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Trabelsi K, Ben Khalaf N, Ramadan AR, Elsharkawy A, Ashoor D, Chlif S, Boussoffara T, Ben-Ahmed M, Kumar M, Fathallah MD. A novel approach to designing viral precision vaccines applied to SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1346349. [PMID: 38628551 PMCID: PMC11018900 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1346349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient precision vaccines against several highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses are currently lacking. Proteolytic activation is instrumental for a number of these viruses to gain host-cell entry and develop infectivity. For SARS-CoV-2, this process is enhanced by the insertion of a furin cleavage site at the junction of the spike protein S1/S2 subunits upstream of the metalloprotease TMPRSS2 common proteolytic site. Here, we describe a new approach based on specific epitopes selection from the region involved in proteolytic activation and infectivity for the engineering of precision candidate vaccinating antigens. This approach was developed through its application to the design of SARS-CoV-2 cross-variant candidates vaccinating antigens. It includes an in silico structural analysis of the viral region involved in infectivity, the identification of conserved immunogenic epitopes and the selection of those eliciting specific immune responses in infected people. The following step consists of engineering vaccinating antigens that carry the selected epitopes and mimic their 3D native structure. Using this approach, we demonstrated through a Covid-19 patient-centered study of a 500 patients' cohort, that the epitopes selected from SARS-CoV-2 protein S1/S2 junction elicited a neutralizing antibody response significantly associated with mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 (p<0.001), which strongly suggests protective immunity. Engineered antigens containing the SARS-CoV-2 selected epitopes and mimicking the native epitopes 3D structure generated neutralizing antibody response in mice. Our data show the potential of this combined computational and experimental approach for designing precision vaccines against viruses whose pathogenicity is contingent upon proteolytic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Noureddin Ben Khalaf
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Ahmed R. Ramadan
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Amany Elsharkawy
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dana Ashoor
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Sadok Chlif
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Thouraya Boussoffara
- Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections Laboratory, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben-Ahmed
- Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections Laboratory, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - M-Dahmani Fathallah
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Jing T, Hu Y, Chen X. Research Progress on Antiviral Activity of Heparin. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 36740803 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230203124032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, as a glycosaminoglycan, is known for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties for several decades. Heparin is a life-saving drug and is widely used for anticoagulation in medical practice. In recent years, there have been extensive studies that heparin plays an important role in non-anticoagulant diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, anti-neoplastic, anti-metastatic effects, and so on. Clinical observation and in vitro experiments indicate that heparin displays a potential multitarget effect. In this brief review, we will summarize heparin and its derivative's recently studied progress for the treatment of various viral infections. The aim is to maximize the benefits of drugs through medically targeted development, to meet the unmet clinical needs of serious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shandong VeriSign Test Detection Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianyuan Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiushan Chen
- Zhenjiang Runjing High Purity Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Rando HM, Lordan R, Lee AJ, Naik A, Wellhausen N, Sell E, Kolla L, Gitter A, Greene CS. Application of Traditional Vaccine Development Strategies to SARS-CoV-2. mSystems 2023; 8:e0092722. [PMID: 36861991 PMCID: PMC10134813 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00927-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 150 years, vaccines have revolutionized the relationship between people and disease. During the COVID-19 pandemic, technologies such as mRNA vaccines have received attention due to their novelty and successes. However, more traditional vaccine development platforms have also yielded important tools in the worldwide fight against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A variety of approaches have been used to develop COVID-19 vaccines that are now authorized for use in countries around the world. In this review, we highlight strategies that focus on the viral capsid and outwards, rather than on the nucleic acids inside. These approaches fall into two broad categories: whole-virus vaccines and subunit vaccines. Whole-virus vaccines use the virus itself, in either an inactivated or an attenuated state. Subunit vaccines contain instead an isolated, immunogenic component of the virus. Here, we highlight vaccine candidates that apply these approaches against SARS-CoV-2 in different ways. In a companion article (H. M. Rando, R. Lordan, L. Kolla, E. Sell, et al., mSystems 8:e00928-22, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00928-22), we review the more recent and novel development of nucleic acid-based vaccine technologies. We further consider the role that these COVID-19 vaccine development programs have played in prophylaxis at the global scale. Well-established vaccine technologies have proved especially important to making vaccines accessible in low- and middle-income countries. Vaccine development programs that use established platforms have been undertaken in a much wider range of countries than those using nucleic acid-based technologies, which have been led by wealthy Western countries. Therefore, these vaccine platforms, though less novel from a biotechnological standpoint, have proven to be extremely important to the management of SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE The development, production, and distribution of vaccines is imperative to saving lives, preventing illness, and reducing the economic and social burdens caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccines that use cutting-edge biotechnology have played an important role in mitigating the effects of SARS-CoV-2. However, more traditional methods of vaccine development that were refined throughout the 20th century have been especially critical to increasing vaccine access worldwide. Effective deployment is necessary to reducing the susceptibility of the world's population, which is especially important in light of emerging variants. In this review, we discuss the safety, immunogenicity, and distribution of vaccines developed using established technologies. In a separate review, we describe the vaccines developed using nucleic acid-based vaccine platforms. From the current literature, it is clear that the well-established vaccine technologies are also highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 and are being used to address the challenges of COVID-19 globally, including in low- and middle-income countries. This worldwide approach is critical for reducing the devastating impact of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie M. Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Lee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amruta Naik
