1
|
Hu M, Feng X, Liu Q, Liu S, Huang F, Xu H. The ion channels of endomembranes. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1335-1385. [PMID: 38451235 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of organellar membranes in the biosynthetic pathway [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles] as well as those in the degradative pathway (early endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes). These endomembrane organelles/vesicles work together to synthesize, modify, package, transport, and degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, regulating the balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. Large ion concentration gradients exist across endomembranes: Ca2+ gradients for most endomembrane organelles and H+ gradients for the acidic compartments. Ion (Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-) channels on the organellar membranes control ion flux in response to cellular cues, allowing rapid informational exchange between the cytosol and organelle lumen. Recent advances in organelle proteomics, organellar electrophysiology, and luminal and juxtaorganellar ion imaging have led to molecular identification and functional characterization of about two dozen endomembrane ion channels. For example, whereas IP3R1-3 channels mediate Ca2+ release from the ER in response to neurotransmitter and hormone stimulation, TRPML1-3 and TMEM175 channels mediate lysosomal Ca2+ and H+ release, respectively, in response to nutritional and trafficking cues. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of these endomembrane channels, with a focus on their subcellular localizations, ion permeation properties, gating mechanisms, cell biological functions, and disease relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Feng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqian Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Allan CY, Sanislav O, Fisher PR. Polycystin-2 Mediated Calcium Signalling in the Dictyostelium Model for Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cells 2024; 13:610. [PMID: 38607049 PMCID: PMC11012017 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) occurs when the proteins Polycystin-1 (PC1, PKD1) and Polycystin-2 (PC2, PKD2) contain mutations. PC1 is a large membrane receptor that can interact and form a complex with the calcium-permeable cation channel PC2. This complex localizes to the plasma membrane, primary cilia and ER. Dysregulated calcium signalling and consequential alterations in downstream signalling pathways in ADPKD are linked to cyst formation and expansion; however, it is not completely understood how PC1 and PC2 regulate calcium signalling. We have studied Polycystin-2 mediated calcium signalling in the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum by overexpressing and knocking down the expression of the endogenous Polycystin-2 homologue, Polycystin-2. Chemoattractant-stimulated cytosolic calcium response magnitudes increased and decreased in overexpression and knockdown strains, respectively, and analysis of the response kinetics indicates that Polycystin-2 is a significant contributor to the control of Ca2+ responses. Furthermore, basal cytosolic calcium levels were reduced in Polycystin-2 knockdown transformants. These alterations in Ca2+ signalling also impacted other downstream Ca2+-sensitive processes including growth rates, endocytosis, stalk cell differentiation and spore viability, indicating that Dictyostelium is a useful model to study Polycystin-2 mediated calcium signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul R. Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Voeltz GK, Sawyer EM, Hajnóczky G, Prinz WA. Making the connection: How membrane contact sites have changed our view of organelle biology. Cell 2024; 187:257-270. [PMID: 38242082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The view of organelles and how they operate together has changed dramatically over the last two decades. The textbook view of organelles was that they operated largely independently and were connected by vesicular trafficking and the diffusion of signals through the cytoplasm. We now know that all organelles make functional close contacts with one another, often called membrane contact sites. The study of these sites has moved to center stage in cell biology as it has become clear that they play critical roles in healthy and developing cells and during cell stress and disease states. Contact sites have important roles in intracellular signaling, lipid metabolism, motor-protein-mediated membrane dynamics, organelle division, and organelle biogenesis. Here, we summarize the major conceptual changes that have occurred in cell biology as we have come to appreciate how contact sites integrate the activities of organelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G K Voeltz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - E M Sawyer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - G Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - W A Prinz
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ralhan I, Chang J, Moulton MJ, Goodman LD, Lee NY, Plummer G, Pasolli HA, Matthies D, Bellen HJ, Ioannou MS. Autolysosomal exocytosis of lipids protect neurons from ferroptosis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202207130. [PMID: 37036445 PMCID: PMC10098143 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During oxidative stress neurons release lipids that are internalized by glia. Defects in this coordinated process play an important role in several neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, the mechanisms of lipid release and its consequences on neuronal health are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that lipid-protein particle release by autolysosome exocytosis protects neurons from ferroptosis, a form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. We show that during oxidative stress, peroxidated lipids and iron are released from neurons by autolysosomal exocytosis which requires the exocytic machinery VAMP7 and syntaxin 4. We observe membrane-bound lipid-protein particles by TEM and demonstrate that these particles are released from neurons using cryoEM. Failure to release these lipid-protein particles causes lipid hydroperoxide and iron accumulation and sensitizes neurons to ferroptosis. Our results reveal how neurons protect themselves from peroxidated lipids. Given the number of brain pathologies that involve ferroptosis, defects in this pathway likely play a key role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Ralhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jinlan Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Moulton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey D. Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathanael Y.J. Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Greg Plummer
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry Cell Imaging Core, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Doreen Matthies
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria S. Ioannou
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sperandio LP, Lins IVF, Erustes AG, Leão AHFF, Antunes F, Morais IBM, Vieira HF, de Campos LM, Bincoletto C, Smaili SS, Pereira GJS. Blocking autophagy by the two-pore channels antagonist tetrandrine improves sorafenib-induced death of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105603. [PMID: 37121360 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib, an oral multi-kinase inhibitor, used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, drug resistance is still common in several HCC patients. This complex mechanism is not yet fully elucidated, driving the search for new therapeutic targets to potentiate the antitumoral effect of sorafenib. Recent findings have linked the expression of Two-Pore Channels (TPCs) receptors with the development and progression of cancer. TPCs receptors are stimulated by NAADP, a Ca2+ messenger, and inhibited by their antagonists Ned-19 and tetrandrine. Here, we investigate the participation of TPCs inhibition in cell death and autophagy in sorafenib-treated HCC cells. Here, we show that the association of sorafenib with tetrandrine increased sorafenib-induced cell death accompanied by increased lysotracker fluorescence intensity. In contrast, these effects were not observed after treating these cells with Ned-19. The pharmacological TPC antagonists by Ned-19 and tetrandrine or siRNA-mediated TPC1/2 inhibition decreased sorafenib-induced Ca2+ release, reinforcing the participation of TPCs in sorafenib HCC responses. Furthermore, the association tetrandrine and sorafenib blocked autophagy through ERK1/2 pathway inhibition, which represents a putative target for potentiating HCC cell death. Therefore, our study proposes the use of tetrandrine analogs with the aim of improving sorafenib therapy. Also, our data also allow us to suggest that TPCs may be a new target in anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Paulino Sperandio
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isis Valeska F Lins
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adolfo G Erustes
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson H F F Leão
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid B M Morais
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Laís Maria de Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Bincoletto
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraya S Smaili
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J S Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Gong W, Sun W, Yao Y, Han Y. Role of VPS39, a key tethering protein for endolysosomal trafficking and mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk, in health and disease. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 36924104 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated interaction between mitochondria and lysosomes, mainly manifested by mitophagy, mitochondria-derived vesicles, and direct physical contact, is essential for maintaining cellular life activities. The VPS39 subunit of the homotypic fusion and protein sorting complex could play a key role in the regulation of organelle dynamics, such as endolysosomal trafficking and mitochondria-vacuole/lysosome crosstalk, thus contributing to a variety of physiological functions. The abnormalities of VPS39 and related subunits have been reported to be involved in the pathological process of some diseases. Here, we analyze the potential mechanisms and the existing problems of VPS39 in regulating organelle dynamics, which, in turn, regulate physiological functions and disease pathogenesis, so as to provide new clues for facilitating the discovery of therapeutic targets for mitochondrial and lysosomal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Gong
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiyun Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfa Yao
