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Doyle DA, DeAngelis PL, Ballard JD. CSPG4-dependent cytotoxicity for C. difficile TcdB is influenced by extracellular calcium and chondroitin sulfate. mSphere 2024; 9:e0009424. [PMID: 38470254 PMCID: PMC11036797 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00094-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
TcdB is an intracellular bacterial toxin indispensable to Clostridioides difficile infections. The ability to use chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) as a primary cell surface receptor is evolutionarily conserved by the two major variants of TcdB. As CSPG4 does not typically undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis, we sought to identify environmental factors that stabilize interactions between TcdB and CSPG4 to promote cell binding and entry into the cytosol. Using a series of TcdB receptor-binding mutants and cell lines with various receptor expression profiles, we discovered that extracellular Ca2+ promotes receptor-specific interactions with TcdB. Specifically, TcdB exhibits preferential binding to CSPG4 in the presence of Ca2+, with the absence of Ca2+ resulting in CSPG4-independent cell surface interactions. Furthermore, Ca2+ did not enhance TcdB binding to chondroitin sulfate (CS), the sole glycosaminoglycan of CSPG4. Instead, CS was found to impact the rate of cell entry by TcdB. Collectively, results from this study indicate that Ca2+ enhances cell binding by TcdB and CS interactions contribute to subsequent steps in cell entry. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illness, and many disease pathologies are caused by the toxin TcdB. TcdB engages multiple cell surface receptors, with receptor tropisms differing among the variants of the toxin. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a critical receptor for multiple forms of TcdB, and insights into TcdB-CSPG4 interactions are applicable to many disease-causing strains of C. difficile. CSPG4 is modified by chondroitin sulfate (CS) and contains laminin-G repeats stabilized by Ca2+, yet the relative contributions of CS and Ca2+ to TcdB cytotoxicity have not been determined. This study demonstrates distinct roles in TcdB cell binding and cell entry for Ca2+ and CS, respectively. These effects are specific to CSPG4 and contribute to the activities of a prominent isoform of TcdB that utilizes this receptor. These findings advance an understanding of factors contributing to TcdB's mechanism of action and contribution to C. difficile disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Annie Doyle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jimmy D. Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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2
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Dean T, Ghaemmaghami J, Corso J, Gallo V. The cortical NG2-glia response to traumatic brain injury. Glia 2023; 71:1164-1175. [PMID: 36692058 PMCID: PMC10404390 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. A chronic neurologic disease bearing the moniker of "the silent epidemic," TBI currently has no targeted therapies to ameliorate cellular loss or enhance functional recovery. Compared with those of astrocytes, microglia, and peripheral immune cells, the functions and mechanisms of NG2-glia following TBI are far less understood, despite NG2-glia comprising the largest population of regenerative cells in the mature cortex. Here, we synthesize the results from multiple rodent models of TBI, with a focus on cortical NG2-glia proliferation and lineage potential, and propose future avenues for glia researchers to address this unique cell type in TBI. As the molecular mechanisms that regulate NG2-glia regenerative potential are uncovered, we posit that future therapeutic strategies may exploit cortical NG2-glia to augment local cellular recovery following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Dean
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Javid Ghaemmaghami
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - John Corso
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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3
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Petrosyan HA, Alessi V, Lasek K, Gumudavelli S, Muffaletto R, Liang L, Collins WF, Levine J, Arvanian VL. AAV Vector Mediated Delivery of NG2 Function Neutralizing Antibody and Neurotrophin NT-3 Improves Synaptic Transmission, Locomotion, and Urinary Tract Function after Spinal Cord Contusion Injury in Adult Rats. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1492-1508. [PMID: 36653191 PMCID: PMC10008066 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1276-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2 is a structurally unique transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Its role in damaged spinal cord is dual. NG2 is considered one of key inhibitory factors restricting axonal growth following spinal injury. Additionally, we have recently detected its novel function as a blocker of axonal conduction. Some studies, however, indicate the importance of NG2 presence in the formation of synaptic contacts. We hypothesized that the optimal treatment would be neutralization of inhibitory functions of NG2 without its physical removal. Acute intraspinal injections of anti-NG2 monoclonal antibodies reportedly prevented an acute block of axonal conduction by exogenous NG2. For prolonged delivery of NG2 function neutralizing antibody, we have developed a novel gene therapy: adeno-associated vector (AAV) construct expressing recombinant single-chain variable fragment anti-NG2 antibody (AAV-NG2Ab). We examined effects of AAV-NG2Ab alone or in combination with neurotrophin NT-3 in adult female rats with thoracic T10 contusion injuries. A battery of behavioral tests was used to evaluate locomotor function. In vivo single-cell electrophysiology was used to evaluate synaptic transmission. Lower urinary tract function was assessed during the survival period using metabolic chambers. Terminal cystometry, with acquisition of external urethral sphincter activity and bladder pressure, was used to evaluate bladder function. Both the AAV-NG2Ab and AAV-NG2Ab combined with AAV-NT3 treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements in transmission, locomotion, and bladder function compared with the control (AAV-GFP) group. These functional improvements associated with improved remyelination and plasticity of 5-HT fibers. The best results were observed in the group that received combinational AAV-NG2Ab+AAV-NT3 treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We recently demonstrated beneficial, but transient, effects of neutralization of the NG2 proteoglycan using monoclonal antibodies delivered intrathecally via osmotic mini-pumps after spinal cord injury. Currently, we have developed a novel gene therapy tool for prolonged and clinically relevant delivery of a recombinant single-chain variable fragment anti-NG2 antibody: AAV-rh10 serotype expressing scFv-NG2 (AAV-NG2Ab). Here, we examined effects of AAV-NG2Ab combined with transgene delivery of Neurotrophin-3 (AAV-NT3) in adult rats with thoracic contusion injuries. The AAV-NG2Ab and AAV-NG2Ab+AAV-NT3 treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements of locomotor function and lower urinary tract function. Beneficial effects of this novel gene therapy on locomotion and bladder function associated with improved transmission to motoneurons and plasticity of axons in damaged spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayk A Petrosyan
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Valentina Alessi
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Kristin Lasek
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Sricharan Gumudavelli
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Robert Muffaletto
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Li Liang
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768
| | - William F Collins
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Joel Levine
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Victor L Arvanian
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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4
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Liu YJ, Ding Y, Yin YQ, Xiao H, Hu G, Zhou JW. Cspg4high microglia contribute to microgliosis during neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210643120. [PMID: 36795751 PMCID: PMC9974490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210643120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a critical role in the pathogenic process of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Upon pathological stimulation, microglia are converted from a surveillant to an overactivated phenotype. However, the molecular characters of proliferating microglia and their contributions to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here, we identify chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (Cspg4, also known as neural/glial antigen 2)-expressing microglia as a specific subset of microglia with proliferative capability during neurodegeneration. We found that the percentage of Cspg4+ microglia was increased in mouse models of PD. The transcriptomic analysis of Cspg4+ microglia revealed that the subcluster Cspg4high microglia displayed a unique transcriptomic signature, which was characterized by the enrichment of orthologous cell cycle genes and a lower expression of genes responsible for neuroinflammation and phagocytosis. Their gene signatures were also distinct from that of known disease-associated microglia. The proliferation of quiescent Cspg4high microglia was evoked by pathological α-synuclein. Following the transplantation in the adult brain with the depletion of endogenous microglia, Cspg4high microglia grafts showed higher survival rates than their Cspg4- counterparts. Consistently, Cspg4high microglia were detected in the brain of AD patients and displayed the expansion in animal models of AD. These findings suggest that Cspg4high microglia are one of the origins of microgliosis during neurodegeneration and may open up a avenue for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-jing Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yan-qing Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jia-wei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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5
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Baldavira CM, Prieto TG, Machado-Rugolo J, de Miranda JT, de Oliveira LKR, Velosa APP, Teodoro WR, Ab’Saber A, Takagaki T, Capelozzi VL. Modeling extracellular matrix through histo-molecular gradient in NSCLC for clinical decisions. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1042766. [PMID: 36452484 PMCID: PMC9703002 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1042766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer still represents a global health problem, being the main type of tumor responsible for cancer deaths. In this context, the tumor microenvironment, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) pose as extremely relevant. Thus, this study aimed to explore the prognostic value of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Wnt signaling, and ECM proteins expression in patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with clinical stages I-IIIA. For that, we used 120 tissue sections from patients and evaluated the immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to each of these markers. We also used in silico analysis to validate our data. We found a strong expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin, which reflects the differential ECM invasion process. Therefore, we also noticed a strong expression of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and collagens III and V. This suggests that, after EMT, the basal membrane (BM) enhanced the motility of invasive cells. EMT proteins were directly associated with WNT5A, and collagens III and V, which suggests that the WNT pathway drives them. On the other hand, heparan sulfate (HS) was associated with WNT3A and SPARC, while WNT1 was associated with CS. Interestingly, the association between WNT1 and Col IV suggested negative feedback of WNT1 along the BM. In our cohort, WNT3A, WNT5A, heparan sulfate and SPARC played an important role in the Cox regression model, influencing the overall survival (OS) of patients, be it directly or indirectly, with the SPARC expression stratifying the OS into two groups: 97 months for high expression; and 65 for low expression. In conclusion, the present study identified a set of proteins that may play a significant role in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC patients with clinical stages I-IIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Machado-Rugolo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Health Technology Assessment Center, Clinical Hospital, Medical School of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jurandir Tomaz de Miranda
- Rheumatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lizandre Keren Ramos de Oliveira
- Rheumatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pereira Velosa
- Rheumatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Walcy Rosolia Teodoro
- Rheumatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ab’Saber
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Teresa Takagaki
- Division of Pneumology, Instituto do Coração (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Mohammed NBB, Antonopoulos A, Dell A, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. The pleiotropic role of galectin-3 in melanoma progression: Unraveling the enigma. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:157-193. [PMID: 36725108 PMCID: PMC9895887 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with poor outcomes associated with distant metastasis. Intrinsic properties of melanoma cells alongside the crosstalk between melanoma cells and surrounding microenvironment determine the tumor behavior. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a ß-galactoside-binding lectin, has emerged as a major effector in cancer progression, including melanoma behavior. Data from melanoma models and patient studies reveal that Gal-3 expression is dysregulated, both intracellularly and extracellularly, throughout the stages of melanoma progression. This review summarizes the most recent data and hypotheses on Gal-3 and its tumor-modulating functions, highlighting its role in driving melanoma growth, invasion, and metastatic colonization. It also provides insight into potential Gal-3-targeted strategies for melanoma diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan B B Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
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7
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Zhang C, Qin F, Li X, Du X, Li T. Identification of novel proteins for lacunar stroke by integrating genome-wide association data and human brain proteomes. BMC Med 2022; 20:211. [PMID: 35733147 PMCID: PMC9219149 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous risk genes for lacunar stroke, but it is challenging to decipher how they confer risk for the disease. We employed an integrative analytical pipeline to efficiently transform genetic associations to identify novel proteins for lacunar stroke. METHODS We systematically integrated lacunar stroke genome-wide association study (GWAS) (N=7338) with human brain proteomes (N=376) to perform proteome-wide association studies (PWAS), Mendelian randomization (MR), and Bayesian colocalization. We also used an independent human brain proteomic dataset (N=152) to annotate the new genes. RESULTS We found that the protein abundance of seven genes (ICA1L, CAND2, ALDH2, MADD, MRVI1, CSPG4, and PTPN11) in the brain was associated with lacunar stroke. These seven genes were mainly expressed on the surface of glutamatergic neurons, GABAergic neurons, and astrocytes. Three genes (ICA1L, CAND2, ALDH2) were causal in lacunar stroke (P < 0.05/proteins identified for PWAS; posterior probability of hypothesis 4 ≥ 75 % for Bayesian colocalization), and they were linked with lacunar stroke in confirmatory PWAS and independent MR. We also found that ICA1L is related to lacunar stroke at the brain transcriptome level. CONCLUSIONS Our present proteomic findings have identified ICA1L, CAND2, and ALDH2 as compelling genes that may give key hints for future functional research and possible therapeutic targets for lacunar stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengqin Qin
- Department of Neurology, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangdong Du
- Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
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8
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Reciprocal Interactions between Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121954. [PMID: 35741083 PMCID: PMC9221698 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are mostly known for their capability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. However, they have been observed to frequently interact with cells of the neurovascular unit during development, homeostasis, and under pathological conditions. The functional consequences of these interactions are largely unclear, but are increasingly studied. Although OPCs appear to be a rather homogenous cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), they present with an enormous potential to adapt to their microenvironment. In this review, it is summarized what is known about the various roles of OPC-vascular interactions, and the circumstances under which they have been observed.
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9
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Karami Fath M, Azargoonjahromi A, Jafari N, Mehdi M, Alavi F, Daraei M, Mohammadkhani N, Mueller AL, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M, Payandeh Z. Exosome application in tumorigenesis: diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Med Oncol 2022; 39:19. [PMID: 34982284 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive of skin cancer derived from genetic mutations in the melanocytes. Current therapeutic approaches include surgical resection, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, the efficiency of these strategies may be decreased due to the development of diverse resistance mechanisms. Here, it has been proven that therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can improve the efficiency of melanoma therapies and also, cancer vaccines are another approach for the treatment of melanoma that has already improved clinical outcomes in these patients. The use of antibodies and gene vaccines provides a new perspective in melanoma treatment. Since the tumor microenvironment is another important factor for cancer progression and metastasis, in recent times, a mechanism has been identified to provide an opportunity for melanoma cells to communicate with remote cells. This mechanism is involved by a novel molecular structure, named extracellular vesicles (EVs). Depending on the functional status of origin cells, exosomes contain various cargos and different compositions. In this review, we presented recent progress of exosome applications in the treatment of melanoma. Different aspects of exosome therapy and ongoing efforts in this field will be discussed too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Jafari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fatemeh Alavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Daraei
- Pharmacy School, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna-Lena Mueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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10
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Payandeh Z, Pirpour Tazehkand A, Azargoonjahromi A, Almasi F, Alagheband Bahrami A. The Role of Cell Organelles in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Focus on Exosomes. Biol Proced Online 2021; 23:20. [PMID: 34736402 PMCID: PMC8567674 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-021-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Auto-immune diseases involved at least 25% of the population in wealthy countries. Several factors including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental elements are implicated in development of Rheumatoid Arthritis as an autoimmune disease. Autoantibodies cause synovial inflammation and arthritis, if left untreated or being under continual external stimulation, could result in chronic inflammation, joint injury, and disability. T- and B-cells, signaling molecules, proinflammatory mediators, and synovium-specific targets are among the new therapeutic targets. Exosomes could be employed as therapeutic vectors in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Herein, the role of cell organelle particularly exosomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis had discussed and some therapeutic applications of exosome highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Pirpour Tazehkand
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armina Alagheband Bahrami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Demirci H, Kuzucu P, Seymen CM, Gülbahar Ö, Özişik P, Emmez H. The effect of antiepileptic drugs on re-myelinization of axons: Phenytoin, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and valproic acid, used following traumatic brain injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 209:106911. [PMID: 34509750 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury is a major health and socioeconomic problem and the first cause of young death worldwide. For this reason, the prevention of post-traumatic brain injury and the research of new methods for it are important today. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the use of antiepileptic drugs contributed to axonal healing after traumatic brain injury. METHODS Thirty-six Long-Evans rats, each weighing 300-350 g, were used in this study. A total of 6 groups, including the sham, control, and 4 study groups, were determined. A 1.5 mm-sized trauma was created in the biparietal area with a blunt-tipped dissector. Carbamazepine phenytoin valproic acid and levetiracetam (phenytoin: 30 mg/kg, valproic acid: 60 mg/kg, levetiracetam: 80 mg/kg, and carbamazepine: 36 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to the study groups, and the control group intraperitoneally received a physiological saline solution (15 ml/kg) twice daily for 3 days. After 72 h, hemispheres of the sacrificed subjects were taken for examination in biochemistry and histology. Glutathione, malondialdehyde, and NG2 levels in the samples were determined. RESULTS No significant difference was found in biochemical measurements. Histopathological examination revealed that the NG2 expression was more intense in the group treated with phenytoin and levetiracetam (phenytoin was partly higher) and the amount of edema decreased. The NG2 expression increased and the edema decreased, though lower in the group treated with carbamazepine and valproic acid, compared with phenytoin and levetiracetam. An increase in the NG2 expression and edema intensity were determined in the control and sham groups. CONCLUSION Antiepileptic drug selection after traumatic brain injury is an important medical matter. Although the patient-oriented selection is essential, the study suggests that the choice of phenytoin, levetiracetam carbamazepine, and valproic acid will, respectively, have an accelerating effect for axonal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Demirci
- Department of Neurosurgery,Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Kuzucu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Cemile Merve Seymen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Gülbahar
- Department of Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Özişik
- Department of Neurosurgery,Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Emmez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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12
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The Potential Role of FREM1 and Its Isoform TILRR in HIV-1 Acquisition through Mediating Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157825. [PMID: 34360591 PMCID: PMC8346017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FREM1 (Fras-related extracellular matrix 1) and its splice variant TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator) have been identified as integral components of innate immune systems. The potential involvement of FREM1 in HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) acquisition was suggested by a genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of HIV-1 resistant and susceptible sex workers enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort (PSWC) in Nairobi, Kenya. The studies showed that the minor allele of a FREM1 SNP rs1552896 is highly enriched in the HIV-1 resistant female sex workers. Subsequent studies showed that FREM1 mRNA is highly expressed in tissues relevant to mucosal HIV-1 infection, including cervical epithelial tissues, and TILRR is a major modulator of many genes in the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. In this article, we review the role of FREM1 and TILRR in modulating inflammatory responses and inflammation, and how their influence on inflammatory responses of cervicovaginal tissue could enhance the risk of vaginal HIV-1 acquisition.
