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Zhao D, Feng PJ, Liu JH, Dong M, Shen XQ, Chen YX, Shen QD. Electromagnetized-Nanoparticle-Modulated Neural Plasticity and Recovery of Degenerative Dopaminergic Neurons in the Mid-Brain. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003800. [PMID: 32924217 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of mid-brain disorders. Clinically, cell therapeutic solutions, by increasing the neurotransmitter dopamine levels in the patients, are hindered by low efficiency and/or side effects. Here, a strategy using electromagnetized nanoparticles to modulate neural plasticity and recover degenerative dopamine neurons in vivo is reported. Remarkably, electromagnetic fields generated by the nanoparticles under ultrasound stimulation modulate intracellular calcium signaling to influence synaptic plasticity and control neural behavior. Dopaminergic neuronal functions are reversed by upregulating the expression tyrosine hydroxylase, thus resulting in ameliorating the neural behavioral disorders in zebrafish. This wireless tool can serve as a viable and safe strategy for the regenerative therapy of the neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Pei-Jian Feng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Hao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying-Xin Chen
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qun-Dong Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Bayer KU, Schulman H. CaM Kinase: Still Inspiring at 40. Neuron 2019; 103:380-394. [PMID: 31394063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) was touted as a memory molecule, even before its involvement in long-term potentiation (LTP) was shown. The enzyme has not disappointed, with subsequent demonstrations of remarkable structural and regulatory properties. Its neuronal functions now extend to long-term depression (LTD), and last year saw the first direct evidence for memory storage by CaMKII. Although CaMKII may have taken the spotlight, it is a member of a large family of diverse and interesting CaM kinases. Our aim is to place CaMKII in context of the other CaM kinases and then review certain aspects of this kinase that are of current interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ulrich Bayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Xia R, Berger F, Piallat B, Benabid AL. Alteration of hormone and neurotransmitter production in cultured cells by high and low frequency electrical stimulation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2007; 149:67-73; discussion 73. [PMID: 17171296 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-006-1058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HFS has become a widely used method in functional neurosurgery. However, its mechanism is not well understood, and its cellular and molecular effects have not yet been investigated. The aim of the study was to understand which cellular events, unrelated to the network organization of cells or neurons, participate in the mechanism of action of HFS. In vitro cellular effects of high (HFS) and low (LFS) frequency electrical stimulation on prolactin secretion in GH3 cell lines (prolactinoma), as well as the catecholaminergic secretion on PC12 cells (pheochromocytoma) were investigated. Cells were cultured in dishes with integrated electrodes to deliver stimulation at the same parameters as those used in clinical conditions to treat advanced forms of Parkinson's disease. Prolactin production was measured in GH3 using a Radio-Immuno-Assay. Dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured in PC12 using Enzymo-immuno-assays. HFS for 24 hours reduced prolactin secretion by 40.3%, dopamine by 32.7%, epinephrine by 18.1% (non significant) and norepinephrine by 27.0%. LFS did not induce significant changes. These results suggest that HFS has an inhibitory impact on the cellular machinery responsible for hormone and neurotransmitter production. In this model of isolated cultured cells, network interactions and particularly presynaptic actions are discarded. HFS has inhibitory effects on cellular mechanisms responsible for the production and release of molecules participating in intercellular communication. This HFS-induced inhibition might participate in the lesion-like effect of therapeutic HFS in the basal ganglia during various movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xia
- Anatomy Department, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Kaufman S. Tyrosine hydroxylase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 70:103-220. [PMID: 8638482 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123164.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kaufman