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics-MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Amaral O, Martins M, Oliveira AR, Duarte AJ, Mondragão-Rodrigues I, Macedo MF. The Biology of Lysosomes: From Order to Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010213. [PMID: 36672721 PMCID: PMC9856021 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1955, the understanding of the lysosome has continuously increased. Once considered a mere waste removal system, the lysosome is now recognised as a highly crucial cellular component for signalling and energy metabolism. This notable evolution raises the need for a summarized review of the lysosome's biology. As such, throughout this article, we will be compiling the current knowledge regarding the lysosome's biogenesis and functions. The comprehension of this organelle's inner mechanisms is crucial to perceive how its impairment can give rise to lysosomal disease (LD). In this review, we highlight some examples of LD fine-tuned mechanisms that are already established, as well as others, which are still under investigation. Even though the understanding of the lysosome and its pathologies has expanded through the years, some of its intrinsic molecular aspects remain unknown. In order to illustrate the complexity of the lysosomal diseases we provide a few examples that have challenged the established single gene-single genetic disorder model. As such, we believe there is a strong need for further investigation of the exact abnormalities in the pathological pathways in lysosomal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amaral
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA, ICETA), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Martins
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Joana Duarte
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA, ICETA), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mondragão-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Fátima Macedo
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qin Y, Medina MW. Mechanism of the Regulation of Plasma Cholesterol Levels by PI(4,5)P 2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:89-119. [PMID: 36988878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDLc) is one of the most well-established risk factors for cardiovascular disease, while high levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDLc) have been associated with protection from cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide; thus it is important to understand mechanisms that impact LDLc and HDLc metabolism. In this chapter, we will discuss molecular processes by which phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate, PI(4,5)P2, is thought to modulate LDLc or HDLc. Section 1 will provide an overview of cholesterol in the circulation, discussing processes that modulate the various forms of lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) carrying cholesterol. Section 2 will describe how a PI(4,5)P2 phosphatase, transmembrane protein 55B (TMEM55B), impacts circulating LDLc levels through its ability to regulate lysosomal decay of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), the primary receptor for hepatic LDL uptake. Section 3 will discuss how PI(4,5)P2 interacts with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA1), the key apolipoprotein on HDL. In addition to direct mechanisms of PI(4,5)P2 action on circulating cholesterol, Sect. 4 will review how PI(4,5)P2 may indirectly impact LDLc and HDLc by affecting insulin action. Last, as cholesterol is controlled through intricate negative feedback loops, Sect. 5 will describe how PI(4,5)P2 is regulated by cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Marisa W Medina
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu M, Zhou N, Cai W, Xu H. Lysosomal solute and water transport. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213536. [PMID: 36219209 PMCID: PMC9559593 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes mediate hydrolase-catalyzed macromolecule degradation to produce building block catabolites for reuse. Lysosome function requires an osmo-sensing machinery that regulates osmolytes (ions and organic solutes) and water flux. During hypoosmotic stress or when undigested materials accumulate, lysosomes become swollen and hypo-functional. As a membranous organelle filled with cargo macromolecules, catabolites, ions, and hydrolases, the lysosome must have mechanisms that regulate its shape and size while coordinating content exchange. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms that regulate lysosomal fusion and fission as well as swelling and condensation, with a focus on solute and water transport mechanisms across lysosomal membranes. Lysosomal H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- channels and transporters sense trafficking and osmotic cues to regulate both solute flux and membrane trafficking. We also provide perspectives on how lysosomes may adjust the volume of themselves, the cytosol, and the cytoplasm through the control of lysosomal solute and water transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Liangzhu Laboratory & Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Liangzhu Laboratory & Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Cai
- Liangzhu Laboratory & Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Liangzhu Laboratory & Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Scerra G, De Pasquale V, Scarcella M, Caporaso MG, Pavone LM, D'Agostino M. Lysosomal positioning diseases: beyond substrate storage. Open Biol 2022; 12:220155. [PMID: 36285443 PMCID: PMC9597170 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) comprise a group of inherited monogenic disorders characterized by lysosomal dysfunctions due to undegraded substrate accumulation. They are caused by a deficiency in specific lysosomal hydrolases involved in cellular catabolism, or non-enzymatic proteins essential for normal lysosomal functions. In LSDs, the lack of degradation of the accumulated substrate and its lysosomal storage impairs lysosome functions resulting in the perturbation of cellular homeostasis and, in turn, the damage of multiple organ systems. A substantial number of studies on the pathogenesis of LSDs has highlighted how the accumulation of lysosomal substrates is only the first event of a cascade of processes including the accumulation of secondary metabolites and the impairment of cellular trafficking, cell signalling, autophagic flux, mitochondria functionality and calcium homeostasis, that significantly contribute to the onset and progression of these diseases. Emerging studies on lysosomal biology have described the fundamental roles of these organelles in a variety of physiological functions and pathological conditions beyond their canonical activity in cellular waste clearance. Here, we discuss recent advances in the knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms linking lysosomal positioning and trafficking to LSDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Scerra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Melania Scarcella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Caporaso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rodgers SJ, Jones EI, Arumugam S, Hamila SA, Danne J, Gurung R, Eramo MJ, Nanayakkara R, Ramm G, McGrath MJ, Mitchell CA. Endosome maturation links PI3Kα signaling to lysosome repopulation during basal autophagy. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110398. [PMID: 35968799 PMCID: PMC9531306 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy depends on the repopulation of lysosomes to degrade intracellular components and recycle nutrients. How cells co‐ordinate lysosome repopulation during basal autophagy, which occurs constitutively under nutrient‐rich conditions, is unknown. Here, we identify an endosome‐dependent phosphoinositide pathway that links PI3Kα signaling to lysosome repopulation during basal autophagy. We show that PI3Kα‐derived PI(3)P generated by INPP4B on late endosomes was required for basal but not starvation‐induced autophagic degradation. PI(3)P signals were maintained as late endosomes matured into endolysosomes, and served as the substrate for the 5‐kinase, PIKfyve, to generate PI(3,5)P2. The SNX‐BAR protein, SNX2, was recruited to endolysosomes by PI(3,5)P2 and promoted lysosome reformation. Inhibition of INPP4B/PIKfyve‐dependent lysosome reformation reduced autophagic clearance of protein aggregates during proteotoxic stress leading to increased cytotoxicity. Therefore under nutrient‐rich conditions, PI3Kα, INPP4B, and PIKfyve sequentially contribute to basal autophagic degradation and protection from proteotoxic stress via PI(3,5)P2‐dependent lysosome reformation from endolysosomes. These findings reveal that endosome maturation couples PI3Kα signaling to lysosome reformation during basal autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Rodgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily I Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Senthil Arumugam
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,European Molecular Biological Laboratory Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sabryn A Hamila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jill Danne
- Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, A Node of Microscopy Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajendra Gurung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J Eramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Randini Nanayakkara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, A Node of Microscopy Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, A Node of Microscopy Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Meagan J McGrath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu J, Minobe E, Kameyama M. Ca2+ Dyshomeostasis Links Risk Factors to Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:867385. [PMID: 35496903 PMCID: PMC9050104 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.867385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor dysfunction, results from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Although the precise causes of PD are still unknown, several risk factors for PD have been determined, including aging, genetic mutations, environmental factors, and gender. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying risk factor-related neurodegeneration in PD remain elusive. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, excessive reactive oxygen species production, and impaired autophagy have been implicated in neuronal death in the SNc in PD. Considering that these pathological processes are tightly associated with intracellular Ca2+, it is reasonable to hypothesize that dysregulation of Ca2+ handling may mediate risk factors-related PD pathogenesis. We review the recent findings on how risk factors cause Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and how aberrant Ca2+ handling triggers dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SNc in PD, thus putting forward the possibility that manipulation of specific Ca2+ handling proteins and subcellular Ca2+ homeostasis may lead to new promising strategies for PD treatment.
