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Parker HA, Jones HM, Kaldor CD, Hampton MB, Winterbourn CC. Neutrophil NET Formation with Microbial Stimuli Requires Late Stage NADPH Oxidase Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111791. [PMID: 34829662 PMCID: PMC8614658 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils respond to a range of stimuli by releasing extracellular traps (NETs), a mesh consisting of chromatin plus granule and cytoplasmic proteins. We have investigated NET release in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and the involvement of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. An oxidative mechanism was involved with each stimulus, and the NOX2 inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) gave almost total inhibition. Notably, DPI added up to 60-90 min after stimulation still gave significant inhibition of subsequent NET formation. As most of the NOX2 activity had already occurred by that time, this indicates a requirement for late-stage low-level oxidant production. Inhibition of histone citrullination did not suppress NET formation, indicating that this was not the essential oxidant-dependent step. With PMA and P. aeruginosa PAO1, MPO activity played an important role in the induction of NETs and MPO inhibitors added up to 30-90 min after stimulation suppressed NET formation. NET formation with S. aureus and C. albicans was insensitive to MPO inhibition. Thus, MPO products are important with some stimuli but not others. Our results extend earlier observations with PMA and show that induction of NETs by microbial stimuli requires late stage oxidant production. Others have shown that NET formation involves NOX2-dependent elastase release from granules. As this is an early event, we conclude from our results that there is more than one oxidant-dependent step.
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Pérez-Rosés R, Risco E, Vila R, Peñalver P, Cañigueral S. Biological and Nonbiological Antioxidant Activity of Some Essential Oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4716-24. [PMID: 27214068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen essential oils, four essential oil fractions, and three pure compounds (thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol), characterized by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were investigated for biological and nonbiological antioxidant activity. Clove oil and eugenol showed strong DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 13.2 μg/mL and 11.7 μg/mL, respectively) and powerfully inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human neutrophils stimulated by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (IC50 = 7.5 μg/mL and 1.6 μg/mL) or H2O2 (IC50 = 22.6 μg/mL and 27.1 μg/mL). Nutmeg, ginger, and palmarosa oils were also highly active on this test. Essential oils from clove and ginger, as well as eugenol, carvacrol, and bornyl acetate inhibited NO (nitric oxide) production (IC50 < 50.0 μg/mL). The oils of clove, red thyme, and Spanish oregano, together with eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol showed the highest myeloperoxidase inhibitory activity. Isomers carvacrol and thymol displayed a disparate behavior in some tests. All in all, clove oil and eugenol offered the best antioxidant profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Pérez-Rosés
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Risco
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Phytonexus, S.L. , Na Jordana, 11, E-46240 Carlet, València, Spain
| | - Roser Vila
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Peñalver
- Lidervet, S.L. , Plaça García Lorca, 17, Baixos, E-43006 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Salvador Cañigueral
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Björnsdottir H, Welin A, Michaëlsson E, Osla V, Berg S, Christenson K, Sundqvist M, Dahlgren C, Karlsson A, Bylund J. Neutrophil NET formation is regulated from the inside by myeloperoxidase-processed reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:1024-35. [PMID: 26459032 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are mesh-like DNA fibers clad with intracellular proteins that are cast out from neutrophils in response to certain stimuli. The process is thought to depend on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the phagocyte NADPH-oxidase and the ROS-modulating granule enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), but when, how, and where these factors contribute is so far uncertain. The neutrophil NADPH-oxidase can be activated at different cellular sites and ROS may be produced and processed by MPO within intracellular granules, even in situations where a phagosome is not formed, e.g., upon stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). OBJECTIVES We investigated the subcellular location of ROS production and processing by MPO in the context of PMA-induced NET formation. RESULTS Complete neutralization of extracellular ROS was not sufficient to block NET formation triggered by PMA, indicating that intragranular ROS are critical for NETosis. Employing a set of novel MPO-inhibitors, inhibition of NET formation correlated with inhibition of intragranular MPO activity. Also, extracellular addition of MPO was not sufficient to rescue NET formation in completely MPO-deficient neutrophils and specific neutralization by luminol of MPO-processed ROS within intracellular granules led to a complete block of PMA-triggered NET formation. CONCLUSION We show for the first time that inhibition of intragranular MPO activity, or neutralization of intragranular MPO-processed ROS by luminol effectively block NET formation. Our data demonstrate that ROS must be formed and processed by MPO in order to trigger NET formation, and that these events have to occur within intracellular granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halla Björnsdottir
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amanda Welin
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Michaëlsson
- Department of Bioscience, CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Veronica Osla
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Karlsson
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- The Phagocyte Research Group, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Kovács I, Horváth M, Kovács T, Somogyi K, Tretter L, Geiszt M, Petheő GL. Comparison of proton channel, phagocyte oxidase, and respiratory burst levels between human eosinophil and neutrophil granulocytes. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1190-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.938234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Strickland LA, Ross J, Williams S, Ross S, Romero M, Spencer S, Erickson R, Sutcliffe J, Verbeke C, Polakis P, van Bruggen N, Koeppen H. Preclinical evaluation of carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) 6 as potential therapy target for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 2009; 218:380-90. [PMID: 19334050 DOI: 10.1002/path.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of new targeted therapies, ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma continues to carry a poor prognosis. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM)6 has been reported as a potential biomarker and therapy target for this malignancy. We have evaluated CEACAM6 as a potential therapy target, using an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Expression of CEACAM6 in pancreatic adenocarcinomas was determined using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. The expression pattern in granulocytes and granulocytic precursors was measured by flow cytometry. Murine xenograft and non-human primate models served to evaluate efficacy and safety, respectively. Robust expression of CEACAM6 was found in > 90% of invasive pancreatic adenocarcinomas as well as in intraepithelial neoplastic lesions. In the granulocytic lineage, CEACAM6 was expressed at all stages of granulocytic maturation except for the early lineage-committed precursor cell. The anti-CEACAM6 ADC showed efficacy against established CEACAM6-expressing tumours. In non-human primates, antigen-dependent toxicity of the ADC consisted of dose-dependent and reversible depletion of granulocytes and their precursors. This was associated with preferential and rapid localization of the antibody in bone marrow, as determined by sequential in vivo PET imaging of the radiolabelled anti-CEACAM6. Localization of the radiolabelled tracer could be attenuated by predosing with unlabelled antibody confirming specific accumulation in this compartment. Based on the expression pattern in normal and malignant pancreatic tissues, efficacy against established tumours and limited and reversible bone marrow toxicity, we propose that CEACAM6 should be considered for an ADC-based therapy approach against pancreatic adenocarcinomas and possibly other CEACAM6-positive neoplasms.