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13
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Kabdesh IM, Arkhipova SS, Mukhamedshina YO, James V, Rizvanov AA, Chelyshev YA. The Function of NG2/CSPG4-expressing Cells in the Rat Spinal Cord Injury: An Immunoelectron Microscopy Study. Neuroscience 2021; 467:142-149. [PMID: 34102261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an increased role for NG2/CSPG4-expressing cells in the process of neuroregeneration and synaptic plasticity, due to the increased production of multifunctional chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (NG2/CSPG4). However, the response of NG2/CSPG4-expressing cells in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains to be elcudiated. Expression and distribution of NG2/CSPG4-expressing cells were studied by immunoelectron microscopy in the ventral horns (VH) of an intact and injured rat spinal cord. In the intact spinal cord, NG2/CSPG4 expression was detected on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of NG2 glia and was absent in neurons. Large amounts of NG2/CSPG4 were found on myelin membranes. The ability of intact astrocytes to produce NG2/CSPG4 was shown, although to a lesser extent than oligodendrocytes and NG2 glia. At 7 days after SCI at the Th8 level in the reactive glial zone of VH, the expression of NG2/CSPG4 sharply increased in NG2 glia at a distance of 3-5 mm and in reactive astrocytes were observed at all investigated distances caudally from the epicenter of injury. The obtained results indicate the presence of NG2/CSPG4-positive astrocytes in the intact spinal cord, and in the case of damage, an increase in the ability of reactive astrocytes to produce NG2/CSPG4. SCI leads to increased expression of NG2/CSPG4 by NG2 glia in the early stages after injury, which decreases with distance from the epicenter of the injury, as well as at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yana O Mukhamedshina
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
| | | | | | - Yuri A Chelyshev
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia; Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
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14
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Girolamo F, de Trizio I, Errede M, Longo G, d'Amati A, Virgintino D. Neural crest cell-derived pericytes act as pro-angiogenic cells in human neocortex development and gliomas. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 33743764 PMCID: PMC7980348 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system diseases involving the parenchymal microvessels are frequently associated with a ‘microvasculopathy’, which includes different levels of neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction, including blood–brain barrier alterations. To contribute to the understanding of NVU responses to pathological noxae, we have focused on one of its cellular components, the microvascular pericytes, highlighting unique features of brain pericytes with the aid of the analyses carried out during vascularization of human developing neocortex and in human gliomas. Thanks to their position, centred within the endothelial/glial partition of the vessel basal lamina and therefore inserted between endothelial cells and the perivascular and vessel-associated components (astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/NG2-glia, microglia, macrophages, nerve terminals), pericytes fulfil a central role within the microvessel NVU. Indeed, at this critical site, pericytes have a number of direct and extracellular matrix molecule- and soluble factor-mediated functions, displaying marked phenotypical and functional heterogeneity and carrying out multitasking services. This pericytes heterogeneity is primarily linked to their position in specific tissue and organ microenvironments and, most importantly, to their ontogeny. During ontogenesis, pericyte subtypes belong to two main embryonic germ layers, mesoderm and (neuro)ectoderm, and are therefore expected to be found in organs ontogenetically different, nonetheless, pericytes of different origin may converge and colonize neighbouring areas of the same organ/apparatus. Here, we provide a brief overview of the unusual roles played by forebrain pericytes in the processes of angiogenesis and barriergenesis by virtue of their origin from midbrain neural crest stem cells. A better knowledge of the ontogenetic subpopulations may support the understanding of specific interactions and mechanisms involved in pericyte function/dysfunction, including normal and pathological angiogenesis, thereby offering an alternative perspective on cell subtype-specific therapeutic approaches. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.
| | - Ignazio de Trizio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.,Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Care, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Molecular Biology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Amati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.,Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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15
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Girolamo F, de Trizio I, Errede M, Longo G, d’Amati A, Virgintino D. Neural crest cell-derived pericytes act as pro-angiogenic cells in human neocortex development and gliomas. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00242-7 union select null--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCentral nervous system diseases involving the parenchymal microvessels are frequently associated with a ‘microvasculopathy’, which includes different levels of neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction, including blood–brain barrier alterations. To contribute to the understanding of NVU responses to pathological noxae, we have focused on one of its cellular components, the microvascular pericytes, highlighting unique features of brain pericytes with the aid of the analyses carried out during vascularization of human developing neocortex and in human gliomas. Thanks to their position, centred within the endothelial/glial partition of the vessel basal lamina and therefore inserted between endothelial cells and the perivascular and vessel-associated components (astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/NG2-glia, microglia, macrophages, nerve terminals), pericytes fulfil a central role within the microvessel NVU. Indeed, at this critical site, pericytes have a number of direct and extracellular matrix molecule- and soluble factor-mediated functions, displaying marked phenotypical and functional heterogeneity and carrying out multitasking services. This pericytes heterogeneity is primarily linked to their position in specific tissue and organ microenvironments and, most importantly, to their ontogeny. During ontogenesis, pericyte subtypes belong to two main embryonic germ layers, mesoderm and (neuro)ectoderm, and are therefore expected to be found in organs ontogenetically different, nonetheless, pericytes of different origin may converge and colonize neighbouring areas of the same organ/apparatus. Here, we provide a brief overview of the unusual roles played by forebrain pericytes in the processes of angiogenesis and barriergenesis by virtue of their origin from midbrain neural crest stem cells. A better knowledge of the ontogenetic subpopulations may support the understanding of specific interactions and mechanisms involved in pericyte function/dysfunction, including normal and pathological angiogenesis, thereby offering an alternative perspective on cell subtype-specific therapeutic approaches.
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16
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Extracellular Matrix in Neural Plasticity and Regeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:647-664. [PMID: 33128689 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of biological tissues. The ECM in the central nervous system (CNS) is unique in both composition and function. Functions such as learning, memory, synaptogenesis, and plasticity are regulated by numerous ECM molecules. The neural ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neuronal plasticity and axon regeneration. There are two specialized types of ECM in the CNS, diffuse perisynaptic ECM and condensed ECM, which selectively surround the perikaryon and initial part of dendritic trees in subtypes of neurons, forming perineuronal nets. This review presents the current knowledge about the role of important neuronal ECM molecules in maintaining the basic functions of a neuron, including electrogenesis and the ability to form neural circuits. The review mainly focuses on the role of ECM components that participate in the control of key events such as cell survival, axonal growth, and synaptic remodeling. Particular attention is drawn to the numerous molecular partners of the main ECM components. These regulatory molecules are integrated into the cell membrane or disposed into the matrix itself in solid or soluble form. The interaction of the main matrix components with molecular partners seems essential in molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal functions. Special attention is paid to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, type 1 transmembrane protein, neural-glial antigen 2 (NG2/CSPG4), whose cleaved extracellular domain is such a molecular partner that it not only acts directly on neural and vascular cells, but also exerts its influence indirectly by binding to resident ECM molecules.