Collapse
|
13
|
Allan CY, Fisher PR. The Dictyostelium Model for Mucolipidosis Type IV. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:741967. [PMID: 35493081 PMCID: PMC9043695 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.741967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV, a devastating neurological lysosomal disease linked to mutations in the transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1, TRPML1, a calcium permeable channel in the membranes of vesicles in endolysosomal system. TRPML1 function is still being elucidated and a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Mucolipidosis type IV, may facilitate development of potential treatments. We have created a model to study mucolipin function in the eukaryotic slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum by altering expression of its single mucolipin homologue, mcln. We show that in Dictyostelium mucolipin overexpression contributes significantly to global chemotactic calcium responses in vegetative and differentiated cells. Knockdown of mucolipin also enhances calcium responses in vegetative cells but does not affect responses in 6–7 h developed cells, suggesting that in developed cells mucolipin may help regulate local calcium signals rather than global calcium waves. We found that both knocking down and overexpressing mucolipin often, but not always, presented the same phenotypes. Altering mucolipin expression levels caused an accumulation or increased acidification of Lysosensor Blue stained vesicles in vegetative cells. Nutrient uptake by phagocytosis and macropinocytosis were increased but growth rates were not, suggesting defects in catabolism. Both increasing and decreasing mucolipin expression caused the formation of smaller slugs and larger numbers of fruiting bodies during multicellular development, suggesting that mucolipin is involved in initiation of aggregation centers. The fruiting bodies that formed from these smaller aggregates had proportionately larger basal discs and thickened stalks, consistent with a regulatory role for mucolipin-dependent Ca2+ signalling in the autophagic cell death pathways involved in stalk and basal disk differentiation in Dictyostelium. Thus, we have provided evidence that mucolipin contributes to chemotactic calcium signalling and that Dictyostelium is a useful model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytopathogenesis of Mucolipidosis type IV.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen CC, Krogsaeter E, Kuo CY, Huang MC, Chang SY, Biel M. Endolysosomal cation channels point the way towards precision medicine of cancer and infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112751. [PMID: 35240524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases and cancer are among the key medical challenges that humankind is facing today. A growing amount of evidence suggests that ion channels in the endolysosomal system play a crucial role in the pathology of both groups of diseases. The development of advanced patch-clamp technologies has allowed us to directly characterize ion fluxes through endolysosomal ion channels in their native environments. Endolysosomes are essential organelles for intracellular transport, digestion and metabolism, and maintenance of homeostasis. The endolysosomal ion channels regulate the function of the endolysosomal system through four basic mechanisms: calcium release, control of membrane potential, pH change, and osmolarity regulation. In this review, we put particular emphasis on the endolysosomal cation channels, including TPC2 and TRPML2, which are particularly important in monocyte function. We discuss existing endogenous and synthetic ligands of these channels and summarize current knowledge of their impact on channel activity and function in different cell types. Moreover, we summarize recent findings on the importance of TPC2 and TRPML2 channels as potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of the emerging infectious diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Ching-Ying Kuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gunaratne GS, Marchant JS. The ins and outs of virus trafficking through acidic Ca 2+ stores. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102528. [PMID: 35033909 PMCID: PMC8860173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses exploit host-cell Ca2+ signaling processes throughout their life cycle. This is especially relevant for viruses that translocate through the endolysosomal system, where cellular infection is keyed to the microenvironment of these acidic Ca2+ stores and Ca2+-dependent trafficking pathways. As regulators of the endolysosomal ionic milieu and trafficking dynamics, two families of endolysosomal Ca2+-permeable cation channels - two pore channels (TPCs) and transient receptor potential mucolipins (TRPMLs) - have emerged as important host-cell factors in viral entry. Here, we review: (i) current evidence implicating Ca2+ signaling in viral translocation through the endolysosomal system, (ii) the roles of these ion channels in supporting cellular infection by different viruses, and (iii) areas for future research that will help define the potential of TPC and TRPML ligands as progressible antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gihan S Gunaratne
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Golgi Metal Ion Homeostasis in Human Health and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020289. [PMID: 35053405 PMCID: PMC8773785 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane organelle located in the center of the protein processing and trafficking pathway. It consists of sub-compartments with distinct biochemical compositions and functions. Main functions of the Golgi, including membrane trafficking, protein glycosylation, and sorting, require a well-maintained stable microenvironment in the sub-compartments of the Golgi, along with metal ion homeostasis. Metal ions, such as Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+, are important cofactors of many Golgi resident glycosylation enzymes. The homeostasis of metal ions in the secretory pathway, which is required for proper function and stress response of the Golgi, is tightly regulated and maintained by transporters. Mutations in the transporters cause human diseases. Here we provide a review specifically focusing on the transporters that maintain Golgi metal ion homeostasis under physiological conditions and their alterations in diseases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu Y, Xu M, Wang P, Syeda AKR, Huang P, Dong XP. Lysosomal potassium channels. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102536. [PMID: 35016151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysosome is an important membrane-bound acidic organelle that is regarded as the degradative center as well as multifunctional signaling hub. It digests unwanted macromolecules, damaged organelles, microbes, and other materials derived from endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytosis. To function properly, the ionic homeostasis and membrane potential of the lysosome are strictly regulated by transporters and ion channels. As the most abundant cation inside the cell, potassium ions (K+) are vital for lysosomal membrane potential and lysosomal calcium (Ca2+) signaling. However, our understanding about how lysosomal K+homeostasis is regulated and what are the functions of K+in the lysosome is very limited. Currently, two lysosomal K+channels have been identified: large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+channel (BK) and transmembrane Protein 175 (TMEM175). In this review, we summarize recent development in our understanding of K+ homeostasis and K+channels in the lysosome. We hope to guide the readers into a more in-depth discussion of lysosomal K+ channels in lysosomal physiology and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai 201318, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Mengnan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Pingping Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alia Kazim Rizvi Syeda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai 201318, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Rd, Shanghai 201318, China.
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xia Z, Ren Y, Li S, Xu J, Wu Y, Cao Z. ML-SA1 and SN-2 inhibit endocytosed viruses through regulating TRPML channel expression and activity. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105193. [PMID: 34687820 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential mucolipin 2 and 3 (TRPML2 and TRPML3), as key channels in the endosomal-lysosomal system, are associated with many different cellular processes, including ion release, membrane trafficking and autophagy. In particular, they can also facilitate viral entry into host cells and enhance viral infection. We previously identified that two selective TRPML agonists, ML-SA1 and SN-2, that showed antiviral activities against dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in vitro, but their antiviral mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we reported that ML-SA1 could inhibit DENV2 replication by downregulating the expression of both TRPML2 and TRPML3, while the other TRPML activator, SN-2, suppressed DENV2 infection by reducing only TRPML3 expression. Consistently, the channel activities of both TRPML2 and TRPML3 were also found to be associated with the antiviral activity of ML-SA1 on DENV2 and ZIKV, but SN-2 relied only on TRPML3 channel activity. Further mechanistic experiments revealed that ML-SA1 and SN-2 decreased the expression of the late endosomal marker Rab7, dependent on TRPML2 and TRPML3, indicating that these two compounds likely inhibit viral infection by promoting vesicular trafficking from late endosomes to lysosomes and then accelerating lysosomal degradation of the virus. As expected, neither ML-SA1 nor SN-2 inhibited herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), whose entry is independent of the endolysosomal network. Together, our work reveals the antiviral mechanisms of ML-SA1 and SN-2 in targeting TRPML channels, possibly leading to the discovery of new drug candidates to inhibit endocytosed viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China
| | - Yingying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Songryong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, North Korea
| | - Jiyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu F, Miao Y, Cheng M, Ye X, Chen A, Zheng G, Tian X. The CACNA1A Mutant Disrupts Lysosome Calcium Homeostasis in Cerebellar Neurons and the Resulting Endo-Lysosomal Fusion Defect Can be Improved by Calcium Modulation. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:249-263. [PMID: 34476720 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in P/Q type voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) lead severe human neurological diseases such as episodic ataxia 2, familial hemiplegic migraine 1, absence epilepsy, progressive ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia 6. The pathogenesis of these diseases remains unclear. Mice with spontaneous mutation in the Cacna1a gene encoding the pore-forming subunit of P/Q type VGCC also exhibit ataxia, epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Based on the previous work showing that the P/Q type VGCC in neurons regulates lysosomal fusion through its calcium channel activity on lysosomes, we utilized CACNA1A mutant mice to further investigate the mechanism by which P/Q-type VGCCs regulate lysosomal function and neuronal homeostasis. We found CACNA1A mutant neurons have reduced lysosomal calcium storage without changing the resting calcium concentration in cytoplasm and the acidification of lysosomes. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy reveal axonal degeneration due to lysosome dysfunction in the CACNA1A mutant cerebella. The calcium modulating drug thapsigargin, by depleting the ER calcium store, which locally increases the calcium concentration can alleviate the defective lysosomal fusion in mutant neurons. We propose a model that in cerebellar neurons, P/Q-type VGCC maintains the integrity of the nervous system by regulating lysosomal calcium homeostasis to affect lysosomal fusion, which in turn regulates multiple important cellular processes such as autophagy and endocytosis. This study helps us to better understand the pathogenesis of P/Q-type VGCC related neurodegenerative diseases and provides a feasible direction for future pharmacological treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, 310013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yunping Miao
