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Dimapasoc M, Moran JA, Cole SW, Ranjan A, Hourani R, Kim JT, Wender PA, Marsden MD, Zack JA. Defining the Effects of PKC Modulator HIV Latency-Reversing Agents on Natural Killer Cells. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:108-137. [PMID: 38765786 PMCID: PMC11101012 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i1.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as protein kinase C (PKC) modulators can reduce rebound-competent HIV reservoirs in small animal models. Furthermore, administration of natural killer (NK) cells following LRA treatment improves this reservoir reduction. It is currently unknown why the combination of a PKC modulator and NK cells is so potent and whether exposure to PKC modulators may augment NK cell function in some way. Methods Primary human NK cells were treated with PKC modulators (bryostatin-1, prostratin, or the designed, synthetic bryostatin-1 analog SUW133), and evaluated by examining expression of activation markers by flow cytometry, analyzing transcriptomic profiles by RNA sequencing, measuring cytotoxicity by co-culturing with K562 cells, assessing cytokine production by Luminex assay, and examining the ability of cytokines and secreted factors to independently reverse HIV latency by co-culturing with Jurkat-Latency (J-Lat) cells. Results PKC modulators increased expression of proteins involved in NK cell activation. Transcriptomic profiles from PKC-treated NK cells displayed signatures of cellular activation and enrichment of genes associated with the NFκB pathway. NK cell cytotoxicity was unaffected by prostratin but significantly decreased by bryostatin-1 and SUW133. Cytokines from PKC-stimulated NK cells did not induce latency reversal in J-Lat cell lines. Conclusions Although PKC modulators have some significant effects on NK cells, their contribution in "kick and kill" strategies is likely due to upregulating HIV expression in CD4+ T cells, not directly enhancing the effector functions of NK cells. This suggests that PKC modulators are primarily augmenting the "kick" rather than the "kill" arm of this HIV cure approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dimapasoc
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jose A. Moran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Steve W. Cole
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rami Hourani
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jocelyn T. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Tian Z, Lu XT, Jiang X, Tian J. Bryostatin-1: a promising compound for neurological disorders. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1187411. [PMID: 37351510 PMCID: PMC10282138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1187411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most complex system in human body, and there is often a lack of effective treatment strategies for the disorders related with CNS. Natural compounds with multiple pharmacological activities may offer better options because they have broad cellular targets and potentially produce synergic and integrative effects. Bryostatin-1 is one of such promising compounds, a macrolide separated from marine invertebrates. Bryostatin-1 has been shown to produce various biological activities through binding with protein kinase C (PKC). In this review, we mainly summarize the pharmacological effects of bryostatin-1 in the treatment of multiple neurological diseases in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Bryostatin-1 is shown to have great therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, fragile X syndrome, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and depression. It exhibits significant rescuing effects on the deficits of spatial learning, cognitive function, memory and other neurological functions caused by diseases, producing good neuroprotective effects. The promising neuropharmacological activities of bryostatin-1 suggest that it is a potential candidate for the treatment of related neurological disorders although there are still some issues needed to be addressed before its application in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Tong Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Infection, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, The First Batch of Key Disciplines on Public Health in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Yang X, Zhang C, Yan C, Ma L, Ma J, Meng X. System analysis based on the ER stress-related genes identifies WFS1 as a novel therapy target for colon cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:9243-9263. [PMID: 36445321 PMCID: PMC9740360 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer (COAD) is the third-largest common malignant tumor and the fourth major cause of cancer death in the world. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has a great influence on cell growth, migration, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance of massive tumors. Although ER stress is known to play an important role in various types of cancer, the prognostic model based on ER stress-related genes (ERSRGs) in colon cancer has not been constructed yet. In this study, we established an ERSRGs prognostic risk model to assess the survival of COAD patients. METHODS The COAD gene expression profile and clinical information data of the training set were obtained from the GEO database (GSE40967) and the test set COAD gene expression profile and clinical informative data were downloaded from the TCGA database. The endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes (ERSRGs) were obtained from Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) website. Differentially expressed ERSRGs between normal samples and COAD samples were identified by R "limma" package. Based on the univariate, lasso, and multivariate Cox regression analysis, we developed an ERSRGs prognostic risk model to predict survival in COAD patients. Finally, we verified the function of WFS1 in COAD through in vitro experiments. RESULTS We built a 9-gene prognostic risk model based on the univariate, lasso, and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the prognostic risk model has good predictive performance. Subsequently, we screened 60 compounds with significant differences in the estimated half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) between high-risk and low-risk groups. In addition, we found that the ERSRGs prognostic risk model was related to immune cell infiltration and the expression of immune checkpoint molecules. Finally, we determined that knockdown of the expression of WFS1 inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The prognostic risk model we built may help clinicians accurately predict the survival of patients with COAD. Our findings provide valuable insights into the role of ERSRGs in COAD and may provide new targets for COAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory Base of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory Base of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Liukai Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Jiahao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Xiaoke Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Nano-carbon Modified Film Technology of Henan Province, Diagnostic Laboratory of Animal Diseases, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
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Min X, Zhang X, Wang S, Kim KM. Activation of PKCβII through nuclear trafficking guided by βγ subunits of trimeric G protein and 14-3-3ε. Life Sci 2022; 312:121245. [PMID: 36503900 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Conventional members of protein kinase C (PKC) family, including PKCβII, are constitutively phosphorylated on three major motifs and located in the cytosol in a primed state. In response to cellular stimuli, PKCβII is activated through inducible phosphorylation and Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination. In this study, we aimed to identify the activation mechanism of PKCβII, focusing on the signaling cascade that regulate the phosphorylation and ubiquitination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Loss-of-function approaches and mutants of PDK1/PKCβII that display different regulatory properties were used to identify the cellular components and processes responsible for endocytosis. KEY FINDINGS Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced phosphorylation and ubiquitination of PKCβII, which are needed for its translocation to the plasma membrane, required the presence of both Gβγ and 14-3-3ε. Gβγ and 14-3-3ε mediated the constitutive phosphorylation of PKCβII by scaffolding PI3K and PDK1 in the cytosol, which is an inactive but required state for the activation of PKCβII by subsequent signals. In response to PMA treatment, the signaling complex translocated to the nucleus with dissociation of PI3K from it. Thereafter, PDK1 stably interacted with 14-3-3ε and was dephosphorylated; PKCβII interacted with Mdm2 along with Gβγ, leading to its ubiquitination at two lysine residues on its C-tail. Finally, PDK1/14-3-3ε and ubiquitinated PKCβII translocated to the plasma membrane. SIGNIFICANCE As PKCβII mediates a wide range of cellular functions and plays important roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, our results will provide clues to understand the pathogenesis of PKCβII-related disorders and facilitate their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea.
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Natural Marine Products: Anti-Colorectal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060349. [PMID: 35736152 PMCID: PMC9229715 DOI: 10.3390/md20060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer, a malignant tumor with high mortality, has a poor prognosis due to drug resistance and toxicity in clinical surgery and chemotherapy. Thus, finding safer and more efficient drugs for clinical trials is vital and urgent. Natural marine compounds, with rich resources and original chemical structures, are applied widely in anticancer treatments. We provide a systematic overview of recently reported marine compounds such as alkaloids, peptides, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The in vitro studies summarized the marine origins and pharmacological mechanisms, including anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-migration, anti-invasion, the acceleration of cycle arrest, and the promotion of tumor apoptosis, of various compounds. The in vivo studies outlined the antitumor effects of marine compounds on colorectal cancer model mice and evaluated their efficacy in terms of tumor inhibition, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. The clinical studies summarized the major chemical classifications and targets of action of the clinical drugs that have entered clinical approval and completed approval for marine anticancer. In summary, we present the current situation regarding the application of natural anti-colorectal cancer marine compounds and prospects for their clinical application.
