1
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Mechanisms of skeletal muscle-tendon development and regeneration/healing as potential therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108357. [PMID: 36764462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contraction is essential for the movement of our musculoskeletal system. Tendons and ligaments that connect the skeletal muscles to bones in the correct position at the appropriate time during development are also required for movement to occur. Since the musculoskeletal system is essential for maintaining basic bodily functions as well as enabling interactions with the environment, dysfunctions of these tissues due to disease can significantly reduce quality of life. Unfortunately, as people live longer, skeletal muscle and tendon/ligament diseases are becoming more common. Sarcopenia, a disease in which skeletal muscle function declines, and tendinopathy, which involves chronic tendon dysfunction, are particularly troublesome because there have been no significant advances in their treatment. In this review, we will summarize previous reports on the development and regeneration/healing of skeletal muscle and tendon tissues, including a discussion of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved that may be used as potential therapeutic targets.
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2
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Modulation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Electrical Stimulation Using an Enzymatic Biofuel Cell. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) have excellent potential as components in bioelectronic devices, especially as active biointerfaces to regulate stem cell behavior for regenerative medicine applications. However, it remains unclear to what extent EBFC-generated electrical stimulation can regulate the functional behavior of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs) at the morphological and gene expression levels. Herein, we investigated the effect of EBFC-generated electrical stimulation on hAD-MSC cell morphology and gene expression using next-generation RNA sequencing. We tested three different electrical currents, 127 ± 9, 248 ± 15, and 598 ± 75 nA/cm2, in mesenchymal stem cells. We performed transcriptome profiling to analyze the impact of EBFC-derived electrical current on gene expression using next generation sequencing (NGS). We also observed changes in cytoskeleton arrangement and analyzed gene expression that depends on the electrical stimulation. The electrical stimulation of EBFC changes cell morphology through cytoskeleton re-arrangement. In particular, the results of whole transcriptome NGS showed that specific gene clusters were up- or down-regulated depending on the magnitude of applied electrical current of EBFC. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that EBFC-generated electrical stimulation can influence the morphological and gene expression properties of stem cells; such capabilities can be useful for regenerative medicine applications such as bioelectronic devices.
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3
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Sitbon YH, Yadav S, Kazmierczak K, Szczesna-Cordary D. Insights into myosin regulatory and essential light chains: a focus on their roles in cardiac and skeletal muscle function, development and disease. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 41:313-327. [PMID: 31131433 PMCID: PMC6879809 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activity of cardiac and skeletal muscles depends upon the ATP-coupled actin-myosin interactions to execute the power stroke and muscle contraction. The goal of this review article is to provide insight into the function of myosin II, the molecular motor of the heart and skeletal muscles, with a special focus on the role of myosin II light chain (MLC) components. Specifically, we focus on the involvement of myosin regulatory (RLC) and essential (ELC) light chains in striated muscle development, isoform appearance and their function in normal and diseased muscle. We review the consequences of isoform switching and knockout of specific MLC isoforms on cardiac and skeletal muscle function in various animal models. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of specific RLC/ELC isoforms can lead to cardiac and skeletal muscle diseases and summarize the effects of most studied mutations leading to cardiac or skeletal myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel H Sitbon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sunil Yadav
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kazmierczak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Danuta Szczesna-Cordary
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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4
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Kitazawa M, Hayashi S, Imamura M, Takeda S, Oishi Y, Kaneko-Ishino T, Ishino F. Deficiency and overexpression of Rtl1 in the mouse cause distinct muscle abnormalities related to Temple and Kagami-Ogata syndromes. Development 2020; 147:147/21/dev185918. [PMID: 32878913 PMCID: PMC7490516 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Temple and Kagami-Ogata syndromes are genomic imprinting diseases caused by maternal and paternal duplication of human chromosome 14, respectively. They exhibit different postnatal muscle-related symptoms as well as prenatal placental problems. Using the mouse models for these syndromes, it has been demonstrated that retrotransposon gag like 1 [Rtl1, also known as paternally expressed 11 (Peg11)] located in the mouse orthologous imprinted region is responsible for the prenatal placental problems because it is an essential placental gene for maintenance of fetal capillary network during gestation. However, the causative imprinted gene for the postnatal muscle-related symptoms remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Rtl1 also plays an important role in fetal/neonatal skeletal muscle development: its deletion and overproduction in mice lead to neonatal lethality associated with severe but distinct skeletal muscle defects, similar to those of Temple and Kagami-Ogata syndromes, respectively. Thus, it is strongly suggested that RTL1 is the major gene responsible for the muscle defects in addition to the placental defects in these two genomic imprinting diseases. This is the first example of an LTR retrotransposon-derived gene specific to eutherians contributing to eutherian skeletal muscle development. Summary: Rtl1 plays an important role in fetal and neonatal skeletal muscle development. Abnormal expression of human RTL1 is the major cause of the muscle symptoms observed in Temple and Kagami-Ogata syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Kitazawa
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hayashi
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Michihiro Imamura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ishino
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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5
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Xu WH, Guo HH, Chen SJ, Wang YZ, Lin ZH, Huang XD, Tang HJ, He YH, Sun JJ, Gan L. Transcriptome analysis revealed changes of multiple genes involved in muscle hardness in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed with faba bean meal. Food Chem 2020; 314:126205. [PMID: 31968291 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial and transcriptome analysis were conducted to investigate the potential mechanism of muscle-hardening caused by faba bean in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Ordinary grass carp (fed with practical diet) and crisp grass carp (fed with faba bean meal) groups were designed. Lower water holding capacity and higher some texture parameters were observed in the muscle of crisp grass carp compared with another group. 19.62 GB clean reads were generated, and total 1354 genes exhibiting differentially expression were identified (FDR < 0.05). Genes function enrichment revealed up-regulated genes in crisp grass carp mainly in response to myofibroblast proliferation, while down-regulated genes in response to immune regulation. Consistent with this, the tight junction pathway and the NF-κB signaling pathway were likewise significantly enriched. In summary, this study identified several candidate genes and putative signaling pathways deserving further investigation to the mechanism of muscle-hardening in fish fed with faba bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Xu
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Marine Sciences & Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong-Hong Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou 510275, China
| | - Shi-Jun Chen
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Marine Sciences & Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan-Zhi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou 510275, China
| | - Zhuo-Heng Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou 510275, China
| | - Xian-De Huang
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Marine Sciences & Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Juan Tang
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Marine Sciences & Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu-Hui He
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Marine Sciences & Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ji-Jia Sun
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Marine Sciences & Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lian Gan
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Marine Sciences & Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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6