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sell
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Likhitha Kolla
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - COVID-19 Review Consortium
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony Gitter
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Casey S. Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Rando HM, Lordan R, Lee AJ, Naik A, Wellhausen N, Sell E, Kolla L, Gitter A, Greene CS. Application of Traditional Vaccine Development Strategies to SARS-CoV-2. ARXIV 2023:2208.08907. [PMID: 36034485 PMCID: PMC9413721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 150 years, vaccines have revolutionized the relationship between people and disease. During the COVID-19 pandemic, technologies such as mRNA vaccines have received attention due to their novelty and successes. However, more traditional vaccine development platforms have also yielded important tools in the worldwide fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. A variety of approaches have been used to develop COVID-19 vaccines that are now authorized for use in countries around the world. In this review, we highlight strategies that focus on the viral capsid and outwards, rather than on the nucleic acids inside. These approaches fall into two broad categories: whole-virus vaccines and subunit vaccines. Whole-virus vaccines use the virus itself, either in an inactivated or attenuated state. Subunit vaccines contain instead an isolated, immunogenic component of the virus. Here, we highlight vaccine candidates that apply these approaches against SARS-CoV-2 in different ways. In a companion manuscript, we review the more recent and novel development of nucleic-acid based vaccine technologies. We further consider the role that these COVID-19 vaccine development programs have played in prophylaxis at the global scale. Well-established vaccine technologies have proved especially important to making vaccines accessible in low- and middle-income countries. Vaccine development programs that use established platforms have been undertaken in a much wider range of countries than those using nucleic-acid-based technologies, which have been led by wealthy Western countries. Therefore, these vaccine platforms, though less novel from a biotechnological standpoint, have proven to be extremely important to the management of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie M Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552); the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010067)
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra J Lee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552)
| | - Amruta Naik
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sell
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Likhitha Kolla
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America · Funded by NIH Medical Scientist Training Program T32 GM07170
| | | | - Anthony Gitter
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America · Funded by John W. and Jeanne M. Rowe Center for Research in Virology
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America · Funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF 4552); the National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG010067)
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5
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Talukder B, vanLoon GW, Hipel KW. Planetary health & COVID-19: A multi-perspective investigation. One Health 2022; 15:100416. [PMID: 35892119 PMCID: PMC9304035 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 can be characterized as an outcome of degraded planetary health drivers in complex systems and has wide-reaching implications in social, economic and environmental realms. To understand the drivers of planetary health that have influences of emergence and spread of COVID-19 and their implications for sustainability systems thinking and a narrative literature review are deployed. In particular, sixteen planetary health drivers are identified, i.e., population growth, climate change, agricultural intensification, urbanization, land use and land cover change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, globalization, wildlife trade, wet markets, non-planetary health diet, antimicrobial resistance, air pollution, water stress, poverty and weak governance. The implications of COVID-19 for planetary health are grouped in six categories: social, economic, environmental, technological, political, and public health. The implications for planetary health are then judged to see the impacts with respect to sustainable development goals (SDGs). The paper indicates that sustainable development goals are being hampered due to the planetary health implications of COVID-19. Identified and categorized drivers of planetary health for the emergence and spread of COVID-19. COVID-19 has implications in six categories of planetary health issues: social, economic, environment, technology, political and public health. COVID-19's planetary health implications have profound impacts on SDGs. Holistic measures are required to tackle the implications of COVID-19 for planetary health and SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byomkesh Talukder
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Canada
| | - Gary W vanLoon
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Keith W Hipel
- System Engineering Department and Conflict Analysis Group, Waterloo University, Canada.,Centre for International Governance Innovation Coordinator, Waterloo, Canada
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6
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LENG D, YAMADA S, CHIBA Y, YONEYAMA S, SAKAI Y, HIKONO H, MURAKAMI K. Co-administration of a plasmid encoding CD40 or CD63 enhances the immune responses to a DNA vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1175-1184. [PMID: 35793950 PMCID: PMC9523294 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. Plasmids encoding the BVDV E2 protein are potential DNA vaccines against BVDV, but their immunogenicity has been insufficient. Here, we investigated the adjuvant effect of CD40 and CD63 plasmids on the immune responses to a BVDV E2 DNA vaccine in mice. We constructed pUMVC4a-based plasmids encoding the BVDV E2 protein (pE2), mouse CD40 (pCD40), or mouse CD63 (pCD63). Protein expression by each plasmid was confirmed through Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining of cultured cell lines. BALB/c mice were immunized intradermally twice with pE2 in combination with, or without, pCD40 or pCD63, with 3 weeks between the two doses. pE2 with pCD40 induced significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against BVDV than pE2 alone. pE2 with pCD63 induced significantly higher anti-E2 IgG2a antibody titers than pE2 alone. Furthermore, pE2 with pCD40 or pCD63 induced significantly increased lymphocyte proliferation and interferon (IFN)-γ production in response to BVDV, compared with E2 alone. These results suggest that a plasmid encoding CD40 or CD63 can be used as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses to DNA vaccines against BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongze LENG