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Nakano Y, Longo-Guess CM, Bergstrom DE, Nauseef WM, Jones SM, Bánfi B. Mutation of the Cyba gene encoding p22phox causes vestibular and immune defects in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1176-85. [PMID: 18292807 DOI: 10.1172/jci33835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, hereditary inactivation of either p22(phox) or gp91(phox) leads to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a severe immune disorder characterized by the inability of phagocytes to produce bacteria-destroying ROS. Heterodimers of p22(phox) and gp91(phox) proteins constitute the superoxide-producing cytochrome core of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. In this study, we identified the nmf333 mouse strain as what we believe to be the first animal model of p22(phox) deficiency. Characterization of nmf333 mice revealed that deletion of p22(phox) inactivated not only the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, but also a second cytochrome in the inner ear epithelium. As a consequence, mice of the nmf333 strain exhibit a compound phenotype consisting of both a CGD-like immune defect and a balance disorder caused by the aberrant development of gravity-sensing organs. Thus, in addition to identifying a model of p22(phox)-dependent immune deficiency, our study indicates that a clinically identifiable patient population with an otherwise cryptic loss of gravity-sensor function may exist. Thus, p22(phox) represents a shared and essential component of at least 2 superoxide-producing cytochromes with entirely different biological functions. The site of p22(phox) expression in the inner ear leads us to propose what we believe to be a novel mechanism for the control of vestibular organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Suzuki KJ, Nakaji S, Kogawa T, Kumeta K, Oka E, Kitagawa N, Suzukawa K, Tsushima E, Nakayama T, Takahashi I, Kumae T. MECHANISTIC APPROACH TO THE EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL LASER IRRADIATION (LLLI) WITH THE GaAlAs DIODE LASER ON THE PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FROM HUMAN NEUTROPHILS AS A MODEL FOR THERAPEUTIC MODALITY AT A CELLULAR LEVEL. Laser Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.5978/islsm.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jacob C, Leport M, Szilagyi C, Allen JM, Bertrand C, Lagente V. DMSO-treated HL60 cells: a model of neutrophil-like cells mainly expressing PDE4B subtype. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1647-56. [PMID: 12469939 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human promyelocytic HL60 cells acquired a neutrophilic phenotype after a 7- to 10-day DMSO treatment. Fc gammaRII was up-regulated. Fc gammaRI was also up-regulated by an additional IFN-gamma treatment. These cells are able to produce O2*- by NADPH oxidase activation in the presence of immune complexes or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). A change of their PDE4 subtype profile was also observed: PDE4B was the predominant isoenzyme, PDE4D was down-regulated and PDE4A was no longer detectable. Additionally, the more NADPH oxidase was activated by PMA, the less PDE4A was expressed, suggesting that NADPH oxidase activity could be used as a surrogate marker of PDE4A down-regulation. Rolipram and Ariflo (cilomilast), two selective PDE4 inhibitors, dose-dependently inhibited receptor-coupled activation of superoxide. These results suggest that PDE4B is the main subtype involved in regulating superoxide induced by Fc gammaRs activation. Furthermore, these cells, expressing almost exclusively PDE4B subtype, could be useful to identify selective PDE4B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacob
- Fresnes Laboratories, Department of Biology, Pfizer Global R&D, 3-9, rue de la Loge, 94265 Fresnes, France.
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Lian JP, Crossley L, Zhan Q, Huang R, Coffer P, Toker A, Robinson D, Badwey JA. Antagonists of calcium fluxes and calmodulin block activation of the p21-activated protein kinases in neutrophils. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2643-50. [PMID: 11160327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils stimulated with fMLP or a variety of other chemoattractants that bind to serpentine receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins exhibit rapid activation of two p21-activated protein kinases (Paks) with molecular masses of approximately 63 and 69 kDa (gamma- and alpha-Pak). Previous studies have shown that products of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and tyrosine kinases are required for the activation of Paks. We now report that a variety of structurally distinct compounds which interrupt different stages in calcium/calmodulin (CaM) signaling block activation of the 63- and 69-kDa Paks in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils. These antagonists included selective inhibitors of phospholipase C (1-[6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione), the intracellular Ca(2+) channel (8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate), CaM (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide; N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide; trifluoperazine), and CaM-activated protein kinases (N-[2-(N-(chlorocinnamyl)-N:-methylaminomethyl)phenyl]-N-[2-hydroxyethyl]-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide). This inhibition was dose-dependent with IC(50) values very similar to those that interrupt CaM-dependent reactions in vitro. In contrast, less active analogues of these compounds (1-[6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl]-2,5-pyrrolidinedione; N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide; N-(4-aminobutyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide; promethazine; 2-[N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzyl-amine]) did not affect activation of Paks in these cells. CaM antagonists (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide; trifluoperazine), but not their less-active analogues (N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide; promethazine), were also found to block activation of the small GTPases Ras and Rac in stimulated neutrophils along with the extracellular signal-regulated kinases. These data strongly suggest that the Ca(2+)/CaM complex plays a major role in the activation of a number of enzyme systems in neutrophils that are regulated by small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lian
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Sabeh F, Hockberger P, Sayeed MM. Signaling mechanisms of elevated neutrophil O2- generation after burn injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:R476-85. [PMID: 9486307 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.2.r476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A full skin thickness burn injury was produced in anesthetized rats by exposing 25% of total body surface area to 98 degrees C water for 10 s. Sham (exposed to 37 degrees C water) and burn rats were killed 1, 3, 7, or 10 days later. The role of Ca2+ signaling and Ca(2+)-related protein kinase C (PKC) activation in neutrophil O2- generation was ascertained by evaluating the effect of treatment of the rats with the Ca2+ entry blocker, diltiazem. There was an overt enhancement of O2- generation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from burn rats on days 1, 3, and 7 postburn, with the peak release occurring on day 3 postburn. O2- generation comparable to the sham was noted on day 10 after the burn. O2- releases on days 1, 3, and 7 postburn were accompanied by marked elevation of Cai2+ and PKC responses. Like the O2- release, intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) response on day 10 after burn was suppressed to levels found in the sham group. The treatment of burn rats with diltiazem prevented the upregulation of both [Ca2+]i and PKC responses as well as O2- generation in neutrophils in rats on days 1, 3, and 7 after the burn. Because previous studies have shown that increases in [Ca2+]i precede O2- generation and degranulation, our results suggest that neutrophil O2- release enhancement in the early stages after burn injury (e.g., days 1-7 postburn) results from an overactivation of the Cai2+ and PKC signaling pathways. The heightened O2- generation during the early burn injury phase might play a role in tissue damage in one or more of host organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sabeh
- Department of Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood 60153, USA
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11