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, 310013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, 310013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xiaodi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, 310013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Aiying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, 310013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Gaoli Zheng
- National Zhejiang Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drugs, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xuejun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, 310013, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China. .,Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Figon F, Hurbain I, Heiligenstein X, Trépout S, Lanoue A, Medjoubi K, Somogyi A, Delevoye C, Raposo G, Casas J. Catabolism of lysosome-related organelles in color-changing spiders supports intracellular turnover of pigments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103020118. [PMID: 34433668 PMCID: PMC8536372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment organelles of vertebrates belong to the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family, of which melanin-producing melanosomes are the prototypes. While their anabolism has been extensively unraveled through the study of melanosomes in skin melanocytes, their catabolism remains poorly known. Here, we tap into the unique ability of crab spiders to reversibly change body coloration to examine the catabolism of their pigment organelles. By combining ultrastructural and metal analyses on high-pressure frozen integuments, we first assess whether pigment organelles of crab spiders belong to the LRO family and second, how their catabolism is intracellularly processed. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, and nanoscale Synchrotron-based scanning X-ray fluorescence, we show that pigment organelles possess ultrastructural and chemical hallmarks of LROs, including intraluminal vesicles and metal deposits, similar to melanosomes. Monitoring ultrastructural changes during bleaching suggests that the catabolism of pigment organelles involves the degradation and removal of their intraluminal content, possibly through lysosomal mechanisms. In contrast to skin melanosomes, anabolism and catabolism of pigments proceed within the same cell without requiring either cell death or secretion/phagocytosis. Our work hence provides support for the hypothesis that the endolysosomal system is fully functionalized for within-cell turnover of pigments, leading to functional maintenance under adverse conditions and phenotypic plasticity. First formulated for eye melanosomes in the context of human vision, the hypothesis of intracellular turnover of pigments gets unprecedented strong support from pigment organelles of spiders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, CNRS UMR 9187, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Équipe d'Accueil 2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | | | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang L, Li H, Ye Z, Xu Q, Fu Q, Sun W, Qi W, Yue J. Berbamine inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection by compromising TPRMLs-mediated endolysosomal trafficking of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1257-1271. [PMID: 34102949 PMCID: PMC8238074 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1941276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the Flavivirus genus, is an important pathogen that causes human and animal infectious diseases in Asia. So far, no effective antiviral agents are available to treat JEV infection. Here, we found that LDLR is a host factor required for JEV entry. Berbamine significantly decreases the level of LDLR at the plasma membrane by inducing the secretion of LDLR via extracellular vesicles (EVs), thereby inhibiting JEV infection. Mechanistically, berbamine blocks TRPMLs (Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channels in endosomes and lysosomes) to compromise the endolysosomal trafficking of LDLR. This leads to the increased secretion of LDLR via EVs and the concomitant decrease in its level at the plasma membrane, thereby rendering cells resistant to JEV infection. Berbamine also protects mice from the lethal challenge of JEV. In summary, these results indicate that berbamine is an effective anti-JEV agent by preventing JEV entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Huang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuodong Ye
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Chengdu Research Institute, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang C, Wang X. Lysosome biogenesis: Regulation and functions. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212053. [PMID: 33950241 PMCID: PMC8105738 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradation centers and signaling hubs in cells and play important roles in cellular homeostasis, development, and aging. Changes in lysosome function are essential to support cellular adaptation to multiple signals and stimuli. Therefore, lysosome biogenesis and activity are regulated by a wide variety of intra- and extracellular cues. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of lysosome biogenesis, including synthesis of lysosomal proteins and their delivery via the endosome-lysosome pathway, reformation of lysosomes from degradative vesicles, and transcriptional regulation of lysosomal genes. We survey the regulation of lysosome biogenesis in response to nutrient and nonnutrient signals, the cell cycle, stem cell quiescence, and cell fate determination. Finally, we discuss lysosome biogenesis and functions in the context of organismal development and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Negri S, Faris P, Moccia F. Endolysosomal Ca 2+ signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 363:203-269. [PMID: 34392930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) regulates a plethora of functions in the cardiovascular (CV) system, including contraction in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells and endothelial colony forming cells. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) represents the largest endogenous Ca2+ store, which releases Ca2+ through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and/or inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs) upon extracellular stimulation. The acidic vesicles of the endolysosomal (EL) compartment represent an additional endogenous Ca2+ store, which is targeted by several second messengers, including nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2], and may release intraluminal Ca2+ through multiple Ca2+ permeable channels, including two-pore channels 1 and 2 (TPC1-2) and Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (TRPML1). Herein, we discuss the emerging, pathophysiological role of EL Ca2+ signaling in the CV system. We describe the role of cardiac TPCs in β-adrenoceptor stimulation, arrhythmia, hypertrophy, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. We then illustrate the role of EL Ca2+ signaling in VSMCs, where TPCs promote vasoconstriction and contribute to pulmonary artery hypertension and atherosclerosis, whereas TRPML1 sustains vasodilation and is also involved in atherosclerosis. Subsequently, we describe the mechanisms whereby endothelial TPCs promote vasodilation, contribute to neurovascular coupling in the brain and stimulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Finally, we discuss about the possibility to target TPCs, which are likely to mediate CV cell infection by the Severe Acute Respiratory Disease-Coronavirus-2, with Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs to alleviate the detrimental effects of Coronavirus Disease-19 on the CV system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Negri
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pawan Faris
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qi J, Xing Y, Liu Y, Wang MM, Wei X, Sui Z, Ding L, Zhang Y, Lu C, Fei YH, Liu N, Chen R, Wu M, Wang L, Zhong Z, Wang T, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Xu H, Guo F, Wang W. MCOLN1/TRPML1 finely controls oncogenic autophagy in cancer by mediating zinc influx. Autophagy 2021; 17:4401-4422. [PMID: 33890549 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1917132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is elevated to ensure the high demand for nutrients for the growth of cancer cells. Here we demonstrated that MCOLN1/TRPML1 is a pharmaceutical target of oncogenic autophagy in cancers such as pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, malignant melanoma, and glioma. First, we showed that activating MCOLN1, by increasing expression of the channel or using the MCOLN1 agonists, ML-SA5 or MK6-83, arrests autophagic flux by perturbing fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Second, we demonstrated that MCOLN1 regulates autophagy by mediating the release of zinc from the lysosome to the cytosol. Third, we uncovered that zinc influx through MCOLN1 blocks the interaction between STX17 (syntaxin 17) in the autophagosome and VAMP8 in the lysosome and thereby disrupting the fusion process that is determined by the two SNARE proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrated that zinc influx originating from the extracellular fluid arrests autophagy by the same mechanism as lysosomal zinc, confirming the fundamental function of zinc as a participant in membrane trafficking. Last, we revealed that activating MCOLN1 with the agonists, ML-SA5 or MK6-83, triggers cell death of a number of cancer cells by evoking autophagic arrest and subsequent apoptotic response and cell cycle arrest, with little or no effect observed on normal cells. Consistent with the in vitro results, administration of ML-SA5 in Patu 8988 t xenograft mice profoundly suppresses tumor growth and improves survival. These results establish that a lysosomal cation channel, MCOLN1, finely controls oncogenic autophagy in cancer by mediating zinc influx into the cytosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Qi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Yanhong Xing
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Neck Surgery, The Sleep Medicine Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangqing Wei
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhongheng Sui
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Ding
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Fei
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mengmei Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Lysosomal calcium is emerging as a modulator of autophagy and lysosomal compartment, an obligatory partner to complete the autophagic pathway. A variety of specific signals such as nutrient deprivation or oxidative stress can trigger lysosomal calcium-mediated nuclear translocation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of global lysosomal function. Also, lysosomal calcium can promote the formation of autophagosome vesicles (AVs) by a mechanism that requires the production of the phosphoinositide PI3P by the VPS34 autophagic complex and the activation of the energy-sensing kinase AMPK. Additionally, lysosomal calcium plays a role in membrane fusion and fission events involved in cellular processes such as endocytic maturation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, lysosomal exocytosis, and lysosomal reformation upon autophagy completion. Lysosomal calcium-dependent functions are defective in cellular and animal models of the non-selective cation channel TRPML1, whose mutations in humans cause the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV). Lysosomal calcium is not only acting as a positive regulator of autophagy, but it is also responsible for turning-off this process through the reactivation of the mTOR kinase during prolonged starvation. More recently, it has been described the role of lysosomal calcium on an elegant sequence of intracellular signaling events such as membrane repair, lysophagy, and lysosomal biogenesis upon the induction of different grades of lysosomal membrane damage. Here, we will discuss these novel findings that re-define the importance of the lysosome and lysosomal calcium signaling at regulating cellular metabolism.