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shinji YAMADA
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yusuke CHIBA
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Syuji YONEYAMA
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yusuke SAKAI
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Kenji MURAKAMI
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
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Forgham H, Kakinen A, Qiao R, Davis TP. Keeping up with the COVID's-Could siRNA-based antivirals be a part of the answer? EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20220012. [PMID: 35941991 PMCID: PMC9349879 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This deadly infection has resulted in more than 5.2 million deaths worldwide. The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has without doubt saved countless lives by reducing the severity of symptoms for patients. However, as the virus continues to evolve, there is a risk that the vaccines and antiviral designed to target the infection will no longer be therapeutically viable. Furthermore, there remain fears over both the short and long-term side effects of repeat exposure to currently available vaccines. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of the vaccine rollout and promote the idea of a COVID medicinal toolbox made up of different antiviral treatment modalities, and present some of the latest therapeutic strategies that are being explored in this respect to try to combat the COVID-19 virus and other COVID viruses that are predicted to follow. Lastly, we review current literature on the use of siRNA therapeutics as a way to remain adaptable and in tune with the ever-evolving mutation rate of the COVID-19 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Forgham
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Aleksandr Kakinen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ruirui Qiao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Simnani FZ, Singh D, Kaur R. COVID-19 phase 4 vaccine candidates, effectiveness on SARS-CoV-2 variants, neutralizing antibody, rare side effects, traditional and nano-based vaccine platforms: a review. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:15. [PMID: 34926119 PMCID: PMC8665991 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has endangered world health and the economy. As the number of cases is increasing, different companies have started developing potential vaccines using both traditional and nano-based platforms to overcome the pandemic. Several countries have approved a few vaccine candidates for emergency use authorization (EUA), showing significant effectiveness and inducing a robust immune response. Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162, Moderna's mRNA-1273, Sinovac's CoronaVac, Johnson & Johnson, Sputnik-V, and Sinopharm's vaccine candidates are leading the race. However, the SARS-CoV-2 is constantly mutating, making the vaccines less effective, possibly by escaping immune response for some variants. Besides, some EUA vaccines have been reported to induce rare side effects such as blood clots, cardiac injury, anaphylaxis, and some neurological effects. Although the COVID-19 vaccine candidates promise to overcome the pandemic, a more significant and clear understanding is needed. In this review, we brief about the clinical trial of some leading candidates, their effectiveness, and their neutralizing effect on SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, we have discussed the rare side effects, different traditional and nano-based platforms to understand the scope of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dibyangshee Singh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024 India
| | - Ramneet Kaur
- Department of Life Sciences, RIMT University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
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Younis I, Longsheng C, Zulfiqar MI, Imran M, Shah SAA, Hussain M, Solangi YA. Regional disparities in Preventive measures of COVID-19 pandemic in China. A study from international students' prior knowledge, perception and vulnerabilities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40355-40370. [PMID: 33037960 PMCID: PMC7547302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic needs immediate solution before inflicting more devastation. So far, China has successfully controlled transmission of COVID-19 through implementing stringent preventive measures. In this study, we analyze the effectiveness of preventive measures taken in thirteen regions of China based on the feedback provided by 1135 international students studying in China. The study uses factor analysis combined with varimax rotation of variables. It was found that awareness raising and dispersing actionable knowledge regarding trust and adapting measures remained significantly important. Therefore, recognition of information gaps, improvements in the level of alertness, and development of preventive measures in each sector are imperative. The findings of this study revealed that trust, students' health, waste disposal, and the efforts of the Chinese government/international institute of education to prevent this pandemic were significantly and positively associated with preventive measures. The results showed that prior knowledge, global pandemics, and food and grocery purchases were firmly related to the preventive measures of COVID-19. Moreover, anxiety, transportation, and economic status were negatively related to the preventive measures. During this epidemic situation, international students suffered various types of mental stresses and anxiety, especially living in most affected regions of China. The study adopted a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) approach where the findings can act as a set of guidelines for governmental authorities in formulating, assisting in the preparation, instructing, and guiding policies to prevent and control the epidemic COVID-19 at national, local, and divisional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijaz Younis
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Longsheng
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran Zulfiqar
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Syed Ahsan Ali Shah
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mudassar Hussain
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yasir Ahmed Solangi
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 People’s Republic of China
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10