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Small-Molecule RAS Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents: Discovery, Development, and Mechanistic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073706. [PMID: 35409064 PMCID: PMC8999084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of RAS oncogenes are responsible for about 30% of all human cancer types, including pancreatic, lung, and colorectal cancers. While KRAS1 is a pseudogene, mutation of KRAS2 (commonly known as KRAS oncogene) is directly or indirectly associated with human cancers. Among the RAS family, KRAS is the most abundant oncogene related to uncontrolled cellular proliferation to generate solid tumors in many types of cancer such as pancreatic carcinoma (over 80%), colon carcinoma (40-50%), lung carcinoma (30-50%), and other types of cancer. Once described as 'undruggable', RAS proteins have become 'druggable', at least to a certain extent, due to the continuous efforts made during the past four decades. In this account, we discuss the chemistry and biology (wherever available) of the small-molecule inhibitors (synthetic, semi-synthetic, and natural) of KRAS proteins that were published in the past decades. Commercial drugs, as well as investigational molecules from preliminary stages to clinical trials, are categorized and discussed in this study. In summary, this study presents an in-depth discussion of RAS proteins, classifies the RAS superfamily, and describes the molecular mechanism of small-molecule RAS inhibitors.
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Linciano P, Nasti R, Listro R, Amadio M, Pascale A, Potenza D, Vasile F, Minneci M, Ann J, Lee J, Zhou X, Mitchell GA, Blumberg PM, Rossi D, Collina S. Chiral 2-phenyl-3-hydroxypropyl esters as PKC-alpha modulators: HPLC enantioseparation, NMR absolute configuration assignment, and molecular docking studies. Chirality 2021; 34:498-513. [PMID: 34962318 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms play a pivotal role in the regulation of numerous cellular functions, making them extensively studied and highly attractive drug targets. In our previous work, we identified in racemate 1-2, based on the 2-benzyl-3-hydroxypropyl ester scaffold, two new potent and promising PKCα and PKCδ ligands, targeting the C1 domain of these two kinases. Herein, we report the resolution of the racemates by enantioselective semi-preparative HPLC. The attribution of the absolute configuration (AC) of homochirals 1 was performed by NMR, via methoxy-α-trifluoromethyl-α-phenylacetic acid derivatization (MTPA or Mosher's acid). Moreover, the match between the experimental and predicted electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra confirmed the assigned AC. These results proved that Mosher's esters can be properly exploited for the determination of the AC also for chiral primary alcohols. Lastly, homochiral 1 and 2 were assessed for binding affinity and functional activity against PKCα. No significative differences in the Ki of the enantiopure compounds was observed, thus suggesting that chirality does not seem to play a significant role in targeting PKC C1 domain. These results are in accordance with the molecular docking studies performed using a new homology model for the human PKCαC1B domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Nasti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Listro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Minneci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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8
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Targeting PKC in microglia to promote remyelination and repair in the CNS. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 62:103-108. [PMID: 34965482 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and CNS-infiltrating macrophages play significant roles in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Prolonged and dysregulated inflammatory responses by these innate immune cells can have deleterious effects on the surrounding CNS microenvironment, which can worsen neurodegeneration and demyelination. However, although chronic activation of pro-inflammatory microglia is maladaptive, other functional microglial subtypes play beneficial roles during CNS repair and regeneration. Therefore, there is a tremendous interest in understanding the underlying mechanism of the activation of these reparative/regenerative microglia. In this review, we focus on the potential role of PKC, a downstream signaling molecule of TREM2 and PLCγ2, and PKC modulators in promoting the activation of reparative/regenerative microglial subtypes as a novel therapy for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Towards Drug Repurposing in Cancer Cachexia: Potential Targets and Candidates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111084. [PMID: 34832866 PMCID: PMC8618795 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a multifactorial and multiorgan syndrome, cancer cachexia is associated with decreased tolerance to antitumor treatments and increased morbidity and mortality rates. The current approaches for the treatment of this syndrome are not always effective and well established. Drug repurposing or repositioning consists of the investigation of pharmacological components that are already available or in clinical trials for certain diseases and explores if they can be used for new indications. Its advantages comparing to de novo drugs development are the reduced amount of time spent and costs. In this paper, we selected drugs already available or in clinical trials for non-cachexia indications and that are related to the pathways and molecular components involved in the different phenotypes of cancer cachexia syndrome. Thus, we introduce known drugs as possible candidates for drug repurposing in the treatment of cancer-induced cachexia.
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Activators and Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C (PKC): Their Applications in Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111748. [PMID: 34834162 PMCID: PMC8621927 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is classed into three subfamilies based on their structural and activation characteristics: conventional or classic PKC isozymes (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic PKC isozymes (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical PKC isozymes (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ). PKC inhibitors and activators are used to understand PKC-mediated intracellular signaling pathways and for the diagnosis and treatment of various PKC-associated diseases, such as cancers, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Many clinical trials of PKC inhibitors in cancers showed no significant clinical benefits, meaning that there is a limitation to design a cancer therapeutic strategy targeting PKC alone. This review will focus on the activators and inhibitors of PKC and their applications in clinical trials.
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Singh RK, Verma PK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Acharya A. Achyranthes aspera L. leaf extract induced anticancer effects on Dalton's Lymphoma via regulation of PKCα signaling pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:114060. [PMID: 33771640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epidemiological studies promote the inclusion of natural-products in diet due to their inhibitory effects on various types of cancer. Among them, Achyranthes aspera L. (Family Amaranthaceae) is a medicinal plant in Ayurvedic pharmacopeia, found in India, Southeast Asia, America, and Sub-Saharan Africa. It is endowed with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities. However, its potential effect on Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), has not yet been clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Achyranthes aspera L. leaf extracts on highly aggressive murine NHL called Dalton's Lymphoma (DL) in vitro and in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS GC-HRMS analysis was carried out for the identification of compounds present in A. aspera leaf extract. The cytotoxicity of various A. aspera leaf extracts was evaluated on DL cells by MTT assay. Chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and morphological changes were observed by microscopy technique. Flow cytometry was used to measure the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and apoptosis. In addition, the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blotting. Meanwhile, the in vivo anti-tumor effect of leaf extract was tested in DL induced Balb/c mice. RESULT GC-HRMS analysis of A. aspera methanolic leaf extract (AAML) revealed the presence of ten pharmacologically active compounds. The results showed that AAML suppressed cell proliferation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, changed the morphological structure, and induced apoptosis. Moreover, AAML could promote the release of cytochrome c by regulating Bcl-2 family proteins and then activated caspase-9/ -3 to triggered cell apoptosis. At the same time in DL cells treated with AAML, the protein kinase Cα (PKCα) pathway was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. Remarkably, in vivo, AAML mediated suppression of DL growth in Balb/c mice was accompanied by attenuation of the PKCα pathway and induction of apoptosis. Our result suggested that AAML promotes mitochondrial apoptotic cascade in DL cells by suppressing the PKCα signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The study suggests that AAML could potently suppress DL progression by promoting apoptosis via mitochondrial-cascade and attenuation of the PKCα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kant Singh
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India.