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Tran MP, Tsutsumi R, Erberich JM, Chen KD, Flores MD, Cooper KL. Evolutionary loss of foot muscle during development with characteristics of atrophy and no evidence of cell death. eLife 2019; 8:50645. [PMID: 31612857 PMCID: PMC6855805 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species that run or leap across sparsely vegetated habitats, including horses and deer, evolved the severe reduction or complete loss of foot muscles as skeletal elements elongated and digits were lost, and yet the developmental mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report the natural loss of foot muscles in the bipedal jerboa, Jaculus jaculus. Although adults have no muscles in their feet, newborn animals have muscles that rapidly disappear soon after birth. We were surprised to find no evidence of apoptotic or necrotic cell death during stages of peak myofiber loss, countering well-supported assumptions of developmental tissue remodeling. We instead see hallmarks of muscle atrophy, including an ordered disassembly of the sarcomere associated with upregulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1 and Atrogin-1. We propose that the natural loss of muscle, which remodeled foot anatomy during evolution and development, involves cellular mechanisms that are typically associated with disease or injury. Intrinsic muscles are a group of muscles deep inside the hands and feet. They help to control the precise movements required, for example, for a pianist to play their instrument or for certain animals to climb with remarkable agility. Some animals, such as horses and deer, have evolved in such a way that they no longer grasp objects with hands and feet. Where intrinsic muscles were once present in the hands and feet of their ancestors, these animals now have strong ligaments that prevent over-extension of the wrist and ankle joints during hard landings. Given their size, it is difficult to study horses and deer in the laboratory and understand how they lost their intrinsic muscles during evolution. Tran et al. therefore focused on a small rodent called the lesser Egyptian jerboa, which also displays long legs with strong ligaments and no intrinsic muscles. Newborn jerboas have foot muscles that look very much like the intrinsic muscles found in mice, but these muscles disappear within 4 days of birth. A mechanism called programmed cell death is often responsible for specific tissues disappearing during development, but the experiments of Tran et al. revealed that this was not the case in jerboas. Instead, their intrinsic muscles were degraded by processes triggered by genes that disassemble underused muscles. In mice and humans, fasting, nerve injuries, or immobility trigger this type of muscle degradation, but in jerboas these processes appear to be a normal part of development. This unexpected discovery shows that development and disease-like processes are linked, and that more studies of nontraditional research animals may help scientists better understand these connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai P Tran
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Rio Tsutsumi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Joel M Erberich
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Kevin D Chen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Michelle D Flores
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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7
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Tsikitis M, Galata Z, Mavroidis M, Psarras S, Capetanaki Y. Intermediate filaments in cardiomyopathy. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1007-1031. [PMID: 30027462 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins are critical regulators in health and disease. The discovery of hundreds of mutations in IF genes and posttranslational modifications has been linked to a plethora of human diseases, including, among others, cardiomyopathies, muscular dystrophies, progeria, blistering diseases of the epidermis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The major IF proteins that have been linked to cardiomyopathies and heart failure are the muscle-specific cytoskeletal IF protein desmin and the nuclear IF protein lamin, as a subgroup of the known desminopathies and laminopathies, respectively. The studies so far, both with healthy and diseased heart, have demonstrated the importance of these IF protein networks in intracellular and intercellular integration of structure and function, mechanotransduction and gene activation, cardiomyocyte differentiation and survival, mitochondrial homeostasis, and regulation of metabolism. The high coordination of all these processes is obviously of great importance for the maintenance of proper, life-lasting, and continuous contraction of this highly organized cardiac striated muscle and consequently a healthy heart. In this review, we will cover most known information on the role of IFs in the above processes and how their deficiency or disruption leads to cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Tsikitis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Galata
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Psarras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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8
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Perkins KJ, Davies KE. Alternative utrophin mRNAs contribute to phenotypic differences between dystrophin-deficient mice and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1856-1869. [PMID: 29772070 PMCID: PMC6032923 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal disorder caused by absence of functional dystrophin protein. Compensation in dystrophin‐deficient (mdx) mice may be achieved by overexpression of its fetal paralogue, utrophin. Strategies to increase utrophin levels by stimulating promoter activity using small compounds are therefore a promising pharmacological approach. Here, we characterise similarities and differences existing within the mouse and human utrophin locus to assist in high‐throughput screening for potential utrophin modulator drugs. We identified five novel 5′‐utrophin isoforms (A′,B′,C,D and F) in adult and embryonic tissue. As the more efficient utrophin‐based response in mdx skeletal muscle appears to involve independent transcriptional activation of conserved, myogenic isoforms (A′ and F), elevating their paralogues in DMD patients is an encouraging therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Perkins
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kay E Davies
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
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9
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body and loss of its function or its regenerative properties results in debilitating musculoskeletal disorders. Understanding the mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle formation will not only help to unravel the molecular basis of skeletal muscle diseases, but also provide a roadmap for recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs have become an important tool for probing developmental questions, while differentiated cell types allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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10
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Gao K, Wang Z, Zhou X, Wang H, Kong D, Jiang C, Wang X, Jiang Z, Qiu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of fast twitch muscle and slow twitch muscle in Takifugu rubripes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 24:79-88. [PMID: 28886574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fast twitch muscle and slow twitch muscle are two important organs of Takifugu rubripes. Both tissues are of ectodermic origin, and the differences between the two muscle fibers reflect the differences in their myofibril protein composition and molecular structure. In order to identify and characterize the gene expression profile in the two muscle fibers of T. rubripes, we generated 54 million and 44 million clean reads from the fast twitch muscle and slow twitch muscle, respectively, using RNA-Seq and identified a total of 580 fast-muscle-specific genes, 1533 slow-muscle-specific genes and 11,806 genes expressed by both muscles. Comparative transcriptome analysis of fast and slow twitch muscles allowed the identification of 1508 differentially expressed genes, of which 34 myosin and 30 ubiquitin family genes were determined. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were also analyzed by Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. In addition, alternative splicing analysis was also performed. The generation of larger-scale transcriptomic data presented in this work would enrich the genetic resources of Takifugu rubripes, which could be valuable to comparative studies of muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Gao
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haoze Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Derong Kong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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11
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Gonzales JR, Iwanaga J, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS. Variant Prevertebral Muscle: Unique Cadaveric Findings. Cureus 2017; 9:e1515. [PMID: 28959510 PMCID: PMC5612579 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The levator scapulae muscle typically runs from the transverse process of the atlas to the superior angle of the scapula. In this paper, we describe a rare finding identified during a dissection of a male cadaver, wherein a continuation of the right levator scapulae ran past its normal attachment to the C1 transverse process, fusing with the inferior attachment of the rectus capitis lateralis muscle. No variants were found on the opposite side, and the innervation of the levator scapulae muscle variant was typical of that of a normal levator scapulae. We also describe other related variants of the cranial levator scapulae muscle, hypothesize the embryologic origin of our finding, and finally discuss potential clinical relevance of levator scapulae muscle variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rod J Oskouian