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17
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Kenney HM, Bell RD, Masters EA, Xing L, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM. Lineage tracing reveals evidence of a popliteal lymphatic muscle progenitor cell that is distinct from skeletal and vascular muscle progenitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18088. [PMID: 33093635 PMCID: PMC7581810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of popliteal lymphatic vessel (PLV) contractions, which is associated with damage to lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs), is a biomarker of disease progression in mice with inflammatory arthritis. Currently, the nature of LMC progenitors has yet to be formally described. Thus, we aimed to characterize the progenitors of PLV-LMCs during murine development, towards rational therapies that target their proliferation, recruitment, and differentiation onto PLVs. Since LMCs have been described as a hybrid phenotype of striated and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we performed lineage tracing studies in mice to further clarify this enigma by investigating LMC progenitor contribution to PLVs in neonatal mice. PLVs from Cre-tdTomato reporter mice specific for progenitors of skeletal myocytes (Pax7+ and MyoD+) and VSMCs (Prrx1+ and NG2+) were analyzed via whole mount immunofluorescent microscopy. The results showed that PLV-LMCs do not derive from skeletal muscle progenitors. Rather, PLV-LMCs originate from Pax7-/MyoD-/Prrx1+/NG2+ progenitors similar to VSMCs prior to postnatal day 10 (P10), and from a previously unknown Pax7-/MyoD-/Prrx1+/NG2- muscle progenitor pathway during development after P10. Future studies of these LMC progenitors during maintenance and repair of PLVs, along with their function in other lymphatic beds, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard D Bell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Elysia A Masters
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher T Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14642, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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18
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Hein ZM, Kraiwattanapirom N, Mukda S, Chetsawang B. The induction of Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) expressing cells in methamphetamine toxicity-induced neuroinflammation in rat brain are averted by melatonin. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577232. [PMID: 32311585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) expressing cells are described as the oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the brain. This study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of NG2 cells under the methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity and neuroprotective capacity of melatonin. The results showed that the levels of NG2 in rat brain gradually increase from postnatal day 0 to postnatal day 8 and then the lower levels of NG2 are shown in adults. In adult rats, the levels of NG2 and COX-2 in the brain were significantly increased in lipopolysaccharide treatment. Pretreatment of 10 mg/kg melatonin prior to treating with METH was able to reduce an increase in the levels of NG2 and activation in astrocyte and microglia. These findings would extend the contribution of NG2 expressing cells in the adult brain during pathological conditions such as neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaw Myo Hein
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Natcharee Kraiwattanapirom
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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19
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Lee YH, Kawakami K, HuangFu WC, Liu IH. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 regulates zebrafish body axis organization via Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230943. [PMID: 32240230 PMCID: PMC7117731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans play an important role in modulating morphogen gradients and signal transductions. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (Cspg4) is a membrane spanning proteoglycan expressed in immature progenitor cells and cancer cells. Cspg4 participates in cellular events such as proliferation, migration and signal transduction, and these events are generally important for embryo development. In this study, we characterized Cspg4 for its roles in zebrafish embryonic development. Our results demonstrated that cspg4 was maternally expressed from 0 to 3 hours post fertilization (hpf) and expressed in the anterior and posterior embryo end after 9 hpf. Knocking-down cspg4 resulted in a shorter anterior-posterior axis than control embryo, which could be rescued by co-injecting wnt11 mRNA suggesting that Cspg4 regulates body axis organization through modulating the Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling pathway. In addition, overexpressing cspg4 caused cyclopia. The Cspg4 transmembrane domain mutant embryo phenocopied the global over-expression of cspg4 mRNA and led to cyclopia with a very low penetrance. Our results demonstrated that the quantitatively and spatially accurate distribution of Cspg4 is critical for body axis and midline development during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hua Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regeneration Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Extrinsic Factors Driving Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cell Progression in CNS Development and Injury. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:630-642. [PMID: 31997102 PMCID: PMC7058689 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) generate myelin membranes for the rapid propagation of electrical signals along axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide metabolites to support axonal integrity and function. Differentiation of OLs from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is orchestrated by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the CNS. Disruption of this process, or OL loss in the developing or adult brain, as observed in various neurological conditions including hypoxia/ischemia, stroke, and demyelination, results in axonal dystrophy, neuronal dysfunction, and severe neurological impairments. While much is known regarding the intrinsic regulatory signals required for OL lineage cell progression in development, studies from pathological conditions highlight the importance of the CNS environment and external signals in regulating OL genesis and maturation. Here, we review the recent findings in OL biology in the context of the CNS physiological and pathological conditions, focusing on extrinsic factors that facilitate OL development and regeneration.
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21
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Yu F, Kumar NDS, Foo LC, Ng SH, Hunziker W, Choudhury D. A pump-free tricellular blood-brain barrier on-a-chip model to understand barrier property and evaluate drug response. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1127-1136. [PMID: 31885078 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to various neurovascular diseases. Development of therapeutics required to cross the BBB is difficult due to a lack of relevant in vitro models. We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic BBB chip (BBBC) to study cell interactions in the brain microvasculature and to test drug candidates of neurovascular diseases. We isolated primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and astrocytes from neonatal rats and cocultured them in the BBBC. To mimic the 3D in vivo BBB structure, we used type I collagen hydrogel to pattern the microchannel via viscous finger patterning technique to create a matrix. ECs, astrocytes, and pericytes were cocultured in the collagen matrix. The fluid flow in the BBBC was controlled by a pump-free strategy utilizing gravity as driving force and resistance in a paper-based flow resistor. The primary cells cultured in the BBBC expressed high levels of junction proteins and formed a tight endothelial barrier layer. Addition of tumor necrosis factor alpha to recapitulate neuroinflammatory conditions compromised the BBB functionality. To mitigate the neuroinflammatory stimulus, we treated the BBB model with the glucocorticoid drug dexamethasone, and observed protection of the BBB. This BBBC represents a new simple, cost-effective, and scalable in vitro platform for validating therapeutic drugs targeting neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nivasini D/O Selva Kumar
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette C Foo
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sum Huan Ng
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepak Choudhury
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:73-92. [PMID: 32845503 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are macromolecules that are essential for the development of cells, human diseases and malignancies. In particular, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate in tumour stroma and play a key role in tumour growth and invasion by driving multiple oncogenic pathways in tumour cells and promoting crucial interactions in the tumour microenvironment (TME). These pathways involve receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and integrin signalling via the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which sustains the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2).Human CSPG4 is a type I transmembrane protein that is associated with the growth and progression of human brain tumours. It regulates cell signalling and migration by interacting with components of the extracellular matrix, extracellular ligands, growth factor receptors, intracellular enzymes and structural proteins. Its overexpression by tumour cells, perivascular cells and precursor/progenitor cells in gliomas suggests that it plays a role in their origin, progression and neo-angiogenesis and its aberrant expression in tumour cells may be a promising biomarker to monitor malignant progression and patient survival.The aim of this chapter is to review and discuss the role of CSPG4 in the TME of human gliomas, including its potential as a druggable therapeutic target.
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23
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Harrer DC, Dörrie J, Schaft N. CSPG4 as Target for CAR-T-Cell Therapy of Various Tumor Entities-Merits and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235942. [PMID: 31779130 PMCID: PMC6928974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancer cells using chimeric-antigen-receptor (CAR-)T cells has propelled adoptive T-cell therapy (ATT) to the next level. A plentitude of durable complete responses using CD19-specific CAR-T cells in patients suffering from various lymphoid malignancies resulted in the approval by the food and drug administration (FDA) of CD19-directed CAR-T cells for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A substantial portion of this success in hematological malignancies can be traced back to the beneficial properties of the target antigen CD19, which combines a universal presence on target cells with no detectable expression on indispensable host cells. Hence, to replicate response rates achieved in ALL and DLBCL in the realm of solid tumors, where ideal target antigens are scant and CAR-T cells are still lagging behind expectations, the quest for appropriate target antigens represents a crucial task to expedite the next steps in the evolution of CAR-T-cell therapy. In this review, we want to highlight the potential of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) as a CAR-target antigen for a variety of different cancer entities. In particular, we discuss merits and challenges associated with CSPG4-CAR-T cells for the ATT of melanoma, leukemia, glioblastoma, and triple-negative breast cancer.
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Role of cell surface proteoglycans in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:48-67. [PMID: 31336150 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, understanding how tumor cells evade the immune system and their communication with their tumor microenvironment, has been the subject of intense investigation, with the aim of developing new cancer immunotherapies. The current therapies against cancer such as monoclonal antibodies against checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell transfer, cytokines, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses have managed to improve the clinical outcome of the patients. However, in some tumor entities, the response is limited and could benefit from the identification of novel therapeutic targets. It is known that tumor-extracellular matrix interplay and matrix remodeling are necessary for anti-tumor and pro-tumoral immune responses. Proteoglycans are dominant components of the extracellular matrix and are a highly heterogeneous group of proteins characterized by the covalent attachment of a specific linear carbohydrate chain of the glycosaminoglycan type. At cell surfaces, these molecules modulate the expression and activity of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and function as signaling co-receptors. By these mechanisms, proteoglycans influence the behavior of cancer cells and their microenvironment during the progression of solid tumors and hematopoietic malignancies. In this review, we discuss why cell surface proteoglycans are attractive pharmacological targets in cancer, and we present current and recent developments in cancer immunology and immunotherapy utilizing proteoglycan-targeted strategies.
