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Hazer Rosberg DB, Stenberg L, Mahlapuu M, Dahlin LB. PXL01 alters macrophage response with no effect on axonal outgrowth or Schwann cell response after nerve repair in rats. Regen Med 2024; 19:327-343. [PMID: 38957920 DOI: 10.1080/17460751.2024.2361515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Adjunctive pharmacological treatment may improve nerve regeneration. We investigated nerve regeneration processes of PXL01 - a lactoferrin-derived peptide - after repair of the sciatic nerve in healthy Wistar rats.Materials & methods: PXL01, sodium hyaluronate (carrier) or sodium chloride was administered around the repair. After 6 days axonal outgrowth, Schwann cell response, pan- (CD68) and pro-healing (CD206) macrophages in sciatic nerve, sensory neuronal response in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in sciatic nerves and DRGs were analyzed.Results: Despite a lower number of pan-macrophages, other investigated variables in sciatic nerves or DRGs did not differ between the treatment groups.Conclusion: PLX01 applied locally inhibits inflammation through pan-macrophages in repaired sciatic nerves without any impact on nerve regeneration or pro-healing macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Burcu Hazer Rosberg
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden
| | - Lena Stenberg
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margit Mahlapuu
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Biology, Göteborg University , SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars B Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine - Hand Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping SE-58183, Sweden
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2
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Jauhiainen S, Onyeogaziri FC, Lazzaroni F, Conze LL, Laakkonen JP, Laham-Karam N, Laakso A, Niemelä M, Rezai Jahromi B, Magnusson PU. Proteomics on human cerebral cavernous malformations reveals novel biomarkers in neurovascular dysfunction for the disease pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167139. [PMID: 38537685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease associated with an elevated risk of focal neurological deficits, seizures, and hemorrhagic stroke. The disease has an inflammatory profile and improved knowledge of CCM pathology mechanisms and exploration of candidate biomarkers will enable new non-invasive treatments. METHODS We analyzed protein signatures in human CCM tissue samples by using a highly specific and sensitive multiplexing technique, proximity extension assay. FINDINGS Data analysis revealed CCM specific proteins involved in endothelial dysfunction/inflammation/activation, leukocyte infiltration/chemotaxis, hemostasis, extracellular matrix dysfunction, astrocyte and microglial cell activation. Biomarker expression profiles matched bleeding status, especially with higher levels of inflammatory markers and activated astrocytes in ruptured than non-ruptured samples, some of these biomarkers are secreted into blood or urine. Furthermore, analysis was also done in a spatially resolving manner by separating the lesion area from the surrounding brain tissue. Our spatial studies revealed that although appearing histologically normal, the CCM border areas were pathological when compared to control brain tissues. Moreover, the functional relevance of CD93, ICAM-1 and MMP9, markers related to endothelial cell activation and extracellular matrix was validated by a murine pre-clinical CCM model. INTERPRETATION Here we present a novel strategy for proteomics analysis on human CCMs, offering a possibility for high-throughput protein screening acquiring data on the local environment in the brain. Our data presented here describe CCM relevant brain proteins and specifically those which are secreted can serve the need of circulating CCM biomarkers to predict cavernoma's risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Jauhiainen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Favour C Onyeogaziri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Francesca Lazzaroni
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lei Liu Conze
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aki Laakso
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Behnam Rezai Jahromi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Sullivan JM, Bagnell AM, Alevy J, Avila EM, Mihaljević L, Saavedra-Rivera PC, Kong L, Huh JS, McCray BA, Aisenberg WH, Zuberi AR, Bogdanik L, Lutz CM, Qiu Z, Quinlan KA, Searson PC, Sumner CJ. Gain-of-function mutations of TRPV4 acting in endothelial cells drive blood-CNS barrier breakdown and motor neuron degeneration in mice. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadk1358. [PMID: 38776392 PMCID: PMC11316273 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Blood-CNS barrier disruption is a hallmark of numerous neurological disorders, yet whether barrier breakdown is sufficient to trigger neurodegenerative disease remains unresolved. Therapeutic strategies to mitigate barrier hyperpermeability are also limited. Dominant missense mutations of the cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cause forms of hereditary motor neuron disease. To gain insights into the cellular basis of these disorders, we generated knock-in mouse models of TRPV4 channelopathy by introducing two disease-causing mutations (R269C and R232C) into the endogenous mouse Trpv4 gene. TRPV4 mutant mice exhibited weakness, early lethality, and regional motor neuron loss. Genetic deletion of the mutant Trpv4 allele from endothelial cells (but not neurons, glia, or muscle) rescued these phenotypes. Symptomatic mutant mice exhibited focal disruptions of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) integrity, associated with a gain of function of mutant TRPV4 channel activity in neural vascular endothelial cells (NVECs) and alterations of NVEC tight junction structure. Systemic administration of a TRPV4-specific antagonist abrogated channel-mediated BSCB impairments and provided a marked phenotypic rescue of symptomatic mutant mice. Together, our findings show that mutant TRPV4 channels can drive motor neuron degeneration in a non-cell autonomous manner by precipitating focal breakdown of the BSCB. Further, these data highlight the reversibility of TRPV4-mediated BSCB impairments and identify a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with TRPV4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anna M. Bagnell
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jonathan Alevy
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elvia Mena Avila
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island; Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island; Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ljubica Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Lingling Kong