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Tokumura A, Moriyama T, Minamino H, Hayakawa T, Tsukatani H. Exogenous phosphatidic acid with saturated short-chain fatty acyl groups induces superoxide anion release from guinea pig peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes by three different mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1344:87-102. [PMID: 9022758 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(96)00130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of suspensions of guinea pig peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with four species of phosphatidate (PA) containing short-chain fatty acids induced sustained superoxide anion (O2-) production after a lag time. The rank order of efficiency of these PAs in triggering O2- production was PA8:0 [1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (GP)] > PA10:0 (1,2-didecanoyl-GP) > PA6:0 (1,2-dicaproyl-GP) > > PA12:0 (1,2-dilauroyl-GP). The O2- release from PMN stimulated with PA10:0 or PA12:0, but not with PA6:0 or PA8:0, was lowered by the addition of 1 mM extracellular Ca2+. Studies with various inhibitors showed that the mechanism of multiphasic O2- production induced by PA8:0 depended on its concentration: 1 and 3 microM PA8:0 induced O2- production constantly after a lag time through a protein kinase-dependent mechanism that was inhibited by 100 nM staurosporine. With concentrations of PA of 10 microM or more, an additional mechanism that was independent of protein kinase became operative and predominant over the protein kinase-dependent one. This protein kinase-independent mechanism was inhibited selectively by 80 microM TMB-8. Concentrations of 30, 60 and 100 microM PA first elicited transient O2- production via another protein kinase-dependent mechanism that was more sensitive to H-7 than to staurosporine, and then sustained O2- production, mainly driven by the protein kinase-independent mechanism. Metabolism of exogenously added [14C]PA8:0 in intact PMN was examined in the presence and absence of propranolol. Results suggest that PA itself is more important rather than its degradation products such as diacylglycerol, in inducing O2- production via three different mechanisms described above.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tokumura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan
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12
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Heyworth PG, Erickson RW, Ding J, Curnutte JT, Badwey JA. Naphthalenesulphonamides block neutrophil superoxide production by intact cells and in a cell-free system: is myosin light chain kinase responsible for these effects? Biochem J 1995; 311 ( Pt 1):81-7. [PMID: 7575484 PMCID: PMC1136122 DOI: 10.1042/bj3110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Selective antagonists of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) [e.g. ML-7; 1-(5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulphonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride] were found to inhibit superoxide (O2-) release from stimulated neutrophils. The concentrations of ML-7 that were inhibitory were substantially lower than those reported for a selective antagonist of protein kinase C [i.e. H-7; 1-(5-isoquinolinesulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride]. ML-7 also reduced the phosphorylation of the 47 kDa subunit of the NADPH-oxidase system (p47-phox) and blocked translocation of this protein to the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction in stimulated cells. Interestingly, ML-7 also inhibited O2- production in a cell-free system derived from neutrophils at concentrations similar to those that were effective in vivo. This cell-free system does not require ATP and is insensitive to all other inhibitors of protein kinases tested, including some highly effective against MLCK (i.e. staurosporine). Thus, the data suggest that ML-7 does not block O2- release by inhibiting a protein kinase but instead may interact directly with a subunit of the oxidase. The binding site for ML-7 may provide a valuable target for inhibiting the inflammatory properties of phagocytic leucocytes by naphthalenesulphonamides designed to lack activity against protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Heyworth
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gilbert BA, Lim YH, Ding J, Badwey JA, Rando RR. Farnesyl thiotriazole, a potent neutrophil agonist and structurally novel activator of protein kinase C. Biochemistry 1995; 34:3916-20. [PMID: 7696255 DOI: 10.1021/bi00012a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Farnesylcysteine derivatives can initiate or inhibit superoxide (O2-) release in neutrophils. The mechanism by which one of these derivatives, farnesyl thiotriazole (FTT), initiates O2- release in neutrophils is the subject of this paper. Treatment of guinea pig neutrophils with FTT results in the rapid release of O2- by a route shown to be independent of the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) receptor. The signal transduction pathway utilized by the chemoattractant fMLP is generally accepted as the paradigm for receptor-mediated stimulation of O2- production. Antagonists of fMLP had no effect on FTT-induced O2- release, and pretreatment of neutrophils with fMLP had no effect on the ability of FTT to trigger further O2- generation. In fact, FTT behaves like a typical protein kinase C (PKC) activator. It promotes phosphorylation of the 47-kDa subunit of the NADH oxidase complex (p47-phox) in neutrophils, and this phosphorylation is specifically blocked by 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), an antagonist of PKC. FTT is also shown to activate PKC in vitro in a specific and saturable fashion. FTT is approximately equipotent with (S)-diolein, a physiologically relevant activator of this kinase. FTT represents a new, and quite novel, structure for a PKC activator. PKC activators include diglycerides and the structurally diverse tumor promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Gilbert
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Robinson JM, Badwey JA. The NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytic leukocytes: a biochemical and cytochemical view. Histochem Cell Biol 1995; 103:163-80. [PMID: 7553130 DOI: 10.1007/bf01454021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase complex catalyzes the formation of superoxide (O2.-) in phagocytic leukocytes. This paper reviews recent advances in our understanding of this enzyme system. Recent studies have defined conditions for reconstitution of this enzymatic activity with purified proteins in a cell-free system. The role of the individual proteins that make up the active complex, their regulation and the effects of mutations in these proteins are discussed. While these studies represent major achievements, it is clear from cytochemical investigations that additional levels of complexity exist in the modulation of the NADPH oxidase complex in vivo. A major role for cytochemical analysis in understanding the cell biological aspects of the generation of reactive oxygen species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Columbus 43210, USA
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Venaille TJ, Mendis AH, Phillips MJ, Thompson PJ, Robinson BW. Role of neutrophils in mediating human epithelial cell detachment from native basement membrane. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95:597-606. [PMID: 7852673 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell detachment from underlying basement membrane is a feature of diseases of many organs. In the lungs it is seen in disorders as diverse as bronchiectasis, allograft rejection, and asthma. The potential for different leukocytes to induce this change is not clear. In asthma both eosinophils and neutrophils are found in affected tissues, but the capacity of each of these types of cells to induce detachment of native epithelial cells from basement membrane requires clarification. Although eosinophils damage rather than detach human epithelial cells, the effects of neutrophils on epithelial cells naturally attached to basement membrane have not previously been described. Using the human amnion in vitro model, we tested the hypothesis that neutrophils have the capacity to detach intact human epithelial cells from basement membrane. The data indicate that increasing concentrations of neutrophils are able to detach epithelial cells from their underlying basement membrane. Detachment was increased when the neutrophils were activated in situ with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate and after longer incubation periods. Platelet activating factor and opsonized zymosan showed similar boosting effects, whereas activated complement and formyl-methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine did not. Physical contact of the neutrophils with the epithelial cells was required to induce detachment. Detachment could be inhibited by glutathione and by soybean trypsin inhibitor, an inhibition pattern similar to cathepsin G and trypsin, but not collagenase, in this system. We conclude that neutrophils are capable of detaching human epithelial cells from basement membrane, which in part involves the release of chymotrypsin-like serine proteases, probably in conjunction with oxidants, and that this detachment can be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Venaille