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Koopmans I, Hendriks MAJM, van Ginkel RJ, Samplonius DF, Bremer E, Helfrich W. Bispecific Antibody Approach for Improved Melanoma-Selective PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2343-2351.e3. [PMID: 31128201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of functionally-impaired anticancer T cells by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death receptor ligand-1 (PD-L1)-blocking antibodies shows prominent therapeutic benefit in advanced melanoma and patients with non-small cell lung cancer. However, current PD-L1-blocking antibodies lack intrinsic tumor selectivity. Therefore, efficacy may be reduced resulting from on-target and off-tumor binding to PD-L1-expressing normal cells. This may lead to indiscriminate activation of antigen-experienced T cells, including those implicated in autoimmune-related adverse events. To direct PD-L1 blockade to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4)-expressing cancers and to reactivate anticancer T cells more selectively, we constructed bispecific antibody PD-L1xCSPG4. CSPG4 is an established target antigen that is selectively overexpressed on malignant melanoma and various other difficult-to-treat cancers. PD-L1xCSPG4 showed enhanced capacity for CSPG4-directed blockade of PD-L1 on cancer cells. Importantly, treatment of mixed cultures containing primary patient-derived CSPG4-expressing melanoma cells and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with PD-L1xCSPG4 significantly enhanced activation status, IFN-γ production, and cytolytic activity of anticancer T cells. In conclusion, tumor-directed blockade of PD-L1 by PD-L1xCSPG4 may improve efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade for treatment of melanoma and other CSPG4-overexpressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koopmans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J M Hendriks
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Ginkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Samplonius
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Surgery, Laboratory for Translational Surgical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kitami M, Yamaguchi H, Ebina M, Kaku M, Chen D, Komatsu Y. IFT20 is required for the maintenance of cartilaginous matrix in condylar cartilage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:222-226. [PMID: 30587338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Condylar cartilage is a joint cartilage essential for smooth jaw movement. The importance of ciliary proteins in condylar cartilage development has been reported. However, little is known about how ciliary proteins control the homeostasis of condylar cartilage. Here we show that intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20), a ciliary protein, is required for the maintenance of cartilaginous matrix in condylar cartilage. Utilizing NG2-CreER mice expressed in condylar cartilage, we deleted Ift20 by tamoxifen treatment at juvenile-to-adult stages. In wild-type condylar cartilage, IFT20 was robustly produced in the cis-Golgi, but deletion of Ift20 by tamoxifen induction of NG2-CreER (Ift20:NG2-CreER) resulted in reduced cell proliferation and decreased Golgi size in condylar cartilage. Importantly, while the primary cilia were present in cartilage cells in the condylar layers of wild-type mice, no primary cilia were present in the Ift20:NG2-CreER condylar layers. Consistent with this finding, ciliary-mediated Hedgehog signaling was severely attenuated in Ift20 mutant chondrocytes, and thus the production levels of type X collagen were significantly reduced in Ift20:NG2-CreER mice. These results suggest that IFT20 is required for Golgi size and Hedgehog signaling to maintain cartilaginous matrix in condylar cartilage. Our study highlights the unique function of IFT20 in the homeostasis of condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kitami
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Masayuki Ebina
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Masaru Kaku
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Division of Bioprosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Tamburini E, Dallatomasina A, Quartararo J, Cortelazzi B, Mangieri D, Lazzaretti M, Perris R. Structural deciphering of the NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan multifunctionality. FASEB J 2018; 33:3112-3128. [PMID: 30550356 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801670r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 ( CSPG4) gene encodes a transmembrane proteoglycan (PG) constituting the largest and most structurally complex macromolecule of the human surfaceome. Its transcript shows an extensive evolutionary conservation and, due to the elaborated intracellular processing of the translated protein, it generates an array of glycoforms with the potential to exert variant-specific functions. CSPG4-mediated molecular events are articulated through the interaction with more than 40 putative ligands and the concurrent involvement of the ectodomain and cytoplasmic tail. Alternating inside-out and outside-in signal transductions may thereby be elicited through a tight functional connection of the PG with the cytoskeleton and its regulators. The potential of CSPG4 to influence both types of signaling mechanisms is also asserted by its lateral mobility along the plasma membrane and its intersection with microdomain-restricted internalization and endocytic trafficking. Owing to the multitude of molecular interplays that CSPG4 may engage, and thanks to a differential phosphorylation of its intracellular domain accounted by crosstalking signaling pathways, the PG stands out for its unique capability to affect numerous cellular phenomena, including those purporting pathologic conditions. We discuss here the progresses made in advancing our understanding about the structural-functional bases for the ability of CSPG4 to widely impact on cell behavior, such as to highlight how its multivalency may be exploited to interfere with disease progression.-Tamburini, E., Dallatomasina, A., Quartararo, J., Cortelazzi, B., Mangieri, D., Lazzaretti, M., Perris, R. Structural deciphering of the NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tamburini
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Dallatomasina
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Jade Quartararo
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortelazzi
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Mirca Lazzaretti
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Gotoh H, Wood WM, Patel KD, Factor DC, Boshans LL, Nomura T, Tesar PJ, Ono K, Nishiyama A. NG2 expression in NG2 glia is regulated by binding of SoxE and bHLH transcription factors to a Cspg4 intronic enhancer. Glia 2018; 66:2684-2699. [PMID: 30306660 PMCID: PMC6309483 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NG2 is a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein encoded by the Cspg4 gene. It is expressed on glial progenitor cells known as NG2 glial cells or oligodendrocyte precursor cells that exist widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system and vascular mural cells but not on mature oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, or neural stem cells. Hence NG2 is widely used as a marker for NG2 glia in the rodent and human. The regulatory elements of the mouse Cspg4 gene and its flanking sequences have been used successfully to target reporter and Cre recombinase to NG2 glia in transgenic mice when used in a large 200 kb bacterial artificial chromosome cassette containing the 38 kb Cspg4 gene in the center. Despite the tightly regulated cell type- and stage-specific expression of NG2 in the brain and spinal cord, the mechanisms that regulate its transcription have remained unknown. Here, we describe a 1.45 kb intronic enhancer of the mouse Cspg4 gene that directed transcription of EGFP reporter to NG2 glia but not to pericytes in vitro and in transgenic mice. The 1.45 kb enhancer contained binding sites for SoxE and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, and its enhancer activity was augmented cooperatively by these factors, whose respective binding elements were found in close proximity to each other. Mutations in these binding elements abrogated the enhancer activity when tested in the postnatal mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Gotoh
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3156, USA
- Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - William M. Wood
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3156, USA
| | - Kiran D. Patel
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3156, USA
| | - Daniel C. Factor
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH, 44106, USA
| | - Linda L. Boshans
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3156, USA
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - Paul J. Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3156, USA
- Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut
- Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Connecticut
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Mecheri B, Paris F, Lübbert H. Histological investigations on the dura mater vascular system of mice. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:846-857. [PMID: 30292321 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human dura mater encephali is a well innervated and vascularized membrane. Its vascular system plays a crucial role in disorders and pathological cases like dural hematoma, meningitis, and different headache types. To investigate these diseases mouse models are increasingly being used. However, the literature on the vascular system of the mouse dura mater is sparse and explicit studies concerned exclusively with its vasculature are lacking. Here we present a detailed light and scanning electron microscopic investigation of the supratentorial dura mater of the mouse species, with a focus on the largest part of it, the parietal dura mater. By utilizing different immunohistochemical and classical staining methods, a "cartography" of the vascular system was achieved. Additionally, the different blood vessel types with their mural cells were characterized. In contrast to humans, no arteries were found in the mouse parietal dura mater. Its supply is assured through frontolateral and occipital localized arteriolar branches. These arteriolar vessels exhibit in some specimens arteriolar anastomoses with one another. The venous blood is drained to the superior sagittal and transverse sinus through satellite venules accompanying the arterioles or through solitary venules. In all samples, large ruptured venules were identified in the frontolateral dural area. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that these vessels were ruptured on the dorsal side (skull bones-oriented side) of the dura. Our results contribute to the anatomical data on the mouse species and may set up a basis for fundamental investigation of disorders, for which the role of dural blood vessels is not yet clarified.