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Huh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brett A. McCray
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - William H. Aisenberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katharina A. Quinlan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island; Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island; Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Charlotte J. Sumner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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4
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Dai W, Castleberry M, Zheng Z. Tale of two systems: the intertwining duality of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2679-2696. [PMID: 37579878 PMCID: PMC10599797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is an enzymatic process that breaks down fibrin clots, while dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. Both fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism are critical mechanisms that regulate a myriad of functions in the body, and the imbalance of these mechanisms is linked to the development of pathologic conditions, such as thrombotic complications in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Accumulated evidence indicates the close relationship between the 2 seemingly distinct and complicated systems-fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. Observational studies in humans found that dyslipidemia, characterized by increased blood apoB-lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein, is associated with lower fibrinolytic potential. Genetic variants of some fibrinolytic regulators are associated with blood lipid levels, supporting a causal relationship between these regulators and lipoprotein metabolism. Mechanistic studies have elucidated many pathways that link the fibrinolytic system and lipoprotein metabolism. Moreover, profibrinolytic therapies improve lipid panels toward an overall cardiometabolic healthier phenotype, while some lipid-lowering treatments increase fibrinolytic potential. The complex relationship between lipoprotein and fibrinolysis warrants further research to improve our understanding of the bidirectional regulation between the mediators of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA.
| | | | - Ze Zheng
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
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5
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Wen T, Zhang Z. Cellular mechanisms of fibrin (ogen): insight from neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1197094. [PMID: 37529232 PMCID: PMC10390316 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1197094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent and currently incurable conditions that progressively impair cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric functions of the central or peripheral nervous system. Fibrinogen, a macromolecular glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response and tissue repair in the human body and interacts with various nervous system cells due to its unique molecular structure. Accumulating evidence suggests that fibrinogen deposits in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. By regulating pathophysiological mechanisms and signaling pathways, fibrinogen can exacerbate the neuro-pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases, while depletion of fibrinogen contributes to the amelioration of cognitive function impairment in patients. This review comprehensively summarizes the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of fibrinogen in central nervous system cells and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Vascular dementia, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Additionally, we discuss the potential of fibrinogen-related treatments in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.
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6
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Breaking barriers in postoperative delirium. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:147-150. [PMID: 35718561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic perturbations such as peripheral surgical trauma induce neurovascular, inflammatory, and cognitive changes. The blood-brain barrier is a key interface between the periphery and the central nervous system, and is critically involved in regulating neuroimmune interactions to maintain overall homeostasis. Mounting evidence suggests that blood-brain barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of ageing and multiple neurological conditions including Alzheimer's disease. We discuss a recent study published in the British Journal of Anaesthesia that describes blood-brain barrier changes and neuroinflammation in patients with postoperative delirium after non-intracranial surgery.
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7
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PKCδ-positive GABAergic neurons in the central amygdala exhibit tissue-type plasminogen activator: role in the control of anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2197-2205. [PMID: 35145231 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease expressed in several brain regions and reported to be involved in the control of emotional and cognitive functions. Nevertheless, little is known about the structure-function relationships of these tPA-dependent behaviors. Here, by using a new model of constitutive tPA-deficient mice (tPAnull), we first show that tPA controls locomotor activity, spatial cognition and anxiety. To investigate the brain structures involved in these tPA-dependent behavioral phenotypes, we next generated tPAflox mice allowing conditional tPA deletion (cKO) following stereotaxic injections of adeno-associated virus driving Cre-recombinase expression (AAV-Cre-GFP). We demonstrate that tPA removal in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus induces hyperactivity and partial spatial memory deficits. Moreover, the deletion of tPA in the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not in the basolateral nucleus, induces hyperactivity and reduced anxiety-like level. Importantly, we prove that these behaviors depend on the tPA present in the adult brain and not on neurodevelopmental disorders. Also, interestingly, our data show that tPA from Protein kinase-C delta-positive (PKCδ) GABAergic interneurons of the lateral/ capsular part of adult mouse central amygdala controls emotional functions through neuronal activation of the medial central amygdala. Together, our study brings new data about the critical central role of tPA in behavioral modulations in adult mice.