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Erin N, Tavşan E, Akdeniz Ö, Isca VMS, Rijo P. Rebound increases in chemokines by CXCR2 antagonist in breast cancer can be prevented by PKCδ and PKCε activators. Cytokine 2021; 142:155498. [PMID: 33773907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of CXCR2 by chemokines such as CXCL1 and CXCL2 increases aggressiveness of breast cancer, inducing chemoresistance, hence CXCR2 antagonists are in clinical trials. We previously reported that inhibition of CXCR2 increases MIP-2 (CXCL2), which may inhibit anti-tumoral effects of CXCR2 antagonists. This seems to be due to inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by CXCR2 antagonist since specific inhibitor of PKC also enhances MIP-2 secretion. We here examined whether CXCR2 inhibitor also increases KC (CXCL1) secretion, ligand for CXCR2 involved in metastasis and PKC activators can prevent increases in chemokine secretion. We used SB 225002, which is a specific CXCR2 antagonist. The effects of PKC activators that have documented anti-tumoral effects and activates multiple isozymes of PKC such as Ingenol-3-angelate (I3A) and bryostatin-1 were examined here. In addition, FR236924, PKCε selective and 7α-acetoxy-6β-benzoyloxy-12-O-benzoylroyleanone (Roy-Bz), PKCδ selective activators were also tested. The effects of activators were determined using brain metastatic (4TBM) and heart metastatic (4THM) subset of 4T1 breast carcinoma cells because these aggressive carcinoma cells with cancer stem cell features secrete high levels of KC and MIP-2. Inhibition of CXCR-2 activity increased KC (CXCL1) secretion. PKC activators prevented SB225002-induced increases in KC and MIP-2 secretion. Different activators/modulators induce differential changes in basal and SB225002-induced chemokine secretion as well as cell proliferation and the activators that act on PKCδ and/or PKCε such as bryostatin 1, FR236924 and Roy-Bz are the most effective. These activators alone also decrease cell proliferation or chemokine secretion or both. Given the role of KC and MIP-2 in drug resistance including chemotherapeutics, activators of PKCε and PKCδ may prevent emerging of resistance to CXCR2 inhibitors as well as other chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey; Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Esra Tavşan
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey; Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Unit, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Özlem Akdeniz
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Vera M S Isca
- CBIOS-Center for Research in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS-Center for Research in Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Raghuvanshi R, Bharate SB. Preclinical and Clinical Studies on Bryostatins, A Class of Marine-Derived Protein Kinase C Modulators: A Mini-Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1124-1135. [PMID: 32209043 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200325110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatins are complex macrolactones isolated from marine organisms Bryozoan Bugula neritina. They are potent modulators of protein kinase C isozymes (PKCα: ki = 1.3-188 nM), and are one of the most extensively investigated marine natural products in clinical trials. Although ~21 natural bryostatins have been isolated, however only bryostatin-1 (1) has received much interest among medicinal chemists and clinicians. The structure-activity relationship of bryostatins has been well established, with the identification of key pharmacophoric features important for PKC modulation. The low natural abundance and the long synthetic route have prompted medicinal chemists to come-up with simplified analogs. Bryostatin skeleton comprises three pyran rings connected to each other to form a macrocyclic lactone. The simplest analog 27 contains only one pyran, which is also able to modulate the PKCα activity; however, the cyclic framework appears to be essential for the desired level of potency. Another simplified analog 17 ("picolog") exhibited potent and in-vivo efficacy against lymphoma. Bryostatin-1 (1) has shown an acceptable intravenous pharmacokinetic profile in mice and displayed promising in-vivo efficacy in mice models of various cancers and Alzheimer's disease. Bryostatin-1 was investigated in numerous Phase I/II oncology clinical trials; it has shown minimal effect as a single agent, however, provided encouraging results in combination with other chemotherapy agents. FDA has granted orphan drug status to bryostatin-1 in combination with paclitaxel for esophageal cancer. Bryostatin-1 has also received orphan drug status for fragile X syndrome. Bryostatin-1 was also investigated in clinical studies for Alzheimer's disease and HIV infection. In a nutshell, the natural as well as synthetic bryostatins have generated a strong hope to emerge as treatment for cancer along with many other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinky Raghuvanshi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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14
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Avila C, Angulo-Preckler C. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Heterobranchs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:657. [PMID: 33371188 PMCID: PMC7767343 DOI: 10.3390/md18120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural products of heterobranch molluscs display a huge variability both in structure and in their bioactivity. Despite the considerable lack of information, it can be observed from the recent literature that this group of animals possesses an astonishing arsenal of molecules from different origins that provide the molluscs with potent chemicals that are ecologically and pharmacologically relevant. In this review, we analyze the bioactivity of more than 450 compounds from ca. 400 species of heterobranch molluscs that are useful for the snails to protect themselves in different ways and/or that may be useful to us because of their pharmacological activities. Their ecological activities include predator avoidance, toxicity, antimicrobials, antifouling, trail-following and alarm pheromones, sunscreens and UV protection, tissue regeneration, and others. The most studied ecological activity is predation avoidance, followed by toxicity. Their pharmacological activities consist of cytotoxicity and antitumoral activity; antibiotic, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activity; and activity against neurodegenerative diseases and others. The most studied pharmacological activities are cytotoxicity and anticancer activities, followed by antibiotic activity. Overall, it can be observed that heterobranch molluscs are extremely interesting in regard to the study of marine natural products in terms of both chemical ecology and biotechnology studies, providing many leads for further detailed research in these fields in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Angulo-Preckler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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15
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Wender PA, Sloane JL, Luu-Nguyen QH, Ogawa Y, Shimizu AJ, Ryckbosch SM, Tyler JH, Hardman C. Function-Oriented Synthesis: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Highly Simplified Bryostatin Analogues. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15116-15128. [PMID: 33200928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a function-oriented synthesis strategy, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated the simplest bryostatin 1 analogues reported to date, in which bryostatin's A- and B-rings are replaced by a glutarate linker. These analogues, one without and one with a C26-methyl group, exhibit remarkably different protein kinase C (PKC) isoform affinities. The former exhibited bryostatin-like binding to several PKC isoforms with Ki's < 5 nM, while the latter exhibited PKC affinities that were up to ∼180-fold less potent. The analogue with bryostatin-like PKC affinities also exhibited bryostatin-like PKC translocation kinetics in vitro, indicating rapid cell permeation and engagement of its PKC target. This study exemplifies the power of function-oriented synthesis in reducing structural complexity by activity-informed design, thus enhancing synthetic accessibility, while still maintaining function (biological activity), collectively providing new leads for addressing the growing list of therapeutic indications exhibited by PKC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Quang H Luu-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Akira J Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Steven M Ryckbosch
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jefferson H Tyler
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Clayton Hardman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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16
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Natural Products Attenuating Biosynthesis, Processing, and Activity of Ras Oncoproteins: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111535. [PMID: 33182807 PMCID: PMC7698260 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS genes encode signaling proteins, which, in mammalian cells, act as molecular switches regulating critical cellular processes as proliferation, growth, differentiation, survival, motility, and metabolism in response to specific stimuli. Deregulation of Ras functions has a high impact on human health: gain-of-function point mutations in RAS genes are found in some developmental disorders and thirty percent of all human cancers, including the deadliest. For this reason, the pathogenic Ras variants represent important clinical targets against which to develop novel, effective, and possibly selective pharmacological inhibitors. Natural products represent a virtually unlimited resource of structurally different compounds from which one could draw on for this purpose, given the improvements in isolation and screening of active molecules from complex sources. After a summary of Ras proteins molecular and regulatory features and Ras-dependent pathways relevant for drug development, we point out the most promising inhibitory approaches, the known druggable sites of wild-type and oncogenic Ras mutants, and describe the known natural compounds capable of attenuating Ras signaling. Finally, we highlight critical issues and perspectives for the future selection of potential Ras inhibitors from natural sources.