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Vatta MS, Rodríguez-Fermepín M, Durante G, Bianciotti LG, Fernández BE. Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits norepinephrine biosynthesis and turnover in the rat hypothalamus. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1999; 85:101-7. [PMID: 10651063 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(99)00083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) increased neuronal norepinephrine (NE) uptake and reduced basal and evoked neuronal NE release. Changes in NE uptake and release are generally associated to modifications in the synthesis and/or turnover of the amine. On this basis, the aim of the present work was to study ANF effects in the rat hypothalamus on the following processes: endogenous content, utilization and turn-over of NE; tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity; cAMP and cGMP accumulation and phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis. Results showed that centrally applied ANF (100 ng/microl/min) increased the endogenous content of NE (45%) and diminished NE utilization. Ten nM ANF reduced the turnover of NE (53%). In addition, ANF (10 nM) inhibited basal and evoked (with 25 mM KCl) TH activity (30 and 64%, respectively). Cyclic GMP levels were increased by 10 nM ANF (100%). However, neither cAMP accumulation nor phosphatidylinositol breakdown were affected in the presence of 10 nM ANF. The results further support the role of ANF in the regulation of NE metabolism in the rat hypothalamus. ANF is likely to act as a negative putative neuromodulator inhibiting noradrenergic neurotransmission by signaling through the activation of guanylate cyclase. Thus, ANF may be involved in the regulation of several central as well as peripheral physiological processes such as cardiovascular function, electrolyte and fluid homeostasis, endocrine and neuroendocrine synthesis and secretion, behavior, thirst, appetite and anxiety that are mediated by central noradrenergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Vatta
- Cátedras de Fisiología y Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Rittenhouse AR, Zigmond RE. Role of N- and L-type calcium channels in depolarization-induced activation of tyrosine hydroxylase and release of norepinephrine by sympathetic cell bodies and nerve terminals. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1999; 40:137-48. [PMID: 10413445 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199908)40:2<137::aid-neu1>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple types of voltage-activated calcium (Ca(2+)) channels are present in all nerve cells examined so far; however, the underlying functional consequences of their presence is often unclear. We have examined the contribution of Ca(2+) influx through N- and L- type voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels in sympathetic neurons to the depolarization-induced activation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in norepinephrine (NE) synthesis, and the depolarization-induced release of NE. Superior cervical ganglia (SCG) were decentralized 4 days prior to their use to eliminate the possibility of indirect effects of depolarization via preganglionic nerve terminals. The presence of both omega-conotoxin GVIA (1 microM), a specific blocker of N-type channels, and nimodipine (1 microM), a specific blocker of L-type Ca(2+) channels, was necessary to inhibit completely the stimulation of TH activity by 55 mM K(+), indicating that Ca(2+) influx through both types of channels contributes to enzyme activation. In contrast, K(+) stimulation of TH activity in nerve fibers and terminals in the iris could be inhibited completely by omega-conotoxin GVIA alone and was unaffected by nimodipine as previously shown. K(+) stimulation of NE release from both ganglia and irises was also blocked completely when omega-conotoxin GVIA was included in the medium, while nimodipine had no significant effect in either tissue. These results indicate that particular cellular processes in specific areas of a neuron are differentially dependent on Ca(2+) influx through N- and L-type Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rittenhouse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Cruzalegui FH, Hardingham GE, Bading H. c-Jun functions as a calcium-regulated transcriptional activator in the absence of JNK/SAPK1 activation. EMBO J 1999; 18:1335-44. [PMID: 10064599 PMCID: PMC1171223 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.5.