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Lofts A, Campea MA, Winterhelt E, Rigg N, Rivera NP, Macdonald C, Frey BN, Mishra RK, Hoare T. In situ-gelling hydrophobized starch nanoparticle-based nanoparticle network hydrogels for the effective delivery of intranasal olanzapine to treat brain disorders. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134385. [PMID: 39111489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Intranasal (IN) delivery offers potential to deliver antipsychotic drugs with improved efficacy to the brain. However, the solubilization of such drugs and the frequency of required re-application both represent challenges to its practical implementation in treating various mental illnesses including schizophrenia. Herein, we report a sprayable nanoparticle network hydrogel (NNH) consisting of hydrophobically-modified starch nanoparticles (SNPs) and mucoadhesive chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (COL) that can gel in situ within the nasal cavity and release ultra-small penetrative SNPs over time. Hydrophobization of the SNPs enables enhanced uptake and prolonged release of poorly water soluble drugs such as olanzapine from the NNH depot through mucous and ultimately into the brain via the nose-to-brain (N2B) pathway. The hydrogel shows high in vitro cytocompatibility in mouse striatal neuron and human primary nasal cell lines and in vivo efficacy in an amphetamine-induced pre-clinical rat schizophrenia model, with IN-delivered NNH hydrogels maintaining successful attenuation of locomotor activity for up to 4 h while all other tested treatments (drug-only IN or conventional intraperitoneal delivery) failed to attenuate at any time point past 0.5 h. As such, in situ-gelling NNHs represent a safe excipient for the IN delivery of hydrophobic drugs directly to the brain using customized SNPs that exhibit high penetration and drug complexing properties to maximize effective drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lofts
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Matthew A Campea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Erica Winterhelt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Nicolette Rigg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Nahieli Preciado Rivera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Cameron Macdonald
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Mood Disorders Treatment and Research Centre and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ram K Mishra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Patel HP, Vasandia AV, Jha R, Desai BV, Desai DT, Dedhiya PP, Vyas BA, Maulvi FA. Intranasal delivery of doxepin: enhancing brain targeting efficiency utilizing nanostructured lipid carriers for a biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system class-I drug. Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:639-647. [PMID: 38980085 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2376102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Doxepin, a Class-I Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) drug, exhibits poor bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. This research focuses on enhancing the delivery of doxepin by formulating nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) through the utilization of the Box-Behnken Design methodology. These optimized NLCs are intended for intranasal administration, with the ultimate goal of improving nose-to-brain drug delivery. NLCs were formulated using a high-speed homogenization technique. The optimized batch had a small particle size (75.80 ± 5.48 nm, PDI = 0.286), high entrapment efficiency (94.10 ± 0.16%), and sustained ex vivo release (82.25 ± 4.61% at 24 h). Characterization studies confirmed the conversion of doxepin from a crystalline to an amorphous state with uniform distribution in the lipid matrix. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed significantly higher doxepin concentration in the brain tissue (Cmax = 16.77 µg/g, tmax = 30 min) after intranasal administration compared to intravenous administration (Cmax = 2.53 µg/g, tmax = 6 h). High-drug targeting efficiency (DTE = 284.3%) and direct transport percentage (DTP = 64.8%) suggested direct penetration of NLCs in the brain via olfactory and trigeminal pathways. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of NLCs to improve the bioavailability of doxepin through nose-to-brain delivery and thereby potentially enable the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal P Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, India
| | - Ayushi V Vasandia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, India
| | - Rahul Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, India
| | - Bhargavi V Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, India
| | - Ditixa T Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, India
| | - Praful P Dedhiya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, India
| | - Bhavin A Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, India
| | - Furqan A Maulvi
- School of Optometry and Vision, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Liu T, Zhang M, Zhang J, Kang N, Zheng L, Ding Z. Targeted Delivery of Macrophage Membrane Biomimetic Liposomes Through Intranasal Administration for Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6177-6199. [PMID: 38911498 PMCID: PMC11194020 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s458656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) can be used for ischemic stroke treatment, however, the lack of targeting to the ischemic region limits the therapeutic effect. To address this, we leveraged the affinity of macrophage membrane proteins for inflamed brain microvascular endothelial cells to develop a macrophage membrane-cloaked liposome loaded with Rg3 and PNS (MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS), which can precisely target brain lesion region through intranasal administration. Methods MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS was prepared by co-extrusion method and was performed by characterization, stability, surface protein, and morphology. The cellular uptake, immune escape ability, and blood-brain barrier crossing ability of MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS were studied in vitro. The in vivo brain targeting, biodistribution and anti-ischemic efficacy of MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS were evaluated in MACO rats, and we determined the diversity of the nasal brain pathway through the olfactory nerve blockade model in rats. Finally, the pharmacokinetics and brain targeting index of MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS were investigated. Results Our results indicated that MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS was spherical with a shell-core structure. MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS can avoid mononuclear phagocytosis, actively bind to inflammatory endothelial cells, and have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS could specifically target ischemic sites, even microglia, increase the cumulative number of drugs in the brain, improve the inflammatory environment of the brain, and reduce the infarct size. By comparing olfactory nerve-blocking rats with normal rats, it was found that there are direct and indirect pathways for nasal entry into the brain. Pharmacokinetics demonstrated that MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS exhibited stronger brain targeting and prolonged drug half-life. Conclusion MM-Lip-Rg3/PNS might contribute to the accumulation of Rg3 and PNS in the ischemic brain area to improve treatment efficacy. This biomimetic nano-drug delivery system provides a new and promising strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengfan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naijin Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People’s Republic of China
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Kumar N, Khurana B, Arora D. Nose-to-brain drug delivery for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: nanotechnological interventions. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:1032-1047. [PMID: 37975846 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2285506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor with a short survival rate. Extensive research is underway for the last two decades to find an effective treatment for GBM but the tortuous pathophysiology, development of chemoresistance, and presence of BBB are the major challenges, prompting scientists to look for alternative targets and delivery strategies. Therefore, the nose to brain delivery emerged as an unorthodox and non-invasive route, which delivers the drug directly to the brain via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways and also bypasses the BBB and hepatic metabolism of the drug. However, mucociliary clearance, low administration volume, and less permeability of nasal mucosa are the obstacles retrenching the brain drug concentration. Thus, nanocarrier delivery through this route may conquer these limitations because of their unique surface characteristics and smaller size. In this review, we have emphasized the advantages and limitations of nanocarrier technologies such as polymeric, lipidic, inorganic, and miscellaneous nanoparticles used for nose-to-brain drug delivery against GBM in the past 10 years. Furthermore, recent advances, patents, and clinical trials are highlighted. However, most of these studies are in the early stages, so translating their outcomes into a marketed formulation would be a milestone in the better progression and survival of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Bharat Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Daisy Arora
- Department of Pharmacy, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat, Haryana, India
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Ye E, Park E, Kim E, Lee JE, Yang SH, Park SM. Transcranial application of magnetic pulses for improving brain drug delivery efficiency via intranasal injection of magnetic nanoparticles. Biomed Eng Lett 2023; 13:417-427. [PMID: 37519873 PMCID: PMC10382413 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-023-00272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders efficient drug delivery to the brain, drug delivery via the intranasal pathway, bypassing the BBB, has received considerable attention. However, intranasal administration still has anatomical and physiological limitations, necessitating further solutions to enhance effectiveness. In this study, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of different sizes (50, 100, and 300 nm) to facilitate MNP's transportation and delivery to the brain parenchyma. To validate this concept, anesthetized rats were intranasally injected with the MNPs, and TMS was applied to the center of the head. As the result, a two-fold increase in brain MNP delivery was achieved using TMS compared with passive intranasal administration. In addition, histological analysis that was performed to investigate the safety revealed no gross or microscopic damages to major organs caused by the nanoparticles. While future studies should establish the delivery conditions in humans, we expect an easy clinical translation in terms of device safety, similar to the use of conventional TMS. The strategy reported herein is the first critical step towards effective drug transportation to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Ye