- Neurosurgery, Complex Spine, Swedish Neuroscience Institute
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12
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Abstract
Cardiac and skeletal striated muscles are intricately designed machines responsible for muscle contraction. Coordination of the basic contractile unit, the sarcomere, and the complex cytoskeletal networks are critical for contractile activity. The sarcomere is comprised of precisely organized individual filament systems that include thin (actin), thick (myosin), titin, and nebulin. Connecting the sarcomere to other organelles (e.g., mitochondria and nucleus) and serving as the scaffold to maintain cellular integrity are the intermediate filaments. The costamere, on the other hand, tethers the sarcomere to the cell membrane. Unique structures like the intercalated disc in cardiac muscle and the myotendinous junction in skeletal muscle help synchronize and transmit force. Intense investigation has been done on many of the proteins that make up these cytoskeletal assemblies. Yet the details of their function and how they interconnect have just started to be elucidated. A vast number of human myopathies are contributed to mutations in muscle proteins; thus understanding their basic function provides a mechanistic understanding of muscle disorders. In this review, we highlight the components of striated muscle with respect to their interactions, signaling pathways, functions, and connections to disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:891-944, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Henderson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher G Gomez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stefanie M Novak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lei Mi-Mi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Carol C Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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13
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Mekonen HK, Hikspoors JPJM, Mommen G, Kruepunga N, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Closure of the vertebral canal in human embryos and fetuses. J Anat 2017; 231:260-274. [PMID: 28585249 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column is the paradigm of the metameric architecture of the vertebrate body. Because the number of somites is a convenient parameter to stage early human embryos, we explored whether the closure of the vertebral canal could be used similarly for staging embryos between 7 and 10 weeks of development. Human embryos (5-10 weeks of development) were visualized using Amira 3D® reconstruction and Cinema 4D® remodelling software. Vertebral bodies were identifiable as loose mesenchymal structures between the dense mesenchymal intervertebral discs up to 6 weeks and then differentiated into cartilaginous structures in the 7th week. In this week, the dense mesenchymal neural processes also differentiated into cartilaginous structures. Transverse processes became identifiable at 6 weeks. The growth rate of all vertebral bodies was exponential and similar between 6 and 10 weeks, whereas the intervertebral discs hardly increased in size between 6 and 8 weeks and then followed vertebral growth between 8 and 10 weeks. The neural processes extended dorsolaterally (6th week), dorsally (7th week) and finally dorsomedially (8th and 9th weeks) to fuse at the midthoracic level at 9 weeks. From there, fusion extended cranially and caudally in the 10th week. Closure of the foramen magnum required the development of the supraoccipital bone as a craniomedial extension of the exoccipitals (neural processes of occipital vertebra 4), whereas a growth burst of sacral vertebra 1 delayed closure until 15 weeks. Both the cranial- and caudal-most vertebral bodies fused to form the basioccipital (occipital vertebrae 1-4) and sacrum (sacral vertebrae 1-5). In the sacrum, fusion of its so-called alar processes preceded that of the bodies by at least 6 weeks. In conclusion, the highly ordered and substantial changes in shape of the vertebral bodies leading to the formation of the vertebral canal make the development of the spine an excellent, continuous staging system for the (human) embryo between 6 and 10 weeks of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayelom K Mekonen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jill P J M Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Mommen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Coli A, Novello M, Tamburrini G, Antonelli M, Giangaspero F, Lauriola L. Intracranial neuromuscular choristoma: Report of a case with literature review. Neuropathology 2017; 37:341-345. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Coli
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Catholic University; Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences; Sapienza, University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences; Sapienza, University of Rome; Rome Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed; Pozzilli (IS); Rome Italy
| | - Libero Lauriola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Catholic University; Rome Italy
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15
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Abstract
In this review we discuss the history and the current state of ideas related to the mechanism of size regulation of the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments in vertebrate striated muscles. Various hypotheses have been considered during of more than half century of research, recently mostly involving titin and nebulin acting as templates or 'molecular rulers', terminating exact assembly. These two giant, single-polypeptide, filamentous proteins are bound in situ along the thick and thin filaments, respectively, with an almost perfect match in the respective lengths and structural periodicities. However, evidence still questions the possibility that the proteins function as templates, or scaffolds, on which the thin and thick filaments could be assembled. In addition, the progress in muscle research during the last decades highlighted a number of other factors that could potentially be involved in the mechanism of length regulation: molecular chaperones that may guide folding and assembly of actin and myosin; capping proteins that can influence the rates of assembly-disassembly of the myofilaments; Ca2+ transients that can activate or deactivate protein interactions, etc. The entire mechanism of sarcomere assembly appears complex and highly dynamic. This mechanism is also capable of producing filaments of about the correct size without titin and nebulin. What then is the role of these proteins? Evidence points to titin and nebulin stabilizing structures of the respective filaments. This stabilizing effect, based on linear proteins of a fixed size, implies that titin and nebulin are indeed molecular rulers of the filaments. Although the proteins may not function as templates in the assembly of the filaments, they measure and stabilize exactly the same size of the functionally important for the muscles segments in each of the respective filaments.
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Mekonen HK, Hikspoors JP, Mommen G, Eleonore KÖhler S, Lamers WH. Development of the epaxial muscles in the human embryo. Clin Anat 2016; 29:1031-1045. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayelom K. Mekonen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Jill P.J.M. Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Greet Mommen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - S. Eleonore KÖhler
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Moorer MC, Buo AM, Garcia-Pelagio KP, Stains JP, Bloch RJ. Deficiency of the intermediate filament synemin reduces bone mass in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C839-C845. [PMID: 27605453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the type IV intermediate filament protein, synemin, has been shown to play a role in striated muscle and neuronal tissue, its presence and function have not been described in skeletal tissue. Here, we report that genetic ablation of synemin in 14-wk-old male mice results in osteopenia that includes a more than 2-fold reduction in the trabecular bone fraction in the distal femur and a reduction in the cross-sectional area at the femoral middiaphysis due to an attendant reduction in both the periosteal and endosteal perimeter. Analysis of serum markers of bone formation and static histomorphometry revealed a statistically significant defect in osteoblast activity and osteoblast number in vivo. Interestingly, primary osteoblasts isolated from synemin-null mice demonstrate markedly enhanced osteogenic capacity with a concomitant reduction in cyclin D1 mRNA expression, which may explain the loss of osteoblast number observed in vivo. In total, these data suggest an important, previously unknown role for synemin in bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Moorer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Atum M Buo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Karla P Garcia-Pelagio
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Robert J Bloch
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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18