Collapse
|
26
|
Frey L, Ziętara N, Łyszkiewicz M, Marquardt B, Mizoguchi Y, Linder MI, Liu Y, Giesert F, Wurst W, Dahlhoff M, Schneider MR, Wolf E, Somech R, Klein C. Mammalian VPS45 orchestrates trafficking through the endosomal system. Blood 2021; 137:1932-1944. [PMID: 33512427 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 45 homolog (VPS45), a member of the Sec1/Munc18 (SM) family, has been implicated in the regulation of endosomal trafficking. VPS45 deficiency in human patients results in congenital neutropenia, bone marrow fibrosis, and extramedullary renal hematopoiesis. Detailed mechanisms of the VPS45 function are unknown. Here, we show an essential role of mammalian VPS45 in maintaining the intracellular organization of endolysosomal vesicles and promoting recycling of cell-surface receptors. Loss of VPS45 causes defective Rab5-to-Rab7 conversion resulting in trapping of cargos in early endosomes and impaired delivery to lysosomes. In this context, we demonstrate aberrant trafficking of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor in the absence of VPS45. Furthermore, we find that lack of VPS45 in mice is not compatible with embryonic development. Thus, we identify mammalian VPS45 as a critical regulator of trafficking through the endosomal system and early embryogenesis of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frey
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalia Ziętara
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcin Łyszkiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Marquardt
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yoko Mizoguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika I Linder
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yanshan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Giesert
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Raz Somech
- Pediatric Department A-Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, "Edmond and Lily Safra" Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
LRRK2 at the Crossroad of Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040505. [PMID: 33805527 PMCID: PMC8066012 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread occurrence of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. The etiology of PD is still far from clear, but aging has been considered as the highest risk factor influencing the clinical presentations and the progression of PD. Accumulating evidence suggests that aging and PD induce common changes in multiple cellular functions, including redox imbalance, mitochondria dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. Age-dependent deteriorations in cellular dysfunction may predispose individuals to PD, and cellular damages caused by genetic and/or environmental risk factors of PD may be exaggerated by aging. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant PD and comprise the most common genetic causes of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-linked PD patients show clinical and pathological features indistinguishable from idiopathic PD patients. Here, we review cellular dysfunctions shared by aging and PD-associated LRRK2 mutations and discuss how the interplay between the two might play a role in PD pathologies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lysosomal Calcium Channels in Autophagy and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061299. [PMID: 33803964 PMCID: PMC8001254 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is a cellular self-eating process that uses lysosome, the waste disposal system of the cell, to degrade and recycle intracellular materials to maintain cellular homeostasis. Defects in autophagy are linked to a variety of pathological states, including cancer. Calcium is an important cellular messenger that regulates the survival of all animal cells. Alterations to calcium homoeostasis are associated with cancer. While it has long been considered as cellular recycling center, the lysosome is now widely known as an intracellular calcium store that regulates autophagy and cancer progression by releasing calcium via some ion channels residing in the lysosomal membrane. In this review, we summarize existing mechanisms of autophagy regulation by lysosomal calcium channels and their implications in cancer development. We hope to guide readers toward a more in-depth understanding of the importance of lysosomal calcium channels in cancer, and potentially facilitate the development of new therapeutics for some cancers. Abstract Ca2+ is pivotal intracellular messenger that coordinates multiple cell functions such as fertilization, growth, differentiation, and viability. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is regulated by both extracellular Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Apart from working as the cellular recycling center, the lysosome has been increasingly recognized as a significant intracellular Ca2+ store that provides Ca2+ to regulate many cellular processes. The lysosome also talks to other organelles by releasing and taking up Ca2+. In lysosomal Ca2+-dependent processes, autophagy is particularly important, because it has been implicated in many human diseases including cancer. This review will discuss the major components of lysosomal Ca2+ stores and their roles in autophagy and human cancer progression.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chadwick SR, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. From the inside out: Ion fluxes at the centre of endocytic traffic. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:77-86. [PMID: 33706237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endocytic traffic is a complex and elegant operation involving cargo sorting, membrane budding and tubulation, generation of force, and the formation of organellar contacts. The role of specific proteins and lipids in these processes has been studied extensively. By comparison, precious little is understood about the contribution of the endocytic fluid to these events, despite much evidence that alteration of the contents can severely affect membrane traffic along the endocytic pathway. In particular, it has long been appreciated that dissipation of ionic gradients arrests endosome-to-lysosome maturation. How cells sense inorganic ions and transmit this information have remained largely enigmatic. Herein, we review the experimental findings that reveal an intimate association between luminal ions, their transport, and endocytic traffic. We then discuss the ionic sensors and the mechanisms proposed to convert ion concentrations into protein-based trafficking events, highlighting the current paucity of convincing explanations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Chadwick
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 19-9800, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saric A, Freeman SA. Endomembrane Tension and Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:611326. [PMID: 33490077 PMCID: PMC7820182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells employ diverse uptake mechanisms depending on their specialized functions. While such mechanisms vary widely in their defining criteria: scale, molecular machinery utilized, cargo selection, and cargo destination, to name a few, they all result in the internalization of extracellular solutes and fluid into membrane-bound endosomes. Upon scission from the plasma membrane, this compartment is immediately subjected to extensive remodeling which involves tubulation and vesiculation/budding of the limiting endomembrane. This is followed by a maturation process involving concomitant retrograde transport by microtubule-based motors and graded fusion with late endosomes and lysosomes, organelles that support the degradation of the internalized content. Here we review an important determinant for sorting and trafficking in early endosomes and in lysosomes; the control of tension on the endomembrane. Remodeling of endomembranes is opposed by high tension (caused by high hydrostatic pressure) and supported by the relief of tension. We describe how the timely and coordinated efflux of major solutes along the endocytic pathway affords the cell control over such tension. The channels and transporters that expel the smallest components of the ingested medium from the early endocytic fluid are described in detail as these systems are thought to enable endomembrane deformation by curvature-sensing/generating coat proteins. We also review similar considerations for the lysosome where resident hydrolases liberate building blocks from luminal macromolecules and transporters flux these organic solutes to orchestrate trafficking events. How the cell directs organellar trafficking based on the luminal contents of organelles of the endocytic pathway is not well-understood, however, we propose that the control over membrane tension by solute transport constitutes one means for this to ensue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amra Saric
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wenzhong L, Hualan L. COVID-19: the CaMKII-like system of S protein drives membrane fusion and induces syncytial multinucleated giant cells. Immunol Res 2021; 69:496-519. [PMID: 34410575 PMCID: PMC8374125 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 S protein on the membrane of infected cells can promote receptor-dependent syncytia formation, relating to extensive tissue damage and lymphocyte elimination. In this case, it is challenging to obtain neutralizing antibodies and prevent them through antibodies effectively. Considering that, in the current study, structural domain search methods are adopted to analyze the SARS-CoV-2 S protein to find the fusion mechanism. The results show that after the EF-hand domain of S protein bound to calcium ions, S2 protein had CaMKII protein activities. Besides, the CaMKII_AD domain of S2 changed S2 conformation, facilitating the formation of HR1-HR2 six-helix bundles. Apart from that, the Ca2+-ATPase of S2 pumped calcium ions from the virus cytoplasm to help membrane fusion, while motor structures of S drove the CaATP_NAI and CaMKII_AD domains to extend to the outside and combined the viral membrane and the cell membrane, thus forming a calcium bridge. Furthermore, the phospholipid-flipping-ATPase released water, triggering lipid mixing and fusion and generating fusion pores. Then, motor structures promoted fusion pore extension, followed by the cytoplasmic contents of the virus being discharged into the cell cytoplasm. After that, the membrane of the virus slid onto the cell membrane along the flowing membrane on the gap of the three CaATP_NAI. At last, the HR1-HR2 hexamer would fall into the cytoplasm or stay on the cell membrane. Therefore, the CaMKII_like system of S protein facilitated membrane fusion for further inducing syncytial multinucleated giant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wenzhong