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673 South Korea
| | - Eunkyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan, 31538 South Korea
| | - Eunseon Kim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673 South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Jungbudae-ro, Paldal-gu, Suwon, 16247 South Korea
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673 South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Jungbudae-ro, Paldal-gu, Suwon, 16247 South Korea
| | - Sung-Min Park
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673 South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Jungbudae-ro, Paldal-gu, Suwon, 16247 South Korea
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Thakkar H, Modi B, Patel B. Intranasal spray of cubosomal Tizanidine Hydrochloride for brain targeting: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization. J Microencapsul 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37129532 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2023.2209651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tizanidine HCl (TH) is used as first-line therapy for the treatment of muscular spasm. The intranasal cubosomal delivery system of TH for site-specific delivery i.e. CNS was developed. Cubosomes of TH were prepared using Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as a lipid, poloxamer 407 as stabilizer, and ethanol and polyethylene glycol 200 as co-solvent. Optimized cubosomes of TH were characterized for vesicle size, zeta potential, % drug entrapment, mucin binding efficiency, which found to be 50.22 nm, -6.39 mV, 69.28%, 42.12%. It is also evaluated for CRYO-FESEM, CRYO-TEM, SAXS, residual solvent content, and in-vitro drug release. Ex-vivo permeation was also conducted at 7.4 and it indicates that almost 93.66% drug was diffused from a formulation in 6 hrs. Histopathological study of the optimized TH cubosomes suggests that the prepared formulation is non-toxic to the nasal mucosa. Pharmacokinetic and brain distribution study indicates targeted action of the formulated TH cubosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal Thakkar
- G.H. Patel Pharmacy building, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumi Modi
- G.H. Patel Pharmacy building, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Brijesh Patel
- G.H. Patel Pharmacy building, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Liu S, Dong J, Fang X, Yan X, Zhang H, Hu Y, Zhu Q, Li R, Liu Q, Liu S, Liao C, Jiang G. Nanoscale Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Induce Neurotoxicity by Disturbing the Metabolism of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5380-5390. [PMID: 36942846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a group of new nanomaterials, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely applied in the biomedical field, exerting unknown risks to the human body, especially the central nervous system. Herein, the impacts of MOF-74-Zn nanoparticles on neurological behaviors and neurotransmitter metabolism are explored in both in vivo and in vitro assays modeled by C57BL/6 mice and PC12 cells, respectively. The mice exhibit increased negative-like behaviors, as demonstrated by the observed decrease in exploring behaviors and increase in despair-like behaviors in the open field test and forced swimming test after exposure to low doses of MOF-74-Zn nanoparticles. Disorders in the catecholamine neurotransmitter metabolism may be responsible for the MOF-74-Zn-induced abnormal behaviors. Part of the reason for this is the inhibition of neurotransmitter synthesis caused by restrained neurite extension. In addition, MOF-74-Zn promotes the translocation of more calcium into the cytoplasm, accelerating the release and uptake and finally resulting in an imbalance between synthesis and catabolism. Taken together, the results from this study indicate the human toxicity risks of nanoscale low-toxicity metal-based MOFs and provide valuable insight into the rational and safe use of MOF nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingcun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Fang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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Deruyver L, Rigaut C, Gomez-Perez A, Lambert P, Haut B, Goole J. In vitro Evaluation of Paliperidone Palmitate Loaded Cubosomes Effective for Nasal-to-Brain Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1085-1106. [PMID: 36883068 PMCID: PMC9985876 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s397650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This work aimed to develop chitosan-coated cubosomal nanoparticles intended for nose-to-brain delivery of paliperidone palmitate. They were compared with standard and cationic cubosomal nanoparticles. This comparison relies on numerous classical in vitro tests and powder deposition within a 3D-printed nasal cast. Methods Cubosomal nanoparticles were prepared by a Bottom-up method followed by a spray drying process. We evaluated their particle size, polydispersity index, zeta-potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, mucoaffinity properties and morphology. The RPMI 2650 cell line was used to assess the cytotoxicity and cellular permeation. An in vitro deposition test within a nasal cast completed these measurements. Results The selected chitosan-coated cubosomal nanoparticles loaded with paliperidone palmitate had a size of 305.7 ± 22.54 nm, their polydispersity index was 0.166 ± 0.022 and their zeta potential was +42.4 ± 0.2 mV. This formulation had a drug loading of 70% and an encapsulation efficiency of 99.7 ± 0.1%. Its affinity with mucins was characterized by a ΔZP of 20.93 ± 0.31. Its apparent permeability coefficient thought the RPMI 2650 cell line was 3.00E-05 ± 0.24E-05 cm/s. After instillation in a 3D-printed nasal cast, the fraction of the injected powder deposited in the olfactory region reached 51.47 ± 9.30% in the right nostril and 41.20 ± 4.59% in the left nostril, respectively. Conclusion The chitosan coated cubosomal formulation seems to be the most promising formulation for nose-to-brain delivery. Indeed, it has a high mucoaffinity and a significantly higher apparent permeability coefficient than the two other formulations. Finally, it reaches well the olfactory region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deruyver
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Faculté de pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clément Rigaut
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Lambert
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit Haut
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Faculté de pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Maeng J, Lee K. Systemic and brain delivery of antidiabetic peptides through nasal administration using cell-penetrating peptides. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1068495. [PMID: 36452220 PMCID: PMC9703138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1068495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The intranasal route has emerged as a promising strategy that can direct delivery of drugs into the systemic circulation because the high-vascularized nasal cavity, among other advantages, avoids the hepatic first-pass metabolism. The nose-to-brain pathway provides a non-invasive alternative to other routes for the delivery of macromolecular therapeutics. A great variety of methodologies has been developed to enhance the efficiency of transepithelial translocation of macromolecules. Among these, the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), short protein transduction domains (PTDs) that facilitate the intracellular transport of various bioactive molecules, has become an area of extensive research in the intranasal delivery of peptides and proteins either to systemic or to brain compartments. Some CPPs have been applied for the delivery of peptide antidiabetics, including insulin and exendin-4, for treating diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the current status of CPP-driven intranasal delivery of peptide drugs and its potential applicability as a universal vehicle in the nasal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyunglim Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Pre-referral intranasal artesunate powder for cerebral malaria: a proof-of-concept study. Malar J 2022; 21:291. [PMID: 36221071 PMCID: PMC9555123 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria still kills young children in rural endemic areas because early treatment is not available. Thus, the World Health Organization recommends the administration of artesunate suppositories as pre-referral treatment before transportation to the hospital in case of severe symptoms with an unavailable parenteral and oral treatment. However, negative cultural perception of the rectal route, and limited access to artesunate suppositories, could limit the use of artesunate suppositories. There is, therefore, a need for an alternative route for malaria pre-referral treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of intranasal route for malaria pre-referral treatment. Methods The permeability of artesunate through human nasal mucosa was tested in vitro. The Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) of the nasal mucosa was followed during the permeation tests. Beside, regional deposition of artesunate powder was assessed with an unidose drug delivery device in each nostril of a nasal cast. Artesunate quantification was performed using Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry. Results The experimental model of human nasal mucosa was successfully implemented. Using this model, artesunate powder showed a much better passage rate through human nasal mucosa than solution (26.8 ± 6.6% versus 2.1 ± 0.3%). More than half (62.3%) of the artesunate dose sprayed in the nostrils of the nasal cast was recovered in the olfactory areas (44.7 ± 8.6%) and turbinates (17.6 ± 3.3%) allowing nose-to-brain and systemic drug diffusion, respectively. Conclusion Artesunate powder showed a good permeation efficiency on human nasal mucosa. Moreover it can be efficiently sprayed in the nostrils using unidose device to reach the olfactory area leading to a fast nose-to-brain delivery as well as a systemic effect. Taken together, those results are part of the proof-of-concept for the use of intranasal artesunate as a malaria pre-referral treatment.