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Mekonen HK, Hikspoors JPJM, Mommen G, Köhler SE, Lamers WH. Development of the ventral body wall in the human embryo. J Anat 2016; 227:673-85. [PMID: 26467243 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory failure of somitic cells is the commonest explanation for ventral body wall defects. However, the embryo increases ~ 25-fold in volume in the period that the ventral body wall forms, so that differential growth may, instead, account for the observed changes in topography. Human embryos between 4 and 10 weeks of development were studied, using amira reconstruction and cinema 4D remodeling software for visualization. Initially, vertebrae and ribs had formed medially, and primordia of sternum and hypaxial flank muscle primordium laterally in the body wall at Carnegie Stage (CS)15 (5.5 weeks). The next week, ribs and muscle primordium expanded in ventrolateral direction only. At CS18 (6.5 weeks), separate intercostal and abdominal wall muscles differentiated, and ribs, sterna, and muscles began to expand ventromedially and caudally, with the bilateral sternal bars fusing in the midline after CS20 (7 weeks) and the rectus muscles reaching the umbilicus at CS23 (8 weeks). The near-constant absolute distance between both rectus muscles and approximately fivefold decline of this distance relative to body circumference between 6 and 10 weeks identified dorsoventral growth in the dorsal body wall as determinant of the 'closure' of the ventral body wall. Concomitant with the straightening of the embryonic body axis after the 6th week, the abdominal muscles expanded ventrally and caudally to form the infraumbilical body wall. Our data, therefore, show that the ventral body wall is formed by differential dorsoventral growth in the dorsal part of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayelom K Mekonen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jill P J M Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Mommen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Tygat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Geach TJ, Hirst EMA, Zimmerman LB. Contractile activity is required for Z-disc sarcomere maturation in vivo. Genesis 2015; 53:299-307. [PMID: 25845369 PMCID: PMC4676352 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomere structure underpins structural integrity, signaling, and force transmission in the muscle. In embryos of the frog Xenopus tropicalis, muscle contraction begins even while sarcomerogenesis is ongoing. To determine whether contractile activity plays a role in sarcomere formation in vivo, chemical tools were used to block acto-myosin contraction in embryos of the frog X. tropicalis, and Z-disc assembly was characterized in the paralyzed dicky ticker mutant. Confocal and ultrastructure analysis of paralyzed embryos showed delayed Z-disc formation and defects in thick filament organization. These results suggest a previously undescribed role for contractility in sarcomere maturation in vivo. genesis 53:299–307, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Genesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Geach
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M A Hirst
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle B Zimmerman
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Harada A, Mallappa C, Okada S, Butler JT, Baker SP, Lawrence JB, Ohkawa Y, Imbalzano AN. Spatial re-organization of myogenic regulatory sequences temporally controls gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2008-21. [PMID: 25653159 PMCID: PMC4344497 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During skeletal muscle differentiation, the activation of some tissue-specific genes occurs immediately while others are delayed. The molecular basis controlling temporal gene regulation is poorly understood. We show that the regulatory sequences, but not other regions of genes expressed at late times of myogenesis, are in close physical proximity in differentiating embryonic tissue and in differentiating culture cells, despite these genes being located on different chromosomes. Formation of these inter-chromosomal interactions requires the lineage-determinant MyoD and functional Brg1, the ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes. Ectopic expression of myogenin and a specific Mef2 isoform induced myogenic differentiation without activating endogenous MyoD expression. Under these conditions, the regulatory sequences of late gene loci were not in close proximity, and these genes were prematurely activated. The data indicate that the spatial organization of late genes contributes to temporal regulation of myogenic transcription by restricting late gene expression during the early stages of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Harada
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chandrashekara Mallappa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - John T Butler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Stephen P Baker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jeanne B Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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21
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Kim JA, Shon YH, Lim JO, Yoo JJ, Shin HI, Park EK. MYOD mediates skeletal myogenic differentiation of human amniotic fluid stem cells and regeneration of muscle injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 4:147. [PMID: 24331373 PMCID: PMC4054934 DOI: 10.1186/scrt358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human amniotic fluid stem (hAFS) cells have been shown to differentiate into multiple lineages, including myoblasts. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the myogenic differentiation of hAFS cells and their regenerative potential for muscle injury remain to be elucidated. Methods In order to induce myogenic differentiation of hAFS cells, lentiviruses for MYOD were constructed and transduced into hAFS cells. Formation of myotube-like cells was analyzed by immunocytochemistry, and expression of molecular markers for myoblasts was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. For in vivo muscle regeneration, MYOD transduced hAFS cells were injected into left tibialis anterior (TA) muscles injured with cardiotoxin, and muscle regeneration was analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin, immunocytochemistry and formation of neuro-muscular junction. Results MYOD expression in hAFS cells successfully induced differentiation into multinucleated myotube-like cells. Consistently, significant expression of myogenic marker genes, such as MYOG, DES, DMD and MYH, was induced by MYOD. Analysis of pre-myogenic factors showed that expression of PAX3, MEOX1 and EYA2 was significantly increased by MYOD. MYOD was phosphorylated and localized in the nucleus. These results suggest that in hAFS cells, MYOD is phosphorylated and localized in the nucleus, thus inducing expression of myogenic factors, resulting in myogenic differentiation of hAFS cells. To test regenerative potential of MYOD-transduced hAFS cells, we transplanted them into injured muscles of immunodeficient BALB/cSlc-nu mice. The results showed a substantial increase in the volume of TA muscle injected with MYOD-hAFS cells. In addition, TA muscle tissue injected with MYOD-hAFS cells has more numbers of neuro-muscular junctions compared to controls, indicating functional restoration of muscle injury by MYOD-hAFS cells. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that transduction of hAFS cells with MYOD lentiviruses induces skeletal myogenic differentiation in vitro and morphological and functional regeneration of injured muscle in vivo.
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Smith DA, Carland CR, Guo Y, Bernstein SI. Getting Folded: Chaperone Proteins in Muscle Development, Maintenance and Disease. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1637-49. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Smith
- Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego California
| | - Carmen R. Carland
- Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego California
| | - Yiming Guo
- Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego California
| | - Sanford I. Bernstein
- Department of Biology, The Molecular Biology Institute; San Diego State University; San Diego California
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23
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Hwang CY, Kim K, Choi JY, Bahn YJ, Lee SM, Kim YK, Lee C, Kwon KS. Quantitative proteome analysis of age-related changes in mouse gastrocnemius muscle using mTRAQ. Proteomics 2014; 14:121-32. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Young Hwang
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Kyutae Kim
- BRI; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jeong Yi Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Young Jae Bahn
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- BRI; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kwon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
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24