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Prentice RE, Rentsch C, Al‐Ani AH, Zhang E, Johnson D, Halliday J, Bryant R, Begun J, Ward MG, Lewindon PJ, Connor SJ, Ghaly S, Christensen B. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. GASTROHEP 2021; 3:212-228. [PMID: 34539248 PMCID: PMC8441891 DOI: 10.1002/ygh2.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has drastically impacted societies worldwide. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is expected to play a key role in the management of this pandemic. Inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often require chronic immunosuppression, which can influence vaccination decisions. AIM This review article aims to describe the most commonly available SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vectors globally, assess the potential benefits and concerns of vaccination in the setting of immunosuppression and provide medical practitioners with guidance regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IBD. METHODS All published Phase 1/2 and/or Phase 3 and 4 studies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations were reviewed. IBD international society position papers, safety registry data and media releases from pharmaceutical companies as well as administrative and medicines regulatory bodies were included. General vaccine evidence and recommendations in immunosuppressed patients were reviewed for context. Society position papers regarding special populations, including immunosuppressed, pregnant and breast-feeding individuals were also evaluated. Literature was critically analysed and summarised. RESULTS Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is supported in all adult, non-pregnant individuals with IBD without contraindication. There is the potential that vaccine efficacy may be reduced in those who are immunosuppressed; however, medical therapies should not be withheld in order to undertake vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe, but data specific to immunosuppressed patients remain limited. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is essential from both an individual patient and community perspective and should be encouraged in patients with IBD. Recommendations must be continually updated as real-world and trial-based evidence emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralley E. Prentice
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Clarissa Rentsch
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Aysha H. Al‐Ani
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Eva Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Douglas Johnson
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and General MedicineThe Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of MedicineRoyal Melbourne HospitalUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - John Halliday
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Robert Bryant
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Queen Elizabeth HospitalAdelaideAustralia
| | - Jacob Begun
- Department of GastroenterologyMater HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Mark G. Ward
- Department of GastroenterologyAlfred HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Monash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Peter J. Lewindon
- Department of GastroenterologyLady Cilento Children’s HospitalBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Queensland Children’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Susan J. Connor
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyLiverpool HospitalLiverpoolNSWAustralia
- South West Sydney Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Simon Ghaly
- Department of GastroenterologySt. Vincent’s Hospital SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Britt Christensen
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
- University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
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11
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Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: Challenges and considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 47:128-131. [PMID: 34012335 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v47i03a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is essential to consider challenges previously faced and addressed while developing a vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Considering the severity of the health crisis that SARS-CoV-2 has caused worldwide, and with so little known about the virus, our focus should be drawn towards approaches that can bring better development outcomes in a relatively short period of time. This commentary discusses the use of nucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid) vaccines against viral infections and pandemic-like settings. The potential advantages of the nucleic acid vaccines over conventional vaccines are presented, and the nucleic acid vaccines currently in development against viral infections and the challenges these vaccines face entering clinical trial are discussed.
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12
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Ogah OS, Umuerri EM, Adebiyi A, Orimolade OA, Sani MU, Ojji DB, Mbakwem AC, Stewart S, Sliwa K. SARS-CoV 2 Infection (Covid-19) and Cardiovascular Disease in Africa: Health Care and Socio-Economic Implications. Glob Heart 2021; 16:18. [PMID: 33833942 PMCID: PMC7977038 DOI: 10.5334/gh.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic of SARS-COV 2 infection (Covid-19) is challenging health systems and communities worldwide. At the individual level, the main biological system involved in Covid-19 is the respiratory system. Respiratory complications range from mild flu-like illness symptoms to a fatal respiratory distress syndrome or a severe and fulminant pneumonia. Critically, the presence of a pre-existing cardiovascular disease or its risk factors, such as hypertension or type II diabetes mellitus, increases the chance of having severe complications (including death) if infected by the virus. In addition, the infection can worsen an existing cardiovascular disease or precipitate new ones. This paper presents a contemporary review of cardiovascular complications of Covid-19. It also specifically examines the impact of the disease on those already vulnerable and on the poorly resourced health systems of Africa as well as the potential broader consequences on the socio-economic health of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okechukwu S. Ogah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria/Department of Medicine, University College Hospital Ibadan, NG
- Institute of Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, NG
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA
| | - Ejiroghene M. Umuerri
- Department of Medicine, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State Nigeria/Department of Medicine, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Delta State, NG
| | - Adewole Adebiyi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria/Department of Medicine, University College Hospital Ibadan, NG
| | - Olanike A. Orimolade
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria/Department of Medicine, University College Hospital Ibadan, NG
| | - Mahmoud U. Sani
- Department of Medicine Bayero University Kano & Aminu Kano University Teaching Hospital, Kano, NG
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA
| | - Dike B. Ojji
- Department of Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria/Department of Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, NG
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA