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Tomar S, Yadav RK, Shah K, Dewangan HK. A comprehensive review on carrier mediated nose to brain targeting: emphasis on molecular targets, current trends, future prospects, and challenges. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2124255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Tomar
- Aligarh College of Pharmacy, Aligarh-Mathura Road, Mathura - Aligarh Bypass Road, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Yadav
- Formulation and Development of Injectable Department, Zydus Cadila Health Care Ltd, Sarkhej Bavla NH-8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382210, India
| | - Kamal Shah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (IPR), GLA University, NH-2 Mathura Delhi Road, PO- Chaumuhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University, NH-95 Chandigarh Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
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12
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Huynh H, Upadhyay P, Lopez CH, Miyashiro MK, Van Winkle LS, Thomasy SM, Pinkerton KE. Inhalation of Silver Silicate Nanoparticles Leads to Transient and Differential Microglial Activation in the Rodent Olfactory Bulb. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:763-775. [PMID: 35768951 PMCID: PMC9529873 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), including silver silicate nanoparticles (Ag-SiO2 NPs), are used in a wide variety of medical and consumer applications. Inhaled AgNPs have been found to translocate to the olfactory bulb (OB) after inhalation and intranasal instillation. However, the biological effects of Ag-SiO2 NPs and their potential nose-to-brain transport have not been evaluated. The present study assessed whether inhaled Ag-SiO2 NPs can elicit microglial activation in the OB. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats inhaled aerosolized Ag-SiO2 NPs at a concentration of 1 mg/ml for 6 hours. On day 0, 1, 7, and 21 post-exposure, rats were necropsied and OB were harvested. Immunohistochemistry on OB tissues were performed with anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and heme oxygenase-1 as markers of microglial activation and oxidative stress, respectively. Aerosol characterization indicated Ag-SiO2 NPs were sufficiently aerosolized with moderate agglomeration and high-efficiency deposition in the nasal cavity and olfactory epithelium. Findings suggested that acute inhalation of Ag-SiO2 NPs elicited transient and differential microglial activation in the OB without significant microglial recruitment or oxidative stress. The delayed and differential pattern of microglial activation in the OB implied that inhaled Ag-SiO2 may have translocated to the central nervous system via intra-neuronal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Huynh
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Center for Health and the Environment, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Priya Upadhyay
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cora H Lopez
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Malia K Miyashiro
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura S Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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13
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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14
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Petkova AI, Kubajewska I, Vaideanu A, Schätzlein AG, Uchegbu IF. Gene Targeting to the Cerebral Cortex Following Intranasal Administration of Polyplexes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061136. [PMID: 35745709 PMCID: PMC9231247 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery to the cerebral cortex is challenging due to the blood brain barrier and the labile and macromolecular nature of DNA. Here we report gene delivery to the cortex using a glycol chitosan—DNA polyplex (GCP). In vitro, GCPs carrying a reporter plasmid DNA showed approximately 60% of the transfection efficiency shown by Lipofectamine lipoplexes (LX) in the U87 glioma cell line. Aiming to maximise penetration through the brain extracellular space, GCPs were coated with hyaluronidase (HYD) to form hyaluronidase-coated polyplexes (GCPH). The GCPH formulation retained approximately 50% of the in vitro hyaluronic acid (HA) digestion potential but lost its transfection potential in two-dimensional U87 cell lines. However, intranasally administered GCPH (0.067 mg kg−1 DNA) showed high levels of gene expression (IVIS imaging of protein expression) in the brain regions. In a separate experiment, involving GCP, LX and naked DNA, the intranasal administration of the GCP formulation (0.2 mg kg−1 DNA) resulted in protein expression predominantly in the cerebral cortex, while a similar dose of intranasal naked DNA led to protein expression in the cerebellum. Intranasal LX formulations did not show any evidence of protein expression. GCPs may provide a means to target protein expression to the cerebral cortex via the intranasal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya I. Petkova
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.I.P.); (I.K.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.)
- Nanomerics Ltd., Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Hospital, Y Block, Watford Road, London HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Ilona Kubajewska
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.I.P.); (I.K.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.)
- Nanomerics Ltd., Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Hospital, Y Block, Watford Road, London HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Alexandra Vaideanu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.I.P.); (I.K.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.)
| | - Andreas G. Schätzlein
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.I.P.); (I.K.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.)
- Nanomerics Ltd., Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Hospital, Y Block, Watford Road, London HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Ijeoma F. Uchegbu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.I.P.); (I.K.); (A.V.); (A.G.S.)
- Nanomerics Ltd., Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Hospital, Y Block, Watford Road, London HA1 3UJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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15
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Naki T, Aderibigbe BA. Efficacy of Polymer-Based Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Brain Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051048. [PMID: 35631634 PMCID: PMC9145018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumor is a life-threatening disease with a low survival rate. The therapies available for the treatment of brain tumor is limited by poor uptake via the blood–brain barrier. The challenges with the chemotherapeutics used for the treatment of brain tumors are poor distribution, drug toxicity, and their inability to pass via the blood–brain barrier, etc. Several researchers have investigated the potential of nanomedicines for the treatment of brain cancer. Nanomedicines are designed with nanosize particle sizes with a large surface area and are loaded with bioactive agents via encapsulation, immersion, conjugation, etc. Some nanomedicines have been approved for clinical use. The most crucial part of nanomedicine is that they promote drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier, display excellent specificity, reduce drug toxicity, enhance drug bioavailability, and promote targeted drug release mechanisms. The aforementioned features make them promising therapeutics for brain targeting. This review reports the in vitro and in vivo results of nanomedicines designed for the treatment of brain cancers.