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Lee EJ, Kamli MR, Pokharel S, Malik A, Tareq KMA, Roouf Bhat A, Park HB, Lee YS, Kim S, Yang B, Young Chung K, Choi I. Expressed sequence tags for bovine muscle satellite cells, myotube formed-cells and adipocyte-like cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79780. [PMID: 24224006 PMCID: PMC3818215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle satellite cells (MSCs) represent a devoted stem cell population that is responsible for postnatal muscle growth and skeletal muscle regeneration. An important characteristic of MSCs is that they encompass multi potential mesenchymal stem cell activity and are able to differentiate into myocytes and adipocytes. To achieve a global view of the genes differentially expressed in MSCs, myotube formed-cells (MFCs) and adipocyte-like cells (ALCs), we performed large-scale EST sequencing of normalized cDNA libraries developed from bovine MSCs. Results A total of 24,192 clones were assembled into 3,333 clusters, 5,517 singletons and 3,842contigs. Functional annotation of these unigenes revealed that a large portion of the differentially expressed genes are involved in cellular and signaling processes. Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional analysis of three subsets of highly expressed gene lists (MSC233, MFC258, and ALC248) highlighted some common and unique biological processes among MSC, MFC and ALC. Additionally, genes that may be specific to MSC, MFC and ALC are reported here, and the role of dimethylargininedimethylaminohydrolase2 (DDAH2) during myogenesis and hemoglobinsubunitalpha2 (HBA2) during transdifferentiation in C2C12 were assayed as a case study. DDAH2 was up-regulated during myognesis and knockdown of DDAH2 by siRNA significantly decreased myogenin (MYOG) expression corresponding with the slight change in cell morphology. In contrast, HBA2 was up-regulated during ALC formation and resulted in decreased intracellular lipid accumulation and CD36 mRNA expression upon knockdown assay. Conclusion In this study, a large number of EST sequences were generated from the MSC, MFC and ALC. Overall, the collection of ESTs generated in this study provides a starting point for the identification of novel genes involved in MFC and ALC formation, which in turn offers a fundamental resource to enable better understanding of the mechanism of muscle differentiation and transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Lee
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Bovine Genome Resources Bank, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Majid Rasool Kamli
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Smritee Pokharel
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Adeel Malik
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - K. M. A. Tareq
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Roouf Bhat
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Bok Park
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Bovine Genome Resources Bank, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - SangHoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohsuk Yang
- Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Chung
- Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IC); (KYC)
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Bovine Genome Resources Bank, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IC); (KYC)
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Winter DL, Paulin D, Mericskay M, Li Z. Posttranslational modifications of desmin and their implication in biological processes and pathologies. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 141:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abdul-Hussein S, Rahl K, Moslemi AR, Tajsharghi H. Phenotypes of myopathy-related beta-tropomyosin mutants in human and mouse tissue cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72396. [PMID: 24039757 PMCID: PMC3769345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in TPM2 result in a variety of myopathies characterised by variable clinical and morphological features. We used human and mouse cultured cells to study the effects of β-TM mutants. The mutants induced a range of phenotypes in human myoblasts, which generally changed upon differentiation to myotubes. Human myotubes transfected with the E41K-β-TM(EGFP) mutant showed perinuclear aggregates. The G53ins-β-TM(EGFP) mutant tended to accumulate in myoblasts but was incorporated into filamentous structures of myotubes. The K49del-β-TM(EGFP) and E122K-β-TM(EGFP) mutants induced the formation of rod-like structures in human cells. The N202K-β-TM(EGFP) mutant failed to integrate into thin filaments and formed accumulations in myotubes. The accumulation of mutant β-TM(EGFP) in the perinuclear and peripheral areas of the cells was the striking feature in C2C12. We demonstrated that human tissue culture is a suitable system for studying the early stages of altered myofibrilogenesis and morphological changes linked to myopathy-related β-TM mutants. In addition, the histopathological phenotype associated with expression of the various mutant proteins depends on the cell type and varies with the maturation of the muscle cell. Further, the phenotype is a combinatorial effect of the specific amino acid change and the temporal expression of the mutant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Rahl
- Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ali-Reza Moslemi
- Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Homa Tajsharghi
- Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Medical Genetics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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27
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Storbeck CJ, Al-Zahrani KN, Sriram R, Kawesa S, O'Reilly P, Daniel K, McKay M, Kothary R, Tsilfidis C, Sabourin LA. Distinct roles for Ste20-like kinase SLK in muscle function and regeneration. Skelet Muscle 2013; 3:16. [PMID: 23815977 PMCID: PMC3733878 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell growth and terminal differentiation are controlled by complex signaling systems that regulate the tissue-specific expression of genes controlling cell fate and morphogenesis. We have previously reported that the Ste20-like kinase SLK is expressed in muscle tissue and is required for cell motility. However, the specific function of SLK in muscle tissue is still poorly understood. METHODS To gain further insights into the role of SLK in differentiated muscles, we expressed a kinase-inactive SLK from the human skeletal muscle actin promoter. Transgenic muscles were surveyed for potential defects. Standard histological procedures and cardiotoxin-induced regeneration assays we used to investigate the role of SLK in myogenesis and muscle repair. RESULTS High levels of kinase-inactive SLK in muscle tissue produced an overall decrease in SLK activity in muscle tissue, resulting in altered muscle organization, reduced litter sizes, and reduced breeding capacity. The transgenic mice did not show any differences in fiber-type distribution but displayed enhanced regeneration capacity in vivo and more robust differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SLK activity is required for optimal muscle development in the embryo and muscle physiology in the adult. However, reduced kinase activity during muscle repair enhances regeneration and differentiation. Together, these results suggest complex and distinct roles for SLK in muscle development and function.
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28
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Intrinsic epigenetic regulation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat in a transgenic mouse model for FSHD. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003415. [PMID: 23593020 PMCID: PMC3616921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a progressive muscular dystrophy caused by decreased epigenetic repression of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats and ectopic expression of DUX4, a retrogene encoding a germline transcription factor encoded in each repeat. Unaffected individuals generally have more than 10 repeats arrayed in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4, whereas the most common form of FSHD (FSHD1) is caused by a contraction of the array to fewer than 10 repeats, associated with decreased epigenetic repression and variegated expression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle. We have generated transgenic mice carrying D4Z4 arrays from an FSHD1 allele and from a control allele. These mice recapitulate important epigenetic and DUX4 expression attributes seen in patients and controls, respectively, including high DUX4 expression levels in the germline, (incomplete) epigenetic repression in somatic tissue, and FSHD–specific variegated DUX4 expression in sporadic muscle nuclei associated with D4Z4 chromatin relaxation. In addition we show that DUX4 is able to activate similar functional gene groups in mouse muscle cells as it does in human muscle cells. These transgenic mice therefore represent a valuable animal model for FSHD and will be a useful resource to study the molecular mechanisms underlying FSHD and to test new therapeutic intervention strategies. Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is a progressive muscle disorder that is associated with contraction and chromatin relaxation of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4q. Each unit of the repeat contains a copy of the primate-specific DUX4 retrogene, encoding a germline transcription factor that is repressed in somatic tissue. In FSHD, somatic repression of the DUX4 gene is compromised, leading to a variegated expression pattern of DUX4 in muscle cells. The complex (epi)genetic etiology of FSHD has long hampered the generation of a faithful animal model, and thus far the role of FSHD candidate genes has only been studied in model organisms by overexpression approaches. Here we present two transgenic mouse models containing either patient- or control-sized D4Z4 repeats. In our mice, the regulation of the FSHD locus is preserved in both lines, and only in the disease model somatic derepression and variegated expression of DUX4 is observed. These mice thus reflect many aspects of the complex regulation of DUX4 expression in humans. These models may therefore become valuable tools in understanding the in vivo regulation and function of DUX4, its role in FSHD, and the evaluation of therapeutic strategies.