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia
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16
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Ding J, Badwey JA. Wortmannin and 1-butanol block activation of a novel family of protein kinases in neutrophils. FEBS Lett 1994; 348:149-52. [PMID: 8034030 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils contain four uncharacterized protein kinases with molecular masses of ca. 69, 63, 49 and 40 kDa that are rapidly activated upon stimulation of these cells with the chemoattractant fMet-Leu-Phe [Ding, J. and Badwey, J.A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 17326-17333]. We now report that wortmannin and 1-butanol block activation of all four of these kinases. These reagents are known to inhibit superoxide generation in neutrophils stimulated with this agonist. Wortmannin inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and blocks activation of phospholipase D, whereas 1-butanol can reduce the generation of phosphatidate in cells by serving as a substrate for phospholipase D. These data suggest that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase D may be involved in the activation of several novel protein kinases in neutrophils and that one or more of these kinases is/are involved in superoxide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ding
- Boston Biomedical Research Institute, MA 02114
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17
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Ding J, Lu D, Pérez-Sala D, Ma Y, Maddox J, Gilbert B, Badwey J, Rando R. Farnesyl-L-cysteine analogs can inhibit or initiate superoxide release by human neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Curnutte J, Erickson R, Ding J, Badwey J. Reciprocal interactions between protein kinase C and components of the NADPH oxidase complex may regulate superoxide production by neutrophils stimulated with a phorbol ester. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Beck-Speier I, Lenz AG, Godleski JJ. Responses of human neutrophils to sulfite. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1994; 41:285-97. [PMID: 8126751 DOI: 10.1080/15287399409531844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to sulfur dioxide or sulfite aerosols induce inflammatory reactions in the respiratory tract characterized by an influx of neutrophils into the airways. To determine direct intracellular effects of sulfite on human neutrophils, these cells were evaluated ultrastructurally by electron microscopy and analyzed for their extracellular and intracellular respiratory burst activity after incubation with sulfite (0.01-10 mM) in vitro. The respiratory burst was quantitated by measuring both the extracellular release of superoxide anions (O2-) by superoxide dismutase-inhibitable lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) and the intracellular generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by flow cytometry using the reagent dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The addition of sulfite in concentrations of 0.01-1 mM resulted in sixfold increases in CL of resting neutrophils. Neutrophils stimulated with zymosan, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine further increased CL when sulfite was added. Higher sulfite concentrations (2-10 mM) decreased CL of resting, zymosan-stimulated, and PMA-stimulated cells. When sulfate was added, no changes in CL of resting and zymosan-stimulated neutrophils were seen, indicating that the effect is specific for sulfite. The intracellular generation of H2O2 in resting and PMA-stimulated neutrophils incubated with sulfite (0.1-2 mM) was increased twofold. These findings suggest that sulfite in low concentrations stimulates neutrophils by activating the respiratory burst to produce O2- and H2O2. Ultrastructural studies confirm the stimulating effect of sulfite on neutrophils with sulfite-treated cells exhibiting increased ruffled surface membranes, degranulation changes, and vesiculation similar to those seen in PMA-stimulated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Beck-Speier
- GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany
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20
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Yamaya M, Shiroto C, Kobayashi H, Naganuma S, Sakamoto J, Suzuki KJ, Nakaji S, Sugawara K, Kumae T. MECHANISTIC APPROACH TO GaAIAs DIODE LASER EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FROM HUMAN NEUTROPHILS AS A MODEL FOR THERAPEUTIC MODALITY AT CELLULAR LEVEL. Laser Ther 1993. [DOI: 10.5978/islsm.93-or-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Uhlinger DJ, Perry DK. A carboxy-terminal peptide from p47-phox is a substrate for phosphorylation by protein kinase C and by a neutrophil protein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187:940-8. [PMID: 1326961 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Agonist-activated phosphorylation of neutrophil proteins including p47-phox, a cytosolic component of the respiratory burst oxidase, has been implicated in the signal transduction cascade which leads to activation of the superoxide generating respiratory burst. We have previously reported (J. Biol. Chem. 265, 17550-59) that in a cell-free activation system consisting of cytosol plus plasma membrane from human neutrophils, diacylglycerol acts synergistically with an anionic amphiphile such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to augment superoxide generation and assembly of the oxidase, and that p47 phosphorylation can occur under these conditions. Herein, we show that a peptide corresponding to a carboxy terminal sequence of p47-phox is a substrate for phosphorylation both by purified protein kinase C (a mixture of alpha, beta, and gamma forms) and by a distinct kinase or kinases present in neutrophil cytosol. Based on its activator requirements, the neutrophil kinase differs from classical protein kinase C, but may be a protein kinase C variant, based on inhibition by a protein kinase C peptide. Although in the cell-free system phosphorylation occurs under conditions which are similar to those for activation of superoxide generation, phosphorylation is not required for activation (1). Rather, protein assembly or aggregation which occurs under activation conditions may also promote phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Uhlinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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22
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Dryden P, Duronio V, Martin L, Hudson AT, Salari H. Inhibition of human neutrophil responses by alpha-cyano-3,4-dihydroxythiocinnamamide; a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 106:656-64. [PMID: 1504749 PMCID: PMC1907570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Activation of neutrophils results in increased tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins that may have important roles in receptor/effector coupling. In this study, the effect of a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor on receptor-mediated neutrophil activation by platelet-activating factor (PAF), leukotriene, B4 (LTB4) and N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP) is investigated. 2. alpha-Cyano-3,4-dihydroxythiocinnamamide dose-dependently inhibited intracellular calcium release and superoxide generation from human neutrophils activated by 1 microM LTB4, PAF, and FMLP. 3. In the presence of cytochalasin B, FMLP stimulated elastase release from neutrophils was also inhibited to unstimulated levels by 5 min pretreatment with alpha-cyano-3,4-dihydroxythiocinnamamide. 4. The inhibitory action of alpha-cyano-3,4-dihydroxythiocinnamamide was found to be at or upstream of phospholipase C activation, blocking both phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and protein kinase C activation. alpha-Cyano-3,4-dihydroxythiocinnamamide did not affect agonist receptor binding sites or receptor affinity in neutrophils. 5. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins of 41, 56, 66, and 104 kDa in neutrophils treated with agonists. Treatment of neutrophils with alpha-cyano-3,4-dihydroxythiocinnamamide prior to stimulation with chemoattractants reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of the above phosphoproteins. 6. These results indicate that alpha-cyano-3,4-dihydroxythiocinnamamide might be a useful agent in characterizing the essential proteins and biochemical pathways that regulate neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dryden