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16
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Cui J, Li M, Wei Y, Li H, He X, Yang Q, Li Z, Duan J, Wu Z, Chen Q, Chen B, Li G, Ming X, Xiong L, Qin D. Inhalation Aromatherapy via Brain-Targeted Nasal Delivery: Natural Volatiles or Essential Oils on Mood Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:860043. [PMID: 35496310 PMCID: PMC9041268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.860043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders, also often referred to as affective disorders, are a group of psychiatric illnesses that severely impact mood and its related functions. The high medical expenditures have placed a significant financial burden on patients and their families. Aromatherapy is an alternative and complementary treatment that utilizes essential oils (EOs) or volatile oils (VOs) to achieve major therapeutic goals. In general, EOs are volatile chemicals that enter the body primarily through skin absorption and/or nasal inhalation. In addition, they can work through oral administration. Inhalation aromatherapy has shown unique advantages for treating mood disorders, especially depression, anxiety and mental disorders such as sleep disorder, which have been validated over the last decade through clinical and animal studies. Accumulating evidence has shown that EOs or VOs can bypass the blood-brain barrier to target brain tissue through the nasal-brain pathway. Subsequently, they act on the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and limbic system in the brain to improve symptoms of anxiety, depression and improve sleep quality. Here, we review the natural aromatic plants’ volatiles or essential oils used commonly as adjuncts to manage mood disorders and illustrate the mechanisms of inhalation aromatherapy, and mainly summarized the application of transnasal inhalation aromatherapy in depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. We conclude that aromatherapy does not cause side-effects, which is vastly different from commonly used psychotropic drugs. Inhalation aromatherapy via brain-targeted nasal delivery offers potentially efficacious treatment for mental disorders and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Huayan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiying He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengkun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jinfeng Duan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Bojun Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Ming
- Department of TCM Pediatrics, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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17
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Targeting neuroinflammation by intranasal delivery of nanoparticles in neurological diseases: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:133-148. [PMID: 34982185 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation (NIF) plays an essential role in the pathology of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Despite progress in the drug discovery and development of new drugs, drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) still represents the challenge due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Targeting NIF may require an adequate amount of drug to cross the BBB. Recently, the intranasal (IN) drug administration has attracted increasing attention as a reliable method to cross the BBB and treat neurological disorders. On the other hand, using optimized nanoparticles may improve the IN delivery limitations, increase the mucoadhesive properties, and prevent drug degradation. NPs can carry and deliver drugs to the CNS by bypassing the BBB. In this review, we described briefly the NIF as a pathologic feature of CNS diseases. The potential treatment possibilities with IN transfer of NP-loaded drugs will enhance the establishment of more efficient nanoformulations and delivery systems.
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18
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A P, Agrawal M, Dethe MR, Ahmed H, Yadav A, Gupta U, Alexander A. Nose-to-brain drug delivery for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Current advancements and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:87-102. [PMID: 35040728 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2029845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The irreversible destruction of neurons, progressive loss of memory and cognitive behavior, high cost of therapy, and impact on society desire a better, effective, and affordable treatment of AD. The nose-to-brain drug delivery approach holds a great potential to access the brain without any hindrance of BBB and result in higher bioavailability thus better therapeutic efficacy of anti-AD drugs. AREAS COVERED The present review article highlighted the current facts and worldwide statistics of AD and its detailed etiology. Followed by barriers to brain delivery, nose-to-brain delivery, their limitations, and amalgamation with various novel carrier systems. We have emphasized recent advancements in nose-to-brain delivery using mucoadhesive, stimuli-responsive carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, protein/peptide delivery for treatment of AD. EXPERT OPINION The available therapies are symptomatic, mitigate the symptoms of AD at the initial stages. In this lieu, nose-to-brain delivery has the ability to overcome these limitations and increase drug bioavailability in the brain. Various novel strategies including stimuli-responsive systems, nanoparticles, etc. enhance the nasal drug permeation, protects the drug, and enhance its therapeutic potency. Although, successful preclinical data does not assure the clinical success of the therapy and hence exhaustive clinical investigations are needed to make the therapy available for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabakaran A
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Sila, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Hyderabad, India, 509301
| | - Mithun Rajendra Dethe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Sila, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
| | - Hafiz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Sila, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
| | - Awesh Yadav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India, 226002
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India, 305817
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Sila, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
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19
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Kiran P, Debnath SK, Neekhra S, Pawar V, Khan A, Dias F, Pallod S, Srivastava R. Designing nanoformulation for the nose-to-brain delivery in Parkinson's disease: Advancements and barrier. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1768. [PMID: 34825510 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which results in the loss of motor activity. In the management of PD, the primary aim is to increase the dopamine content in the brain either by delivering the precursors of dopamine or by inhibiting the molecules responsible for dopamine degradation. Due to the low bioavailability, a higher dosage of drugs needs to be administered repeatedly for achieving the desired therapeutic effect. This repeated high dose not only increases the severe side effects but also produces tolerance in the body. Often, direct administration of drugs fails to ameliorate the symptoms as the unmodified drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanotherapeutic is at the forefront of the alternative treatment against the central nervous system (CNS) disorders due to the ability to circumvents the BBB. Here, all the available treatments for PD have been discussed with their limitation. The current trends of nanotherapeutics for PD have been explored. Suitability and formulation prospects for nasal delivery have been analyzed in detail to explore new research scope. The most effective approach is the nose-to-brain delivery for targeting drugs directly to the brain. This delivery bypasses the BBB and concentrates more drugs at the target site. Thus, developments of nose-to-brain delivery of nanoformulations explicit the new scope to manage PD better. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kiran
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Debnath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suditi Neekhra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Vaishali Pawar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Amreen Khan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Faith Dias
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shubham Pallod
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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20
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Lee D, Minko T. Nanotherapeutics for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Approach to Bypass the Blood Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122049. [PMID: 34959331 PMCID: PMC8704573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-6348
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21
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Haroon HB, Mukherjee D, Anbu J, Teja BV. Thiolated Chitosan-Centella asiatica Nanocomposite: A Potential Brain Targeting Strategy Through Nasal Route. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:251. [PMID: 34668091 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge associated with the treatment of neurological disorders is the inefficiency of drugs to enter the Central Nervous System (CNS). Polymer-drug conjugates are now being tailored to overcome this hindrance associated with conventional drugs. The study aimed at developing polymer hybrid nasal nanocomposite for enhanced delivery of Centella to the CNS. Thiolated chitosan was complexed with Centella to form a composite using EDAC hydrochloride. The composite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, NMR, and MS. Further, this composite was converted into a nanoformulation by the ionic-gelation method, characterized, and subjected to ex vivo permeation studies. Additionally, MTT assay was performed using Human Uumbilical cord Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) mimicking Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) to establish the safety of nanocomposite. The targeting efficacy was predicted by molecular docking studies against receptors associated with BBB. The FTIR, XRD, NMR, and MS studies confirmed the chemical conjugation of thiolated chitosan with Centella. Nanocomposite characterization through SEM, AFM, and DLS confirmed the size and stability of the developed nanocomposite having a zeta potential of - 14.5 mV and PDI of 0.260. The nanocomposite showed no signs of nasal ciliotoxicity and good permeation of 89.44 ± 1.75% (mean ± SD, n = 3) at 8 h across the nasal mucosa. MTT assay showed that the nanocomposite had lesser toxicity compared to the free drug (IC50 of Centella-269.1 μg/mL and IC50 of CTC nanocomposite-485.375 μg/mL). The affinity of polymer to the BBB receptors as proved by docking studies suggests the ability of polymer-based nanocomposite to concentrate in the brain post nasal administration.
