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloids and closely related non-natural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Kiri Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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28
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Martinello M, Borin A, Stella R, Bovo D, Biancotto G, Gallina A, Mutinelli F. Development and validation of a QuEChERS method coupled to liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry to determine pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in honey. Food Chem 2017; 234:295-302. [PMID: 28551239 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Awareness about pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and tropane alkaloids (TAs) in food was recently raised by the European Food Safety Authority stressing the lack of data and gaps of knowledge required to improve the risk assessment strategy. The present study aimed at the elaboration and validation of a method to determine PAs and TAs in honey. QuEChERS sample treatment and liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid high resolution mass spectrometry, were used. The method resulted in good linearity (R2>0.99) and low limits of detection and quantification, ranging from 0.04 to 0.2µgkg-1 and from 0.1 to 0.7µgkg-1 respectively. Recoveries ranged from 92.3 to 114.8% with repeatability lying between 0.9 and 15.1% and reproducibility between 1.1 and 15.6%. These performances demonstrate the selectivity and sensitivity of the method for simultaneous trace detection and quantification of PAs and TAs in honey, verified through the analysis of forty commercial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martinello
- National Reference Laboratory for Beekeeping, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alice Borin
- National Reference Laboratory for Beekeeping, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Stella
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Bovo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Biancotto
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Albino Gallina
- National Reference Laboratory for Beekeeping, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- National Reference Laboratory for Beekeeping, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
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29
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in selected feed materials with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:853-863. [PMID: 28278124 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1302099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids are known to be toxic to many animals and humans. To provide safety of feeds a method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enabling the determination of a content of 1,2-unsaturated PAs in feed materials was developed. After extraction with aqueous solution of HCl and purification of the extract, 1,2-unsaturated alkaloids are reduced to their common backbone structures and subsequently derivatised with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA). The method was validated according to SANTE/11945/2015. All received parameters are consistent with the document requirements as recovery of a final compound retronecine derivative was from 81.8% to 94.4% when retrosine was used for spiking and from 72.7% to 85.5% when retrorsine N-oxide was spiked. The repeatability was calculated as relative standards deviation and ranged from 7.5% to 14.4%, for N-oxide was from 7.9% to 15.4%. The reproducibility was in the range from 14.2% to 16.3% and from 17.0% to 18.1% for free base and N-oxide respectively. The limit of quantification was determined as 10 µg kg-1. Good linearity of the method was obtained with coefficient of determination R2 > 0.99. The method was applied to 35 silage and two hay samples analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- a Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs , National Veterinary Research Institute , Puławy , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- a Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs , National Veterinary Research Institute , Puławy , Poland
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30
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Barel S, Elad D, Cuneah O, Shimshoni JA. The new Israeli feed safety law: challenges in relation to animal and public health. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1073-1083. [PMID: 27701742 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Israeli feed safety legislation, which came to prominence in the early 1970s, has undergone a major change from simple feed safety and quality regulations to a more holistic concept of control of feed safety and quality throughout the whole feed production chain, from farm to the end user table. In February 2014, a new law was approved by the Israeli parliament, namely the Control of Animal Feed Law, which is expected to enter into effect in 2017. The law is intended to regulate the production and marketing of animal feed, guaranteeing the safety and quality of animal products throughout the production chain. The responsibility on the implementation of the new feed law was moved from the Plant Protection Inspection Service to the Veterinary Services and Animal Health. In preparation for the law's implementation, we have characterized the various sources and production lines of feed for farm and domestic animals in Israel and assessed the current feed safety challenges in terms of potential hazards or undesirable substances. Moreover, the basic requirements for feed safety laboratories, which are mandatory for analyzing and testing for potential contaminants, are summarized for each of the contaminants discussed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Barel
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Dani Elad
- Department of Bacteriology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Olga Cuneah
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Jakob A Shimshoni
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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31
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Lucchetti MA, Glauser G, Kilchenmann V, Dübecke A, Beckh G, Praz C, Kast C. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Echium vulgare in Honey Originate Primarily from Floral Nectar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5267-73. [PMID: 27244472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in honey can be a potential human health risk. So far, it has remained unclear whether PAs in honey originate from pollen or floral nectar. We obtained honey, nectar, and plant pollen from two observation sites where Echium vulgare L. was naturally abundant. The PA concentration of honey was determined by targeted analysis using a high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system (HPLC-MS/MS), allowing the quantification of six different PAs and PA-N-oxides present in E. vulgare. Echium-type PAs were detected up to 0.153 μg/g in honey. Nectar and plant pollen were analyzed by nontargeted analysis using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS), allowing the detection of 10 alkaloids in small size samples. Echium-type PAs were detected between 0.3-95.1 μg/g in nectar and 500-35000 μg/g in plant pollen. The PA composition in nectar and plant pollen was compared to the composition in honey. Echimidine (+N-oxide) was the main alkaloid detected in honey and nectar samples, while echivulgarine (+N-oxide) was the main PA found in plant pollen. These results suggest that nectar contributes more significantly to PA contamination in honey than plant pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo A Lucchetti
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel , Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel , Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Verena Kilchenmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arne Dübecke
- Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Flughafendamm 9a, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Beckh
- Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Flughafendamm 9a, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christophe Praz
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel , Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Kast
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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