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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23
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Ding J, Badwey J. Effects of antagonists of protein phosphatases on superoxide release by neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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24
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Morel F, Doussiere J, Vignais PV. The superoxide-generating oxidase of phagocytic cells. Physiological, molecular and pathological aspects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 201:523-46. [PMID: 1657601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Professional phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages) possess an enzymatic complex, the NADPH oxidase, which is able to catalyze the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide, O2-. The NADPH oxidase is dormant in non-activated phagocytes. It is suddenly activated upon exposure of phagocytes to the appropriate stimuli and thereby contributes to the microbicidal activity of these cells. Oxidase activation in phagocytes involves the assembly, in the plasma membrane, of membrane-bound and cytosolic components of the oxidase complex, which were diassembled in the resting state. One of the membrane-bound components in resting phagocytes has been identified as a low-potential b-type cytochrome, a heterodimer composed of two subunits of 22-kDa and 91-kDa. The link between NADPH and cytochrome b is probably a flavoprotein whose subcellular localization in resting phagocytes remains to be determined. Genetic defects in the cytochrome b subunits and in the cytosolic factors have been shown to be the molecular basis of chronic granulomatous disease, a group of inherited disorders in the host defense, characterized by severe, recurrent bacterial and fungal infections in which phagocytic cells fail to generate O2- upon stimulation. The present review is focused on recent data concerning the signaling pathway which leads to oxidase activation, including specific receptors, the production of second messengers, the organization of the oxidase complex and the molecular defects responsible for granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Morel
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires, Grenoble, France
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25
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Takaya J, Kimura M, Lasker N, Aviv A. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding to intact human platelets. The role of cytosolic free Ca2+. Biochem J 1991; 278 ( Pt 2):411-5. [PMID: 1898334 PMCID: PMC1151358 DOI: 10.1042/bj2780411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of Ca2+ was examined in regulating the binding of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PdBu) to intact human platelets. Alterations in the cytosolic free Ca2+ concn. [( Ca2+]i), but not extracellular Ca2+, substantially influenced the binding parameters of the phorbol ester. Ca(2+)-depleted platelets demonstrated a significant decline in the maximal binding capacity (Bmax), an increase in equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and a decrease in the Hill coefficient (h), suggesting the presence of Ca(2+)-sensitive and Ca(2+)-insensitive populations of PdBu-binding sites. In 1 mM-Ca2+ buffer, thrombin (0.1 NIH unit/ml) and ionomycin (0.5 microM) evoked a rise in [Ca2+]i to approx. 300-500 nM, associated with a significant decline in Kd, but without an apparent effect on Bmax. No effect of thrombin was observed on PdBu binding in Ca(2+)-depleted platelets. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by H7 was associated with a greater thrombin-evoked [Ca2+]i transient and a decline in Kd. Staurosporine also decreased the Kd for PdBu binding. We propose that this effect of the PKC inhibitors on the Kd was also [Ca2+]i-dependent. These observations in intact platelets indicate that the primary role of agonist- or non-agonist-induced rise in [Ca2+]i is to increase the affinity of PKC for PdBu and, presumably, endogenous diacylglycerol. However, in itself a rise in [Ca2+]i does not increase the Bmax, for PdBu binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Takaya
- Hypertension Research Center, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark 07103-2714
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Backer
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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27
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Badwey JA, Ding J, Heyworth PG, Robinson JM. Products of inflammatory cells synergistically enhance superoxide production by phagocytic leukocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 314:19-33. [PMID: 1667963 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6024-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Badwey
- Department of Cell Physiology, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, MA
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28
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Smith NC. A role for protein kinase C in the production of free oxygen radicals in response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Parasitol Res 1991; 77:521-5. [PMID: 1924260 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of protein kinase C in the initiation of free oxygen radical generation by rat leukocytes in response to the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was investigated. Inhibitors of protein kinase C, trifluoperazine and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), inhibited free radical generation in response to N. brasiliensis in vitro. Neither inhibitor affected free radical generation by the cell-free xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, indicating that the agents did not scavenge free radicals; they also failed to affect leukocyte viability. Furthermore, activators of protein kinase C, the calcium ionophore A23187 and the diacylglycerol 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycerol (OAG), enhanced free radical generation by leukocytes in response to N. brasiliensis in vitro. Thus, protein kinase C apparently plays an important role in the initiation of free radical generation in response to N. brasiliensis; since free radicals may play a critical role in worm expulsion, this implies that protein kinase C may also be important in the rejection of N. brasiliensis from the small intestine of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Smith
- Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra A.C.T
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29
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Kelder PP, de Mol NJ, 'T Hart BA, Janssen LH. Metabolic activation of chlorpromazine by stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Induction of covalent binding of chlorpromazine to nucleic acids and proteins. Chem Biol Interact 1991; 79:15-30. [PMID: 1647886 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(91)90049-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have been stimulated with either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187 or a combination of both to induce the respiratory burst and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) but not chlorpromazine sulfoxide (CPZSO) inhibited the respiratory burst as measured with lucigenin chemiluminescence. The inhibition was due to interference with processes in the cell leading to the respiratory burst and not to scavenging of produced oxygen radicals that provoke the luminescence. CPZ was metabolized by stimulated PMNs. HPLC analysis revealed formation of CPZSO and an unidentified product. Both products result from decay of chlorpromazine radical cation (CPZ+.), indicating formation of this radical intermediate in CPZSO oxidation by stimulated PMNs. CPZ conversion correlated with H2O2 production and MPO release. The largest CPZ conversion was observed with phorbol ester plus A23187 stimulation. The conversion was reduced by catalase and sodium azide, an inhibitor of MPO, with 70% and 40%, respectively. This indicates only partial involvement of extracellularly released MPO in CPZ metabolism by PMNs. Considerable covalent binding of [3H]CPZ to nucleic acids and proteins of intact stimulated PMNs was observed. This binding was larger upon co-stimulation with phorbol ester and A23187. Azide did not reduce covalent binding. This indicates that covalent binding is not mediated by extracellularly released MPO and that CPZ is probably activated intracellularly. Activation of PMNs and production of H2O2 is a prerequisite for both CPZ conversion and covalent binding. This study demonstrates that phagocytic cells might contribute to drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Kelder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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30