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The Significance of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) in Human Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092724. [PMID: 30213051 PMCID: PMC6164575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron glial antigen 2 (NG2) is a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) that occurs in developing and adult central nervous systems (CNSs) as a marker of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) together with platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). It behaves variably in different pathological conditions, and is possibly involved in the origin and progression of human gliomas. In the latter, NG2/CSPG4 induces cell proliferation and migration, is highly expressed in pericytes, and plays a role in neoangiogenesis. NG2/CSPG4 expression has been demonstrated in oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas (GB), and it correlates with malignancy. In rat tumors transplacentally induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), NG2/CSPG4 expression correlates with PDGFRα, Olig2, Sox10, and Nkx2.2, and with new vessel formation. In this review, we attempt to summarize the normal and pathogenic functions of NG2/CSPG4, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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Daynac M, Chouchane M, Collins HY, Murphy NE, Andor N, Niu J, Fancy SPJ, Stallcup WB, Petritsch CK. Lgl1 controls NG2 endocytic pathway to regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and asymmetric cell division and gliomagenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2862. [PMID: 30131568 PMCID: PMC6104045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) undergo asymmetric cell division (ACD) to generate one OPC and one differentiating oligodendrocyte (OL) progeny. Loss of pro-mitotic proteoglycan and OPC marker NG2 in the OL progeny is the earliest immunophenotypic change of unknown mechanism that indicates differentiation commitment. Here, we report that expression of the mouse homolog of Drosophila tumor suppressor Lethal giant larvae 1 (Lgl1) is induced during OL differentiation. Lgl1 conditional knockout OPC progeny retain NG2 and show reduced OL differentiation, while undergoing more symmetric self-renewing divisions at the expense of asymmetric divisions. Moreover, Lgl1 and hemizygous Ink4a/Arf knockouts in OPC synergistically induce gliomagenesis. Time lapse and total internal reflection microscopy reveals a critical role for Lgl1 in NG2 endocytic routing and links aberrant NG2 recycling to failed differentiation. These data establish Lgl1 as a suppressor of gliomagenesis and positive regulator of asymmetric division and differentiation in the healthy and demyelinated murine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Daynac
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Malek Chouchane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hannah Y Collins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicole E Murphy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Noemi Andor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - William B Stallcup
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudia K Petritsch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Morphological characterization of NG2 glia and their association with neuroglial cells in the 3-nitropropionic acid-lesioned striatum of rat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5942. [PMID: 29654253 PMCID: PMC5899159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to examine the spatiotemporal profiles and phenotypic characteristics of neuron-glia antigen 2 (NG2) glia and their associations with neuroglial cells in striatal lesions due to the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). In control striatum, weak NG2 immunoreactivity was restricted to resting NG2 glia with thin processes, but prominent NG2 expression was noted on activated microglia/macrophages, and reactive NG2 glia in the lesion core after 3-NP injection. Activation of NG2 glia, including enhanced proliferation and morphological changes, had a close spatiotemporal relationship with infiltration of activated microglia into the lesion core. Thick and highly branched processes of reactive NG2 glia formed a cellular network in the astrocyte-free lesion core and primarily surrounded developing cavities 2–4 weeks post-lesion. NG2 glia became associated with astrocytes in the lesion core and the border of cavities over the chronic interval of 4–8 weeks. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that reactive NG2 glia had large euchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli and thick and branched processes that ramified distally. Thus, our data provide detailed information regarding the morphologies of NG2 glia in the lesion core, and support the link between transformation of NG2 glia to the reactive form and microglial activation/recruitment in response to brain insults.
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Biodiversity of CS–proteoglycan sulphation motifs: chemical messenger recognition modules with roles in information transfer, control of cellular behaviour and tissue morphogenesis. Biochem J 2018; 475:587-620. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) glycosaminoglycan chains on cell and extracellular matrix proteoglycans (PGs) can no longer be regarded as merely hydrodynamic space fillers. Overwhelming evidence over recent years indicates that sulphation motif sequences within the CS chain structure are a source of significant biological information to cells and their surrounding environment. CS sulphation motifs have been shown to interact with a wide variety of bioactive molecules, e.g. cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, morphogenetic proteins, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, as well as structural components within the extracellular milieu. They are therefore capable of modulating a panoply of signalling pathways, thus controlling diverse cellular behaviours including proliferation, differentiation, migration and matrix synthesis. Consequently, through these motifs, CS PGs play significant roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, development, growth and disease. Here, we review (i) the biodiversity of CS PGs and their sulphation motif sequences and (ii) the current understanding of the signalling roles they play in regulating cellular behaviour during tissue development, growth, disease and repair.
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Ilieva KM, Cheung A, Mele S, Chiaruttini G, Crescioli S, Griffin M, Nakamura M, Spicer JF, Tsoka S, Lacy KE, Tutt ANJ, Karagiannis SN. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 and Its Potential As an Antibody Immunotherapy Target across Different Tumor Types. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1911. [PMID: 29375561 PMCID: PMC5767725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) has been associated with the pathology of multiple types of such as melanoma, breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, neuroblastoma, adult and pediatric sarcomas, and some hematological cancers. CSPG4 has been reported to exhibit a role in the growth and survival as well as in the spreading and metastasis of tumor cells. CSPG4 is overexpressed in several malignant diseases, while it is thought to have restricted and low expression in normal tissues. Thus, CSPG4 has become the target of numerous anticancer treatment approaches, including monoclonal antibody-based therapies. This study reviews key potential anti-CSPG4 antibody and immune-based therapies and examines their direct antiproliferative/metastatic and immune activating mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Ilieva
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Mele
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Chiaruttini
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Merope Griffin
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mano Nakamura
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James F Spicer
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N J Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Rolih V, Barutello G, Iussich S, De Maria R, Quaglino E, Buracco P, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. CSPG4: a prototype oncoantigen for translational immunotherapy studies. J Transl Med 2017; 15:151. [PMID: 28668095 PMCID: PMC5494135 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to striking progress in both the understanding of anti-tumor immune response and the characterization of several tumor associated antigens (TAA), a more rational design and more sophisticated strategies for anti-tumor vaccination have been possible. However, the effectiveness of cancer vaccines in clinical trial is still partial, indicating that additional studies are needed to optimize their design and their pre-clinical testing. Indeed, anti-tumor vaccination success relies on the choice of the best TAA to be targeted and on the translational power of the pre-clinical model used to assess its efficacy. The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (CSPG4) is a cell surface proteoglycan overexpressed in a huge range of human and canine neoplastic lesions by tumor cells, tumor microenvironment and cancer initiating cells. CSPG4 plays a central role in the oncogenic pathways required for malignant progression and metastatization. Thanks to these features and to its poor expression in adult healthy tissues, CSPG4 represents an ideal oncoantigen and thus an attractive target for anti-tumor immunotherapy. In this review we explore the potential of CSPG4 immune-targeting. Moreover, since it has been clearly demonstrated that spontaneous canine tumors mimic the progression of human malignancies better than any other pre-clinical model available so far, we reported also our results indicating that CSPG4 DNA vaccination is safe and effective in significantly increasing the survival of canine melanoma patients. Therefore, anti-CSPG4 vaccination strategy could have a substantial impact for the treatment of the wider population of spontaneous CSPG4-positive tumor affected dogs with a priceless translational value and a revolutionary implication for human oncological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Rolih
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barutello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Raffaella De Maria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Lu L, Chai L, Wang W, Yuan X, Li S, Cao C. A Selenium-Enriched Ziyang Green Tea Polysaccharide Induces Bax-Dependent Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Inhibits TGF-β1-Stimulated Collagen Expression in Human Keloid Fibroblasts via NG2 Inactivation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:270-277. [PMID: 27565798 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative disorders characterized by the overabundant deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), especially collagen and overgrowth of scar tissue in response to cutaneous injury. In this study, we isolated a selenium (Se)-containing polysaccharide (Se-ZGTP-I) from Ziyang green tea and explored its potential therapeutic effects on keloid fibroblasts formation. 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining assays demonstrated that Se-ZGTP-I or neuron-glia 2 (NG2) short hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly inhibited proliferation of human keloid fibroblasts via induction of apoptosis. Besides, the activation of caspase-3 and the subsequent cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed in keloid fibroblasts following Se-ZGTP-I (200 and 400 μg/ml) or NG2 shRNA treatment. Moreover, Western blotting analysis showed that treatment of keloid fibroblasts with Se-ZGTP-I (200 and 400 μg/ml) or NG2 shRNA resulted in an increase of pro-apoptotic protein Bax expression and a decrease in expression levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and NG2. In addition, type I collagen biosynthesis and protein expression in keloid fibroblasts following TGF-β1 stimulation were decreased by Se-ZGTP-I (200 and 400 μg/ml) or NG2 shRNA management. Current findings imply that Se-ZGTP-I has a therapeutic potential to intervene and prevent keloid formation and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lu
- The Third Military Medical University Southwest Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Chai
- The Third Military Medical University Southwest Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenping Wang