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is the principal second messenger in the control of gene expression by electrical activity in neurons. Recruitment of the coactivator CREB-binding protein, CBP, by the prototypical calcium-responsive transcription factor, CREB and stimulation of CBP activity by nuclear calcium signals is one mechanism through which calcium influx into excitable cells activates gene expression. Here we show that another CBP-interacting transcription factor, c-Jun, can mediate transcriptional activation upon activation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium-activated transcription mediated by c-Jun functions in the absence of stimulation of the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK/SAPK1) signalling pathway and does not require c-Jun amino acid residues Ser63 and Ser73, the two major phosphorylation sites that regulate c-Jun activity in response to stress signals. Similar to CREB-mediated transcription, activation of c-Jun-mediated transcription by calcium signals requires calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinases and is dependent on CBP function. These results identify c-Jun as a calcium-regulated transcriptional activator and suggest that control of coactivator function (i.e. recruitment of CBP and stimulation of CBP activity) is a general mechanism for gene regulation by calcium signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Cruzalegui
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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Smith ML, Johanson RA, Rogers KE, Coleman PD, Slemmon JR. Identification of a neuronal calmodulin-binding peptide, CAP-19, containing an IQ motif. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 62:12-24. [PMID: 9795107 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurons produce polypeptides which can bind the calcium-poor or pre-activated form of calmodulin. It is expected that this class of peptide will serve an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis since it would modulate calcium-dependent target regulation and redirect intracellular signaling. The lack of conserved sequence has made the identification of these peptides difficult, consequently leading us to exploit their property of binding calcium-poor calmodulin as a means of finding new species. A new peptide termed Calmodulin-Associated Peptide-19 (CAP-19) was purified and characterized. The protein-sequence information was employed in order to recover a cDNA clone from rat which included the entire reading frame for the peptide. Like its counterparts, neuromodulin (GAP-43), neurogranin (RC3) and PEP-19, it contains an IQ motif although the remainder of the peptide is quite different. Northern blot analysis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) from animals of differing ages indicated that the message appears at birth and then persists into adulthood. Antibodies to synthetic peptide were employed for localizing CAP-19. The results indicated that the peptide was localized to neurons in several brain regions. CAP-19 is similar to other calmodulin-binding proteins in that the domain spanning the IQ motif was demonstrated to participate in binding to calmodulin. Database searching showed CAP-19 to be homologous to the silkworm protein, multiprotein bridging factor 1 (MBF1). This homology suggests a potential new role for calmodulin-associated proteins in cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Retinoic acid stimulates alpha-CAMKII gene expression in PC12 cells at a distinct transcription initiation site. J Neurosci 1996. [PMID: 8795626 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.16-18-05704.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The promoter region of the alpha-subunit of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) gene was inserted into a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) reporter plasmid, and beta-gal activities were examined in neuroblastoma (NB2a) and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells after transient or stable transfections. The alpha-CaMKII promoter was 12- to 45-fold more active in NB2a compared with PC12 cells after transient or stable transfections. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) stimulated reporter gene expression at both protein and mRNA levels in transfected PC12 cells. RA increased the level of endogenous alpha-CaMKII mRNA in untransfected PC12 cells by 4.4-fold. The transcription initiation site(s) (TIS) of the alpha-CaMKII gene in PC12 cells and rat brain was examined by RNase protection assays (RPA) and reverse transcriptase PCRs. The TIS for the alpha-CaMKII/beta-gal reporter gene in transfected PC12 cells was indistinguishable from the TIS+1 in rat hippocampus. In contrast, the only detectable TIS for the alpha-CaMKII gene in untransfected PC12 cells was located near the ATG translation start codon, 147 nucleotides 3' to TIS+1 in hippocampus. This unusual TIS was also the predominant TIS in rat cerebellum. These results suggest that the alpha-CaMKII promoter may contain sequences that respond directly or indirectly to RA. In addition, the unusual TIS of the alpha-CaMKII gene in PC12 cells and rat cerebellum may contribute to the very low expression of this gene compared with that in hippocampus.