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17
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Liu X, Qian D, Liu H, Abbruzzese JL, Luo S, Walsh KM, Wei Q. Genetic variants of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway genes and risk of pancreatic cancer. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:930-939. [PMID: 32367578 PMCID: PMC7592725 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Because the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway is involved in development and progression of pancreatic cancer, we investigated associations between genetic variants of the PPAR pathway genes and pancreatic cancer risk by using three published genome-wide association study datasets including 8477 cases and 6946 controls of European ancestry. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was also performed for correlations between genotypes of the identified genetic variants and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of their genes by using available databases of the 1000 Genomes, TCGA, and GTEx projects. In the single-locus logistic regression analysis, we identified 1141 out of 17 532 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 112 PPAR pathway genes. Further multivariate logistic regression analysis identified three independent, potentially functional loci (rs12947620 in MED1, rs11079651 in PRKCA, and rs34367566 in PRKCB) for pancreatic cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI], [1.06-1.17], P = 5.46 × 10-5 ; OR = 1.10, 95% CI, [1.04-1.15], P = 1.99 × 10-4 ; and OR = 1.09, 95% CI, [1.04-1.14], P = 3.16 × 10-4 , respectively) among 65 SNPs that passed multiple comparison correction by false discovery rate (< 0.2). When risk genotypes of these three SNPs were combined, carriers with 2 to 3 unfavorable genotypes (NUGs) had a higher risk of pancreatic cancer than those with 0 to 1 NUGs. The eQTL analysis showed that rs34367566 A>AG was associated with decreased expression levels of PRKCB mRNA in 373 lymphoblastoid cell lines. Our findings indicate that genetic variants of the PPAR pathway genes, particularly MED1, PRKCA, and PRKCB, may contribute to susceptibility to pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Danwen Qian
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James L. Abbruzzese
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kyle M. Walsh
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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18
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Abstract
RAS was identified as a human oncogene in the early 1980s and subsequently found to be mutated in nearly 30% of all human cancers. More importantly, RAS plays a central role in driving tumor development and maintenance. Despite decades of effort, there remain no FDA approved drugs that directly inhibit RAS. The prevalence of RAS mutations in cancer and the lack of effective anti-RAS therapies stem from RAS' core role in growth factor signaling, unique structural features, and biochemistry. However, recent advances have brought promising new drugs to clinical trials and shone a ray of hope in the field. Here, we will exposit the details of RAS biology that illustrate its key role in cell signaling and shed light on the difficulties in therapeutically targeting RAS. Furthermore, past and current efforts to develop RAS inhibitors will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
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19
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Synthesis and evaluation of designed PKC modulators for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1879. [PMID: 32312992 PMCID: PMC7170889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bryostatin 1 is a marine natural product under investigation for HIV/AIDS eradication, the treatment of neurological disorders, and enhanced CAR T/NK cell immunotherapy. Despite its promising activity, bryostatin 1 is neither evolved nor optimized for the treatment of human disease. Here we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of several close-in analogs of bryostatin 1. Using a function-oriented synthesis approach, we synthesize a series of bryostatin analogs designed to maintain affinity for bryostatin’s target protein kinase C (PKC) while enabling exploration of their divergent biological functions. Our late-stage diversification strategy provides efficient access to a library of bryostatin analogs, which per our design retain affinity for PKC but exhibit variable PKC translocation kinetics. We further demonstrate that select analogs potently increase cell surface expression of CD22, a promising CAR T cell target for the treatment of leukemias, highlighting the clinical potential of bryostatin analogs for enhancing targeted immunotherapies. Bryostatin 1 is a unique therapeutic lead, however its scarce natural sources have hampered its use in treatment of human disease. Here, the authors use a scalable synthesis of bryostatin 1 to make close-in analogs which potently induce increased cell surface expression holding potential for immunotherapy.
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20
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Wang Y, Tang C, Yao S, Lai H, Li R, Xu J, Wang Q, Fan XX, Wu QB, Leung ELH, Ye Y, Yao X. Discovery of a novel protein kinase C activator from Croton tiglium for inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 65:153100. [PMID: 31648127 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85-90% of lung cancer, which has been shown to be challenging for treatment owing to poorly understanding of pathological mechanisms. Natural products serve as a source of almost all pharmaceutical preparations or offer guidance for those chemicals that have entered clinical trials, especially in NSCLC. PURPOSE We investigated the effect of B10G5, a natural products isolated from the Croton tiglium, in human non-small cell lung canceras as a protein kinase C (PKC) activator. METHODS The cell viability assay was evaluated by the MTT assay. The apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were assessed by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined by using the fluorescent probe DCFDA. Cell migration ability of H1975 cells was analyzed by using the wound healing assay. The inhibiting effect of B10G5 against the phosphorylation level of the substrate by PKCs was assessed by using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) technology. The correlation between PKCs and overall survival (OS) of Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients was analysis by TCGA portal. The binding mode between B10G5 and the PKC isoforms was explored by molecular docking. Protein expression was detected by western blotting analysis. RESULTS B10G5 suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation, as well as migration ability of NSCLC cells, without significant toxic effect on normal lung cells. B10G5 induced the cell apoptosis through the development of PARP cleavage, which is evidenced by means of the production of mitochondrial ROS. In addition, the B10G5 inhibitory effect was also related to the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Mechanistically, molecular modelling technology suggested that the potential target of B10G5 was associated with PKC family. In vitro PKC kinase assay indicated that B10G5 effectively activated the PKC activity. Western blotting data revealed that B10G5 upregulated PKC to activate PKC-mediated RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. CONCLUSION Our results showed that B10G5, a naturally occurring phorbol ester, considered to be a potential and a valuable therapeutic chemical in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Chunping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanling Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Runze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Xing Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Qi Biao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Respiratory Medicine Department, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China.
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau (SAR), China.
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21
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Thirupathi A, Shanmugavadivelu CM, Natarajan S. Fastidious Anatomization of Biota Procured Compounds on Cancer Drug Discovery. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 21:354-363. [PMID: 31778106 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191128145015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products are the rootstock for identifying new drugs since ancient times. In comparison with synthetic drugs, they have abounding beneficial effects in bestowing protection against many diseases, including cancer. Cancer has been observed as a major threat in recent decades, and its prevalence is expected to increase over the next decades. Also, current treatment methods in cancer therapy such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy cause severe adverse side effects among the cancer population. Therefore, it is exigent to find a remedy without any side effects. METHODS In recent years, research has focused on obtaining naturally derived products to encounter this complication. The current pace of investigations, such as gene identification and advancement in combinatorial chemistry, leads to the aberrant access to a wide range of new synthetic drugs. In fact, natural products act as templates in structure predictions and synthesis of new compounds with enhanced biological activities. RESULTS Recent developments in genomics have established the importance of polymorphism, which implies that patients require different drugs for their treatment. This demands the discovery of a large number of drugs, but limited sources restrict the pharmaceutical industry to overcome these major obstacles. The use of natural products and their semisynthetic and synthetic analogues could alleviate these problems. However, the lack of standardization in terms of developing methods for evaluating the chemical composition, efficacy, isolation and international approval is still a major limitation in this field. In the past few years, several drug-approval authorities, including the FDA and WHO have allowed using these naturally derived compounds in humans. CONCLUSION In this review, we described the use of some natural products from plant and marine sources in cancer treatment and shed some light on semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds derived from natural sources used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | | | - Sampathkumar Natarajan
- Department of Chemistry, SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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Khalifa SAM, Elias N, Farag MA, Chen L, Saeed A, Hegazy MEF, Moustafa MS, Abd El-Wahed A, Al-Mousawi SM, Musharraf SG, Chang FR, Iwasaki A, Suenaga K, Alajlani M, Göransson U, El-Seedi HR. Marine Natural Products: A Source of Novel Anticancer Drugs. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E491. [PMID: 31443597 PMCID: PMC6780632 DOI: 10.3390/md17090491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. There is an urgent need for new drugs with novel modes of action and thus considerable research has been conducted for new anticancer drugs from natural sources, especially plants, microbes and marine organisms. Marine populations represent reservoirs of novel bioactive metabolites with diverse groups of chemical structures. This review highlights the impact of marine organisms, with particular emphasis on marine plants, algae, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges and soft corals. Anti-cancer effects of marine natural products in in vitro and in vivo studies were first introduced; their activity in the prevention of tumor formation and the related compound-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicities were tackled. The possible molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects are also presented. The review highlights the diversity of marine organisms, novel chemical structures, and chemical property space. Finally, therapeutic strategies and the present use of marine-derived components, its future direction and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaden A M Khalifa
- Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Novum, 14157 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nizar Elias
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kalamoon, P.O. Box 222 Dayr Atiyah, Syria
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, 11835 New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemitry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed-Elamir F Hegazy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Moustafa S Moustafa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait, 13060 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Aida Abd El-Wahed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait, 13060 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Saleh M Al-Mousawi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait, 13060 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Syed G Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Arihiro Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Muaaz Alajlani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of HalleWittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, DE 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32512 Shebin El-Koom, Egypt.