| | - Amam C. Mbakwem
- Department of Medicine, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria/Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos, NG
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA
| | - Simon Stewart
- Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, AU
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, ZA
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13
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Firouzi M, Sherkatolabbasieh H, Shafizadeh S. Clinical Signs, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections in Infants. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e160921190908. [PMID: 33511936 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210129145317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Certain infectious diseases are common in infants than any other age groups and are associated with morbidities in childhood and adulthood, and even mortality in severe cases. Environment, epidemic and maternal immunity are the main causes of these infections. Early diagnosis using molecular methods and treatment is therefore important to prevent future complications. Vaccines are recommended during infancy and childhood to prevent these infections. This review highlights some of the most commonly reported viral infections in children, their clinical signs, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Firouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
| | | | - Shiva Shafizadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
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14
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Oroojalian F, Haghbin A, Baradaran B, Hemmat N, Shahbazi MA, Baghi HB, Mokhtarzadeh A, Hamblin MR. Novel insights into the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: An overview of current clinical trials. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:18-43. [PMID: 32991900 PMCID: PMC7521454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the global pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has motivated scientists to find a definitive treatment or a vaccine against it in the shortest possible time. Current efforts towards this goal remain fruitless without a full understanding of the behavior of the virus and its adaptor proteins. This review provides an overview of the biological properties, functional mechanisms, and molecular components of SARS-CoV-2, along with investigational therapeutic and preventive approaches for this virus. Since the proteolytic cleavage of the S protein is critical for virus penetration into cells, a set of drugs, such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, camostat mesylate have been tested in clinical trials to suppress this event. In addition to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the role of CD147 in the viral entrance has also been proposed. Mepolizumab has shown to be effective in blocking the virus's cellular entrance. Antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir, ritonavir, oseltamivir, darunavir, lopinavir, zanamivir, peramivir, and oseltamivir, have also been tested as treatments for COVID-19. Regarding preventive vaccines, the whole virus, vectors, nucleic acids, and structural subunits have been suggested for vaccine development. Mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells could also be used against SARS-CoV-2. All the above-mentioned strategies, as well as the role of nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran,Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Ali Haghbin
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa,Correspondence to: M.R. Hamblin, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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15
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Han P, Yosinski S, Kobos ZA, Chaudhury R, Lee JS, Fahmy TM, Reed MA. Continuous Label-Free Electronic Discrimination of T Cells by Activation State. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8646-8657. [PMID: 32530598 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and speed with which the immune system reacts to host disruption is unrivaled by any detection method for pathogenic biomarkers or infectious signatures. Engagement of cellular immunity in response to infections or cancer is contingent upon activation and subsequent cytotoxic activity by T cells. Thus, monitoring T cell activation can reliably serve as a metric for disease diagnosis as well as therapeutic prognosis. Rapid and direct quantification of T cell activation states, however, has been hindered by challenges associated with antigen target identification, labeling requirements, and assay duration. Here we present an electronic, label-free method for simultaneous separation and evaluation of T cell activation states. Our device utilizes a microfluidic design integrated with nanolayered electrode structures for dielectrophoresis (DEP)-driven discrimination of activated vs naïve T cells at single-cell resolution and demonstrates rapid (<2 min) separation of T cells at high single-pass efficiency as quantified by an on-chip Coulter counter module. Our device represents a microfluidic tool for electronic assessment of immune activation states and, hence, a portable diagnostic for quantitative evaluation of immunity and disease state. Further, its ability to achieve label-free enrichment of activated immune cells promises clinical utility in cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shari Yosinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Zachary A Kobos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Rabib Chaudhury
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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16
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Zumla A, Memish ZA, Hui DS, Perlman S. Vaccine against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 19:1054-1055. [PMID: 31559955 PMCID: PMC7129953 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Research, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - David S Hui
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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17
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Kochi AN, Tagliari AP, Forleo GB, Fassini GM, Tondo C. Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:1003-1008. [PMID: 32270559 PMCID: PMC7262150 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the world started to face a new pandemic situation, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease (COVID-19) clinical manifestations are mainly respiratory, major cardiac complications are being reported. Cardiac manifestations etiology seems to be multifactorial, comprising direct viral myocardial damage, hypoxia, hypotension, enhanced inflammatory status, ACE2-receptors downregulation, drug toxicity, endogenous catecholamine adrenergic status, among others. Studies evaluating patients with COVID-19 presenting cardiac injury markers show that it is associated with poorer outcomes, and arrhythmic events are not uncommon. Besides, drugs currently used to treat the COVID-19 are known to prolong the QT interval and can have a proarrhythmic propensity. This review focus on COVID-19 cardiac and arrhythmic manifestations and, in parallel, makes an appraisal of other virus epidemics as SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and H1N1 influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Tagliari