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10
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Chen J, Kelly PT. Retinoic acid stimulates alpha-CAMKII gene expression in PC12 cells at a distinct transcription initiation site. J Neurosci 1996; 16:5704-14. [PMID: 8795626 PMCID: PMC6578957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The promoter region of the alpha-subunit of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) gene was inserted into a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) reporter plasmid, and beta-gal activities were examined in neuroblastoma (NB2a) and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells after transient or stable transfections. The alpha-CaMKII promoter was 12- to 45-fold more active in NB2a compared with PC12 cells after transient or stable transfections. All-trans retinoic acid (RA) stimulated reporter gene expression at both protein and mRNA levels in transfected PC12 cells. RA increased the level of endogenous alpha-CaMKII mRNA in untransfected PC12 cells by 4.4-fold. The transcription initiation site(s) (TIS) of the alpha-CaMKII gene in PC12 cells and rat brain was examined by RNase protection assays (RPA) and reverse transcriptase PCRs. The TIS for the alpha-CaMKII/beta-gal reporter gene in transfected PC12 cells was indistinguishable from the TIS+1 in rat hippocampus. In contrast, the only detectable TIS for the alpha-CaMKII gene in untransfected PC12 cells was located near the ATG translation start codon, 147 nucleotides 3' to TIS+1 in hippocampus. This unusual TIS was also the predominant TIS in rat cerebellum. These results suggest that the alpha-CaMKII promoter may contain sequences that respond directly or indirectly to RA. In addition, the unusual TIS of the alpha-CaMKII gene in PC12 cells and rat cerebellum may contribute to the very low expression of this gene compared with that in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston 77225, USA
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11
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Ruf IK, Rawlins DR. Identification and characterization of ZIIBC, a complex formed by cellular factors and the ZII site of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 promoter. J Virol 1995; 69:7648-57. [PMID: 7494273 PMCID: PMC189705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.7648-7657.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from latency to lytic Epstein-Barr virus replication is dependent on the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 gene product. Genetic and biochemical attempts to link cellular second-messenger signaling pathways that trigger this transition with the subsequent viral gene cascade have identified functional elements within the BZLF1 promoter (Zp) that appear to bind undefined cellular transcription factors. One of these previously identified sites, ZII, has homology to consensus AP-1 and CREB binding sites, implying a role for these factors in the inductive process. We have identified and characterized ZIIBC, a ZII site binding complex that is distinct from the factors previously proposed to bind this site. Active ZIIBC was found to be present in both uninduced and chemically induced cell extracts at approximately equivalent concentrations. Analysis of the DNA sequence requirements for the binding of ZIIBC to the ZII site shows that sequences homologous to AP-1 and CREB consensus sites are necessary but not sufficient for complex formation. Although the components of ZIIBC that directly contact DNA were found to be of the same molecular masses (26 and 36 kDa) in both uninduced and chemically induced cell extracts, a slight mobility difference between DNA-protein complexes formed by these two types of extracts is observable and indicates that ZIIBC is directly affected by chemical induction. The effects of ZIIBC binding to the ZII site on expression from Zp were evaluated, and they suggest that ZIIBC plays a critical role in the regulation of Zp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Ruf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Schweitzer ES, Sanderson MJ, Wasterlain CG. Inhibition of regulated catecholamine secretion from PC12 cells by the Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II inhibitor KN-62. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 7):2619-28. [PMID: 7593303 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.7.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When stimulated by the cholinergic agonist carbachol, PC12 cells rapidly secrete a large fraction of the intracellular catecholamines by exocytotic release from the large dense-core secretory vesicles in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. To investigate whether Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II plays a role in the regulated secretion of catecholamines, we examined the effect of the specific Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II inhibitor KN-62 on the carbachol-induced release of norepinephrine from PC12 cells. Approximately 50% of the regulated release of norepinephrine, stimulated either by carbachol or direct depolarization, was inhibited by pretreatment with KN-62, while the remaining 50% was resistant to KN-62 and therefore independent of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II. In contrast, H7, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, had no effect on any of the stimulated release. FURA 2 imaging experiments demonstrated that KN-62 does not act by blocking the stimulation-induced increase in intracellular [Ca2+]. The most likely model consistent with these data is that all the dense-core vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane in a Ca(2+)-dependent process, but that approximately 50% of the vesicles require an additional step that is dependent on the action of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II. This step occurs between the influx of Ca2+ and the fusion of vesicle membranes with the plasma membrane, and may be analogous to the Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II phosphorylation of synapsin which mobilizes small, clear synaptic vesicles for exocytosis at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Schweitzer