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Abdul-Hussein S, van der Ven PFM, Tajsharghi H. Expression profiles of muscle disease-associated genes and their isoforms during differentiation of cultured human skeletal muscle cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:262. [PMID: 23273262 PMCID: PMC3549291 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of contractile myofibrils requires the stepwise onset of expression of muscle specific proteins. It is likely that elucidation of the expression patterns of muscle-specific sarcomeric proteins is important to understand muscle disorders originating from defects in contractile sarcomeric proteins. Methods We investigated the expression profile of a panel of sarcomeric components with a focus on proteins associated with a group of congenital disorders. The analyses were performed in cultured human skeletal muscle cells during myoblast proliferation and myotube development. Results Our culture technique resulted in the development of striated myotubes and the expression of adult isoforms of the sarcomeric proteins, such as fast TnI, fast TnT, adult fast and slow MyHC isoforms and predominantly skeletal muscle rather than cardiac actin. Many proteins involved in muscle diseases, such as beta tropomyosin, slow TnI, slow MyBPC and cardiac TnI were readily detected in the initial stages of muscle cell differentiation, suggesting the possibility of an early role for these proteins as constituent of the developing contractile apparatus during myofibrillogenesis. This suggests that in disease conditions the mechanisms of pathogenesis for each of the mutated sarcomeric proteins might be reflected by altered expression patterns, and disturbed assembly of cytoskeletal, myofibrillar structures and muscle development. Conclusions In conclusion, we here confirm that cell cultures of human skeletal muscle are an appropriate tool to study developmental stages of myofibrillogenesis. The expression of several disease-associated proteins indicates that they might be a useful model system for studying the pathogenesis of muscle diseases caused by defects in specific sarcomeric constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Abdul-Hussein
- Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SE, 413 45, Sweden
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Chai J, Liu L, Xiong Q, Chen C, Peng Y, Jin W, Zheng R, Peng J, Jiang S. Molecular cloning, tissue expression, and analysis with genome DNA methylation of porcine LSD1 gene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 169:134-44. [PMID: 23229475 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) functioned as a demethyl methylase gene, underlying a wide range of biological processes, including cancer, cell apoptosis, differentiation, and development. To further understand the functions of the porcine LSD1 gene, we first obtained cDNA sequence of porcine LSD1 gene, using in silico cloning method. We further found that the porcine LSD1 gene has two transcripts, in which cDNA sequences are 2,716 and 2,656 bp, ORF are 2,622 and 2,562 bp, respectively. Then, RT-PCR analysis showed that the LSD1 gene is expressed in various tissues and relatively higher in the tissues of ovary, kidney, and spleen. Besides, the LSD1 gene was expressed higher in the growth nonage and peaked at 3 days in muscle tissue. Meanwhile, the expression of two transcript variants of LSD1 gene presented the same change trend. Besides, the level of DNA methylation was approximately fourfold higher in a 3-day muscle than in an old pig (180 days), significantly positive related to the gene expression of LSD1 (R = 0.9362, P < 0.05), and declined with growing age. Cloning, expression pattern, and analysis with genome DNA methylation of porcine LSD1 gene laid a foundation to clarify the molecular mechanisms of porcine growth and development and also for further work on animal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chai
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
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31
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Orfanos Z, Sparrow JC. Myosin isoform switching during assembly of the Drosophila flight muscle thick filament lattice. J Cell Sci 2012. [PMID: 23178940 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During muscle development myosin molecules form symmetrical thick filaments, which integrate with the thin filaments to produce the regular sarcomeric lattice. In Drosophila indirect flight muscles (IFMs) the details of this process can be studied using genetic approaches. The weeP26 transgenic line has a GFP-encoding exon inserted into the single Drosophila muscle myosin heavy chain gene, Mhc. The weeP26 IFM sarcomeres have a unique MHC-GFP-labelling pattern restricted to the sarcomere core, explained by non-translation of the GFP exon following alternative splicing. Characterisation of wild-type IFM MHC mRNA confirmed the presence of an alternately spliced isoform, expressed earlier than the major IFM-specific isoform. The two wild-type IFM-specific MHC isoforms differ by the presence of a C-terminal 'tailpiece' in the minor isoform. The sequential expression and assembly of these two MHCs into developing thick filaments suggest a role for the tailpiece in initiating A-band formation. The restriction of the MHC-GFP sarcomeric pattern in weeP26 is lifted when the IFM lack the IFM-specific myosin binding protein flightin, suggesting that it limits myosin dissociation from thick filaments. Studies of flightin binding to developing thick filaments reveal a progressive binding at the growing thick filament tips and in a retrograde direction to earlier assembled, proximal filament regions. We propose that this flightin binding restricts myosin molecule incorporation/dissociation during thick filament assembly and explains the location of the early MHC isoform pattern in the IFM A-band.
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Heuer J, Bremer S, Pohl I, Spielmann H. Development of an in vitro embryotoxicity test using murine embryonic stem cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 7:551-6. [PMID: 20732251 DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(93)90064-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell line D3 was used to establish conditions for a reproducible differentiation of ES cells in culture. ES cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state by cultivation on a feeder layer of embryonic fibroblasts. ES cells form aggregates in suspension and can spontaneously differentiate into complex organized embryoid bodies (EBs), which in many respects resemble early postimplantation mouse embryos. Under appropriate culture conditions various cell and tissue types will develop in EBs: these include myocardial and skeletal muscle, nerve cells, chondrocytes and blood cells. Retinoic acid (RA) was used as an embryotoxic substance to test the application of ES cell cultures in in vitro embryotoxicity testing. RA (1 x 10(-8)m) induced an increase in skeletal muscle cell differentiation, which followed a characteristic pattern: day 10 is characterized by the first appearance of mononucleated myoblasts; day 12 shows the fusion of myoblasts; on day 13, multinucleated myotubes can be detected, and on day 25 contractile myofibres are present in ES cell cultures. The development of blood islands with red cells enhanced by erythropoietin in EBs has encouraged the hope that, subsequently, more mature stages of erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid cell development could occur in vitro. These data provide further support for the use of ES cells in an in vitro assay for embryotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heuer
- National Center for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments, ZEBET, at the Robert von Ostertag-Institute, Federal Health Office, BGA, PO Box 48 04 47, 1000 Berlin 48, Germany
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Reptilian myotomal myogenesis—lessons from the sand lizard Lacerta agilis L. (Reptilia, Lacertidae). ZOOLOGY 2012; 115:330-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Thoma EC, Maurus K, Wagner TU, Schartl M. Parallel Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Different Cell Types by a Single Gene-Based Differentiation System. Cell Reprogram 2012; 14:106-11. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva C. Thoma
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Maurus
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Toni U. Wagner
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, Wuerzburg, Germany
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35
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Joanne P, Chourbagi O, Agbulut O. [Desmin filaments and their disorganization associated with myofibrillar myopathies]. Biol Aujourdhui 2011; 205:163-77. [PMID: 21982405 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2011016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Desmin, the muscle-specific intermediate filament protein, is one of the earliest markers expressed in all muscle tissues during development. It forms a three-dimensional scaffold around the myofibril Z-disc and connects the entire contractile apparatus to the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton, the nuclei and other cytoplasmic organelles. Desmin is essential for tensile strength and muscle integrity. In humans, disorganization of the desmin network is associated with cardiac and/or skeletal myopathies characterized by accumulation of desmin-containing aggregates in the cells. Currently, 49 mutations have been identified in desmin gene. The majority of these mutations alter desmin filament assembly process through different molecular mechanisms and also its interaction with its protein partners. Here, we will give an overview of desmin network organization as well as the impact of desmin mutations on this process. Furthermore, we will discuss the different molecular mechanisms implicated in perturbation of the desmin filament assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Joanne
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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da Silva Lopes K, Pietas A, Radke MH, Gotthardt M. Titin visualization in real time reveals an unexpected level of mobility within and between sarcomeres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:785-98. [PMID: 21555460 PMCID: PMC3166869 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to prior models in which titin serves as a stable scaffold in sarcomeres, sarcomeric and soluble titin exchange dynamically in myofibers when calcium levels are low. The giant muscle protein titin is an essential structural component of the sarcomere. It forms a continuous periodic backbone along the myofiber that provides resistance to mechanical strain. Thus, the titin filament has been regarded as a blueprint for sarcomere assembly and a prerequisite for stability. Here, a novel titin-eGFP knockin mouse provided evidence that sarcomeric titin is more dynamic than previously suggested. To study the mobility of titin in embryonic and neonatal cardiomyocytes, we used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and investigated the contribution of protein synthesis, contractility, and calcium load to titin motility. Overall, the kinetics of lateral and longitudinal movement of titin-eGFP were similar. Whereas protein synthesis and developmental stage did not alter titin dynamics, there was a strong, inhibitory effect of calcium on titin mobility. Our results suggest a model in which the largely unrestricted movement of titin within and between sarcomeres primarily depends on calcium, suggesting that fortification of the titin filament system is activity dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina da Silva Lopes
- Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), D-13122 Berlin-Buch, Germany
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37
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Kim YH, Huff-Lonergan E, Sebranek JG, Lonergan SM. High-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging system induces lipid and myoglobin oxidation and protein polymerization. Meat Sci 2010; 85:759-67. [PMID: 20444557 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beef steaks from longissimus lumborum, semimembranosus, and adductor muscles (n=10; respectively) were cut at 24h postmortem, randomly assigned to either high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (HiOx-MAP; 80% O(2), 20% CO(2)) or vacuum (VAC), and displayed for 9days at 1 degrees C. HiOx-MAP packaged beef steaks had a rapid increase in lipid oxidation and a decrease in color stability during display. The steaks in HiOx-MAP had significantly lower tenderness and juiciness scores, and higher off-flavor scores compared to steaks in VAC. HiOx-MAP condition did not affect the postmortem degradation of troponin-T or desmin. Furthermore, autolysis of micro-calpain was not influenced by packaging. SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, and diagonal-PAGE revealed oxidative cross-linking of myosin heavy chain in meat packaged in HiOx-MAP. These results suggest that the HiOx-MAP system may negatively affect meat quality characteristics by inducing lipid and myoglobin oxidation and cross-linking/aggregation of myosin by protein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan H Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
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38
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Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A, Ackermann MA, Bowman AL, Yap SV, Bloch RJ. Muscle giants: molecular scaffolds in sarcomerogenesis. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1217-67. [PMID: 19789381 PMCID: PMC3076733 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibrillogenesis in striated muscles is a highly complex process that depends on the coordinated assembly and integration of a large number of contractile, cytoskeletal, and signaling proteins into regular arrays, the sarcomeres. It is also associated with the stereotypical assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubules around each sarcomere. Three giant, muscle-specific proteins, titin (3-4 MDa), nebulin (600-800 kDa), and obscurin (approximately 720-900 kDa), have been proposed to play important roles in the assembly and stabilization of sarcomeres. There is a large amount of data showing that each of these molecules interacts with several to many different protein ligands, regulating their activity and localizing them to particular sites within or surrounding sarcomeres. Consistent with this, mutations in each of these proteins have been linked to skeletal and cardiac myopathies or to muscular dystrophies. The evidence that any of them plays a role as a "molecular template," "molecular blueprint," or "molecular ruler" is less definitive, however. Here we review the structure and function of titin, nebulin, and obscurin, with the literature supporting a role for them as scaffolding molecules and the contradictory evidence regarding their roles as molecular guides in sarcomerogenesis.