- Cardiovascular Surgery DepartmentUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Claudio Tondo
- Heart Rhythm CenterCentro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCSMilanItaly
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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18
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弓 孟, 刘 莉, 吴 琛, 杨 越, 沈 杨, 李 杰, 林 凯, 郭 怡, 魏 红, 徐 泽, 朱 宏. [Conducting clinical studies during the epidemics of communicable diseases: perspectives of methodology and health economics]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:353-357. [PMID: 32376587 PMCID: PMC7167318 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the setting of epidemics of communicable diseases, early initiation of epidemiological and clinical data collection and analysis and conducting relevant researches are essential to the success of epidemic containment. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), starting initially as an epidemic in China in late 2019 and now becoming a pandemic globally, poses grave challenges to the global health care systems while also provides an opportunity for studying infectious diseases in the perspective of methodology. The authors propose the evaluation methods for case reports, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), real-world evidence studies and health economics researches during an epidemic. Case reports, which are of important value for health care workers during outbreaks of infectious diseases, should be written in standard format and style and published following a strict peer review process. RCTs provides the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of a given treatment for the patients from the outbreaks. We review the potential challenges faced in conducting RCTs during the outbreaks. The real-world data collected from the cases in designated hospitals allow the verification of the safety and effectiveness of the intervention measures. The data from health economics research also provide important support for optimizing communicable disease prevention and control strategies. Herein we summarize the health economics research methods, study design, and technical points during the outbreaks. We recommend that clinical research and health economics research be incorporated into the prevention and control plan and measures be taken to ensure both the standards and feasibility of these studies to improve the response capacity against outbreaks of communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- 孟春 弓
- 南方医科大学 卫生与健康管理研究院,广东 广州 510515Institute of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 莉 刘
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 琛 吴
- 神州数码医疗科技股份有限公司,北京 100085Digital China Health Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing 100085, China
| | - 越 杨
- 神州数码医疗科技股份有限公司,北京 100085Digital China Health Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing 100085, China
| | - 杨 沈
- 神州数码医疗科技股份有限公司,北京 100085Digital China Health Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing 100085, China
| | - 杰 李
- 神州数码医疗科技股份有限公司,北京 100085Digital China Health Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing 100085, China
| | - 凯程 林
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 怡 郭
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 红云 魏
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 泽宇 徐
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 宏 朱
- 南方医科大学 卫生与健康管理研究院,广东 广州 510515Institute of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学 南方医院,广东 广州 510515Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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19
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Maslow JN. Challenges and solutions in the development of vaccines against emerging and neglected infectious diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2230-2234. [PMID: 31644396 PMCID: PMC6816441 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1661209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and emergent infectious diseases (EIDs) represent a significant and growing cause of morbidity and mortality with increased potential for pandemics due to globalization and international trade. Challenges remain to the approach toward vaccine development for EIDs. This Special Feature explores areas related to vaccine development and testing, including unique challenges posed in the developing world. Vaccines against multiple pathogens spanning a number of viral families are explored with respect to past activities through to future commercialization. Cost drivers balanced against clinical need are discussed and unique challenges posed by rare diseases are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N. Maslow
- Chief Medical Officer, Gene One Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Korea,Department of Medicine, Professor of Medicine, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA,CONTACT Joel N. Maslow Chief Medical Officer, Gene One Life Science, Inc., Seoul, Korea; Professor of Medicine, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
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20
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Li E, Chi H, Huang P, Yan F, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang Z, Li G, Zhang S, Mo R, Jin H, Wang H, Feng N, Wang J, Bi Y, Wang T, Sun W, Gao Y, Zhao Y, Yang S, Xia X. A Novel Bacterium-Like Particle Vaccine Displaying the MERS-CoV Receptor-Binding Domain Induces Specific Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses in Mice. Viruses 2019; 11:E799. [PMID: 31470645 PMCID: PMC6784119 DOI: 10.3390/v11090799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a new coronavirus that has been causing severe and fatal acute respiratory illnesses in humans since its outbreak in 2012, has raised public fear worldwide. The development of prophylactics and therapeutics is urgently needed to prevent and control MERS-CoV infections. In this study, a bacterium (Lactococcus lactis)-like particle (BLP) vaccine displaying the MERS-CoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) was developed, and gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles were used as substrates to externally bind to the MERS-CoV RBD through a protein anchor (PA). The designs included different numbers of lysin motif (LysM) repeats in the PAs linked by linkers (RBD-linker-PA2 (RLP2), RBD-linker-PA3 (RLP3) and RBD-PA3 (RP3)), and three LysM repeats and a linker in the fusion proteins increased the binding activity to the RBD. The specific immune responses were tested by intranasally immunizing mice with RLP3-GEM with or without the adjuvant GEL01. The results showed that GEL01-adjuvanted RLP3-GEM increased the systemic humoral, cellular and local mucosal immune responses in the mouse model, especially in the intestinal tract. The above results indicate that the MERS-CoV BLP product has the potential to be developed into a promising mucosal candidate vaccine to protect against MERS-CoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Hang Chi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Pei Huang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruo Mo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130000, China.