- Department of Anatomy, UCLA School of Medicine 90024, USA
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Churn SB. Multifunctional calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase II in neuronal function and disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROIMMUNOLOGY 1995; 5:241-59. [PMID: 8748069 DOI: 10.1016/0960-5428(95)00016-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Churn
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0599, USA
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14
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Drechsel DN, Hyman AA, Cobb MH, Kirschner MW. Modulation of the dynamic instability of tubulin assembly by the microtubule-associated protein tau. Mol Biol Cell 1992; 3:1141-54. [PMID: 1421571 PMCID: PMC275678 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.3.10.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAP), such as tau, modulate the extent and rate of microtubule assembly and play an essential role in morphogenetic processes, such as axonal growth. We have examined the mechanism by which tau affects microtubule polymerization by examining the kinetics of microtubule assembly and disassembly through direct observation of microtubules using dark-field microscopy. Tau increases the rate of polymerization, decreases the rate of transit into the shrinking phase (catastrophe), and inhibits the rate of depolymerization. Tau strongly suppresses the catastrophe rate, and its ability to do so is independent of its ability to increase the elongation rate. Thus, tau generates a partially stable but still dynamic state in microtubules. This state is perturbed by phosphorylation by MAP2 kinase, which affects all three activities by lowering the affinity of tau for the microtubule lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Drechsel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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15
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Churn SB, Yaghmai A, Povlishock J, Rafiq A, DeLorenzo RJ. Global forebrain ischemia results in decreased immunoreactivity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12:784-93. [PMID: 1324253 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies utilizing crude brain homogenates have shown that forebrain ischemia results in inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) activity without large-scale proteolysis of the enzyme. In this report, a monoclonal antibody (1C3-3D6) directed against the beta- (60-kDa) subunit of CaM kinase II that does not recognize ischemically altered enzyme was utilized to further investigate the ischemia-induced inhibition of CaM kinase II. Immunohistochemical investigations showed that the ischemia-induced decreased immunoreactivity of CaM kinase II occurred immediately following ischemic insult in ischemia-sensitive cells such as pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. No decrease in CaM kinase II immunoreactivity was observed in ischemia-resistant cells such as granule cells of the dentate gyrus. The decreased immunoreactivity was observed for CaM kinase II balanced for protein staining and calmodulin binding in vitro. In addition, autophosphorylation of CaM kinase II in the presence of low (7 microM) or high (500 microM) ATP did not alter immunoreactivity of the enzyme with 1C3-3D6. The data demonstrate the production of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the beta-subunit of CaM kinase II in a highly specific manner, but does not recognize ischemic enzyme. Together with previous studies, the data support the hypothesis that rapid, ischemia-induced inhibition of CaM kinase II activity may be involved in the cascade of events that lead to selective neuronal cell loss in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Churn
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298
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16