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22
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Nair SC, Vinayan KP, Mangalathillam S. Nose to Brain Delivery of Phenytoin Sodium Loaded Nano Lipid Carriers: Formulation, Drug Release, Permeation and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1640. [PMID: 34683933 PMCID: PMC8540129 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An acute epileptic seizure is a seizure emergency fatal condition that requires immediate medical attention. IV phenytoin sodium remains the second line therapeutic agent for the immediate treatment of status epilepticus. Phenytoin sodium formulated as nanolipid carriers (NLCs) seems to be promising as an intranasal delivery system for controlling acute seizures. Three different nanosized phenytoin sodium loaded NLCs (<50 nm, 50-100 nm and >100 nm) were prepared by melt emulsification and was further characterised. In vitro drug release studies showed immediate drug release from phenytoin sodium loaded NLCs of <50 nm size, which is highly essential for acute seizure control. The ex vivo permeation study indicated greater permeation from <50 nm sized NLC through the olfactory epithelium compared to thecontrol drug solution. Invivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed higher drug concentration in CSF/brain within 5 min upon intranasal administration of <50 nm sized phenytoin sodium NLCs than the control drug solution and marketed IV phenytoin sodium, indicating direct and rapid nose to brain drug transport through the olfactory epithelium. The study has shown that formulation strategies can enhance olfactory uptake, and phenytoin sodium NLCs of desired particle sizes (<50 nm) offer promising potential for nose to brain direct delivery of phenytoin sodium in treating acute epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja C. Nair
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India;
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23
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Perteghella S, Rassu G, Gavini E, Obinu A, Bari E, Mandracchia D, Bonferoni MC, Giunchedi P, Torre ML. Crocetin as New Cross-Linker for Bioactive Sericin Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050680. [PMID: 34065101 PMCID: PMC8150760 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nose-to-brain delivery route is used to bypass the blood–brain barrier and deliver drugs directly into the brain. Over the years, significant signs of progress have been made in developing nano-drug delivery systems to address the very low drug transfer levels seen with conventional formulations (e.g., nasal solutions). In this paper, sericin nanoparticles were prepared using crocetin as a new bioactive natural cross-linker (NPc) and compared to sericin nanoparticles prepared with glutaraldehyde (NPg). The mean diameter of NPc and NPg was about 248 and 225 nm, respectively, and suitable for nose-to-brain delivery. The morphological investigation revealed that NPc are spherical-like particles with a smooth surface, whereas NPg seem small and rough. NPc remained stable at 4 °C for 28 days, and when freeze-dried with 0.1% w/v of trehalose, the aggregation was prevented. The use of crocetin as a natural cross-linker significantly improved the in vitro ROS-scavenging ability of NPc with respect to NPg. Both formulations were cytocompatible at all the concentrations tested on human fibroblasts and Caco-2 cells and protected them against oxidative stress damage. In detail, for NPc, the concentration of 400 µg/mL resulted in the most promising to maintain the cell metabolic activity of fibroblasts higher than 90%. Overall, the results reported in this paper support the employment of NPc as a nose-to-brain drug delivery system, as the brain targeting of antioxidants is a potential tool for the therapy of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Perteghella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (M.C.B.); (M.L.T.)
- PharmaExceed S.r.l., 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.G.); (A.O.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0-7922-8735
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.G.); (A.O.); (P.G.)
| | - Antonella Obinu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.G.); (A.O.); (P.G.)
| | - Elia Bari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (M.C.B.); (M.L.T.)
| | - Delia Mandracchia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, I-25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Bonferoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (M.C.B.); (M.L.T.)
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.G.); (A.O.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.B.); (M.C.B.); (M.L.T.)
- PharmaExceed S.r.l., 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Fung TKH, Lau BWM, Ngai SPC, Tsang HWH. Therapeutic Effect and Mechanisms of Essential Oils in Mood Disorders: Interaction between the Nervous and Respiratory Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094844. [PMID: 34063646 PMCID: PMC8125361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are extracted from plants and contain active components with therapeutic effects. Evidence shows that various types of EOs have a wide range of health benefits. In our previous studies, the potential of lavender EO for prevention and even treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms was demonstrated. The favourable outcomes may be due to multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of monoamine level, the induction of neurotrophic factor expression, the regulation of the endocrine system and the promotion of neurogenesis. The molecules of EOs may reach the brain and exert an effect through two distinctive pathways, namely, the olfactory system and the respiratory system. After inhalation, the molecules of the EOs would either act directly on the olfactory mucosa or pass into the respiratory tract. These two delivery pathways suggest different underlying mechanisms of action. Different sets of responses would be triggered, such as increased neurogenesis, regulation of hormonal levels, activation of different brain regions, and alteration in blood biochemistry, which would ultimately affect both mood and emotion. In this review, we will discuss the clinical effects of EOs on mood regulation and emotional disturbances as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Emphasis will be put on the interaction between the respiratory and central nervous system and the involved potential mechanisms. Further evidence is needed to support the use of EOs in the clinical treatment of mood disturbances. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms may provide insight into the future therapeutic use of EO components treatment of psychiatric and physical symptoms.
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Sesame Oil-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers of Nicergoline, Intranasal Delivery System for Brain Targeting of Synergistic Cerebrovascular Protection. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040581. [PMID: 33921796 PMCID: PMC8072759 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicergoline (NIC) is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative applied for treatment of dementia and other cerebrovascular disorders. The efficacy of sesame oil to slow and reverse the symptoms of neurodegenerative cognitive disorders has been proven. This work aimed to formulate and optimize sesame oil-based NIC-nanostructured lipid carriers (NIC–NLCs) for intranasal (IN) delivery with expected synergistic and augmented neuroprotective properties. The NIC–NLC were prepared using sesame oil as a liquid lipid. A three-level, three-factor Box–Behnken design was applied to statistically optimize the effect of sesame oil (%) of the total lipid, surfactant concentration, and sonication time on particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficacy as responses. Solid-state characterization, release profile, and ex vivo nasal permeation in comparison to NIC solution (NIC–SOL) was studied. In vivo bioavailability from optimized NIC–NLC and NIC–SOL following IN and IV administration was evaluated and compared. The optimized NIC–NLC formula showed an average particle size of 111.18 nm, zeta potential of −15.4 mV, 95.11% entrapment efficacy (%), and 4.6% loading capacity. The NIC–NLC formula showed a biphasic, extended-release profile (72% after 48 h). Permeation of the NIC–NLC formula showed a 2.3 enhancement ratio. Bioavailability studies showed a 1.67 and 4.57 fold increase in plasma and brain following IN administration. The results also indicated efficient direct nose-to-brain targeting properties with the brain-targeting efficiency (BTE%) and direct transport percentage (DTP%) of 187.3% and 56.6%, respectively, after IN administration. Thus, sesame oil-based NIC–NLC can be considered as a promising IN delivery system for direct and efficient brain targeting with improved bioavailability and expected augmented neuroprotective action for the treatment of dementia.