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8
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Pompili E, De Franchis V, Giampietri C, Leone S, De Santis E, Fornai F, Fumagalli L, Fabrizi C. Protease Activated Receptor 1 and Its Ligands as Main Regulators of the Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1668. [PMID: 34827666 PMCID: PMC8615415 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with the brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves possess a striking ability to regenerate after damage. This characteristic of the peripheral nervous system is mainly due to a specific population of glial cells, the Schwann cells. Schwann cells promptly activate after nerve injury, dedifferentiate assuming a repair phenotype, and assist axon regrowth. In general, tissue injury determines the release of a variety of proteases which, in parallel with the degradation of their specific targets, also activate plasma membrane receptors known as protease-activated receptors (PARs). PAR1, the prototypical member of the PAR family, is also known as thrombin receptor and is present at the Schwann cell plasma membrane. This receptor is emerging as a possible regulator of the pro-regenerative capacity of Schwann cells. Here, we summarize the most recent literature data describing the possible contribution of PAR1 and PAR1-activating proteases in regulating the regeneration of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pompili
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.D.F.); (C.G.); (E.D.S.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Valerio De Franchis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.D.F.); (C.G.); (E.D.S.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.D.F.); (C.G.); (E.D.S.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena De Santis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.D.F.); (C.G.); (E.D.S.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fumagalli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.D.F.); (C.G.); (E.D.S.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Cinzia Fabrizi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.D.F.); (C.G.); (E.D.S.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
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9
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Venous congestion as a central mechanism of radiculopathies. Joint Bone Spine 2021; 89:105291. [PMID: 34653602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Compression of roots/nerves can disrupt some of their functions, but does not necessarily cause pain. This is illustrated by the frequency of nearly asymptomatic spinal stenosis or disc herniations. In fact, pain of radiculopathies (and nerve entrapments) may mostly be the consequence of intraneural oedema induced by microscopical venous stasis around roots/spinal ganglia (or nerves) not or poorly shown by imaging. This narrative review first lists arguments for a role of congestion of vasa-nervorum in the pathophysiology of radiculopathies, including those induced by disc herniation and spinal stenosis, but also other sources of overpressures in spinal venous plexuses (pregnancy, vena cava atresia and thrombosis, portal hypertension, epidural varices, arterio-venous fistula, vertebral hemangioma or hemangioblastoma). It also details sources of venous congestion around nerves outside the spine, from pelvis (May-Thurner syndrome, Nut-cracker syndrome) to buttocks (superior and inferior gluteal veins), and even thighs and legs. A better recognition of a preeminent role of venous congestion in radiculopathies, plexopathies, and nerve entrapments, should have major consequences: (i) discard the dogma that compression is mandatory to induce root/nerve suffering, since root/nerve adherences in two locations can impair blood flow in vasa-nervorum through root/nerve stretching; (ii) implementation of sensitive techniques to visualise impingement of blood flow around or within roots and nerves; (iii) better prevention of roots/nerves adherence, or arachnoiditis induced by extravascular fibrin deposition secondary to venous stasis.; (iv) optimizing treatments dampening clot formation and/or extravascular fibrin leakage in the intradural/peridural spaces, or around roots/nerves, like guided injection of tissue plasminogen activator.
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10
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A Review on the Mechanism of Tuina Promoting the Recovery of Peripheral Nerve Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6652099. [PMID: 34285705 PMCID: PMC8275372 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6652099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuina, as one of the characteristic external therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been used to treat the disease caused by peripheral nerve injury (PNI) for thousands of years. An increasing number of clinical trials and animal experiments have demonstrated that tuina can improve the symptoms and promote the recovery of damaged nerves. This review focuses on the mechanistic studies of tuina in promoting the recovery of PNI, which might provide a neurobiological foundation for the effects of tuina. Although many mechanisms underlying the effects of tuina on nerve repair have been identified, there are still many unknown problems, such as the key substance or way for tuina to work, so further investigation is warranted.
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11
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Zeitelhofer M, Adzemovic MZ, Moessinger C, Stefanitsch C, Strell C, Muhl L, Brundin L, Fredriksson L, Olsson T, Eriksson U, Nilsson I. Blocking PDGF-CC signaling ameliorates multiple sclerosis-like neuroinflammation by inhibiting disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22383. [PMID: 33361796 PMCID: PMC7759579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a feature of various neurological disorders. Here we found that the BBB is differently affected during the preclinical, progression and remission phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We have identified an upregulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors in the BBB transcriptome and down-regulation of endothelial tight junction members coinciding with elevated BBB leakage specifically during the progression phase. These changes were antagonized by blocking PDGFRα signaling with the small tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. Moreover, targeting the PDGFRα ligand PDGF-CC using a neutralizing antibody, facilitated recovery of BBB integrity and improvement of EAE symptoms. Intracerebroventricular injection of PDGF-CC induced upregulation, whereas blocking PDGF-CC during EAE led to downregulation of Tnfa and Il1a at the BBB. Our findings suggest that blocking PDGF-CC counteracts fundamental aspects of endothelial cell activation and disruption of the BBB by decreasing Tnfa and Il1a expression. We also demonstrate that both PDGF-CC and its receptor PDGFRα were upregulated in MS lesions indicating that blocking PDGF-CC may be considered a novel treatment for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Milena Z Adzemovic
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine Moessinger
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Stefanitsch
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carina Strell
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Muhl
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lou Brundin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Fredriksson
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nilsson
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Effects of Pacap on Schwann Cells: Focus on Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218233. [PMID: 33153152 PMCID: PMC7663204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells, the most abundant glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, represent the key players able to supply extracellular microenvironment for axonal regrowth and restoration of myelin sheaths on regenerating axons. Following nerve injury, Schwann cells respond adaptively to damage by acquiring a new phenotype. In particular, some of them localize in the distal stump to form the Bungner band, a regeneration track in the distal site of the injured nerve, whereas others produce cytokines involved in recruitment of macrophages infiltrating into the nerve damaged area for axonal and myelin debris clearance. Several neurotrophic factors, including pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), promote survival and axonal elongation of injured neurons. The present review summarizes the evidence existing in the literature demonstrating the autocrine and/or paracrine action exerted by PACAP to promote remyelination and ameliorate the peripheral nerve inflammatory response following nerve injury.