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39
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Protein profiling analysis of skeletal muscle of a pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2141-7. [PMID: 19669930 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein profile of the skeletal muscle of Takifugu rubripes, a kind of pufferfish, was carried out with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Among the 112 protein spots detected in a silver-stained 2-D polyacrylamide gel, 33 were analyzed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF MS), and 21 were identified by MASCOT. There were six structural proteins, such as alpha-actin, tropomyosin, and myosin heavy chain, and six with known functions such as T-cell receptor alpha chain, 4SNc-Tudor domain protein, SMC3 protein, and Translin associated factor X, as well as nine hypothetical novel proteins, including titin, andretinol dehydrogenase, and apolipoprotein A-I binding protein. These proteins were further categorized into six functional groups. This paper established a suitable technical protocol to eliminate the high abundance proteins while preserving middle abundance proteins for proteomics studies using Takifugu skeletal muscle. It is also favorable for further investigation on screening marker proteins for monitoring and controlling the quality of fish meat.
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40
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Dyachuk V, Odintsova N. Development of the larval muscle system in the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:69-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2008.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Expression of nestin, desmin and vimentin in intact and regenerating muscle spindles of rat hind limb skeletal muscles. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 131:197-206. [PMID: 18941770 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the expression and distribution patterns of nestin, desmin and vimentin in intact and regenerating muscle spindles of the rat hind limb skeletal muscles. Regeneration was induced by intramuscular isotransplantation of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or soleus muscles from 15-day-old rats into the EDL muscle of adult female inbred Lewis rats. The host muscles with grafts were excised after 7-, 16-, 21- and 29-day survival and immunohistochemically stained. Nestin expression in intact spindles in host muscles was restricted to Schwann cells of sensory and motor nerves. In transplanted muscles, however, nestin expression was also found in regenerating "spindle fibers", 7 and 16 days after grafting. From the 21st day onwards, the regenerated spindle fibers were devoid of nestin immunoreactivity. Desmin was detected in spindle fibers at all developmental stages in regenerating as well as in intact spindles. Vimentin was expressed in cells of the outer and inner capsules of all muscle spindles and in newly formed myoblasts and myotubes of regenerating spindles 7 days after grafting. Our results show that the expression pattern of these intermediate filaments in regenerating spindle fibers corresponds to that found in regenerating extrafusal fibers, which supports our earlier suggestion that they resemble small-diameter extrafusal fibers.
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42
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Gawlitta D, Boonen KJM, Oomens CWJ, Baaijens FPT, Bouten CVC. The influence of serum-free culture conditions on skeletal muscle differentiation in a tissue-engineered model. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:161-71. [PMID: 18333814 DOI: 10.1089/ten.a.2007.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of differentiation medium (DM) components on C2C12 murine myoblast differentiation has only been studied in monolayer cultures. Serum-free formulations have been applied that omit the use of sera with unknown composition. The goal of the present study was to compare the influence of serum-free media on C2C12 differentiation in 3-dimensional tissue-engineered muscle constructs. Myoblast proliferation and differentiation in media containing Ultroser G (DMU), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I (DMI), or both (DMUI) were compared with those induced by more-traditional media containing horse serum (HS) or horse serum and IGF-I (HSI). Effects of the applied media were assessed from gross construct morphology, total protein content, creatine kinase activity, and tissue viability. Addition of IGF-I (HSI) to the standard DM (HS) improved myoblast differentiation in muscle constructs. Even better results were obtained using DMU and DMUI culture conditions. DMI could not induce differentiation or maintain cell viability. Serum-free culture medium supplemented with DMU or DMUI accelerates and improves myoblast differentiation in engineered muscle tissue better than the gold standard HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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43
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Pieperhoff S, Franke WW. The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. VI. Different precursor structures in non-mammalian species. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:413-30. [PMID: 18420304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on the formation and molecular organization of the mammalian heart have emphasized the architectural and functional importance of the adhering junctions (AJs), which are densely clustered in the bipolar end regions (intercalated disks, IDs) connecting the elongated cardiomyocytes of the adult heart. Moreover, we learned from genetic studies of mutated AJ proteins that desmosomal proteins, which for the most part are integral components of ID-specific composite AJs (areae compositae, AC), are essential in heart development and function. Developmental studies have shown that the bipolar concentration of cardiomyocyte AJs in IDs is a rather late process and only completed postnatally. Here we report that in the adult hearts of diverse lower vertebrates (fishes, amphibia, birds) most AJs remain separate and distinct in molecular character, representing either fasciae adhaerentes, maculae adhaerentes (desmosomes) or--less frequently--some form of AC. In the mature hearts of the amphibian and fish species examined a large proportion of the AJs connecting cardiomyocytes is not clustered in the IDs but remains located on the lateral surfaces where they appear either as puncta adhaerentia or as desmosomes. In many places, these puncta connect parallel cardiomyocytes in spectacular ladder-like regular arrays (scalae adhaerentes) correlated with--and connected by--electron-dense plaque-like material to sarcomeric Z-bands. In the avian hearts, on the other hand, most AJs are clustered in the IDs but only a small proportion of the desmosomes appears as AC, compared to the dominance of distinct fasciae adhaerentes. We conclude that the fusion and amalgamation of AJs and desmosomes to ACs is a late process both in ontogenesis and in evolution. The significance and possible functional implications of the specific junctional structures in vertebrate evolution and the class-specific requirements of architectural and molecular assembly adaptation during regeneration processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pieperhoff
- Division of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hawkins TA, Haramis AP, Etard C, Prodromou C, Vaughan CK, Ashworth R, Ray S, Behra M, Holder N, Talbot WS, Pearl LH, Strähle U, Wilson SW. The ATPase-dependent chaperoning activity of Hsp90a regulates thick filament formation and integration during skeletal muscle myofibrillogenesis. Development 2008; 135:1147-56. [PMID: 18256191 PMCID: PMC2358948 DOI: 10.1242/dev.018150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate sarcomere assembly during myofibril formation are poorly understood. In this study, we characterise the zebrafish sloth(u45) mutant, in which the initial steps in sarcomere assembly take place, but thick filaments are absent and filamentous I-Z-I brushes fail to align or adopt correct spacing. The mutation only affects skeletal muscle and mutant embryos show no other obvious phenotypes. Surprisingly, we find that the phenotype is due to mutation in one copy of a tandemly duplicated hsp90a gene. The mutation disrupts the chaperoning function of Hsp90a through interference with ATPase activity. Despite being located only 2 kb from hsp90a, hsp90a2 has no obvious role in sarcomere assembly. Loss of Hsp90a function leads to the downregulation of genes encoding sarcomeric proteins and upregulation of hsp90a and several other genes encoding proteins that may act with Hsp90a during sarcomere assembly. Our studies reveal a surprisingly specific developmental role for a single Hsp90 gene in a regulatory pathway controlling late steps in sarcomere assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Hawkins