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Sumi M, Kiuchi K, Ishikawa T, Ishii A, Hagiwara M, Nagatsu T, Hidaka H. The newly synthesized selective Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II inhibitor KN-93 reduces dopamine contents in PC12h cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181:968-75. [PMID: 1662507 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)92031-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We reported that one of the isoquinolinesulfonamide derivatives, KN-62, is a potent and specific inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) (Tokumitsu, H., Chijiwa, T., Hagiwara, M., Mizutani, A., Terasawa, M. and Hidaka, H. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 4315-4320). We have now investigated the inhibitory property of a newly synthesized methoxybenzenesulfonamide, KN-93, on CaMKII activity in situ and in vitro. KN-93 elicited potent inhibitory effects on CaMKII phosphorylating activity with an inhibition constant of 0.37 microM but this compound had no significant effects on the catalytic activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, Ca2+/phospholipid dependent protein kinase, myosin light chain kinase and Ca(2+)-phosphodiesterase. KN-93 also inhibited the autophosphorylation of both the alpha- and beta-subunits of CaMKII. Kinetic analysis indicated that KN-93 inhibits CaMKII, in a competitive fashion against calmodulin. To evaluate the regulatory role of CaMKII on catecholamine metabolism, we examined the effect of KN-93 on dopamine (DA) levels in PC12h cells. The DA levels decreased in the presence of KN-93. Further, the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation induced by KCl or acetylcholine was significantly suppressed by KN-93 in PC12h cells while events induced by forskolin or 8-Br-cAMP were not affected. These results suggest that KN-93 inhibits DA formation by modulating the reaction rate of TH to reduce the Ca(2+)-mediated phosphorylation levels of the TH molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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17
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Rittenhouse AR, Zigmond RE. Omega-conotoxin inhibits the acute activation of tyrosine hydroxylase and the stimulation of norepinephrine release by potassium depolarization of sympathetic nerve endings. J Neurochem 1991; 56:615-22. [PMID: 1671089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased Ca2+ influx serves as a signal that initiates multiple biochemical and physiological events in neurons following depolarization. The most widely studied of these phenomena is the release of neurotransmitters. In sympathetic neurons, depolarization also increases the rate of synthesis of the transmitter norepinephrine (NE), via an activation of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and this effect also seems to involve Ca2+ entry. We have examined whether the mechanism of Ca2+ entry relevant to TH activation is via voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and, if so, whether the type of Ca2+ channel involved is the same as that involved in the stimulation of NE release. We have investigated the isolated rat iris, allowing us to examine transmitter biosynthesis and release in sympathetic nerve terminals in the absence of sympathetic cell bodies and dendrites. Potassium depolarization produced a three- to fivefold increase in TH activity and an approximately 100-fold increase in NE release. Both effects were dependent on Ca2+ being present in the extracellular medium, and both were inhibited by omega-conotoxin (1 microM), which inhibits N-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. In contrast, the dihydropyridine nimodipine (1-3 microM), which blocks L-type Ca2+ channels, had no effect on either measure. These data support the hypothesis that increases in NE biosynthesis and release in sympathetic nerve terminals during periods of depolarization are both initiated by an influx of Ca2+ through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and that a similar type of Ca2+ channel is involved in both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rittenhouse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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MacNicol M, Jefferson AB, Schulman H. Ca2+/calmodulin kinase is activated by the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway and becomes Ca2(+)-independent in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Differential effect of membrane depolarization on levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase mRNAs in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 8:121-7. [PMID: 1976198 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(90)90056-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane depolarization has been widely used to elucidate the response of the nervous system to prolonged neuronal activity or stress. We studied the effect of treating PC12 cells with membrane depolarizing stimuli, 50 mM KCl, or 150 microM veratridine, and the subsequent changes in the mRNA levels of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). TH mRNA levels were found to increase 2- to 5-fold after continuous treatment for 1-12 h with 50 mM KCl. Depolarization with 150 microM veratridine had a similar effect on TH mRNA. In contrast, DBH mRNA levels were unchanged by either KCl or veratridine treatment. The role of calcium in the increase of TH mRNA levels elicited by depolarization was examined. The increase in TH mRNA was inhibited by the chelation of calcium with 3 mM EGTA. However, in contrast to their effect on phosphorylation of TH elicited by acute depolarization, the calcium channel blockers, nitrendipine and verapamil, and the calmodulin antagonists, W7 and trifluoperazine, did not prevent the increase in TH mRNA levels subsequent to several hours exposure to depolarizing stimuli. The calcium ionophore, A23187, alone was unable to induce TH mRNA levels. Thus, the increase in TH mRNA elicited by depolarization is mediated differently than the acute phosphorylation of the enzyme.