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13
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Heissig B, Salama Y, Takahashi S, Osada T, Hattori K. The multifaceted role of plasminogen in inflammation. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109761. [PMID: 32861744 PMCID: PMC7452830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A fine-tuned activation and deactivation of proteases and their inhibitors are involved in the execution of the inflammatory response. The zymogen/proenzyme plasminogen is converted to the serine protease plasmin, a key fibrinolytic factor by plasminogen activators including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Plasmin is part of an intricate protease network controlling proteins of initial hemostasis/coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement system. Activation of these protease cascades is required to mount a proper inflammatory response. Although best known for its ability to dissolve clots and cleave fibrin, recent studies point to the importance of fibrin-independent functions of plasmin during acute inflammation and inflammation resolution. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of the enzymatic and cytokine-like effects of tPA and describe the role of tPA and plasminogen receptors in the regulation of the inflammatory response with emphasis on the cytokine storm syndrome such as observed during coronavirus disease 2019 or macrophage activation syndrome. We discuss tPA as a modulator of Toll like receptor signaling, plasmin as an activator of NFkB signaling, and summarize recent studies on the role of plasminogen receptors as controllers of the macrophage conversion into the M2 type and as mediators of efferocytosis during inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Heissig
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Yousef Salama
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Taro Osada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, 279-0021 Chiba, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genomic & Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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15
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Tissue Plasminogen Activator Loaded PCL Nanofibrous Scaffold Promoted Nerve Regeneration After Sciatic Nerve Transection in Male Rats. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:413-428. [PMID: 32852719 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
According to the studies, damages to the peripheral nerve as a result of a trauma or acute compression, stretching, or burns accounts for a vast range of discomforts which strongly impressed the patient's life quality. Applying highly potent biomolecules and growth factors in the damaged nerve site would promote the probability of nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is one of the components that can contribute importantly to degenerating and regenerating the peripheral nerves following the injuries occurred and the absence of this biomolecule hinders the recoveries of the nerves. This technique would guarantee the direct accessibility of tPA for the regenerating axons. Structural, physical, and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluations were done before in vivo experiments. In this study, twenty-four mature male rats have been exploited. The rats have been classified into four groups: controls, axotomy, axotomy + scaffold, and axotomy + tPA-loaded scaffold. Four, 8, and 12 weeks post-surgical, the sciatic functional index (SFI) has been measured. After 12 weeks, the spinal cord, sciatic nerve, and dorsal root ganglion specimens have been removed and stereological procedures, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression have been used to analyze them. Stereological parameters, immunohistochemistry of GFAP, and gene expression of S100, NGF, and BDNF were significantly enhanced in tPA-loaded scaffold group compared with axotomy group. The most similarity was observed between the results of control group and tPA-loaded scaffold group. According to the results, a good regeneration of the functional nerve tissues in a short time was observed as a result of introducing tPA.