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Olson SC, Tyagi SR, Lambeth JD. Fluoride activates diradylglycerol and superoxide generation in human neutrophils via PLD/PA phosphohydrolase-dependent and -independent pathways. FEBS Lett 1990; 272:19-24. [PMID: 2172014 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80439-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the rapid, ethanol-inhibited superoxide generation by the receptor-linked agonist formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), fluoride-activated superoxide generation occurs after a prolonged lag, and as shown herein is relatively ethanol-insensitive. We have investigated fluoride-activation of diradylglycerol generation and phospholipase D activity. Fluoride induces a very large increase in diradylglycerol mass (both 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and 1-O-alkyl,2-acylglycerol (EAG)), with kinetics similar to superoxide generation. Unlike fMLP-activated diglyceride generation which is completely inhibited by ethanol, that produced by fluoride is only partially (30%) blocked. When the phosphatidylcholine pool is 3H-prelabeled, fluoride activates both [3H]phosphatidic acid (PA) and [3H]diglyceride generation with similar kinetics. Partial inhibition of the production of these species by ethanol was seen, coincident with the appearance of [3H]phosphatidylethanol, indicating phospholipase D-dependent transphosphatidylation had occurred. The data are consistent with the fluoride activation of PA and diglyceride generation by both phospholipase D-dependent and -independent (presumably phospholipase C) mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Olson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, GA 30322
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31
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Robinson JM, Heyworth PG, Badwey JA. Utility of staurosporine in uncovering differences in the signal transduction pathways for superoxide production in neutrophils. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1055:55-62. [PMID: 2171676 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(90)90090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils exhibit an intense phosphorylation of a 47 kDa protein and release large quantities of superoxide (O2-) upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP). Antagonists of protein kinases (e.g., 200 microM 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7); 15 nM staurosporine) inhibited these phenomena when the stimulus was PMA (Badwey, J.A. et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 14947-14953). In this paper, we now report that while neutrophils treated with 15 nM staurosporine and PMA release little O2-, cells in the presence of these compounds can be stimulated to release near normal quantities of O2- by the subsequent addition of fMLP. Surprisingly, staurosporine (15 nM) reduced the incorporation of 32P into the 47 kDa protein in fMLP stimulated cells at least as effectively as H-7, yet, while the staurosporine treated cells released substantial amounts of O2-, the cells treated with H-7 did not. These data suggest that a stimulatory pathway exists in neutrophils that contains a protein kinase 'distinct' from that which is activated when PMA is the stimulus and that this pathway may enable the O2- producing system to become functional with little or no phosphorylation of the 47 kDa protein. They further suggest that the steps which are sensitive to H-7 in the signal-transduction pathways utilized by PMA and fMLP may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Robinson
- Department of Anatomy, Ohio State University, Columbus
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32
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Burnham DN, Uhlinger DJ, Lambeth JD. Diradylglycerol synergizes with an anionic amphiphile to activate superoxide generation and phosphorylation of p47phox in a cell-free system from human neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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33
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Hartfield PJ, Robinson JM. Fluoride-mediated activation of the respiratory burst in electropermeabilized neutrophils. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1054:176-80. [PMID: 2119232 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(90)90239-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electropermeabilization creates small pores in the plasma membrane allowing the introduction of low-molecular-weight modulatory components, such as ions and nucleotides, into the cytosol. The present study investigates fluoride-mediated stimulation of the signal transduction pathway that activates the respiratory burst in electropermeabilized neutrophils. In marked contrast to intact (i.e., non-electropermeabilized) neutrophils, cells permeabilized by this technique demonstrated an immediate and potent stimulation of the superoxide (O2-)-generating NADPH oxidase in response to the addition of fluoride. Furthermore, permeabilization of neutrophils in the presence of exogenously added ATP enhanced the rate of F(-)-mediated O2- production. Fluoride-stimulated O2- production in electropermeabilized neutrophils was antagonized by GDP beta S and dependent upon the presence of Mg2+ in the medium, but was insensitive to pertussis toxin treatment, consistent with the hypothesis that fluoride activates a G protein, probably Gp, by interacting with the nucleotide-binding site on the G alpha subunit. In addition, electropermeabilized neutrophil O2- release triggered by F- was blocked by staurosporine and H-7, indicating that this pathway proceeds largely through protein kinase C activation. However, nucleotide-enhanced O2- production was only partially blocked by these inhibitors, suggesting that under such conditions ATP either competes with the inhibitor-protein kinase interaction or affects the signaling pathway(s) in such a way that protein kinase C may no longer be necessary for the activation of NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hartfield
- Department of Anatomy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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34
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Hartfield PJ, Robinson JM. Mg.ATP primes superoxide-generating responses in electropermeabilized neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170:194-200. [PMID: 2164802 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91259-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study utilizes an electropermeabilized cell system to determine the effect of Mg.ATP on neutrophil superoxide (O2-)-generating responses stimulated by suboptimal concentrations of fMLP, GTP gamma S and PMA. Permeabilization in the presence of exogenously added Mg.ATP was neither sufficient to initiate O2- release nor necessary for stimulated O2- production. However, the inclusion of Mg.ATP in the permeabilization medium primed the O2(-)-generating responses mediated by suboptimal concentrations of these stimuli. The site of action of Mg.ATP is intracellular. Moreover, the fact that Mg.ATP primes responses stimulated by fMLP, GTP gamma S and PMA suggests that the modulatory effect is at the level of protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hartfield
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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35