- The Third Military Medical University Southwest Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yuan
- The Third Military Medical University Southwest Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Li
- The Third Military Medical University Southwest Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Cao
- The Third Military Medical University Southwest Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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Winship A, Van Sinderen M, Heffernan-Marks A, Dimitriadis E. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan protein is stimulated by interleukin 11 and promotes endometrial epithelial cancer cell proliferation and migration. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:798-804. [PMID: 28098860 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer. We identified interleukin 11 (IL11) as a critical mediator of endometrial tumourigenesis and demonstrated that IL11 regulates chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG4) in human placental trophoblasts. CSPG4 is a cell membrane protein overexpressed in numerous human cancers, although its role in endometrial cancer has not been investigated. We examined CSPG4 expression and localization in primary human type I endometrioid grade (G) 1-3 tumours by qPCR and immunohistochemistry and determined whether IL11 stimulated CSPG4. IL11 upregulated CSPG4 mRNA in HEC1A (G2-derived endometrial epithelial cancer cell line) cells. IL11 administration to BALB/c nude mice enhanced HEC1A xenograft tumour growth and increased CSPG4 protein in tumours. CSPG4 mRNA was unchanged between human G1-3 endometrial cancer and control tissues. CSPG4 protein levels were elevated in the epithelium of G2 and G3 endometrial cancer and in the tumour-associated stroma of G3 tumour tissues compared to proliferative phase or post-menopausal endometrium. CSPG4 knockdown by siRNA reduced HEC1A proliferation and migration in vitro and reduced gene expression of the key epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulator SNAIL. Our data suggest that CSPG4 inhibition may impair endometrial cancer progression by reducing cancer cell proliferation, migration and potentially EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Winship
- Centre for Reproductive Health, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168 VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Van Sinderen
- Centre for Reproductive Health, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168 VIC, Australia
| | - Ariella Heffernan-Marks
- Centre for Reproductive Health, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168 VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Dimitriadis
- Centre for Reproductive Health, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168 VIC, Australia
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Takeuchi S, Nakano SI, Nakamura K, Ozoe A, Chien P, Yoshihara H, Hakuno F, Matsuwaki T, Saeki Y, Takahashi SI, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 in fibrogenic/adipogenic differentiation in skeletal muscle tissues. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:367-77. [PMID: 27582000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Intramuscular adipose tissue and fibrous tissue are observed in some skeletal muscle pathologies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and sarcopenia, and affect muscle strength and myogenesis. They originate from common fibrogenic/adipogenic cells in the skeletal muscle. Thus, elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying fibrogenic/adipogenic cell differentiation is an important step toward the mediation of these disorders. Previously, we established a highly adipogenic progenitor clone, 2G11, from rat skeletal muscle and showed that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is pro-adipogenic in these cells. Here, we demonstrated that 2G11 cells give rise to fibroblasts upon transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulation, indicating that they possess mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC)-like characteristics. The previously reported MPC marker PDGFRα is expressed in other cell populations. Accordingly, we produced monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to 2G11 cell surface antigens and identified chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) as a potential MPC marker. Based on an RNA interference analysis, we found that CSPG4 is involved in both the pro-adipogenic effect of bFGF and in TGF-β-induced alpha smooth muscle actin expression and stress fiber formation. By establishing an additional marker for MPC detection and characterizing its role in fibrogenic/adipogenic differentiation, these results will facilitate the development of effective treatments for skeletal muscle pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Takeuchi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nakano
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Atsufumi Ozoe
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Peggie Chien
- Department of Biology, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hidehito Yoshihara
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuwaki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamanouchi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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41
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Ayres Pereira M, Mandel Clausen T, Pehrson C, Mao Y, Resende M, Daugaard M, Riis Kristensen A, Spliid C, Mathiesen L, E. Knudsen L, Damm P, G. Theander T, R. Hansson S, A. Nielsen M, Salanti A. Placental Sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites Is Mediated by the Interaction Between VAR2CSA and Chondroitin Sulfate A on Syndecan-1. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005831. [PMID: 27556547 PMCID: PMC4996535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During placental malaria, Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes sequester in the placenta, causing health problems for both the mother and fetus. The specific adherence is mediated by the VAR2CSA protein, which binds to placental chondroitin sulfate (CS) on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the placental syncytium. However, the identity of the CSPG core protein and the cellular impact of the interaction have remain elusive. In this study we identified the specific CSPG core protein to which the CS is attached, and characterized its exact placental location. VAR2CSA pull-down experiments using placental extracts from whole placenta or syncytiotrophoblast microvillous cell membranes showed three distinct CSPGs available for VAR2CSA adherence. Further examination of these three CSPGs by immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays showed that syndecan-1 is the main receptor for VAR2CSA mediated placental adherence. We further show that the commonly used placental choriocarcinoma cell line, BeWo, express a different set of proteoglycans than those present on placental syncytiotrophoblast and may not be the most biologically relevant model to study placental malaria. Syncytial fusion of the BeWo cells, triggered by forskolin treatment, caused an increased expression of placental CS-modified syndecan-1. In line with this, we show that rVAR2 binding to placental CS impairs syndecan-1-related Src signaling in forskolin treated BeWo cells, but not in untreated cells. Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly malaria parasite, causing more than 500,000 deaths each year. The parasite infects the host’s red blood cells. In placental malaria infected red blood cells accumulate in placenta. The parasite protein VAR2CSA mediates this adherence, which causes complications for both mother and child. VAR2CSA binds a carbohydrate chain termed chondroitin sulfate (CS). CS is not a well-defined biochemical entity but constitute a family of oligosaccharides which each have unique sulfation patterns. The CS binding VAR2CSA is attached to proteoglycans expressed on the surface of placental cells. While much work has gone into understanding the nature of VAR2CSA and its interaction with placental CS, the protein to which the placental CS is attached is not known. To further the understanding of the molecular pathology of PM we characterized the CSPG receptor that the parasites adhere to by defining the exact proteoglycan that carries the placental CS. We further investigated the molecular and cellular consequences of VAR2CSA binding to the receptor. This work provides novel insights into the pathology of placental malaria and the nature of the parasite receptor. This may aid development of strategies to treat or prevent placental malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ayres Pereira
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail: (TMC); (AS)
| | - Caroline Pehrson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Yang Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mafalda Resende
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Charlotte Spliid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Line Mathiesen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth E. Knudsen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor G. Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Stefan R. Hansson
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Morten A. Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TMC); (AS)
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Jamil NSM, Azfer A, Worrell H, Salter DM. Functional roles of CSPG4/NG2 in chondrosarcoma. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:178-86. [PMID: 27292772 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CSPG4/NG2 is a multifunctional transmembrane protein with limited distribution in adult tissues including articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible roles of CSPG4/NG2 in chondrosarcomas and to establish whether this molecule may have potential for targeted therapy. Stable knock-down of CSPG4/NG2 in the JJ012 chondrosarcoma cell line by shRNA resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration as well as a decrease in gene expression of the MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) 3 protease and ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase). Chondrosarcoma cells in which CSPG4/NG2 was knocked down were more sensitive to doxorubicin than wild-type cells. The results indicate that CSPG4/NG2 has roles in regulating chondrosarcoma cell function in relation to growth, spread and resistance to chemotherapy and that anti-CSPG4/NG2 therapies may have potential in the treatment of surgically unresectable chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuor S M Jamil
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Asim Azfer
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harrison Worrell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald M Salter
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Epidermal Cells Expressing Putative Cell Markers in Nonglabrous Skin Existing in Direct Proximity with the Distal End of the Arrector Pili Muscle. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1286315. [PMID: 27375744 PMCID: PMC4916308 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1286315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inconsistent with the view that epidermal stem cells reside randomly spread along the basal layer of the epidermal rete ridges, we found that epidermal cells expressing stem cell markers in nonglabrous skin exist in direct connection with the distal end of the arrector pili muscle. The epidermal cells that express stem cell markers consist of a subpopulation of basal keratinocytes located in a niche at the lowermost portion of the rete ridges at the distal arrector pili muscle attachment site. Keratinocytes in the epidermal stem cell niche express K15, MCSP, and α6 integrin. α5 integrin marks the distal end of the APM colocalized with basal keratinocytes expressing stem cell markers located in a well-protected and nourished environment at the lowermost point of the epidermis; these cells are hypothesized to participate directly in epidermal renewal and homeostasis and also indirectly in wound healing through communication with the hair follicle bulge epithelial stem cell population through the APM. Our findings, plus a reevaluation of the literature, support the hierarchical model of interfollicular epidermal stem cell units of Fitzpatrick. This new view provides insights into epidermal control and the possible involvement of epidermal stem cells in nonmelanoma skin carcinogenesis.