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Modjarrad K, Roberts CC, Mills KT, Castellano AR, Paolino K, Muthumani K, Reuschel EL, Robb ML, Racine T, Oh MD, Lamarre C, Zaidi FI, Boyer J, Kudchodkar SB, Jeong M, Darden JM, Park YK, Scott PT, Remigio C, Parikh AP, Wise MC, Patel A, Duperret EK, Kim KY, Choi H, White S, Bagarazzi M, May JM, Kane D, Lee H, Kobinger G, Michael NL, Weiner DB, Thomas SJ, Maslow JN. Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:1013-1022. [PMID: 31351922 PMCID: PMC7185789 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus causes a highly fatal lower-respiratory tract infection. There are as yet no licensed MERS vaccines or therapeutics. This study (WRAIR-2274) assessed the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the GLS-5300 MERS coronavirus DNA vaccine in healthy adults. Methods This study was a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study of GLS-5300 done at the Walter Reed Army Institute for Research Clinical Trials Center (Silver Spring, MD, USA). We enrolled healthy adults aged 18–50 years; exclusion criteria included previous infection or treatment of MERS. Eligible participants were enrolled sequentially using a dose-escalation protocol to receive 0·67 mg, 2 mg, or 6 mg GLS-5300 administered by trained clinical site staff via a single intramuscular 1 mL injection at each vaccination at baseline, week 4, and week 12 followed immediately by co-localised intramuscular electroporation. Enrolment into the higher dose groups occurred after a safety monitoring committee reviewed the data following vaccination of the first five participants at the previous lower dose in each group. The primary outcome of the study was safety, assessed in all participants who received at least one study treatment and for whom post-dose study data were available, during the vaccination period with follow-up through to 48 weeks after dose 3. Safety was measured by the incidence of adverse events; administration site reactions and pain; and changes in safety laboratory parameters. The secondary outcome was immunogenicity. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT02670187) and is completed. Findings Between Feb 17 and July 22, 2016, we enrolled 75 individuals and allocated 25 each to 0·67 mg, 2 mg, or 6 mg GLS-5300. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events were reported. The most common adverse events were injection-site reactions, reported in 70 participants (93%) of 75. Overall, 73 participants (97%) of 75 reported at least one solicited adverse event; the most common systemic symptoms were headache (five [20%] with 0·67 mg, 11 [44%] with 2 mg, and seven [28%] with 6 mg), and malaise or fatigue (five [20%] with 0·67 mg, seven [28%] with 2 mg, and two [8%] with 6 mg). The most common local solicited symptoms were administration site pain (23 [92%] with all three doses) and tenderness (21 [84%] with all three doses). Most solicited symptoms were reported as mild (19 [76%] with 0·67 mg, 20 [80%] with 2 mg, and 17 [68%] with 6 mg) and were self-limiting. Unsolicited symptoms were reported for 56 participants (75%) of 75 and were deemed treatment-related for 26 (35%). The most common unsolicited adverse events were infections, occurring in 27 participants (36%); six (8%) were deemed possibly related to study treatment. There were no laboratory abnormalities of grade 3 or higher that were related to study treatment; laboratory abnormalities were uncommon, except for 15 increases in creatine phosphokinase in 14 participants (three participants in the 0·67 mg group, three in the 2 mg group, and seven in the 6 mg group). Of these 15 increases, five (33%) were deemed possibly related to study treatment (one in the 2 mg group and four in the 6 mg group). Seroconversion measured by S1-ELISA occurred in 59 (86%) of 69 participants and 61 (94%) of 65 participants after two and three vaccinations, respectively. Neutralising antibodies were detected in 34 (50%) of 68 participants. T-cell responses were detected in 47 (71%) of 66 participants after two vaccinations and in 44 (76%) of 58 participants after three vaccinations. There were no differences in immune responses between dose groups after 6 weeks. At week 60, vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses were detected in 51 (77%) of 66 participants and 42 (64%) of 66, respectively. Interpretation The GLS-5300 MERS coronavirus vaccine was well tolerated with no vaccine-associated serious adverse events. Immune responses were dose-independent, detected in more than 85% of participants after two vaccinations, and durable through 1 year of follow-up. The data support further development of the GLS-5300 vaccine, including additional studies to test the efficacy of GLS-5300 in a region endemic for MERS coronavirus. Funding US Department of the Army and GeneOne Life Science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy R Castellano
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Jean Boyer
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Janice M Darden
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Paul T Scott
- Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Ajay P Parikh
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan C Wise
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Ami Patel
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott White
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hyojin Lee
- GeneOne Life Science, Seoul, South Korea
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Roberts CC. Emerging infectious disease laboratory and diagnostic preparedness to accelerate vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2258-2263. [PMID: 31268394 PMCID: PMC6816404 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1634992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid vaccine development in response to an outbreak of a new emerging infectious disease (EID) is a goal targeted by public health agencies worldwide. This goal becomes more complicated when there are no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, no accepted and well-characterized samples, standards or reagents, and no approved diagnostic tests for the EID pathogen. The diagnosis of infections is of critical importance to public health, but also in vaccine development in order to track incident infections during clinical trials, to differentiate natural infection responses from those that are vaccine-related and, if called for by study design, to exclude subjects with prior exposure from vaccine efficacy trials. Here we review emerging infectious disease biological standards development, vaccine clinical assay development and trial execution with the recent experiences of MERS-CoV and Zika virus as examples. There is great need to establish, in advance, the standardized reagents, sample panels, controls, and assays to support the rapid advancement of vaccine development efforts in response to EID outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Roberts
- Clinical Laboratory Development, GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Blue Bell, PA, USA,Contact Christine C. Roberts Clinical Laboratory Development, GeneOne Life Science, Inc., 1040 DeKalb Pike, Suite 200, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
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Zika Vaccine Development-Current Progress and Challenges for the Future. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4030104. [PMID: 31337115 PMCID: PMC6789600 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is an emergent pathogen that gained significant importance during the epidemic in South and Central America as unusual and alarming complications of infection were recognized. Although initially considered a self-limited benign infection, a panoply of neurologic complications were recognized including a Guillain-Barré-like syndrome and in-utero fetal infection causing microcephaly, blindness, and other congenital neurologic complications. Numerous Zika virus vaccines were developed, with nine different vaccines representing five different platforms entered into clinical trials, one progressing to Phase II. Here we review the current landscape and challenges confronting Zika virus vaccine development.