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- Al-Rayan Research and Innovation Center, Al-Rayan Colleges, 42541 Medina, Saudi Arabia.
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23
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Khalifa SAM, Elias N, Farag MA, Chen L, Saeed A, Hegazy MEF, Moustafa MS, Abd El-Wahed A, Al-Mousawi SM, Musharraf SG, Chang FR, Iwasaki A, Suenaga K, Alajlani M, Göransson U, El-Seedi HR. Marine Natural Products: A Source of Novel Anticancer Drugs. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:491. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/md17090491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. There is an urgent need for new drugs with novel modes of action and thus considerable research has been conducted for new anticancer drugs from natural sources, especially plants, microbes and marine organisms. Marine populations represent reservoirs of novel bioactive metabolites with diverse groups of chemical structures. This review highlights the impact of marine organisms, with particular emphasis on marine plants, algae, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges and soft corals. Anti-cancer effects of marine natural products in in vitro and in vivo studies were first introduced; their activity in the prevention of tumor formation and the related compound-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicities were tackled. The possible molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects are also presented. The review highlights the diversity of marine organisms, novel chemical structures, and chemical property space. Finally, therapeutic strategies and the present use of marine-derived components, its future direction and limitations are discussed.
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24
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Figuerola B, Avila C. The Phylum Bryozoa as a Promising Source of Anticancer Drugs. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E477. [PMID: 31426556 PMCID: PMC6722838 DOI: 10.3390/md17080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in sampling and novel techniques in drug synthesis and isolation have promoted the discovery of anticancer agents from marine organisms to combat this major threat to public health worldwide. Bryozoans, which are filter-feeding, aquatic invertebrates often characterized by a calcified skeleton, are an excellent source of pharmacologically interesting compounds including well-known chemical classes such as alkaloids and polyketides. This review covers the literature for secondary metabolites isolated from marine cheilostome and ctenostome bryozoans that have shown potential as cancer drugs. Moreover, we highlight examples such as bryostatins, the most known class of marine-derived compounds from this animal phylum, which are advancing through anticancer clinical trials due to their low toxicity and antineoplastic activity. The bryozoan antitumor compounds discovered until now show a wide range of chemical diversity and biological activities. Therefore, more research focusing on the isolation of secondary metabolites with potential anticancer properties from bryozoans and other overlooked taxa covering wider geographic areas is needed for an efficient bioprospecting of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Figuerola
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
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Blanco FA, Czikora A, Kedei N, You Y, Mitchell GA, Pany S, Ghosh A, Blumberg PM, Das J. Munc13 Is a Molecular Target of Bryostatin 1. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3016-3030. [PMID: 31243993 PMCID: PMC6620733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bryostatin
1 is a natural macrolide shown to improve neuronal connections and
enhance memory in mice. Its mechanism of action is largely attributed
to the modulation of novel and conventional protein kinase Cs (PKCs)
by binding to their regulatory C1 domains. Munc13-1 is a C1 domain-containing
protein that shares common endogenous and exogenous activators with
novel and conventional PKC subtypes. Given the essential role of Munc13-1
in the priming of synaptic vesicles and neuronal transmission overall,
we explored the potential interaction between bryostatin 1 and Munc13-1.
Our results indicate that in vitro bryostatin 1 binds
to both the isolated C1 domain of Munc13-1 (Ki = 8.07 ± 0.90 nM) and the full-length Munc13-1 protein
(Ki = 0.45 ± 0.04 nM). Furthermore,
confocal microscopy and immunoblot analysis demonstrated that in intact
HT22 cells bryostatin 1 mimics the actions of phorbol esters, a previously
established class of Munc13-1 activators, and induces plasma membrane
translocation of Munc13-1, a hallmark of its activation. Consistently,
bryostatin 1 had no effect on the Munc13-1H567K construct
that is insensitive to phorbol esters. Effects of bryostatin 1 on
the other Munc13 family members, ubMunc13-2 and bMunc13-2, resembled
those of Munc13-1 for translocation. Lastly, we observed an increased
level of expression of Munc13-1 following a 24 h incubation with bryostatin
1 in both HT22 and primary mouse hippocampal cells. This study characterizes
Munc13-1 as a molecular target of bryostatin 1. Considering the crucial
role of Munc13-1 in neuronal function, these findings provide strong
support for the potential role of Munc13s in the actions of bryostatin
1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Blanco
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Agnes Czikora
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Youngki You
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Gary A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Satyabrata Pany
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Anamitra Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
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Itoh H, Inoue M. Comprehensive Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Macrocyclic Natural Products Enabled by Their Total Syntheses. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10002-10031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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27
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Kim HJ. Regulation of Neural Stem Cell Fate by Natural Products. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:15-24. [PMID: 30481958 PMCID: PMC6319553 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) can proliferate and differentiate into multiple cell types that constitute the nervous system. NSCs can be derived from developing fetuses, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. NSCs provide a good platform to screen drugs for neurodegenerative diseases and also have potential applications in regenerative medicine. Natural products have long been used as compounds to develop new drugs. In this review, natural products that control NSC fate and induce their differentiation into neurons or glia are discussed. These phytochemicals enable promising advances to be made in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Stem Cell Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974,
Republic of Korea
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28
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Safaeinejad F, Bahrami S, Redl H, Niknejad H. Inhibition of Inflammation, Suppression of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Induction of Neurogenesis, and Antioxidant Property Make Bryostatin-1 a Therapeutic Choice for Multiple Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:625. [PMID: 29971003 PMCID: PMC6018466 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by inflammation and myelin damage. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, high level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, immune-mediated destruction of myelin and neuron loss are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. The currently approved treatments for MS include injectable drugs (interferon-β and glatiramer acetate), oral drugs (fingolimod), and monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab). The mentioned therapeutic choices are mostly focused on the inhibition of inflammation. Therefore, the search for a multi-target therapeutic choice remains unchallenged. It seems that a drug with anti-inflammatory, oxidative stress inhibitory, reduction of MMPs activity, and neurogenesis stimulatory properties may be effective for treatment of MS. In this regard, Bryostatin-1 as a macrolide and marine natural product has been selected as a therapeutic choice. Studies indicate that Bryostatin-1 has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and decreases MMPs level and BBB damage. Furthermore, Bryostatin-1 has a neuroprotective effect and promotes neurogenesis and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor stem cells as a critical step for remyelination/myelogenesis. Based on these properties, we hypothesized here that Bryostatin-1 is an effective treatment in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Safaeinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Hanaki Y, Shikata Y, Kikumori M, Hotta N, Imoto M, Irie K. Identification of protein kinase C isozymes involved in the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of 10-Methyl-aplog-1, a simplified analog of debromoaplysiatoxin, in several cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:438-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Zhang Y, Guo Q, Sun X, Lu J, Cao Y, Pu Q, Chu Z, Gao L, Song Z. Total Synthesis of Bryostatin 8 Using an Organosilane-Based Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuebao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qianyou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xianwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ji Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yanjun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qiang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhiwen Chu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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31