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20
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Phosphorylation of stathmin and other proteins related to nerve growth factor-induced regulation of PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Beretta L, Houdouin F, Sobel A. Identification of two distinct isoforms of stathmin and characterization of their respective phosphorylated forms. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Cahill AL, Horwitz J, Perlman RL. Phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in protein kinase C-deficient PC12 cells. Neuroscience 1989; 30:811-8. [PMID: 2570373 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the role of protein kinase C in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in PC12 cells, the effects of various agonists on diacylglycerol accumulation in PC12 cells were measured and the ability of these agonists to increase the phosphorylation tyrosine hydroxylase in protein kinase C-deficient cells was evaluated. Bradykinin (10 microM) and elevated extracellular K+ (55 mM) increased the accumulation of [3H]diacylglycerol in PC12 cells that had been prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid, and so might be expected to activate protein kinase C in these cells; in contrast, nerve growth factor did not increase diacylglycerol accumulation in PC12 cells. Protein kinase C-deficient PC12 cells were prepared by incubating the cells for 24 h with 1 microM phorbol dibutyrate. This treatment resulted in the loss of approximately 90% of the protein kinase C activity in the cells. Control and protein kinase C-deficient cells were incubated with 32Pi for 90 min and then stimulated with various agonists. 32P-labeled tyrosine hydroxylase was isolated from the cells by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to tryptic hydrolysis. 32P-containing phosphopeptides were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer electrophoresis and chromatography, visualized by autoradiography, and quantitated by scintillation counting Treatment of control cells with phorbol dibutyrate increased the incorporation of 32P into one tryptic phosphopeptide (referred to as T3) in tyrosine hydroxylase. Phorbol dibutyrate did not increase the phosphorylation of this peptide in protein kinase C-deficient cells. Bradykinin or 55 mM K+ increased the incorporation of 32P into four tyrosine hydroxylase phosphopeptides, including peptide T3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Cahill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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24
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Serum and growth factors rapidly elicit phosphorylation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in intact quiescent rat 3Y1 cells. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase mediates Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Yanagihara N, Wada A, Izumi F. Effects of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists on carbachol-stimulated catecholamine synthesis in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:3823-8. [PMID: 2891357 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of alpha 2- and alpha 1-adrenergic agonists on synthesis of catecholamines in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, inhibited carbachol-stimulated synthesis of [14C]catecholamines from [14C]tyrosine in a concentration-dependent manner. Clonidine also inhibited carbachol-induced uptake of 45Ca2+ into cells at concentrations similar to those that inhibited the synthesis of [14C]catecholamines. Other alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, oxymetazoline and guanfacine, also strongly inhibited carbachol-stimulated synthesis of [14C]catecholamines. alpha 1-Adrenergic agonists, phenylephrine and norfenefrine, did not affect the synthesis. Tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.2) activity in a soluble fraction of cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells was assayed after gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column. Stimulation of the cells with carbachol increased the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase. Clonidine, oxymetazoline, and guanfacine all suppressed the carbachol-induced increase in activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the cells. These results suggest that alpha 2-adrenergic agonists inhibit carbachol-stimulated synthesis of catecholamines by suppression of tyrosine hydroxylase activity, probably through the inhibition of Ca2+ uptake. However, the involvement of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the inhibitory effects of alpha 2-agonists on catecholamine synthesis is still unsettled, since yohimbine failed to antagonize the inhibitory effect of clonidine on the synthesis in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yanagihara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Farber LH, Wilson FJ, Wolff DJ. Calmodulin-dependent phosphatases of PC12, GH3, and C6 cells: physical, kinetic, and immunochemical properties. J Neurochem 1987; 49:404-14. [PMID: 3298545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin-dependent phosphoprotein phosphatase (CaMDP) activity has been found in each of three cultured cell lines: rat pheochromocytoma (PC12), glioma (C6), and pituitary adenoma (GH3) cells. These CaMDP activities bind to immobilized calmodulin in the presence of Ca2+ and are eluted by EGTA. Sucrose density centrifugation revealed that the phosphatase activities exhibited sedimentation coefficients of 4.37, 4.23, and 4.59 for proteins derived from C6, GH3, and PC12 cells, respectively. The Stokes radii measured for the PC12 and C6 activities were 41.8 and 40.0 A, respectively. The estimated molecular weights calculated for the enzymes from these data are 79,100 and 72,200. The phosphatase activities required the presence of divalent cations such as Ca2+ or Mn2+ for expression of activity, which was optimal only in the presence of calmodulin. The apparent Km for phosphorylated myelin basic protein substrate was 8 microM. Affinity-purified antibodies to the B subunit of bovine brain CaMDP were found by immunoblot (Western blot) to cross-react with a single protein among proteins extracted from PC12, C6, and GH3 cells that had been resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. In each case, the cross-reacting protein exhibited an Mr of 16,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.7, values virtually identical to those reported previously for the B subunit of bovine brain CaMDP (sometimes called calcineurin). This cross-reacting protein was found among cellular proteins eluted from immobilized calmodulin by EGTA. Immunocytochemical localization of the cross-reacting protein in undifferentiated PC12 cells or in cells differentiated in response to nerve growth factor revealed its presence diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. These experiments support the contention that each of these cell lines contains a calmodulin-regulated phosphatase homologous physically and kinetically, and immunologically related to bovine brain CaMDP.