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Quantitative proteomic analysis of human plasma using tandem mass tags to identify novel biomarkers for herpes zoster. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103879. [PMID: 32585426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ), commonly called shingles, it is a distinctive syndrome caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). A better understanding of the biological characteristics of HZ patients can help develop new targeted therapies to improve the prognosis. High-throughput proteomics technology can deeply study the molecular changes in the development and progression of HZ disease and integrate different levels of information, this is important to help make clinical decisions. Circulating blood contains a lot of biological information, we conducted a proteomics study of patient plasma, hoping to identify key proteins that could indicate the development of HZ. Compared to healthy human plasma, we found 44 differentially expressed proteins in the plasma of HZ patients, the main pathways involved in these molecules are MAPK signaling pathway, Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, Acute myeloid leukemia, Transcriptional misregulation in cancer. We found that 27 proteins have direct protein-protein interactions. Based on the comprehensive score, we identified six key molecules as candidate molecules for further study, and then validated another 80 plasma samples (40 HZ patient plasma and 40 healthy human plasma) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot assay and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Finally, we found that the expression levels of these three proteins (PLG, F2, VTN) were significantly lower than those of healthy controls (P < .05). To the best of our knowledge, we first used tandem mass tag (TMT) combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to screen for differentially expressed proteins in plasma between HZ patients and healthy individuals. It is preliminarily proved that the plasma protein expression profile of HZ patients is different from that of uninfected patients, it has also been found that these three altered key proteins may be used as biomarkers to test early HZ infection. This study reveals new insights into HZ that help to more accurately identify early HZ patients and to find new therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV; termed human alphaherpesvirus 3 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) is a herpesvirus that is ubiquitous in humans and can cause chickenpox and herpes zoster (HZ). After the initial infection of varicella, the VZV goes into a dormant state in the sensory ganglia and cranial nerves. As age or immunosuppression increases, the cellular immunity to VZV decreases, and the virus reactivates and spreads along the sensory nerves to the skin, causing a unique prodromal pain followed by a rash. About one in five people around the world may be infected with VZV at some point in their lives. According to statistics, about one-third of infected people will develop HZ in their lifetime, and an estimated 1 million cases of herpes zoster occur in the United States each year. Herpes zoster can occur at any age and is usually less severe in children and young adults, but the greatest morbidity and mortality are observed in elderly and immunocompromised patients. 20% of patients with HZ have complications including vasculitis, increased risk of myocardial infarction, or postherpetic neuralgia, the overall mortality rate of patients with HZ in the United States is close to 5%. Considering the wide clinical severity and complications of this disease, there is a great need for biomarkers that contribute to early diagnosis, classification of risks, and prediction of outcomes, which will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying their clinical development. As a useful tool in biology, quantitative proteomics can repeatedly identify and accurately quantify proteins in a variety of biological samples. Proteomic analysis focuses on translational proteins, which play a direct role in most biological processes. Although a small number of proteins can be studied simultaneously with traditional methods, such as ELISA and Western blotting, typical proteomics studies can simultaneously analyze thousands of proteins for a more comprehensive identification. Proteomics has been successfully applied to human-based disease research, Analysis of exposed and unexposed subjects based on mass spectrometry (MS) has been found to reveal altered expression of proteins that can be identified as intermediate biomarkers of early disease effects. Tandem mass tags (TMTs) are chemical labels used for MS-based identification and quantification of biological molecules. TMTs play an important role in proteomic analysis in a variety of samples such as cells, tissues, and body fluids. The body fluids that are often detected clinically are blood, which are easy to obtain and contain abundant biological information related to physiological and pathological processes, we hope to develop protein biomarkers from these blood. Therefore, in order to better characterize the pathological process of HZ patients, we performed proteomic analysis of HZ patients and healthy human plasma using the TMT method. This comparison aims to identify specific processes in the development of HZ disease through protein profiling, which may help to improve our biological understanding of HZ.
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Muscarinic receptors modulate Nerve Growth Factor production in rat Schwann-like adipose-derived stem cells and in Schwann cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7159. [PMID: 32346125 PMCID: PMC7188814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative capability of the peripheral nervous system after injury is enhanced by Schwann cells (SCs) producing several growth factors. The clinical use of SCs in nerve regeneration strategies is hindered by the necessity of removing a healthy nerve to obtain the therapeutic cells. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be chemically differentiated towards a SC-like phenotype (dASCs), and represent a promising alternative to SCs. Their physiology can be further modulated pharmacologically by targeting receptors for neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh). In this study, we compare the ability of rat dASCs and native SCs to produce NGF in vitro. We also evaluate the ability of muscarinic receptors, in particular the M2 subtype, to modulate NGF production and maturation from the precursor (proNGF) to the mature (mNGF) form. For the first time, we demonstrate that dASCs produce higher basal levels of proNGF and mature NGF compared to SCs. Moreover, muscarinic receptor activation, and in particular M2 subtype stimulation, modulates NGF production and maturation in both SCs and dASCs. Indeed, both cell types express both proNGF A and B isoforms, as well as mNGF. After M2 receptor stimulation, proNGF-B (25 kDa), which is involved in apoptotic processes, is strongly reduced at transcript and protein level. Thus, we demonstrate that dASCs possess a stronger neurotrophic potential compared to SCs. ACh, via M2 muscarinic receptors, contributes to the modulation and maturation of NGF, improving the regenerative properties of dASCs.