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Costa CP, Moreira JN, Sousa Lobo JM, Silva AC. Intranasal delivery of nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanoemulsions: A current overview of in vivo studies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:925-940. [PMID: 33996407 PMCID: PMC8105874 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders is challenging, due to the need of drugs to cross the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) and reach the brain. Among the various strategies that have been studied to circumvent this challenge, the use of the intranasal route to transport drugs from the nose directly to the brain has been showing promising results. In addition, the encapsulation of the drugs in lipid-based nanocarriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) or nanoemulsions (NEs), can improve nose-to-brain transport by increasing the bioavailability and site-specific delivery. This review provides the state-of-the-art of in vivo studies with lipid-based nanocarriers (SLNs, NLCs and NEs) for nose-to-brain delivery. Based on the literature available from the past two years, we present an insight into the different mechanisms that drugs can follow to reach the brain after intranasal administration. The results of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies are reported and a critical analysis of the differences between the anatomy of the nasal cavity of the different animal species used in in vivo studies is carried out. Although the exact mechanism of drug transport from the nose to the brain is not fully understood and its effectiveness in humans is unclear, it appears that the intranasal route together with the use of NLCs, SLNs or NEs is advantageous for targeting drugs to the brain. These systems have been shown to be more effective for nose-to-brain delivery than other routes or formulations with non-encapsulated drugs, so they are expected to be approved by regulatory authorities in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Pina Costa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Medtech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- UC - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo Das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Sousa Lobo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Medtech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Silva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Medtech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto 4249-004, Portugal
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Thimmulappa RK, Mudnakudu-Nagaraju KK, Shivamallu C, Subramaniam K, Radhakrishnan A, Bhojraj S, Kuppusamy G. Antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of curcumin: A case for prophylactic therapy for COVID-19. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06350. [PMID: 33655086 PMCID: PMC7899028 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a devastating respiratory illness caused by SARS-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has already affected over 64 million people and caused 1.48 million deaths, just 12 months from the first diagnosis. COVID-19 patients develop serious complications, including severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and or multiorgan failure due to exaggerated host immune response following infection. Currently, drugs that were effective against SARS-CoV are being repurposed for SARS-CoV-2. During this public health emergency, food nutraceuticals could be promising prophylactic therapeutics for COVID-19. Curcumin, a bioactive compound in turmeric, exerts diverse pharmacological activities and is widely used in foods and traditional medicines. This review presents several lines of evidence, which suggest curcumin as a promising prophylactic, therapeutic candidate for COVID-19. First, curcumin exerts antiviral activity against many types of enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, by multiple mechanisms: direct interaction with viral membrane proteins; disruption of the viral envelope; inhibition of viral proteases; induce host antiviral responses. Second, curcumin protects from lethal pneumonia and ARDS via targeting NF-κB, inflammasome, IL-6 trans signal, and HMGB1 pathways. Third, curcumin is safe and well-tolerated in both healthy and diseased human subjects. In conclusion, accumulated evidence indicates that curcumin may be a potential prophylactic therapeutic for COVID-19 in the clinic and public health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K. Thimmulappa
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Mudnakudu-Nagaraju
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
| | - K.J.Thirumalai Subramaniam
- Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience & Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience & Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience & Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
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Keller LA, Merkel O, Popp A. Intranasal drug delivery: opportunities and toxicologic challenges during drug development. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:735-757. [PMID: 33491126 PMCID: PMC7829061 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, the interest in intranasal drug delivery in pharmaceutical R&D has increased. This review article summarises information on intranasal administration for local and systemic delivery, as well as for CNS indications. Nasal delivery offers many advantages over standard systemic delivery systems, such as its non-invasive character, a fast onset of action and in many cases reduced side effects due to a more targeted delivery. There are still formulation limitations and toxicological aspects to be optimised. Intranasal drug delivery in the field of drug development is an interesting delivery route for the treatment of neurological disorders. Systemic approaches often fail to efficiently supply the CNS with drugs. This review paper describes the anatomical, histological and physiological basis and summarises currently approved drugs for administration via intranasal delivery. Further, the review focuses on toxicological considerations of intranasally applied compounds and discusses formulation aspects that need to be considered for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Adriana Keller
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81337 Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81337 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Popp
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Mignani S, Shi X, Karpus A, Majoral JP. Non-invasive intranasal administration route directly to the brain using dendrimer nanoplatforms: An opportunity to develop new CNS drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112905. [PMID: 33069435 PMCID: PMC7548078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several routes of administration to the brain, including intraparenchymal, intraventricular, and subarachnoid injections. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) impedes the permeation and access of most drugs to the central nervous system (CNS), and consequently, many neurological diseases remain undertreated. For past decades, to circumvent this effect, several nanocarriers have been developed to deliver drugs to the brain. Importantly, intranasal (IN) administration can allow direct delivery of drugs into the brain through the anatomical connection between the nasal cavity and brain without crossing the BBB. In this regard, dendrimers may possess great potential to deliver drugs to the brain by IN administration, bypassing the BBB and reducing systemic exposure and side effects, to treat diseases of the CNS. In this original concise review, we highlighted the few examples advocated regarding the use of dendrimers to deliver CNS drugs directly via IN. This review highlighed the few examples of the association of dendrimer encapsulating drugs (e.g., small compounds: haloperidol and paeonol; macromolecular compounds: dextran, insulin and calcitonin; and siRNA) using IN administration. Good efficiencies were observed. In addition, we will present the in vivo effects of PAMAM dendrimers after IN administration, globally, showing no general toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Mignani
- Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique, 45, Rue des Saints Peres, 75006, Paris, France; CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Andrii Karpus
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination Du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse 118 Route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination Du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse 118 Route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.
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Curcio M, Cirillo G, Rouaen JRC, Saletta F, Nicoletta FP, Vittorio O, Iemma F. Natural Polysaccharide Carriers in Brain Delivery: Challenge and Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1183. [PMID: 33291284 PMCID: PMC7762150 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery systems represent valuable tools to enhance the accumulation of therapeutics in the brain. Here, the presence of the blood brain barrier strongly hinders the passage of foreign substances, often limiting the effectiveness of pharmacological therapies. Among the plethora of materials used for the development of these systems, natural polysaccharides are attracting growing interest because of their biocompatibility, muco-adhesion, and chemical versatility which allow a wide range of carriers with tailored physico-chemical features to be synthetized. This review describes the state of the art in the field of targeted carriers based on natural polysaccharides over the last five years, focusing on the main targeting strategies, namely passive and active transport, stimuli-responsive materials and the administration route. In addition, in the last section, the efficacy of the reviewed carriers in each specific brain diseases is summarized and commented on in terms of enhancement of either blood brain barrier (BBB) permeation ability or drug bioavailability in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.N.); (F.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.N.); (F.I.)
| | - Jourdin R. C. Rouaen
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children’s Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2031, NSW, Australia; (J.R.C.R.); (F.S.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Federica Saletta
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children’s Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2031, NSW, Australia; (J.R.C.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Fiore Pasquale Nicoletta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.N.); (F.I.)
| | - Orazio Vittorio
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children’s Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2031, NSW, Australia; (J.R.C.R.); (F.S.)
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Iemma
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (M.C.); (F.P.N.); (F.I.)
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Health and Safety Concerns Related to CNT and Graphene Products, and Related Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Graphene increased in the last decade and it is likely to keep increasing in the near future. The attractiveness of their properties, particularly the possibility to enhance the composites performance using a tailor made methodology, brings new materials, processes and products for highly demanding industrial applications and to the market. However, there are quite a lot of health/safety issues, as well as lack of understanding and standards to evaluate their effects. This paper starts with a general description of materials, processes and products dealing with CNT and graphene. Then, an overview of concerns related to the health and safety when handling, researching, producing and using products that include these materials is presented. It follows a risk management approach with respect to simulation and evaluation tools, and considering the consensual limits already existing for research, industry and consumers. A general discussion integrating the relevant aspects of health and safety with respect to CNT and graphene is also presented. A proactive view is presented with the intention to contribute with some guidelines on installation, maintenance, evaluation, personal protection equipment (PPE) and personnel training to deal with these carbon-based nanomaterials in research, manufacture, and use with composite materials.