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Evidence for the activation of the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in response to hormones that increase intracellular Ca2+. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kelly PT, Shenolikar S. Role of autophosphorylation in regulating calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. Methods Enzymol 1987; 139:690-714. [PMID: 3587043 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)39121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lou LL, Lloyd SJ, Schulman H. Activation of the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase by autophosphorylation: ATP modulates production of an autonomous enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:9497-501. [PMID: 3467320 PMCID: PMC387167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase purified from rat brain cytosol undergoes an intramolecular self-phosphorylation or autophosphorylation. Autophosphorylation produces two strikingly different effects on kinase activity that are dependent on the level of ATP used in the reaction. At low but saturating levels of ATP (5 microM), autophosphorylation causes a 75% reduction in kinase activity, with the residual activity still retaining a dependence on Ca2+ and calmodulin. By contrast, at high but physiological levels of ATP (500 microM), the kinase is converted by autophosphorylation to a form that is autonomous of Ca2+ and calmodulin, with no accompanying reduction in activity. The extent of phosphate incorporation does not determine whether the kinase becomes inhibited or autonomous. Autophosphorylated kinase shows the functional change characteristic of the ATP concentration used during the reaction--inhibited at low ATP and autonomous at high ATP--even when compared at the same level of incorporated phosphate. ATP appears to regulate the site(s) phosphorylated during activation of the kinase and thereby modulates the dual effects of autophosphorylation. Events triggered by transient elevations of cellular Ca2+ may be potentiated and retained by generation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-independent protein kinase activity.
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Franke WW, Grund C, Achtstätter T. Co-expression of cytokeratins and neurofilament proteins in a permanent cell line: cultured rat PC12 cells combine neuronal and epithelial features. J Cell Biol 1986; 103:1933-43. [PMID: 2430979 PMCID: PMC2114400 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.103.5.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of the rat cultured cell line PC12, which is widely used in cell biology as a model system for neuron-like differentiation, displays an unusual combination of intermediate-sized filaments (IFs). As determined by electron microscopy, immunolocalization, and biochemical analyses, these cells contain, in addition to neurofilaments, an extended meshwork of bundles of cytokeratin IFs comprising cytokeratins A and D, equivalent to human cytokeratin polypeptides Nos. 8 and 18, irrespective of whether they are grown in the presence or absence of nerve growth factor. The two IF systems differ in their fibrillar arrays, the neurofilaments being concentrated in perinuclear aggregates similar to those found in certain neuroendocrine tumors of epithelial origin. We conclude that PC12 cells permanently co-express IFs of both the epithelial and the neuronal type and thus present an IF combination different from those of adrenal medulla cells and pheochromocytomas, i.e., the putative cells of origin of the line PC12. The IF cytoskeleton of PC12 cells resembles that of various neuroendocrine tumors derived from epithelial cells. The results show that the development of a number of typical neuronal differentiation features is compatible with the existence of an epithelial type IF cytoskeleton, i.e., cytokeratins. The implications of these findings concerning the validity of the PC12 cell line as a model for neuronal differentiation and possible explanations of the origin of cells with this type of IF co-expression are discussed.
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