- grid.412605.40000 0004 1798 1351School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643002 China ,grid.413041.30000 0004 1808 3369School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000 China
| | - Li Hualan
- grid.413041.30000 0004 1808 3369School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000 China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Engin AB, Engin A. Alzheimer's Disease and Protein Kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:285-321. [PMID: 33539020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and accounts for more than 60-80% of all cases of dementia. Loss of pyramidal neurons, extracellular amyloid beta (Abeta) accumulated senile plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles that contain hyperphosphorylated tau constitute the main pathological alterations in AD.Synaptic dysfunction and extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hyperactivation contributes to excitotoxicity in patients with AD. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Abeta promoted neurodegeneration develop through the activation of protein kinase signaling cascade in AD. Furthermore, ultimate neuronal death in AD is under control of protein kinases-related signaling pathways. In this chapter, critical check-points within the cross-talk between neuron and protein kinases have been defined regarding the initiation and progression of AD. In this context, amyloid cascade hypothesis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, granulovacuolar degeneration, loss of Wnt signaling, Abeta-related synaptic alterations, prolonged calcium ions overload and NMDAR-related synaptotoxicity, damage signals hypothesis and type-3 diabetes are discussed briefly.In addition to clinical perspective of AD pathology, recommendations that might be effective in the treatment of AD patients have been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Navarese EP, Musci RL, Frediani L, Gurbel PA, Kubica J. Ion channel inhibition against COVID-19: A novel target for clinical investigation. Cardiol J 2020; 27:421-424. [PMID: 32643141 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2020.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eliano P Navarese
- Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rita L Musci
- Department of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Bonomo, Andria, Italy, Andria, Italy
| | - Lara Frediani
- Department of Cardiology, Azienda Usl Toscana Nord-Ovest Cardiologia UTIC-Ospedali Riuniti di Livorno, Italy, Livorno, Italy
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- Sinai Center for Cardiovascular Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, LifeBridgehealth, Baltimore, MD, USA., Baltimore, United States
| | - Jacek Kubica
- Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lloyd-Evans E, Waller-Evans H. Lysosomal Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Signaling in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035311. [PMID: 31653642 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is an essential process in all cells that is maintained by a plethora of channels, pumps, transporters, receptors, and intracellular Ca2+ sequestering stores. Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration govern processes as far reaching as fertilization, cell growth, and motility through to cell death. In recent years, lysosomes have emerged as a major intracellular Ca2+ storage organelle with an increasing involvement in triggering or regulating cellular functions such as endocytosis, autophagy, and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. This review will summarize recent work in the area of lysosomal Ca2+ signaling and homeostasis, including newly identified functions, and the involvement of lysosome-derived Ca2+ signals in human disease. In addition, we explore recent controversies in the techniques used for measurement of lysosomal Ca2+ content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Trivedi PC, Bartlett JJ, Pulinilkunnil T. Lysosomal Biology and Function: Modern View of Cellular Debris Bin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051131. [PMID: 32375321 PMCID: PMC7290337 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are the main proteolytic compartments of mammalian cells comprising of a battery of hydrolases. Lysosomes dispose and recycle extracellular or intracellular macromolecules by fusing with endosomes or autophagosomes through specific waste clearance processes such as chaperone-mediated autophagy or microautophagy. The proteolytic end product is transported out of lysosomes via transporters or vesicular membrane trafficking. Recent studies have demonstrated lysosomes as a signaling node which sense, adapt and respond to changes in substrate metabolism to maintain cellular function. Lysosomal dysfunction not only influence pathways mediating membrane trafficking that culminate in the lysosome but also govern metabolic and signaling processes regulating protein sorting and targeting. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of lysosome in influencing sorting and nutrient signaling. We further present a mechanistic overview of intra-lysosomal processes, along with extra-lysosomal processes, governing lysosomal fusion and fission, exocytosis, positioning and membrane contact site formation. This review compiles existing knowledge in the field of lysosomal biology by describing various lysosomal events necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis facilitating development of therapies maintaining lysosomal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purvi C. Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Jordan J. Bartlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(506)-636-6973
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Clement D, Goodridge JP, Grimm C, Patel S, Malmberg KJ. TRP Channels as Interior Designers: Remodeling the Endolysosomal Compartment in Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:753. [PMID: 32411146 PMCID: PMC7198808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and T cells are distinguished by their ability to eliminate target cells through release of secretory lysosomes. Conventional lysosomes and secretory lysosomes are part of the pleomorphic endolysosomal system and characterized by its highly dynamic nature. Several calcium-permeable TRP calcium channels play an essential role in endolysosomal calcium signaling to ensure proper function of these organelles. In NK cells, the expression of self MHC-specific inhibitory receptors dynamically tunes their secretory potential in a non-transcriptional, calcium-dependent manner. New insights suggest that TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium fluxes are tightly interconnected to NK cell functionality through modulation of granzyme B and perforin content of the secretory lysosome. Lysosomal TRP channels show a subset-specific expression pattern during NK differentiation, which is paralleled with gradually increased loading of effector molecules in secretory lysosomes. Methodological advances, including organellar patch-clamping, specific pharmacological modulators, and genetically-encoded calcium indicators open up new possibilities to investigate how TRP channels influence communication between intracellular organelles in immune cells. This review discusses our current understanding of lysosome biogenesis in NK cells with an emphasis on the TRP mucolipin family and the implications for NK cell functionality and cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Clement
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Christian Grimm
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Qin Y, Ting F, Kim MJ, Strelnikov J, Harmon J, Gao F, Dose A, Teng BB, Alipour MA, Yao Z, Crooke R, Krauss RM, Medina MW. Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-Bisphosphate Regulates Plasma Cholesterol Through LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor Lysosomal Degradation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1311-1324. [PMID: 32188273 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TMEM55B (transmembrane protein 55B) is a phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P2) phosphatase that regulates cellular cholesterol, modulates LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) decay, and lysosome function. We tested the effects of Tmem55b knockdown on plasma lipids in mice and assessed the roles of LDLR lysosomal degradation and change in (PI[4,5]P2) in mediating these effects. Approach and Results: Western diet-fed C57BL/6J mice were treated with antisense oligonucleotides against Tmem55b or a nontargeting control for 3 to 4 weeks. Hepatic Tmem55b transcript and protein levels were reduced by ≈70%, and plasma non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol was increased ≈1.8-fold (P<0.0001). Immunoblot analysis of fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) fractions revealed enrichment of ApoE-containing particles in the LDL size range. In contrast, Tmem55b knockdown had no effect on plasma cholesterol in Ldlr-/- mice. In primary hepatocytes and liver tissues from Tmem55b knockdown mice, there was decreased LDLR protein. In the hepatocytes, there was increased lysosome staining and increased LDLR-lysosome colocalization. Impairment of lysosome function (incubation with NH4Cl or knockdown of the lysosomal proteins LAMP1 or RAB7) abolished the effect of TMEM55B knockdown on LDLR in HepG2 (human hepatoma) cells. Colocalization of the recycling endosome marker RAB11 (Ras-related protein 11) with LDLR in HepG2 cells was reduced by 50% upon TMEM55B knockdown. Finally, knockdown increased hepatic PI(4,5)P2 levels in vivo and in HepG2 cells, while TMEM55B overexpression in vitro decreased PI(4,5)P2. TMEM55B knockdown decreased, whereas overexpression increased, LDL uptake in HepG2 cells. Notably, the TMEM55B overexpression effect was reversed by incubation with PI(4,5)P2. Conclusions: These findings indicate a role for TMEM55B in regulating plasma cholesterol levels by affecting PI(4,5)P2-mediated LDLR lysosomal degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Flora Ting
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Mee J Kim
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Jacob Strelnikov
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Joseph Harmon
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Feng Gao
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Andrea Dose
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.J.K., J.S., J.H., F.G., A.D.)
| | - Ba-Bie Teng
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (B.-B.T.)
| | - Mohsen Amir Alipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.A.A., Z.Y.)
| | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.A.A., Z.Y.)