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Klimovich PS, Semina EV, Karagyaur MN, Rysenkova KD, Sysoeva VY, Mironov NA, Sagaradze GD, Az'muko AA, Popov VS, Rubina KA, Tkachuk VA. Urokinase receptor regulates nerve regeneration through its interaction with α5β1-integrin. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110008. [PMID: 32187956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Urokinase receptor (uPAR) promotes extracellular matrix proteolysis, regulates adhesion and cell migration, transduces intracellular signals through interactions with the lateral partners. The expression of uPAR and urokinase (uPA) is significantly upregulated in peripheral nerves after injury, however, little is known about uPAR function in nerve regeneration or the molecular mechanisms involved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of uPAR in nerve regeneration after traumatic injury of n. Peroneus communis in uPA-/-, uPAR-/- or control mice (WT) and in neuritogenesis in an in vitro Neuro 2A cell model. RESULTS Electrophysiological analysis indicates that nerve recovery is significantly impaired in uPAR-/- mice, but not in uPA-/- mice. These data correlate with the reduced amount of NF200-positive axons in regenerating nerves from uPAR-/- mice compared to uPA-/- or control mice. There is an increase in uPAR expression and remarkable colocalization of uPAR with α5 and β1 integrin in uPA-/- mice in recovering nerves, pointing to a potential link between uPAR and its lateral partner α5β1-integrin. Using an in vitro model of neuritogenesis and α325 blocking peptide, which abrogates uPAR-α5β1 interaction in Neuro 2A cells but has no effect on their function, we have further confirmed the significance of uPAR-α5β1 interaction. CONCLUSION Taken together, we report evidence pointing to an important role of uPAR, rather than uPA, in peripheral nerve recovery and neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Klimovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E V Semina
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - M N Karagyaur
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-10, Moscow, 119191, Russia
| | - K D Rysenkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V Yu Sysoeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N A Mironov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - G D Sagaradze
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-10, Moscow, 119191, Russia
| | - A A Az'muko
- Laboratory for the Synthesis of Peptides, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - V S Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - K A Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Laboratory of Morphogenesis and Tissue Reparation, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V A Tkachuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-10, Moscow, 119191, Russia
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Abstract
Re-myelination of CNS nerves after injury is ineffective. Here, Petersen et al. (2017) show that the blood clotting protein fibrinogen inhibits nerve repair by preventing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from differentiating into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Targeting fibrinogen or its downstream BMP signaling pathway may help with CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H Norris
- Patricia & John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology & Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia & John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology & Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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20
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Pellegatta M, Taveggia C. The Complex Work of Proteases and Secretases in Wallerian Degeneration: Beyond Neuregulin-1. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:93. [PMID: 30949030 PMCID: PMC6436609 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After damage, axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate and regrow following a process termed Wallerian degeneration, but the regenerative process is often incomplete and usually the system does not reach full recovery. Key steps to the creation of a permissive environment for axonal regrowth are the trans-differentiation of Schwann cells and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review article, we will discuss how proteases and secretases promote effective regeneration and remyelination. We will detail how they control neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) activity at the post-translational level, as the concerted action of alpha, beta and gamma secretases cooperates to balance activating and inhibitory signals necessary for physiological myelination and remyelination. In addition, we will discuss the role of other proteases in nerve repair, among which A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and gamma-secretases substrates. Moreover, we will present how matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases of the blood coagulation cascade participate in forming newly synthetized myelin and in regulating axonal regeneration. Overall, we will highlight how a deeper comprehension of secretases and proteases mechanism of action in Wallerian degeneration might be useful to develop new therapies with the potential of readily and efficiently improve the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pellegatta
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE at IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE at IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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21
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Plantone D, Inglese M, Salvetti M, Koudriavtseva T. A Perspective of Coagulation Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1175. [PMID: 30692962 PMCID: PMC6340371 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A key role of both coagulation and vascular thrombosis has been reported since the first descriptions of multiple sclerosis (MS). Subsequently, the observation of a close concordance between perivascular fibrin(ogen) deposition and the occurrence of clinical signs in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, led to numerous investigations focused on the role of thrombin and fibrin(ogen). Indeed, the activation of microglia, resident innate immune cells, occurs early after fibrinogen leakage in the pre-demyelinating lesion stage of EAE and MS. Thrombin has both neuroprotective and pro-apoptotic effects according to its concentration. After exposure to high concentrations of thrombin, astrocytes become reactive and lose their neuroprotective and supportive functions, microglia proliferate, and produce reactive oxygen species, IL-1β, and TNFα. Heparin inhibits the thrombin generation and suppresses EAE. Platelets play an important role too. Indeed, in the acute phase of the disease, they begin the inflammatory response in the central nervous system by producing of IL-1alpha and triggering and amplifying the immune response. Their depletion, on the contrary, ameliorates the course of EAE. Finally, it has been proven that the use of several anticoagulant agents can successfully improve EAE. Altogether, these studies highlight the role of the coagulation pathway in the pathophysiology of MS and suggest possible therapeutic targets that may complement existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NEMOS), Sapienza University, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Tatiana Koudriavtseva