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Abdel-Hakiem M, Yamashita A, Atiba A, Okamura Y, Katayama M, Youssef H, Isomura H, Uzuka Y. Expression of NG2 proteoglycan in the degenerated intervertebral disc in dachshunds. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:97-100. [PMID: 26300439 PMCID: PMC4751123 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is not fully understood. The
biomolecular signaling pathways involved in the IVD degeneration require further
investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of NG2 proteoglycan
in the degenerated IVD. IVD samples were obtained from 16 Dachshunds that were confirmed
to have IVD herniation and subsequently underwent hemilaminectomy. The samples were
subjected to histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations. IHC revealed
positive results for the expression of NG2 proteoglycan in all examined samples. The
results showed the expression of NG2 proteoglycan by the degenerated IVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdel-Hakiem
- Division of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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Sakry D, Trotter J. The role of the NG2 proteoglycan in OPC and CNS network function. Brain Res 2015; 1638:161-166. [PMID: 26100334 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the normal mammalian CNS, the NG2 proteoglycan is expressed by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) but not by any other neural cell-type. NG2 is a type-1 membrane protein, exerting multiple roles in the CNS including intracellular signaling within the OPC, with effects on migration, cytoskeleton interaction and target gene regulation. It has been recently shown that the extracellular region of NG2, in addition to an adhesive function, acts as a soluble ECM component with the capacity to alter defined neuronal network properties. This region of NG2 is thus endowed with neuromodulatory properties. In order to generate biologically active fragments yielding these properties, the sequential cleavage of the NG2 protein by α- and γ-secretases occurs. The basal level of constitutive cleavage is stimulated by neuronal network activity. This processing leads to 4 major NG2 fragments which all have been associated with distinct biological functions. Here we summarize these functions, focusing on recent discoveries and their implications for the CNS. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sakry
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Sakry D, Yigit H, Dimou L, Trotter J. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells synthesize neuromodulatory factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127222. [PMID: 25966014 PMCID: PMC4429067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 protein-expressing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are a persisting and major glial cell population in the adult mammalian brain. Direct synaptic innervation of OPC by neurons throughout the brain together with their ability to sense neuronal network activity raises the question of additional physiological roles of OPC, supplementary to generating myelinating oligodendrocytes. In this study we investigated whether OPC express neuromodulatory factors, typically synthesized by other CNS cell types. Our results show that OPC express two well-characterized neuromodulatory proteins: Prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) and neuronal Pentraxin 2 (Nptx2/Narp). Expression levels of the enzyme PTGDS are influenced in cultured OPC by the NG2 intracellular region which can be released by cleavage and localizes to glial nuclei upon transfection. Furthermore PTGDS mRNA levels are reduced in OPC from NG2-KO mouse brain compared to WT cells after isolation by cell sorting and direct analysis. These results show that OPC can contribute to the expression of these proteins within the CNS and suggest PTGDS expression as a downstream target of NG2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sakry
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (JT); (DS)
| | - Hatice Yigit
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (JT); (DS)
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Smith MM, Melrose J. Proteoglycans in Normal and Healing Skin. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:152-173. [PMID: 25785238 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Proteoglycans have a distinct spatial localization in normal skin and are essential for the correct structural development, organization, hydration, and functional properties of this tissue. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is no longer considered to be just an inert supportive material but is a source of directive, spatial and temporal, contextual information to the cells via components such as the proteoglycans. There is a pressing need to improve our understanding of how these important molecules functionally interact with other matrix structures, cells and cellular mediators in normal skin and during wound healing. Recent Advances: New antibodies to glycosaminoglycan side chain components of skin proteoglycans have facilitated the elucidation of detailed localization patterns within skin. Other studies have revealed important proliferative activities of proteinase-generated fragments of proteoglycans and other ECM components (matricryptins). Knockout mice have further established the functional importance of skin proteoglycans in the assembly and homeostasis of the normal skin ECM. Critical Issues: Our comprehension of the molecular and structural complexity of skin as a complex, dynamic, constantly renewing, layered connective tissue is incomplete. The impact of changes in proteoglycans on skin pathology and the wound healing process is recognized as an important area of pathobiology and is an area of intense investigation. Future Directions: Advanced technology is allowing the development of new artificial skins. Recent knowledge on skin proteoglycans can be used to incorporate these molecules into useful adjunct therapies for wound healing and for maintenance of optimal tissue homeostasis in aging skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mary Smith
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Nicolosi PA, Dallatomasina A, Perris R. Theranostic impact of NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan in cancer. Theranostics 2015; 5:530-44. [PMID: 25767619 PMCID: PMC4350014 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2/CSPG4 is an unusual cell-membrane integral proteoglycan widely recognized to be a prognostic factor, a valuable tool for ex vivo and non-invasive molecular diagnostics and, by virtue of its tight association with malignancy, a tantalizing therapeutic target in several tumour types. Although the biology behind its involvement in cancer progression needs to be better understood, implementation of NG2/CSPG4 in the routine clinical practice is attainable and has the potential to contribute to an improved individualized management of cancer patients. In this context, its polymorphic nature seems to be particularly valuable in the effort to standardize informative diagnostic procedures and consolidate forcible immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. We discuss here the underpinnings for this potential and highlight the benefits of taking advantage of the intra-tumour and inter-patient variability in the regulation of NG2/CSPG4 expression. We envision that NG2/CSPG4 may effectively be exploited in therapeutic interventions aimed at averting resistance to target therapy agents and at interfering with secondary lesion formation and/or tumour recurrence.
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Joo NE, Miao D, Bermúdez M, Stallcup WB, Kapila YL. Shedding of NG2 by MMP-13 attenuates anoikis. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 33:854-62. [PMID: 25166220 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cell-matrix interactions can lead to anoikis-apoptosis due to loss of matrix contacts. We previously showed that Nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2) is a novel anoikis receptor. Specifically, overexpression of NG2 leads to anoikis propagation, whereas its suppression leads to anoikis attenuation. Interestingly, NG2 expression decreases in late anoikis, suggesting that NG2 reduction is also critical to this process. Thus, we hypothesized that NG2 undergoes cleavage to curtail anoikis propagation. Further, since matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cleave cell surface receptors, play a major role in modulating apoptosis, and are associated with death receptor cleavage during apoptosis, we further hypothesized that cleavage of NG2 could be mediated by MMPs to regulate anoikis. Indeed, anoikis conditions triggered release of the NG2 extracellular domain into condition media during late apoptosis, and this coincided with increased MMP-13 expression. Treatment with an MMP-13 inhibitor and MMP-13 siRNA increased anoikis, since these treatments blocked NG2 release. Further, NG2-positive cells exhibited increased anoikis upon MMP-13 inhibition, whereas MMP-13 inhibition did not increase anoikis in NG2-null cells, corroborating that retention of NG2 on the cell membrane is critical for sustaining anoikis, and its cleavage for mediating anoikis attenuation. Similarly, NG2 suppression with siRNA inhibited NG2 release and anoikis. In contrast, MMP-13 overexpression or exogenous MMP-13 reduced anoikis by more effectively shedding NG2. In conclusion, maintenance of NG2 on the cell surface promotes anoikis propagation, whereas its shedding by MMP-13 actions attenuates anoikis. Given that these findings are derived in the context of periodontal ligament fibroblasts, these data have implications for periodontal inflammation and periodontal disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam E Joo
- 1 Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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