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Zhang Y, Guo Q, Sun X, Lu J, Cao Y, Pu Q, Chu Z, Gao L, Song Z. Total Synthesis of Bryostatin 8 Using an Organosilane-Based Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:942-946. [PMID: 29210495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuebao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qianyou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xianwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ji Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yanjun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qiang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhiwen Chu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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32
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Wender PA, Hardman CT, Ho S, Jeffreys MS, Maclaren JK, Quiroz RV, Ryckbosch SM, Shimizu AJ, Sloane JL, Stevens MC. Scalable synthesis of bryostatin 1 and analogs, adjuvant leads against latent HIV. Science 2017; 358:218-223. [PMID: 29026042 PMCID: PMC5714505 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan7969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin 1 is an exceedingly scarce marine-derived natural product that is in clinical development directed at HIV/AIDS eradication, cancer immunotherapy, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Despite this unique portfolio of indications, its availability has been limited and variable, thus impeding research and clinical studies. Here, we report a total synthesis of bryostatin 1 that proceeds in 29 total steps (19 in the longest linear sequence, >80% average yield per step), collectively produces grams of material, and can be scaled to meet clinical needs (~20 grams per year). This practical solution to the bryostatin supply problem also opens broad, facile, and efficient access to derivatives and potentially superior analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Clayton T Hardman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Jana K Maclaren
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan V Quiroz
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Akira J Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew C Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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33
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Yang W, Guo Q, Gao L, Song Z. Transformation of the B Ring to the C Ring of Bryostatins by Csp 3-H Amination and Z to E Isomerization. Org Lett 2017; 19:5232-5235. [PMID: 28901773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An interesting approach to transform the B ring of bryostatins to the C ring has been developed. The key tactics of the approach feature an intramolecular Csp3-H bond amination to form spirocyclic hemiaminal, which undergoes ring opening to afford the C ring found in bryostatin 17. The subsequent epoxidation/oxidation sequence results in Z to E isomerization of the exo-cyclic enoate, delivering the common precursor, which could be transformed into the C ring found in bryostatins 1, 2, 4-9, 12, 14, and 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yuebao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - WenYu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Qianyou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Ruiz-Torres V, Encinar JA, Herranz-López M, Pérez-Sánchez A, Galiano V, Barrajón-Catalán E, Micol V. An Updated Review on Marine Anticancer Compounds: The Use of Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Small-Molecule Cancer Drugs. Molecules 2017; 22:E1037. [PMID: 28644406 PMCID: PMC6152364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine secondary metabolites are a promising source of unexploited drugs that have a wide structural diversity and have shown a variety of biological activities. These compounds are produced in response to the harsh and competitive conditions that occur in the marine environment. Invertebrates are considered to be among the groups with the richest biodiversity. To date, a significant number of marine natural products (MNPs) have been established as antineoplastic drugs. This review gives an overview of MNPs, both in research or clinical stages, from diverse organisms that were reported as being active or potentially active in cancer treatment in the past seventeen years (from January 2000 until April 2017) and describes their putative mechanisms of action. The structural diversity of MNPs is also highlighted and compared with the small-molecule anticancer drugs in clinical use. In addition, this review examines the use of virtual screening for MNP-based drug discovery and reveals that classical approaches for the selection of drug candidates based on ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) filtering may miss potential anticancer lead compounds. Finally, we introduce a novel and publically accessible chemical library of MNPs for virtual screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ruiz-Torres
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - María Herranz-López
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Almudena Pérez-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Vicente Galiano
- Physics and Computer Architecture Department, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
- CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III., Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain (CB12/03/30038).
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PKC in Regenerative Therapy: New Insights for Old Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10020046. [PMID: 28524095 PMCID: PMC5490403 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies for chronic or non-healing wounds are still lacking. These tissue insults often result in severe clinical complications (i.e., infections and/or amputation) and sometimes lead to patient death. Accordingly, several research groups have focused their efforts in finding innovative and powerful therapeutic strategies to overcome these issues. On the basis of these considerations, the comprehension of the molecular cascades behind these pathological conditions could allow the identification of molecules against chronic wounds. In this context, the regulation of the Protein Kinase C (PKC) cascade has gained relevance in the prevention and/or reparation of tissue damages. This class of phosphorylating enzymes has already been considered for different physiological and pathological pathways and modulation of such enzymes may be useful in reparative processes. Herein, the recent developments in this field will be disclosed, highlighting the pivotal role of PKC α and δ in regenerative medicine. Moreover, an overview of well-established PKC ligands, acting via the modulation of these isoenzymes, will be deeply investigated. This study is aimed at re-evaluating widely known PKC modulators, currently utilized for treating other diseases, as fruitful molecules in wound-healing.
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The cornerstone K-RAS mutation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: From cell signaling network, target genes, biological processes to therapeutic targeting. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:7-19. [PMID: 28259298 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS belongs to the super family of small G proteins and plays crucial roles in signal transduction from membrane receptors in the cell. Mutations of K-RAS oncogene lead to an accumulation of GTP-bound proteins that maintains an active conformation. In the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most deadly cancers in occidental countries, mutations of the K-RAS oncogene are nearly systematic (>90%). Moreover, K-RAS mutation is the earliest genetic alteration occurring during pancreatic carcinogenetic sequence. In this review, we discuss the central role of K-RAS mutations and their tremendous diversity of biological properties by the interconnected regulation of signaling pathways (MAPKs, NF-κB, PI3K, Ral…). In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, transcriptome analysis and preclinical animal models showed that K-RAS mutation alters biological behavior of PDAC cells (promoting proliferation, migration and invasion, evading growth suppressors, regulating mucin pattern, and miRNA expression). K-RAS also impacts tumor microenvironment and PDAC metabolism reprogramming. Finally we discuss therapeutic targeting strategies of K-RAS that have been developed without significant clinical success so far. As K-RAS is considered as the undruggable target, targeting its multiple effectors and target genes should be considered as potential alternatives.