- Department of Clinical Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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22
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Reinhold AK, Yang S, Chen JTC, Hu L, Sauer RS, Krug SM, Mambretti EM, Fromm M, Brack A, Rittner HL. Tissue plasminogen activator and neuropathy open the blood-nerve barrier with upregulation of microRNA-155-5p in male rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1160-1169. [PMID: 30625382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-nerve barrier (BNB) consisting of the perineurium and endoneurial vessels is sealed by tight junction proteins. BNB alterations are a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies. However, barrier opening, e.g. by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), can also facilitate topical application of analgesics. Here, we examined tPA both in the pathophysiology of neuropathy-induced BNB opening or via exogenous application and its effect on the cytoplasmatic tight junction protein anchoring protein, zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), the adherens molecule JAM-C and microRNA(miR)-155-5p. Specifically, we investigated whether tPA alone and barrier opening lead to pain behavioral changes, i.e. hyperalgesia, or whether these effects require further factors. Male Wistar rats underwent chronic constriction injury (CCI) or were treated by a single perisciatic application of recombinant (r)tPA. CCI elicited mechanical allodynia, tPA mRNA upregulation, macrophage invasion, BNB leakage for large molecule tracers, downregulation of ZO-1 and JAM-C mRNA/protein, and a loss of immunoreactivity of both in perineurium and endoneurial cells. Similarly, after perisciatic rtPA injection, ZO-1 and JAM-C mRNA as well as cytosolic/membrane protein and ZO-1 immunoreactivity were downregulated, and the BNB was opened. Neither mechanical hypersensitivity nor macrophage infiltration was observed after rtPA in contrast to CCI. Mechanistically, miR-155-5p, which is known to destabilize barriers and tight junction proteins like claudin-1 and ZO-1, was increased in CCI and to lesser extent after rtPA application. In summary, tPA transiently opens the BNB possibly via miR-155-5p. However, tPA does not provoke allodynia in the absence of a neuropathic stimulus like a ligation or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Reinhold
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shaobing Yang
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Liu Hu
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Reine-Solange Sauer
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Egle M Mambretti
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Brack
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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23
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Stevenson TK, Lawrence DA. Characterization of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Expression and Trafficking in the Adult Murine Brain. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0119-18.2018. [PMID: 30090852 PMCID: PMC6080846 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0119-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is an immediate-early gene important for regulating physiological processes like synaptic plasticity and neurovascular coupling. It has also been implicated in several pathological processes including blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, seizure progression, and stroke. These varied reports suggest that tPA is a pleiotropic mediator whose actions are highly compartmentalized in space and time. The specific localization of tPA, therefore, can provide useful information about its function. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed characterization of tPA's regional, cellular, and subcellular localization in the brain. To achieve this, two new transgenic mouse lines were utilized: (1) a PlatβGAL reporter mouse, which houses the β-galactosidase gene in the tPA locus and (2) a tPABAC-Cerulean mouse, which has a cerulean-fluorescent protein fused in-frame to the tPA C-terminus. Using these two transgenic reporters, we show that while tPA is expressed throughout most regions of the adult murine brain, it appears to be preferentially targeted to fiber tracts in the limbic system. In the hippocampus, confocal microscopy revealed tPA-Cerulean (tPA-Cer) puncta localized to giant mossy fiber boutons (MFBs) and astrocytes in stratum lucidum. With amplification of the tPA-Cer signal, somatically localized tPA was also observed in the stratum oriens (SO)/alveus layer of both CA1 and CA3 subfields. Coimmunostaining of tPA-Cer and interneuronal markers indicates that these tPA-positive cell bodies belong to a subclass of somatostatin (SST)/oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons. Together, these data imply that tPA's localization is differentially regulated, suggesting that its neuromodulatory effects may be compartmentalized and specialized to cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara K. Stevenson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel A. Lawrence
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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24
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Guan X, Gong M, Wang X, Zhu J, Liu Y, Sun L, Zhang H. Low preoperative fibrinogen level is risk factor for neurological complications in acute aortic dissection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10830. [PMID: 29794773 PMCID: PMC6392557 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic arch surgery in patients with acute aortic dissection is frequently complicated by neurological complications and coagulopathy. However, the relationship between the coagulation system and neurological complications in patients with acute aortic dissection has not been clarified. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the coagulation system and neurological complications in patients with acute aortic dissection.From September 2014 to January 2016, a total of 126 patients with acute type A aortic dissection were enrolled. Perioperative characteristics and standard laboratory tests upon admission were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis in this study. The primary outcome was the correlation between the coagulation system and neurological complications.Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the neurological complications (+) group underwent more serious and complicated postoperative outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed serum creatinine level (OR, 1.049; 95% CI, 1.011-1.089; P = .01), white blood cell counts (OR, 1.581; 95% CI, 1.216-2.057; P = .001) and fibrinogen concentration upon admission (OR, 0.189; 95% CI, 0.060-0.596; P = .004) as predictors of neurological complications. However, we found that there was no association between the coagulation system and in-hospital mortality.Low preoperative fibrinogen level is the preferred marker for predicting clinical neurological complications in patients with acute type A aortic dissection treated with surgical repair.