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Shrestha AC, Wijesundara DK, Masavuli MG, Mekonnen ZA, Gowans EJ, Grubor-Bauk B. Cytolytic Perforin as an Adjuvant to Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020038. [PMID: 31052178 PMCID: PMC6630607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines present one of the most cost-effective platforms to develop global vaccines, which have been tested for nearly three decades in preclinical and clinical settings with some success in the clinic. However, one of the major challenges for the development of DNA vaccines is their poor immunogenicity in humans, which has led to refinements in DNA delivery, dosage in prime/boost regimens and the inclusion of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this review, we focus on adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of DNA encoded antigens and highlight the development of a novel cytolytic DNA platform encoding a truncated mouse perforin. The application of this innovative DNA technology has considerable potential in the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C Shrestha
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Danushka K Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Makutiro G Masavuli
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Zelalem A Mekonnen
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research and University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
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Role of heparan sulfate in the Zika virus entry, replication, and cell death. Virology 2019; 529:91-100. [PMID: 30684694 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus and its infection associates with neurologic diseases. Whether heparan sulfate (HS), an attachment factor for many viruses, plays a role in the ZIKV infection remains controversial. Our study generated several HS biosynthesis-deficient cell clones by disrupting SLC35B2, B3GAT3, or B4GALT7 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The HS deficiency did not affect the viral attachment and internalization of ZIKV, but reduced the attachment of Dengue virus (DENV) 2. The early RNA and protein levels of ZIKV and DENV2 were impaired in the HS deficient cells, while the viral yields were not accordingly reduced. Our data further showed that HS promoted the cell death induced by virus infection, and inhibition of cell death significantly increased the viral replication of ZIKV and DENV2. Collectively, our study described an unexpected role of HS in the viral attachment, replication and cell death induced by ZIKV.
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Hobernik D, Bros M. DNA Vaccines-How Far From Clinical Use? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113605. [PMID: 30445702 PMCID: PMC6274812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two decades ago successful transfection of antigen presenting cells (APC) in vivo was demonstrated which resulted in the induction of primary adaptive immune responses. Due to the good biocompatibility of plasmid DNA, their cost-efficient production and long shelf life, many researchers aimed to develop DNA vaccine-based immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of infections and cancer, but also autoimmune diseases and allergies. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the course of action of DNA vaccines, and which factors are responsible for the poor immunogenicity in human so far. Important optimization steps that improve DNA transfection efficiency comprise the introduction of DNA-complexing nano-carriers aimed to prevent extracellular DNA degradation, enabling APC targeting, and enhanced endo/lysosomal escape of DNA. Attachment of virus-derived nuclear localization sequences facilitates nuclear entry of DNA. Improvements in DNA vaccine design include the use of APC-specific promotors for transcriptional targeting, the arrangement of multiple antigen sequences, the co-delivery of molecular adjuvants to prevent tolerance induction, and strategies to circumvent potential inhibitory effects of the vector backbone. Successful clinical use of DNA vaccines may require combined employment of all of these parameters, and combination treatment with additional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Hobernik
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Assay Challenges for Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Zika Experience. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6040070. [PMID: 30279372 PMCID: PMC6313918 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
From the perspective of vaccine development, it is imperative to accurately diagnose target infections in order to exclude subjects with prior exposure from evaluations of vaccine effectiveness, to track incident infection during the course of a clinical trial and to differentiate immune reactions due to natural infections from responses that are vaccine related. When vaccine development is accelerated to a rapid pace in response to emerging infectious disease threats, the challenges to develop such diagnostic tools is even greater. This was observed through the recent expansion of Zika virus infections into the Western Hemisphere in 2014⁻2017. When initial Zika vaccine clinical trials were being designed and launched in response to the outbreak, there were no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, and no approved diagnostic tests for Zika virus infection. The diagnosis of Zika virus infection is still an area of active research and development on many fronts. Here we review emerging infectious disease vaccine clinical assay development and trial execution with a special focus on the state of Zika virus clinical assays and diagnostics.
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