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Ketcham JM, Volchkov I, Chen TY, Blumberg PM, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Krische MJ. Evaluation of Chromane-Based Bryostatin Analogues Prepared via Hydrogen-Mediated C-C Bond Formation: Potency Does Not Confer Bryostatin-like Biology. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13415-13423. [PMID: 27676096 PMCID: PMC5094189 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of chromane-containing bryostatin analogues WN-2-WN-7 and the previously reported salicylate-based analogue WN-8 are described. Analogues WN-2-WN-7 are prepared through convergent assembly of the chromane-containing fragment B-I with the "binding domain" fragment A-I or its C26-des-methyl congener, fragment A-II. The synthesis of fragment B-I features enantioselective double C-H allylation of 1,3-propanediol to form the C2-symmetric diol 3 and Heck cyclization of bromo-diene 5 to form the chromane core. The synthesis of salicylate WN-8 is accomplished through the union of fragments A-III and B-II. The highest binding affinities for PKCα are observed for the C26-des-methyl analogues WN-3 (Ki = 63.9 nM) and WN-7 (Ki = 63.1 nM). All analogues, WN-2-WN-8, inhibited growth of Toledo cells, with the most potent analogue being WN-7. This response, however, does not distinguish between phorbol ester-like and bryostatin-like behavior. In contrast, while many of the analogues contain a conserved C-ring in the binding domain and other features common to analogues with bryostatin-like properties, all analogues evaluated in the U937 proliferation and cell attachment assays displayed phorbol ester-like and/or toxic behavior, including WN-8, for which "bryostatin-like PKC modulatory activities" previously was suggested solely on the basis of PKC binding. These results underscore the importance of considering downstream biological effects, as tumor suppression cannot be inferred from potent PKC binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Ketcham
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ivan Volchkov
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Te-Yu Chen
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Nancy E. Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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38
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Sen A, Hongpaisan J, Wang D, Nelson TJ, Alkon DL. Protein Kinase Cϵ (PKCϵ) Promotes Synaptogenesis through Membrane Accumulation of the Postsynaptic Density Protein PSD-95. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16462-76. [PMID: 27330081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cϵ (PKCϵ) promotes synaptic maturation and synaptogenesis via activation of synaptic growth factors such as BDNF, NGF, and IGF. However, many of the detailed mechanisms by which PKCϵ induces synaptogenesis are not fully understood. Accumulation of PSD-95 to the postsynaptic density (PSD) is known to lead to synaptic maturation and strengthening of excitatory synapses. Here we investigated the relationship between PKCϵ and PSD-95. We show that the PKCϵ activators dicyclopropanated linoleic acid methyl ester and bryostatin 1 induce phosphorylation of PSD-95 at the serine 295 residue, increase the levels of PSD-95, and enhance its membrane localization. Elimination of the serine 295 residue in PSD-95 abolished PKCϵ-induced membrane accumulation. Knockdown of either PKCϵ or JNK1 prevented PKCϵ activator-mediated membrane accumulation of PSD-95. PKCϵ directly phosphorylated PSD-95 and JNK1 in vitro Inhibiting PKCϵ, JNK, or calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activity prevented the effects of PKCϵ activators on PSD-95 phosphorylation. Increase in membrane accumulation of PKCϵ and phosphorylated PSD-95 (p-PSD-95(S295)) coincided with an increased number of synapses and increased amplitudes of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in adult rat hippocampal slices. Knockdown of PKCϵ also reduced the synthesis of PSD-95 and the presynaptic protein synaptophysin by 30 and 44%, respectively. Prolonged activation of PKCϵ increased synapse number by 2-fold, increased presynaptic vesicle density, and greatly increased PSD-95 clustering. These results indicate that PKCϵ promotes synaptogenesis by activating PSD-95 phosphorylation directly through JNK1 and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and also by inducing expression of PSD-95 and synaptophysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Sen
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Jarin Hongpaisan
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Desheng Wang
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Thomas J Nelson
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Daniel L Alkon
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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Staveness D, Abdelnabi R, Schrier AJ, Loy B, Verma VA, DeChristopher BA, Near KE, Neyts J, Delang L, Leyssen P, Wender PA. Simplified Bryostatin Analogues Protect Cells from Chikungunya Virus-Induced Cell Death. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:675-9. [PMID: 26900625 PMCID: PMC4928627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus showing a recent resurgence and rapid spread worldwide. While vaccines are under development, there are currently no therapies to treat this disease, except for over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics, which alleviate the devastating arthritic and arthralgic symptoms. To identify novel inhibitors of the virus, analogues of the natural product bryostatin 1, a clinical lead for the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and HIV eradication, were investigated for in vitro antiviral activity and were found to be among the most potent inhibitors of CHIKV replication reported to date. Bryostatin-based therapeutic efforts and even recent anti-CHIKV strategies have centered on modulation of protein kinase C (PKC). Intriguingly, while the C ring of bryostatin primarily drives interactions with PKC, A- and B-ring functionality in these analogues has a significant effect on the observed cell-protective activity. Significantly, bryostatin 1 itself, a potent pan-PKC modulator, is inactive in these assays. These new findings indicate that the observed anti-CHIKV activity is not solely mediated by PKC modulation, suggesting possible as yet unidentified targets for CHIKV therapeutic intervention. The high potency and low toxicity of these bryologs make them promising new leads for the development of a CHIKV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Staveness
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and
Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical
Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adam J. Schrier
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and
Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Brian
A. Loy
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and
Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vishal A. Verma
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and
Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Brian A. DeChristopher
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and
Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katherine E. Near
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and
Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical
Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- E-mail:
| | - Leen Delang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical
Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical
Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and
Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- E-mail:
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40
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Plummer S, Manning T, Baker T, McGreggor T, Patel M, Wylie G, Phillips D. Isolation, analytical measurements, and cell line studies of the iron-bryostatin-1 complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2489-2497. [PMID: 27068183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin-1 is a marine natural product that has demonstrated medicinal activity in pre-clinical and clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, effects of stroke, and HIV. In this study, iron-bryostatin-1 was obtained using a pharmaceutical aquaculture technique developed by our lab that cultivates marine bacteria for marine natural product extraction. Analytical measurements (1)H and (13)C NMR, mass spectrometry, and flame atomic absorption were utilized to confirm the presence of an iron-bryostatin-1 complex. The iron-bryostatin-1 complex produced was then tested against the National Cancer Institute's 60 cell line panel. Adding iron to bryostatin-1 lowered the anti-cancer efficacy of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Plummer
- Department of Chemistry, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States
| | - Thomas Manning
- Department of Chemistry, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States.
| | - Tess Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States
| | - Tysheon McGreggor
- Department of Chemistry, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States
| | - Greg Wylie
- NMR Facility, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Dennis Phillips
- PAMS Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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41
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Limsirichai P, Gaj T, Schaffer DV. CRISPR-mediated Activation of Latent HIV-1 Expression. Mol Ther 2016; 24:499-507. [PMID: 26607397 PMCID: PMC4786916 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete eradication of HIV-1 infection is impeded by the existence of cells that harbor chromosomally integrated but transcriptionally inactive provirus. These cells can persist for years without producing viral progeny, rendering them refractory to immune surveillance and antiretroviral therapy and providing a permanent reservoir for the stochastic reactivation and reseeding of HIV-1. Strategies for purging this latent reservoir are thus needed to eradicate infection. Here, we show that engineered transcriptional activation systems based on CRISPR/Cas9 can be harnessed to activate viral gene expression in cell line models of HIV-1 latency. We further demonstrate that complementing Cas9 activators with latency-reversing compounds can enhance latent HIV-1 transcription and that epigenome modulation using CRISPR-based acetyltransferases can also promote viral gene activation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CRISPR systems are potentially effective tools for inducing latent HIV-1 expression and that their use, in combination with antiretroviral therapy, could lead to improved therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajit Limsirichai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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42