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, UCL, London, UK
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45
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Furuya S, Yoshida K, Kawakami Y, Yang JH, Sayano T, Azuma N, Tanaka H, Kuhara S, Hirabayashi Y. Inactivation of the 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase gene in mice: changes in gene expression and associated regulatory networks resulting from serine deficiency. Funct Integr Genomics 2008; 8:235-49. [PMID: 18228065 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-007-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (Phgdh) is a necessary enzyme for de novo L-serine biosynthesis. Mutations in the human PHGDH cause serine deficiency disorders characterized by severe neurological symptoms including congenital microcephaly and psychomotor retardation. We showed previously that targeted disruption of Phgdh in mice causes overall growth retardation with severe brain microcephaly and leads to embryonic lethality. Here, amino acid analysis of Phgdh knockout (KO) mouse embryos demonstrates that free serine and glycine concentrations are decreased markedly in head samples, reflecting the metabolic changes of serine deficiency found in human patients. To understand the pathogenesis of serine deficiency disorders at the molecular level, we have exploited this animal model to identify altered gene expression patterns using a microarray technology. Comparative microarray analysis of the Phgdh KO and wild-type head at gestational day 13.5 revealed an upregulation of genes involved in transfer RNA aminoacylation, amino acid metabolism, amino acid transport, transcriptional regulation, and translation, and a downregulation of genes involved in transcription in neuronal progenitors and muscle and cartilage development. A computational network analysis software was used to construct transcriptional regulatory networks operative in the Phgdh KO embryos in vivo. These observations suggest that Phgdh inactivation alters transcriptional programs in several regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Furuya
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation Research, Kyushu University Bio-Architecture Center, Hakozaki, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Abstract
Striated muscle owes its name to the microscopic appearance, caused by the longitudinal alignment of thousands of highly ordered contractile units, the sarcomeres. The assembly (and disassembly) of these multiprotein complexes (sarcomere assembly or sarcomerogenesis) follows ordered pathways, which are regulated on the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational level. Furthermore, myofibril assembly involves the participation of transient scaffolds and adaptors, notably the microtubule network. Studies in cell culture and developing embryos have revealed common pathways of sarcomere assembly in heart and skeletal muscle. Disruptions in these pathways are implicated in muscle diseases.
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47
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Odintsova NA, Dyachuk VA, Karpenko AA. Development of the muscle system and contractile activity in the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Russ J Dev Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360407030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Donner K, Nowak KJ, Aro M, Pelin K, Wallgren-Pettersson C. Developmental and muscle-type-specific expression of mouse nebulin exons 127 and 128. Genomics 2006; 88:489-95. [PMID: 16860535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The human nebulin gene includes 183 exons and four regions of alternative splicing. The mouse nebulin gene, with 166 exons, has a similar organization. Here we describe the expression patterns of one of the alternatively spliced regions of nebulin: exons 127 and 128 in the mouse gene, corresponding to human nebulin exons 143 and 144. Expression was elucidated by quantifying the differentially spliced transcripts in mice of different ages. In most of the muscles studied, transcripts expressing exon 127 were more prominent in muscles from younger mice, while older mice showed higher quantities of the transcript expressing exon 128. Some muscles, e.g., diaphragm and masseter, almost exclusively expressed only one of the two transcripts, whereas others, e.g., soleus and cardiac muscle, expressed equal quantities of both transcripts. The expression patterns did not correlate with fiber-type composition. We speculate that these exons harbor a regulatory function utilized during muscle maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Donner
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Odintsova N, Dyachuk V, Kiselev K, Shelud'ko N. Expression of thick filament proteins during ontogenesis of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 144:238-44. [PMID: 16626989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of thick filament proteins organized into supramolecular complexes was studied by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analysis at different developmental stages of the mussel Mytilus trossulus. Paramyosin appeared at the egg stage, while twitchin and myorod appeared at the blastula stage (12 h after fertilization). In addition, RT-PCR analysis showed that the twitchin genes were expressed starting from the blastula stage. Thus, the proteins forming thick filaments of the contractile apparatus of mussel muscles are expressed long before the formation of the first well-organized muscle system of the veliger larvae (55 h). Further, the ratios actin/myosin heavy chain (MHC) and paramyosin/MHC at the veliger stage (96 h) distinctly differed from those in the adult mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Odintsova
- Department of Cell Biophysics, Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
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Weinert S, Bergmann N, Luo X, Erdmann B, Gotthardt M. M line-deficient titin causes cardiac lethality through impaired maturation of the sarcomere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:559-70. [PMID: 16702235 PMCID: PMC2063865 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200601014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Titin, the largest protein known to date, has been linked to sarcomere assembly and function through its elastic adaptor and signaling domains. Titin's M-line region contains a unique kinase domain that has been proposed to regulate sarcomere assembly via its substrate titin cap (T-cap). In this study, we use a titin M line-deficient mouse to show that the initial assembly of the sarcomere does not depend on titin's M-line region or the phosphorylation of T-cap by the titin kinase. Rather, titin's M-line region is required to form a continuous titin filament and to provide mechanical stability of the embryonic sarcomere. Even without titin integrating into the M band, sarcomeres show proper spacing and alignment of Z discs and M bands but fail to grow laterally and ultimately disassemble. The comparison of disassembly in the developing and mature knockout sarcomere suggests diverse functions for titin's M line in embryonic development and the adult heart that not only involve the differential expression of titin isoforms but also of titin-binding proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Connectin
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Genes, Lethal/genetics
- Heart/embryology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Muscle Proteins/chemistry
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation/genetics
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Protein Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Sarcomeres/metabolism
- Sarcomeres/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Weinert
- Neuromuscular and Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
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