| | | | - Ronald M Krauss
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| | - Marisa W Medina
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland (Y.Q., F.T., R.M.K., M.W.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wallings R, Connor-Robson N, Wade-Martins R. LRRK2 interacts with the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase pump a1 subunit to regulate lysosomal function. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:2696-2710. [PMID: 31039583 PMCID: PMC6687951 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction lies at the centre of the cellular mechanisms underlying Parkinson’s disease although the precise underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the role of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) on lysosome biology and the autophagy pathway in primary neurons expressing the human LRRK2-G2019S or LRKK2-R1441C mutant or the human wild-type (hWT-LRRK2) genomic locus. The expression of LRRK2-G2019S or hWT-LRRK2 inhibited autophagosome production, whereas LRRK2-R1441C induced a decrease in autophagosome/lysosome fusion and increased lysosomal pH. In vivo data from the cortex and substantia nigra pars compacta of aged LRRK2 transgenic animals revealed alterations in autophagosome puncta number reflecting those phenotypes seen in vitro. Using the two selective and potent LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, MLi-2 and PF-06447475, we demonstrated that the LRRK2-R1441C-mediated decrease in autolysosome maturation is not dependent on LRRK2 kinase activity. We showed that hWT-LRRK2 and LRRK2-G2019S bind to the a1 subunit of vATPase, which is abolished by the LRRK2-R1441C mutation, leading to a decrease in a1 protein and cellular mislocalization. Modulation of lysosomal zinc increased vATPase a1 protein levels and rescued the LRRK2-R1441C-mediated cellular phenotypes. Our work defines a novel interaction between the LRRK2 protein and the vATPase a1 subunit and demonstrates a mode of action by which drugs may rescue lysosomal dysfunction. These results demonstrate the importance of LRRK2 in lysosomal biology, as well as the critical role of the lysosome in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallings
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mukherjee K, Khatua B, Mandal C. Sialic Acid-Siglec-E Interactions During Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection of Macrophages Interferes With Phagosome Maturation by Altering Intracellular Calcium Concentrations. Front Immunol 2020; 11:332. [PMID: 32184783 PMCID: PMC7059019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is commonly associated with nosocomial and chronic infections of lungs. We have earlier demonstrated that an acidic sugar, sialic acid, is present in PA which is recognized and bound by sialic acid binding immunoglobulin type lectins (siglecs) expressed on neutrophils. Here, we have tried to gain a detailed insight into the immunosuppressive role of sialic acid-siglec interactions in macrophage-mediated clearance of sialylated PA (PA+Sia). We have demonstrated that PA+Sia shows enhanced binding (~1.5-fold) to macrophages due to additional interactions between sialic acids and siglec-E and exhibited more phagocytosis. However, internalization of PA+Sia is associated with a reduction in respiratory burst and increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion which is reversed upon desialylation of the bacteria. Phagocytosis of PA+Sia is also associated with reduced intracellular calcium ion concentrations and altered calcium-dependent signaling which negatively affects phagosome maturation. Consequently, although more PA+Sia was localized in early phagosomes (Rab5 compartment), only fewer bacteria reach into the late phagosomal compartment (Rab7). Possibly, this leads to reduced phagosome lysosome fusion where reduced numbers of PA+Sia are trafficked into lysosomes, compared to PA−Sia. Thus, internalized PA+Sia remain viable and replicates intracellularly in macrophages. We have also demonstrated that such siglec-E-sialic acid interaction recruited SHP-1/SHP-2 phosphatases which modulate MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Disrupting sialic acid-siglec-E interaction by silencing siglec-E in macrophages results in improved bactericidal response against PA+Sia characterized by robust respiratory burst, enhanced intracellular calcium levels and nuclear translocation of p65 component of NF-κB complex leading to increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Taken together, we have identified that sialic acid-siglec-E interactions is another pathway utilized by PA in order to suppress macrophage antimicrobial responses and inhibit phagosome maturation, thereby persisting as an intracellular pathogen in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaustuv Mukherjee
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswajit Khatua
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
A lysosomal K + channel regulates large particle phagocytosis by facilitating lysosome Ca 2+ release. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1038. [PMID: 31974459 PMCID: PMC6978423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly specialized in removing large particles including dead cells and cellular debris. When stimulated, delivery of the intracellular lysosomal membranes is required for the formation of plasmalemmal pseudopods and phagosomes. As a key lysosomal Ca2+ channel, Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin-1 (TRPML1) regulates lysosomal exocytosis and subsequent phagosome biogenesis, thereby promoting phagocytosis of large extracellular particles. Recently, we have suggested that TRPML1-mediated lysosomal exocytosis is essentially dependent on lysosomal big conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channel. Therefore, we predict that lysosomal BK channels regulate large particle phagocytosis. In this study, by using RAW264.7 macrophage cell line and bone marrow-derived macrophages, we show that although BK is dispensable for small particle uptake, loss of BK significantly inhibits the ingestion of large particles whereas activating BK increases the uptake of large particles. BK facilitating effect on large particle ingestion is inhibited by either blocking TRPML1 or suppressing lysosomal exocytosis. Additionally, the increased uptake of large particles by activating TRPML1 is eliminated by inhibiting BK. These data suggest that BK and TRPML1 are functionally coupled to regulate large particle phagocytosis through modulating lysosomal exocytosis.
Collapse
|
41
|
Sironi L, Restelli LM, Tolnay M, Neutzner A, Frank S. Dysregulated Interorganellar Crosstalk of Mitochondria in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010233. [PMID: 31963435 PMCID: PMC7016713 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is complex and involves the impairment of crucial intracellular physiological processes. Importantly, in addition to abnormal α-synuclein aggregation, the dysfunction of various mitochondria-dependent processes has been prominently implicated in PD pathogenesis. Besides the long-known loss of the organelles’ bioenergetics function resulting in diminished ATP synthesis, more recent studies in the field have increasingly focused on compromised mitochondrial quality control as well as impaired biochemical processes specifically localized to ER–mitochondria interfaces (such as lipid biosynthesis and calcium homeostasis). In this review, we will discuss how dysregulated mitochondrial crosstalk with other organelles contributes to PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sironi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.R.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (S.F.); Tel.: +41-61-265-2776 (L.S. & S.F.)
| | - Lisa Michelle Restelli
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Markus Tolnay
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Albert Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.R.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (S.F.); Tel.: +41-61-265-2776 (L.S. & S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pradhan G, Raj Abraham P, Shrivastava R, Mukhopadhyay S. Calcium Signaling Commands Phagosome Maturation Process. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 38:57-69. [PMID: 31117900 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1592169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion is one of the central immune-effector responses of host. It is known that phagosome maturation process is associated with numerous signaling cascades and among these, important role of calcium (Ca2+) signaling has been realized recently. Ca2+ plays key roles in actin rearrangement, activation of NADPH oxidase and protein kinase C (PKC). Involvement of Ca2+ in these cellular processes directs phagosomal maturation process. Some of the intracellular pathogens have acquired the strategies to modulate Ca2+ associated pathways to block P-L fusion process. In this review we have described the mechanism of Ca2+ signals that influence P-L fusion by controlling ROS, actin and PKC signaling cascades. We have also discussed the strategies implemented by the intracellular pathogens to manipulate Ca2+ signaling to consequently subvert P-L fusion. A detail study of factors associated in manipulating Ca2+ signaling may provide new insights for the development of therapeutic tools for more effective treatment options against infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gourango Pradhan
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Hyderabad , India.,b Graduate Studies , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Philip Raj Abraham
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Hyderabad , India.,b Graduate Studies , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , Karnataka , India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Hyderabad , India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lysosomal Fusion: An Efficient Mechanism Increasing Their Sequestration Capacity for Weak Base Drugs without Apparent Lysosomal Biogenesis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010077. [PMID: 31947839 PMCID: PMC7022710 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal sequestration of anticancer therapeutics lowers their cytotoxic potential, reduces drug availability at target sites, and contributes to cancer resistance. Only recently has it been shown that lysosomal sequestration of weak base drugs induces lysosomal biogenesis mediated by activation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) which, in turn, enhances their accumulation capacity, thereby increasing resistance to these drugs. Here, we addressed the question of whether lysosomal biogenesis is the only mechanism that increases lysosomal sequestration capacity. We found that lysosomal sequestration of some tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib (GF) and imatinib (IM), induced expansion of the lysosomal compartment. However, an expression analysis of lysosomal genes, including lysosome-associated membrane proteins 1, 2 (LAMP1, LAMP2), vacuolar ATPase subunit B2 (ATP6V1B2), acid phosphatase (ACP), and galactosidase beta (GLB) controlled by TFEB, did not reveal increased expression. Instead, we found that both studied TKIs, GF and IM, induced lysosomal fusion which was dependent on nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) mediated Ca2+signaling. A theoretical analysis revealed that lysosomal fusion is sufficient to explain the enlargement of lysosomal sequestration capacity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that extracellular TKIs, GF and IM, induced NAADP/Ca2+ mediated lysosomal fusion, leading to enlargement of the lysosomal compartment with significantly increased sequestration capacity for these drugs without apparent lysosomal biogenesis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang WA, Agellon LB, Michalak M. Organellar Calcium Handling in the Cellular Reticular Network. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a038265. [PMID: 31358518 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is an important intracellular messenger affecting diverse cellular processes. In eukaryotic cells, Ca2+ is handled by a myriad of Ca2+-binding proteins found in organelles that are organized into the cellular reticular network (CRN). The network is comprised of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, membranous components of the endocytic and exocytic pathways, peroxisomes, and the nuclear envelope. Membrane contact sites between the different components of the CRN enable the rapid movement of Ca2+, and communication of Ca2+ status, within the network. Ca2+-handling proteins that reside in the CRN facilitate Ca2+ sensing, buffering, and cellular signaling to coordinate the many processes that operate within the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-An Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S7, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wheeler S, Sillence DJ. Niemann-Pick type C disease: cellular pathology and pharmacotherapy. J Neurochem 2019; 153:674-692. [PMID: 31608980 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) was first described in 1914 and affects approximately 1 in 150 000 live births. It is characterized clinically by diverse symptoms affecting liver, spleen, motor control, and brain; premature death invariably results. Its molecular origins were traced, as late as 1997, to a protein of late endosomes and lysosomes which was named NPC1. Mutation or absence of this protein leads to accumulation of cholesterol in these organelles. In this review, we focus on the intracellular events that drive the pathology of this disease. We first introduce endocytosis, a much-studied area of dysfunction in NPCD cells, and survey the various ways in which this process malfunctions. We briefly consider autophagy before attempting to map the more complex pathways by which lysosomal cholesterol storage leads to protein misregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. We then briefly introduce the metabolic pathways of sphingolipids (as these emerge as key species for treatment) and critically examine the various treatment approaches that have been attempted to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wheeler
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK
| | - Dan J Sillence
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee CA, Blackstone C. ER morphology and endo-lysosomal crosstalk: Functions and disease implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158544. [PMID: 31678515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous endomembrane system comprising the nuclear envelope, ribosome-studded sheets, dense peripheral matrices, and an extensive polygonal network of interconnected tubules. In addition to performing numerous critical cellular functions, the ER makes extensive contacts with other organelles, including endosomes and lysosomes. The molecular and functional characterization of these contacts has advanced significantly over the past several years. These contacts participate in key functions such as cholesterol transfer, endosome tubule fission, and Ca2+ exchange. Disruption of key proteins at these sites can result in often severe diseases, particularly those affecting the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Lee
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gan Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yin Q, Jian Y, Liu Y, Xuan N, Li J, Zhou J, Liu K, Jing Y, Wang X, Yang C. The amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 cooperates with PtdIns3P 5-kinase to control phagocytic lysosome reformation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2619-2637. [PMID: 31235480 PMCID: PMC6683750 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
How lysosomes reform following phagolysosomal digestion of apoptotic cells is poorly understood. Gan et al. reveal that the amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 cooperates with PtdIns3P 5-kinase to control phagocygtic lysosome reformation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos and autophagic lysosome reformation in adult animals. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells involves formation, maturation, and digestion of cell corpse–containing phagosomes. The retrieval of lysosomal components following phagolysosomal digestion of cell corpses remains poorly understood. Here we reveal that the amino acid transporter SLC-36.1 is essential for lysosome reformation during cell corpse clearance in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Loss of slc-36.1 leads to formation of phagolysosomal vacuoles arising from cell corpse–containing phagosomes. In the absence of slc-36.1, phagosome maturation is not affected, but the retrieval of lysosomal components is inhibited. Moreover, loss of PPK-3, the C. elegans homologue of the PtdIns3P 5-kinase PIKfyve, similarly causes accumulation of phagolysosomal vacuoles that are defective in phagocytic lysosome reformation. SLC-36.1 and PPK-3 function in the same genetic pathway, and they directly interact with one another. In addition, loss of slc-36.1 and ppk-3 causes strong defects in autophagic lysosome reformation in adult animals. Our findings thus suggest that the PPK-3–SLC-36.1 axis plays a central role in both phagocytic and autophagic lysosome formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Youli Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Junxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cao J, Zhong MB, Toro CA, Zhang L, Cai D. Endo-lysosomal pathway and ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:68-78. [PMID: 30890471 PMCID: PMC6760990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have shown that defects in the endo-lysosomal autophagy degradation pathway and the ubiquitin-proteasome system play a role in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Early pathological changes, such as marked enlargement of endosomal compartments, gradual accumulation of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) and lysosome dyshomeostasis, are well-recognized in AD. In addition to these pathological indicators, many genetic variants of key regulators in the endo-lysosomal autophagy networks and the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been found to be associated with AD. Furthermore, altered expression levels of key proteins in these pathways have been found in AD human brain tissues, primary cells and AD mouse models. In this review, we discuss potential disease mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of protein homeostasis governing systems. While the importance of two major protein degradation pathways in AD pathogenesis has been highlighted, targeted therapy at key components of these pathways has great potential in developing novel therapeutic interventions for AD. Future investigations are needed to define molecular mechanisms by which these complex regulatory systems become malfunctional at specific stages of AD development and progression, which will facilitate future development of novel therapeutic interventions. It is also critical to investigate all key components of the protein degradation pathways, both upstream and downstream, to improve our abilities to manipulate transport pathways with higher efficacy and less side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Cao
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Margaret B Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
| | - Carlos A Toro
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Larry Zhang
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Dongming Cai
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Neurology Section, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yang Y, Xu M, Zhu X, Yao J, Shen B, Dong XP. Lysosomal Ca 2+ release channel TRPML1 regulates lysosome size by promoting mTORC1 activity. Eur J Cell Biol 2019; 98:116-123. [PMID: 31122790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal Ca2+ release channel TRPML1 has been suggested to regulate lysosome size by activating calmodulin (CaM). To further understand how TRPML1 and CaM regulate lysosome size, in this study, we report that inhibiting mTORC1 causes enlarged lysosomes, and the recovery of enlarged lysosomes is suppressed by inhibiting mTORC1. We also show that lysosome vacuolation induced by inhibiting TRPML1 is corrected by mTORC1 upregulation, and the facilitating effect of TRPML1 on the recovery of enlarged lysosomes is suppressed by inhibiting mTORC1. In the meantime, lysosome vacuolation induced by inhibiting CaM is corrected by mTORC1 upregulation, and mTORC1 overexpression corrects the inhibitory effect of CaM antagonist on the recovery of enlarged lysosomes. Conversely, the vacuolation induced by suppressing mTORC1 is not corrected by upregulating CaM. These data suggest that mTORC1 functions downstream of TRPML1 and CaM to regulate lysosome size. Together with our recent finding showing that TRPML1, CaM and mTORC1 form a macromolecular complex to control mTORC1 activity, we suggest that TRPML1 and CaM control lysosome fission through regulating mTORC1, identifying an mTORC1-dependent molecular mechanism for lysosomal membrane fission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mengnan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,230032, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,230032, China
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Endolysosomal Ca 2+ Signalling and Cancer Hallmarks: Two-Pore Channels on the Move, TRPML1 Lags Behind! Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010027. [PMID: 30591696 PMCID: PMC6356888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic vesicles of the endolysosomal (EL) system are emerging as an intracellular Ca2+ store implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular functions. The EL Ca2+ store releases Ca2+ through a variety of Ca2+-permeable channels, including Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Mucolipin 1-3 (TRPML1-3) and two-pore channels 1-2 (TPC1-2), whereas EL Ca2+ refilling is sustained by the proton gradient across the EL membrane and/or by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). EL Ca2+ signals may be either spatially restricted to control vesicle trafficking, autophagy and membrane repair or may be amplified into a global Ca2+ signal through the Ca2+-dependent recruitment of ER-embedded channels. Emerging evidence suggested that nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)-gated TPCs sustain multiple cancer hallmarks, such as migration, invasiveness and angiogenesis. Herein, we first survey the EL Ca2+ refilling and release mechanisms and then focus on the oncogenic role of EL Ca2+ signaling. While the evidence in favor of TRPML1 involvement in neoplastic transformation is yet to be clearly provided, TPCs are emerging as an alternative target for anticancer therapies.
Collapse
|