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Salcedo RG, Olano C, Gómez C, Fernández R, Braña AF, Méndez C, de la Calle F, Salas JA. Characterization and engineering of the biosynthesis gene cluster for antitumor macrolides PM100117 and PM100118 from a marine actinobacteria: generation of a novel improved derivative. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:44. [PMID: 26905289 PMCID: PMC4763440 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PM100117 and PM100118 are glycosylated polyketides with remarkable antitumor activity, which derive from the marine symbiotic actinobacteria Streptomyces caniferus GUA-06-05-006A. Structurally, PM100117 and PM100118 are composed of a macrocyclic lactone, three deoxysugar units and a naphthoquinone (NQ) chromophore that shows a clear structural similarity to menaquinone. RESULTS Whole-genome sequencing of S. caniferus GUA-06-05-006A has enabled the identification of PM100117 and PM100118 biosynthesis gene cluster, which has been characterized on the basis of bioinformatics and genetic engineering data. The product of four genes shows high identity to proteins involved in the biosynthesis of menaquinone via futalosine. Deletion of one of these genes led to a decay in PM100117 and PM100118 production, and to the accumulation of several derivatives lacking NQ. Likewise, five additional genes have been genetically characterized to be involved in the biosynthesis of this moiety. Moreover, the generation of a mutant in a gene coding for a putative cytochrome P450 has led to the production of PM100117 and PM100118 structural analogues showing an enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activity relative to the parental products. CONCLUSIONS Although a number of compounds structurally related to PM100117 and PM100118 has been discovered, this is, to our knowledge, the first insight reported into their biosynthesis. The structural resemblance of the NQ moiety to menaquinone, and the presence in the cluster of four putative menaquinone biosynthetic genes, suggests a connection between the biosynthesis pathways of both compounds. The availability of the PM100117 and PM100118 biosynthetic gene cluster will surely pave a way to the combinatorial engineering of more derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl García Salcedo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Carlos Olano
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Cristina Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Rogelio Fernández
- Drug Discovery Area, PharmaMar SA, Avda. de los Reyes 1, Colmenar Viejo, 28770, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfredo F Braña
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Carmen Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Fernando de la Calle
- Drug Discovery Area, PharmaMar SA, Avda. de los Reyes 1, Colmenar Viejo, 28770, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José A Salas
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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43
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Kelsey JS, Cataisson C, Chen J, Herrmann MA, Petersen ME, Baumann DO, McGowan KM, Yuspa SH, Keck GE, Blumberg PM. Biological activity of the bryostatin analog Merle 23 on mouse epidermal cells and mouse skin. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:2183-2195. [PMID: 26859836 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin 1, a complex macrocyclic lactone, is the subject of multiple clinical trials for cancer chemotherapy. Although bryostatin 1 biochemically functions like the classic mouse skin tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to bind to and activate protein kinase C, paradoxically, it fails to induce many of the typical phorbol ester responses, including tumor promotion. Intense synthetic efforts are currently underway to develop simplified bryostatin analogs that preserve the critical functional features of bryostatin 1, including its lack of tumor promoting activity. The degree to which bryostatin analogs maintain the unique pattern of biological behavior of bryostatin 1 depends on the specific cellular system and the specific response. Merle 23 is a significantly simplified bryostatin analog that retains bryostatin like activity only to a limited extent. Here, we show that in mouse epidermal cells the activity of Merle 23 was either similar to bryostatin 1 or intermediate between bryostatin 1 and PMA, depending on the specific parameter examined. We then examined the hyperplastic and tumor promoting activity of Merle 23 on mouse skin. Merle 23 showed substantially reduced hyperplasia and was not tumor promoting at a dose comparable to that for PMA. These results suggest that there may be substantial flexibility in the design of bryostatin analogs that retain its lack of tumor promoting activity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Kelsey
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jinqiu Chen
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michelle A Herrmann
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark E Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David O Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kevin M McGowan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stuart H Yuspa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gary E Keck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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44
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Crane EA, Gademann K. Synthetisch gewonnene Naturstofffragmente in der Wirkstoffentwicklung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika A. Crane
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Karl Gademann
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Schweiz
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Schweiz
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45
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Crane EA, Gademann K. Capturing Biological Activity in Natural Product Fragments by Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3882-902. [PMID: 26833854 PMCID: PMC4797711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have had an immense influence on science and have directly led to the introduction of many drugs. Organic chemistry, and its unique ability to tailor natural products through synthesis, provides an extraordinary approach to unlock the full potential of natural products. In this Review, an approach based on natural product derived fragments is presented that can successfully address some of the current challenges in drug discovery. These fragments often display significantly reduced molecular weights, reduced structural complexity, a reduced number of synthetic steps, while retaining or even improving key biological parameters such as potency or selectivity. Examples from various stages of the drug development process up to the clinic are presented. In addition, this process can be leveraged by recent developments such as genome mining, antibody–drug conjugates, and computational approaches. All these concepts have the potential to identify the next generation of drug candidates inspired by natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Crane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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46
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Larsen EM, Wilson MR, Taylor RE. Conformation-activity relationships of polyketide natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1183-206. [PMID: 25974024 PMCID: PMC4443481 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyketides represent an important class of secondary metabolites that interact with biological targets connected to a variety of disease-associated pathways. Remarkably, nature's assembly lines, polyketide synthases, manufacture these privileged structures through a combinatorial mixture of just a few structural units. This review highlights the role of these structural elements in shaping a polyketide's conformational preferences, the use of computer-based molecular modeling and solution NMR studies in the identification of low-energy conformers, and the importance of conformational analogues in probing the bound conformation. In particular, this review covers several examples wherein conformational analysis complements classic structure-activity relationships in the design of biologically active natural product analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 250 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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47
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Borah R, Mamidi N, Panda S, Gorai S, Pathak SK, Manna D. Elucidating the interaction of γ-hydroxymethyl-γ-butyrolactone substituents with model membranes and protein kinase C-C1 domains. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1389-99. [PMID: 25820877 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of proteins is an attractive drug target. Dysregulation of PKC-dependent signalling pathways is related to several human diseases like cancer, immunological and other diseases. We approached the problem of altering PKC activities by developing C1 domain-based PKC ligands. In this report γ-hydroxymethyl-γ-butyrolactone (HGL) substituents were investigated in an effort to develop small molecule-based PKC regulators with higher specificity for C1 domain than the endogenous diacylglycerols (DAGs). Extensive analysis of membrane-ligands interaction measurements revealed that the membrane-active compounds strongly interact with the lipid bilayers and the hydrophilic parts of compounds localize at the bilayer/water interface. The pharmacophores like hydroxymethyl, carbonyl groups and acyl-chain length of the compounds are crucial for their interaction with the C1 domain proteins. The potent compounds showed more than 17-fold stronger binding affinity for the C1 domains than DAG under similar experimental conditions. Nonradioactive kinase assay confirmed that these potent compounds have similar or better PKC dependent phosphorylation capabilities than DAG under similar experimental conditions. Hence, our findings reveal that these HGL analogues represent an attractive group of structurally simple C1 domain ligands that can be further structurally altered to improve their potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Borah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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48
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Loy BA, Lesser AB, Staveness D, Billingsley KL, Cegelski L, Wender PA. Toward a biorelevant structure of protein kinase C bound modulators: design, synthesis, and evaluation of labeled bryostatin analogues for analysis with rotational echo double resonance NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3678-85. [PMID: 25710634 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators are currently of great importance in preclinical and clinical studies directed at cancer, immunotherapy, HIV eradication, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the bound conformation of PKC modulators in a membrane environment is not known. Rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) NMR spectroscopy could uniquely address this challenge. However, REDOR NMR requires strategically labeled, high affinity ligands to determine interlabel distances from which the conformation of the bound ligand in the PKC-ligand complex could be identified. Here we report the first computer-guided design and syntheses of three bryostatin analogues strategically labeled for REDOR NMR analysis. Extensive computer analyses of energetically accessible analogue conformations suggested preferred labeling sites for the identification of the PKC-bound conformers. Significantly, three labeled analogues were synthesized, and, as required for REDOR analysis, all proved highly potent with PKC affinities (∼1 nM) on par with bryostatin. These potent and strategically labeled bryostatin analogues are new structural leads and provide the necessary starting point for projected efforts to determine the PKC-bound conformation of such analogues in a membrane environment, as needed to design new PKC modulators and understand PKC-ligand-membrane structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Loy
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Adam B Lesser
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daryl Staveness
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kelvin L Billingsley
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A Wender
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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49
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Makam N S, Chidambara Murthy KN, Sultanpur CM, Rao RM. Natural molecules as tumour inhibitors: Promises and prospects. J Herb Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Kikumori M, Yanagita RC, Irie K. Improved and large-scale synthesis of 10-methyl-aplog-1, a potential lead for an anticancer drug. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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