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Investigation of Cytotoxicity and Cell Uptake of Cationic Beta-Cyclodextrins as Valid Tools in Nasal Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070658. [PMID: 32664676 PMCID: PMC7407921 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin polymers have high applicability in pharmaceutical formulations due to better biocompatibility, solubility enhancement, loading capacity and controlled drug release than their parent, cyclodextrins. The cytotoxicity and cell uptake of new cationic beta-cyclodextrin monomers and polymers were evaluated as suitable materials for nasal formulations and their protective effects on cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide were studied. PC12 and CACO-2 cells were selected as the neuronal- and epithelial-type cells, respectively, to mimic the structure of respiratory and olfactory epithelia of the nasal cavity. All cationic beta-cyclodextrin polymers tested showed dose- and time-dependent toxicity; nevertheless, at 5 µM concentration and 60 min of exposure, the quaternary-ammonium-beta-cyclodextrin soluble polymer could be recognized as nontoxic. Based on these results, a fluorescently labelled quaternary-ammonium-beta-cyclodextrin monomer and polymer were selected for uptake studies in CACO-2 cells. The monomeric and polymeric beta-cyclodextrins were internalized in the cytoplasm of CACO-2 cells; the cationic monomer showed higher permeability than the hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, employed as comparison. Therefore, these cationic beta-cyclodextrins showed potential as excipients able to improve the nasal absorption of drugs. Furthermore, amino-beta-cyclodextrin and beta-cyclodextrin soluble polymers were able to reduce oxidative damage in PC12 and CACO-2 cells and thus could be studied as bioactive carriers or potential drugs for cell protection against oxidative stress.
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Kumbhar SA, Kokare CR, Shrivastava B, Gorain B, Choudhury H. Preparation, characterization, and optimization of asenapine maleate mucoadhesive nanoemulsion using Box-Behnken design: In vitro and in vivo studies for brain targeting. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119499. [PMID: 32505580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the entry of therapeutics into the brain. Potential of the intranasal delivery tool has been explored in administering the therapeutics directly to the brain, thus bypassing BBB. The objective of this study was to develop and optimize an intranasal mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (MNE) of asenapine maleate (ASP) in order to enhance the nasomucosal adhesion and direct brain targetability for improved efficacy and safety. Box-Behnken statistical design was used to recognize the crucial formulation variables influencing droplet size, size distribution and surface charge of ASP-NE. ASP-MNE was obtained by incorporating GRAS mucoadhesive polymer, Carbopol 971 in the optimized NE. Optimized ASP-MNE displayed spherical morphology with a droplet size of 21.2 ± 0.15 nm and 0.355 polydispersity index. Improved ex-vivo permeation was observed in ASP-NE and ASP-MNE, compared to the ASP-solution. Finally, the optimized formulation was found to be safe in ex-vivo ciliotoxicity study on sheep nasal mucosa. The single-dose pharmacokinetic study in male Wistar rats revealed a significant increase in concentration of ASP in the brain upon intranasal administration of ASP-MNE, with a maximum of 284.33 ± 5.5 ng/mL. The time required to reach maximum brain concentration (1 h) was reduced compared to intravenous administration of ASP-NE (3 h). Furthermore, it has been established during the course of present study, that the brain targeting capability of ASP via intranasal administration had enhanced drug-targeting efficiency and drug-targeting potential. In the animal behavioral studies, no extrapyramidal symptoms were observed after intranasal administration of ASP-MNE, while good locomotor activity and hind-limb retraction test established its antipsychotic activity in treated animals. Thus, it can be concluded that the developed intranasal ASP-MNE could be used as an effective and safe tool for brain targeting of ASP in the treatment of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Ashok Kumbhar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrakant R Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Birendra Shrivastava
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Neurotoxicity of nanoparticles entering the brain via sensory nerve-to-brain pathways: injuries and mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1479-1495. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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Ullah I, Chung K, Bae S, Li Y, Kim C, Choi B, Nam HY, Kim SH, Yun CO, Lee KY, Kumar P, Lee SK. Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Cancer-Targeting Paclitaxel-Loaded Nanoparticles Potentiates Antitumor Effects in Malignant Glioblastoma. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1193-1204. [PMID: 31944768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive tumor with no curative treatment. The tumor recurrence after resection often requires chemotherapy or radiation to delay the infiltration of tumor remnants. Intracerebral chemotherapies are preferentially being used to prevent tumor regrowth, but treatments remain unsuccessful because of the poor drug distribution in the brain. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of cancer-targeting arginyl-glycyl-aspartic tripeptide (RGD) conjugated paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) against GBM by nose-to-brain delivery. Our results demonstrated that RGD-modified PTX-loaded NPs showed cancer-specific delivery and enhanced anticancer effects in vivo. The intranasal (IN) inoculation of RGD-PTX-loaded NPs effectively controls the tumor burden (75 ± 12% reduction) by inducing apoptosis and/or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation without affecting the G0 stage of normal brain cells. Our data provide therapeutic evidence supporting the use of intranasally delivered cancer-targeted PTX-loaded NPs for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, United States
| | - Kunho Chung
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sumin Bae
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.,National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Chunggu Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Boyoung Choi
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.,Samyang Biopharmaceuticals Co., Seoul 13488, Korea
| | | | - Sun Hwa Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, United States
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Passoni A, Favagrossa M, Colombo L, Bagnati R, Gobbi M, Diomede L, Birolini G, Di Paolo E, Valenza M, Cattaneo E, Salmona M. Efficacy of Cholesterol Nose-to-Brain Delivery for Brain Targeting in Huntington's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:367-372. [PMID: 31860272 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pharmacological treatment of Huntington's disease (HD) is palliative, and therapies to restore functions in patients are needed. One of the pathways affected in HD involves brain cholesterol (Chol) synthesis, which is essential for optimal synaptic transmission. Recently, it was reported that in a HD mouse model, the delivery of exogenous Chol to the brain with brain-permeable nanoparticles protected animals from cognitive decline and rescued synaptic communication, indicating Chol as a therapeutic candidate. We examined whether nose-to-brain delivery, already used in human therapy, could be an alternative, noninvasive strategy to deliver Chol to the adult brain and, in the future, replenish Chol in the HD brain. We gave wild-type (WT) mice a single intranasal (IN) dose of liposomes loaded with deuterium-labeled cholesterol (Chol-D6, to distinguish and quantify the exogenous cholesterol from the native one) (200 μg Chol-D6/dose). After different intervals, Chol-D6 levels, determined by LC-MS in plasma, striatum, cortex, and cerebellum, reached a steady-state concentration of 0.400 ng/mg between 24 and 72 h. A subsequent acute study confirmed the kinetic profiles of Chol-D6 in all tissues, indicating correspondence between the dose (two doses of 200 μg Chol-D6/dose) and the calculated brain area concentration (0.660 ng/mg). Finally, in WT mice given repeated IN doses, the average Chol-D6 level after 24 h was about 1.5 ng/mg in all brain areas. Our data indicate the effectiveness of IN Chol-loaded liposomes to deliver Chol in different brain regions, opening the way to future investigations in HD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Passoni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Favagrossa
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Colombo
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Birolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,″ via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Paolo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,″ via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Valenza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,″ via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,″ via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
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Mack SM, Madl AK, Pinkerton KE. Respiratory Health Effects of Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Bioaerosols. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:1-20. [PMID: 31853953 PMCID: PMC7553137 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have been studying the respiratory health effects of ambient air pollution for more than 70 years. While air pollution as a whole can include gaseous, solid, and liquid constituents, this article focuses only on the solid and liquid fractions, termed particulate matter (PM). Although PM may contain anthropogenic, geogenic, and/or biogenic fractions, in this article, particles that originate from microbial, fungal, animal, or plant sources are distinguished from PM as bioaerosols. Many advances have been made toward understanding which particle and exposure characteristics most influence deposition and clearance processes in the respiratory tract. These characteristics include particle size, shape, charge, and composition as well as the exposure concentration and dose rate. Exposure to particles has been directly associated with the exacerbation and, under certain circumstances, onset of respiratory disease. The circumstances of exposure leading to disease are dependent on stressors such as human activity level and changing particle composition in the environment. Historically, researchers assumed that bioaerosols were too large to be inhaled into the deep lung, and thus, not applicable for study in conjunction with PM2.5 (the 2.5-μm and below size fraction that can reach the deep lung); however, this concept is beginning to be challenged. While there is extensive research on the health effects of PM and bioaerosols independent of each other, only limited work has been performed on their coexposure. Studying these two particle types as dual stressors to the respiratory system may aid in more thoroughly understanding the etiology of respiratory injury and disease. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1-20, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah M. Mack
- Center for Health and the Environment, John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amy K. Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Salvi VR, Pawar P. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) system: A novel drug targeting carrier. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
In the treatment of brain diseases, most potent drugs that have been developed exhibit poor therapeutic outcomes resulting from the inability of a therapeutic amount of the drug to reach the brain. These drugs do not exhibit targeted drug delivery mechanisms, resulting in a high concentration of the drugs in vital organs leading to drug toxicity. Chitosan (CS) is a natural-based polymer. It has unique properties such as good biodegradability, biocompatibility, mucoadhesive properties, and it has been approved for biomedical applications. It has been used to develop nanocarriers for brain targeting via intranasal administration. Nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, in situ gels, nanoemulsions, and liposomes have been developed. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that these nanocarriers exhibited enhanced drug uptake to the brain with reduced side effects resulting from the prolonged contact time of the nanocarriers with the nasal mucosa, the surface charge of the nanocarriers, the nano size of the nanocarriers, and their capability to stretch the tight junctions within the nasal mucosa. The aforementioned unique properties make chitosan a potential material for the development of nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to the brain. This review will focus on chitosan-based carriers for brain targeting.