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Heyworth PG, Badwey JA. Continuous phosphorylation of both the 47 and the 49 kDa proteins occurs during superoxide production by neutrophils. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1052:299-305. [PMID: 2159348 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(90)90225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils stimulated with 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate release large quantities of superoxide (O2-) and exhibit an intense phosphorylation of two proteins with molecular masses of approx. 47 and 49 kDa. Treatment of unstimulated cells with antagonists of protein kinase C (e.g., staurosporine; 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7)) is known to inhibit both of these phenomena upon stimulation. These antagonists of PKC also cause a rapid cessation of O2- release when added to cells that are already stimulated. In this paper, we report that the addition of staurosporine or H-7 to stimulated neutrophils resulted in a rapid loss of 32P from both the 47 and the 49 kDa phosphoprotein bands, as detected by autoradiography. This suggests that these two proteins may be regulated by a continual cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the stimulated cell, with the phosphorylation reactions predominating, or undergo a rapid degradation subsequent to phosphorylation. Either explanation is consistent with the view that protein kinase C activity is necessary to both initiate and maintain O2- production in neutrophils stimulated with tumor promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Heyworth
- Department of Cell Physiology, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, MA 02114
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36
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Heyworth PG, Badwey JA. Protein phosphorylation associated with the stimulation of neutrophils. Modulation of superoxide production by protein kinase C and calcium. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1990; 22:1-26. [PMID: 2160451 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils and other phagocytic cells of the immune system possess a superoxide-generating oxidase system which is essential for the efficient killing of microbes. The system is activated by a wide variety of stimuli, some of which operate through pathways involving protein kinase C (PKC), while others appear not to. The PKC-dependent pathway is probably the major signal transduction route for most of the stimuli. Alterations in cellular Ca2+ and diglyceride levels can have a pronounced stimulatory effect on this pathway by their ability to synergistically activate PKC. This review discusses PKC, the different interactions of this kinase with the plasmalemma that are important in superoxide production, the synergy between Ca2+ and diglyceride, and the nature of the phosphoproteins involved. Evidence supporting the existence of the PKC-independent pathway is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Heyworth
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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37
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Badwey J, Robinson J, Heyworth P, Curnutte J. 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol can stimulate neutrophils by different mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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38
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Ozawa M, Ohtsuka T, Okamura N, Ishibashi S. Synergism between protein kinase C activator and fatty acids in stimulating superoxide anion production in guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 273:491-6. [PMID: 2549873 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) with various fatty acids elicited superoxide anion (O2-) production and an increase in intracellular Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i). Both responses, however, were seldom observed when PMNL were treated at lower concentrations. But, simultaneous addition of 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG), a protein kinase C activator, caused an increase in O2- production even at the lower concentrations of fatty acids. In contrast to the synergism in O2- production, [Ca2+]i remained at almost the basal level irrespective of the presence of OAG. Among saturated fatty acids, those with carbon numbers of 14 to 18 were most effective in stimulating O2- production in combination with OAG. Unsaturated fatty acids with a carbon number of 18 were almost equally effective irrespective of the number of double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ozawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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39
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Heyworth PG, Karnovsky ML, Badwey JA. Protein Phosphorylation Associated with Synergistic Stimulation of Neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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40
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Badwey JA, Horn W, Heyworth PG, Robinson JM, Karnovsky ML. Paradoxical Effects of Retinal in Neutrophil Stimulation. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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41
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Petty HR. Regulation of RAW264 macrophage morphology and spreading: studies with protein kinase C activators, inhibitors and a cyclic AMP analog. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 1012:284-90. [PMID: 2547441 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(89)90110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases C and A probably play important roles in membrane signal transduction. To test the role of protein kinases in macrophage spreading, we have measured cell perimeters in the absence and presence of protein kinase C activators, inhibitors and a cAMP analog. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that macrophages spread extensively in the presence of protein kinase C activators. In contrast, protein kinase C inhibitor and dbcAMP (N6-2'-O-di-butyryladenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate AMP) promote a round cell morphology with many surface folds. Quantitative optical microscopy experiments showed that the maximal effects of these reagents were achieved within 30 min. The protein kinase C activators dioctonylglycerol (3 microM), phenylephrine (1 microM), and phorbol myristate acetate (1 micrograms/ml) increased macrophage spreading. Similarly, the calcium ionophore A23187 (1 microgram) increased spreading. In contrast, the protein kinase C inhibitors chlorpromazine (30 microM), sphingosine (10 microM), trifluoroperazine (10 microM), and H-7 (10 microM) significantly reduce macrophage spreading. The analog dibutyryl cAMP (30 microM) abrogates the effects of protein kinase C activators. These data suggest that protein kinase C participates in the regulation of macrophage spreading. Furthermore, the protein kinase A activator dibutyryl cAMP can inhibit the effects of protein kinase C activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Petty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
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42
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Erdös EG, Wagner B, Harbury CB, Painter RG, Skidgel RA, Fa XG. Down-regulation and Inactivation of Neutral Endopeptidase 24.11 (Enkephalinase) in Human Neutrophils. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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43
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Badwey JA, Heyworth PG, Karnovsky ML. Phosphorylation of both 47 and 49kDa proteins accompanies superoxide release by neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 158:1029-35. [PMID: 2537629 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils stimulated with activators of protein kinase C (i.e., 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol) exhibit a dramatic, dose-dependent incorporation of 32P[Pi] into two proteins with molecular weights of ca. 47 and 49kDa. Proteins of the same molecular weights are also labelled when the cells are stimulated with a chemotactic peptide. However, with the latter stimulus, labelling of the 47kDa species is transient whereas that of the 49kDa entity persists. Labelling of both proteins always accompanied the release of O2-stimulated by these agents. The kinetics of labelling are compatible with the involvement of both phosphoproteins in the stimulation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Badwey
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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44