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Musumeci T, Bonaccorso A, Puglisi G. Epilepsy Disease and Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E118. [PMID: 30871237 PMCID: PMC6471219 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the fourth most common global neurological problem, which can be considered a spectrum disorder because of its various causes, seizure types, its ability to vary in severity and the impact from person to person, as well as its range of co-existing conditions. The approaches to drug therapy of epilepsy are directed at the control of symptoms by chronic administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These AEDs are administered orally or intravenously but alternative routes of administration are needed to overcome some important limits. Intranasal (IN) administration represents an attractive route because it is possible to reach the brain bypassing the blood brain barrier while the drug avoids first-pass metabolism. It is possible to obtain an increase in patient compliance for the easy and non-invasive route of administration. This route, however, has some drawbacks such as mucociliary clearance and the small volume that can be administered, in fact, only drugs that are efficacious at low doses can be considered. The drug also needs excellent aqueous solubility or must be able to be formulated using solubilizing agents. The use of nanomedicine formulations able to encapsulate active molecules represents a good strategy to overcome several limitations of this route and of conventional drugs. The aim of this review is to discuss the innovative application of nanomedicine for epilepsy treatment using nose-to-brain delivery with particular attention focused on polymeric nanoparticles to load drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Musumeci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania; V.le Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Angela Bonaccorso
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania; V.le Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Puglisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania; V.le Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Jojo GM, Kuppusamy G. Scope of new formulation approaches in the repurposing of pioglitazone for the management of Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019; 44:337-348. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gifty M. Jojo
- Department of Pharmaceutics JSS College of Pharmacy Ootacamund India
- JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics JSS College of Pharmacy Ootacamund India
- JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru India
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Facciolà A, Visalli G, La Maestra S, Ceccarelli M, D'Aleo F, Nunnari G, Pellicanò GF, Di Pietro A. Carbon nanotubes and central nervous system: Environmental risks, toxicological aspects and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 65:23-30. [PMID: 30500734 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their morphological and physicochemical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enhance the structural properties of several materials and are produced in great volumes. The production and the manufacturing of CNTs-incorporated products can lead to the potential environmental release of CNTs. For these reasons, CNTs can represent a serious concern for human health. Humans are exposed to nanoparticles through inhalation, ingestion and skin uptake. After their entrance, the particles can reach the Central Nervous System (CNS) through three different pathways: the systemic, olfactory and trigeminal pathways. In the first, through systemic blood circulation, nanoparticles cross both the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers, which are highly selective semipermeable barriers that protect the CNS compartments. The second is the step from the nose to brain route and occurs along axons and via nerve bundles that cross the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb. In the third, the compounds diffuse through the nasal cavity mucosa to reach the branches of the trigeminal nerve in the olfactory and respiratory regions, and they reach brain stem via axonal transport. After their entrance, CNTs reach the CNS where they may cause cytotoxicity of selected neurons in several CNS regions, impairing molecular pathways and contributing to the onset and progression of chronic brain inflammation, microglia activation and white matter abnormalities with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorders, lower IQ in children, neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. The large surface area to mass ratio of CNTs greatly increases surface reactivity. Despite this property considerable contributes to their toxicological profile in biological systems, also makes CNTs very attractive in the medical field, where they can be used as carriers of bioactive molecules, contrast agents, biological platforms and for many other applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Aleo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, Italy
| | | | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy.
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Gänger S, Schindowski K. Tailoring Formulations for Intranasal Nose-to-Brain Delivery: A Review on Architecture, Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Mucociliary Clearance of the Nasal Olfactory Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030116. [PMID: 30081536 PMCID: PMC6161189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier are major obstacles in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery, since they block most molecules from entering the brain. Alternative drug delivery routes like intraparenchymal or intrathecal are invasive methods with a remaining risk of infections. In contrast, nose-to-brain delivery is a minimally invasive drug administration pathway, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier as the drug is directed from the nasal cavity to the brain. In particular, the skull base located at the roof of the nasal cavity is in close vicinity to the CNS. This area is covered with olfactory mucosa. To design and tailor suitable formulations for nose-to-brain drug delivery, the architecture, structure and physico-chemical characteristics of the mucosa are important criteria. Hence, here we review the state-of-the-art knowledge about the characteristics of the nasal and, in particular, the olfactory mucosa needed for a rational design of intranasal formulations and dosage forms. Also, the information is suitable for the development of systemic or local intranasal drug delivery as well as for intranasal vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Gänger
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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Surface-Modified Nanocarriers for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: From Bioadhesion to Targeting. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10010034. [PMID: 29543755 PMCID: PMC5874847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of nasal drug delivery, nose-to-brain delivery is among the most fascinating applications, directly targeting the central nervous system, bypassing the blood brain barrier. Its benefits include dose lowering and direct brain distribution of potent drugs, ultimately reducing systemic side effects. Recently, nasal administration of insulin showed promising results in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Nanomedicines could further contribute to making nose-to-brain delivery a reality. While not disregarding the need for devices enabling a formulation deposition in the nose’s upper part, surface modification of nanomedicines appears the key strategy to optimize drug delivery from the nasal cavity to the brain. In this review, nanomedicine delivery based on particle engineering exploiting surface electrostatic charges, mucoadhesive polymers, or chemical moieties targeting the nasal epithelium will be discussed and critically evaluated in relation to nose-to-brain delivery.
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