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Burnham DN, Tyagi SR, Uhlinger DJ, Lambeth JD. Diacylglycerol generation and phosphoinositide turnover in human neutrophils: effects of particulate versus soluble stimuli. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 269:345-53. [PMID: 2537061 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serum-treated, or "opsonized" zymosan (OZ), a particulate material which can be phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, activates the superoxide-generating respiratory burst in these cells. The use of dual wavelength spectroscopy in the present studies has allowed accurate continuous monitoring of superoxide generation (cytochrome c reduction) upon cellular activation by this turbid material; activation occurs after a short lag period (about 20 s) which is similar to the lag seen after activation with the chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Unlike the fMLP response which terminates after about 90 s, superoxide generation in response to OZ continues beyond 10 min, and is similar in this regard to the response seen with the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). OZ and fMLP, but not PMA, also activate receptor-linked phospholipase C mechanisms as judged by the appearance of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) (as well as other inositol phosphates) and diacylglycerol (DAG), with the latter measured by a mass assay. The appearance of these potential mediators corresponded to the loss of phosphoinositides, in particular phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). The magnitude of DAG and inositol sugar generation as well as the breakdown of PIP2 was considerably greater using OZ than with fMLP. In addition, while fMLP resulted in a transient increase in IP3 and DAG, OZ resulted in a sustained elevation of these molecules. With both agonists, the onset and duration of generation of putative mediators corresponded to the period of generation of O2-, consistent with a role for DAG and/or IP3 in the activation of the respiratory burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Burnham
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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45
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Smith NC. The role of free oxygen radicals in the expulsion of primary infections of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Parasitol Res 1989; 75:423-38. [PMID: 2666979 DOI: 10.1007/bf00930968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The many and varied pathological, immunological and physiological manifestations of infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis may be unified by considering the role of leukocyte-generated free oxygen radicals in worm expulsion. Aside from directly damaging the adult stage of N.brasiliensis and possibly leading to its elimination from the small intestine, free radicals may also damage intestinal cells, thereby contributing to the gut pathology characteristic of infection. gamma-Interferon (and possibly tumour necrosis factor) may be involved in the initiation of free radical generation in response to N. brasiliensis and may also contribute to various side effects of infection such as hypertriglyceridaemia and cachexia. gamma-Interferon may initiate free radical generation via the agency of protein kinase C, an enzyme that can induce various additional responses including lysosomal enzyme and amine secretion and arachidonic acid metabolism. The possible interactions between these mediators and free radicals are subtle and diverse and may profoundly affect the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Smith
- Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T
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46
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Lambeth JD. Activation of the respiratory burst oxidase in neutrophils: on the role of membrane-derived second messengers, Ca++, and protein kinase C. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1988; 20:709-33. [PMID: 2854129 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A major bactericidal mechanism of neutrophils involves activation of the respiratory burst oxidase to generate superoxide (O2-). The oxidase is activated rapidly, often within a minute, in response to extracellular signals such as chemoattractants, inflammatory mediators, and invading microorganisms. Increasing evidence indicates that lipases also respond rapidly, releasing potent regulatory molecules from progenitor lipids. Released molecules include potential regulators of protein kinase C--diacylglycerol (DAG), arachidonate, and sphingosine--and levels of one of these, DAG, frequently correlate with O2- production. In this author's view, the available data implicate DAG and protein kinase C as key factors in the regulation of the respiratory burst. Herein, the array of activating agonists, the generation and function of some lipid-derived mediators, and evidence pertaining to the participation of protein kinase C are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lambeth
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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47
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Tyagi SR, Tamura M, Burnham DN, Lambeth JD. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) augments chemoattractant-induced diglyceride generation in human neutrophils but inhibits phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Implications for the mechanism of PMA priming of the respiratory burst. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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48
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Okuno Y, Gliemann J. Effect of chemotactic factors on hexose transport in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 941:157-64. [PMID: 3132973 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(88)90176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transport of the nonmetabolizable glucose analogue, 3-O-methylglucose, was assessed in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes with or without the chemotactic peptide N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe). The peptide increased entry of labelled 3-O-methylglucose about 5-fold and the intracellular distribution space about 70%. The half-time of equilibration was 3 s in the treated cells. Similar effects were observed with zymosan-treated serum (containing the chemotactic factor C5a), with arachidonic acid, calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate. However, the chemotactic protein, thrombin, had no effect, even though binding to high-affinity receptors was demonstrated. Km for zero-trans entry of 3-O-methylglucose was about 1 mM and fMet-Leu-Phe increased Vmax from 5 to about 25 amol.s-1.cell-1. Similar values were obtained from incubations for a few seconds with glucose and 2-deoxyglucose. The rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake (8 min incubations) was limited by the transport step at substrate concentrations lower than approx. 0.1 mM, whereas the phosphorylation step became rate-limiting at higher concentrations. Thus, 2-deoxyglucose uptake can only be taken as a measure of transport at a tracer concentration. It is concluded that chemotactic factors can, but do not necessarily, increase the maximal transport velocity of hexoses entering the polymorphonuclear leucocyte via the glucose transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okuno
- Institute of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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49
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Sadler KL, Badwey JA. Second Messengers Involved in Superoxide Production by Neutrophils: Function and Metabolism. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(18)30614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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50
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Camussi G, Salvidio G, Niesen N, Brentjens J, Andres G. Effect of chlorpromazine on the development of experimental glomerulonephritis and Arthus reaction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1988; 131:418-34. [PMID: 2968048 PMCID: PMC1880706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine blocks antibody-mediated redistribution of cell surface antigens in vitro and in vivo and inhibits the development of passive Heymann glomerulonephritis, a disease characterized by in situ formation of immune complexes (Camussi et al J Immunol 1986, 136:2127-2135). The aim of this study was to establish whether chlorpromazine exerts similar effects in other rat models characterized by in situ formation of immune complexes. In glomerulonephritis induced by antibodies reactive with an exogenous antigen "planted" in glomeruli pretreatment with chlorpromazine prevented formation of "humps" and exudative and proliferative lesions. Likewise, chlorpromazine prevented passive reverse Arthus reaction in the skin. In contrast, the drug was ineffective when these lesions were already established, and also failed to inhibit the fulminant course of nephrotoxic serum glomerulonephritis with an enhanced autologous phase. It is proposed that the antiinflammatory effect of chlorpromazine is due to its ability to block the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory mediators.
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