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25
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Petersen MA, Ryu JK, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen in neurological diseases: mechanisms, imaging and therapeutics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:283-301. [PMID: 29618808 PMCID: PMC6743980 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood coagulation protein fibrinogen is deposited in the brain in a wide range of neurological diseases and traumatic injuries with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Recent research has uncovered pleiotropic roles for fibrinogen in the activation of CNS inflammation, induction of scar formation in the brain, promotion of cognitive decline and inhibition of repair. Such diverse roles are possible in part because of the unique structure of fibrinogen, which contains multiple binding sites for cellular receptors and proteins expressed in the nervous system. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of fibrinogen are beginning to be elucidated, providing insight into its involvement in neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and traumatic CNS injury. Selective drug targeting to suppress the damaging functions of fibrinogen in the nervous system without affecting its beneficial effects in haemostasis opens a new fibrinogen therapeutics pipeline for neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Petersen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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de Souza JM, Goncalves BDC, Gomez MV, Vieira LB, Ribeiro FM. Animal Toxins as Therapeutic Tools to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29527170 PMCID: PMC5829052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide. So far, no disease-modifying drug is available to treat patients, making the search for effective drugs an urgent need. Neurodegeneration is triggered by the activation of several cellular processes, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, aging, aggregate formation, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. Therefore, many research groups aim to identify drugs that may inhibit one or more of these events leading to neuronal cell death. Venoms are fruitful natural sources of new molecules, which have been relentlessly enhanced by evolution through natural selection. Several studies indicate that venom components can exhibit selectivity and affinity for a wide variety of targets in mammalian systems. For instance, an expressive number of natural peptides identified in venoms from animals, such as snakes, scorpions, bees, and spiders, were shown to lessen inflammation, regulate glutamate release, modify neurotransmitter levels, block ion channel activation, decrease the number of protein aggregates, and increase the levels of neuroprotective factors. Thus, these venom components hold potential as therapeutic tools to slow or even halt neurodegeneration. However, there are many technological issues to overcome, as venom peptides are hard to obtain and characterize and the amount obtained from natural sources is insufficient to perform all the necessary experiments and tests. Fortunately, technological improvements regarding heterologous protein expression, as well as peptide chemical synthesis will help to provide enough quantities and allow chemical and pharmacological enhancements of these natural occurring compounds. Thus, the main focus of this review is to highlight the most promising studies evaluating animal toxins as therapeutic tools to treat a wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, glaucoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno D C Goncalves
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Gomez
- Department of Neurotransmitters, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciene B Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of Sciatic Nerve in Rats: Protective Role of Combination of Vitamin C with E and Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:650-658. [PMID: 29327309 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat's sciatic nerve was experimentally developed. In this model, we measured the in vivo production of superoxide radical, as a marker of oxidative stress and the occludin expression as an indicator of blood-nerve barrier function and we examined potential protective innervations against these abnormalities. Right sciatic nerves of the animals underwent 3 h of ischemia followed by 7 days of reperfusion and were divided into three groups: ischemic, pretreated with vitamin C in conjunction with vitamin E and treated with tissue plasminogen activator. Compared to measurements from left sciatic nerves used as sham, the ischemic group showed significantly increased superoxide radical and reduced expression of occludin in western blot and immunohistochemistry. No such differences were detected between sham and nerves in the vitamin or tissue plasminogen activator groups. It is suggested that the experimental ischemia/reperfusion model was suitable for studying the relationship between oxidative state and blood-nerve barrier. The reversion of abnormalities by the applied neuroprotective agents might prove to be a clinically important finding in view of the implication of vascular supply derangement in various neuropathies in humans.
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Involvement of the Urokinase Receptor and Its Endogenous Ligands in the Development of the Brain and the Formation of Cognitive Functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-017-0525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Campbell RA, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Rowley JW, Franks ZG, Manne BK, Rondina MT, Kraiss LW, Majersik JJ, Zimmerman GA, Weyrich AS. Clots Are Potent Triggers of Inflammatory Cell Gene Expression: Indications for Timely Fibrinolysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1819-1827. [PMID: 28775073 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood vessel wall damage often results in the formation of a fibrin clot that traps inflammatory cells, including monocytes. The effect of clot formation and subsequent lysis on the expression of monocyte-derived genes involved in the development and progression of ischemic stroke and other vascular diseases, however, is unknown. Determine whether clot formation and lysis regulates the expression of human monocyte-derived genes that modulate vascular diseases. APPROACH AND RESULTS We performed next-generation RNA sequencing on monocytes extracted from whole blood clots and using a purified plasma clot system. Numerous mRNAs were differentially expressed by monocytes embedded in clots compared with unclotted controls, and IL-8 (interleukin 8) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) were among the upregulated transcripts in both models. Clotted plasma also increased expression of IL-8 and MCP-1, which far exceeded responses observed in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes. Upregulation of IL-8 and MCP-1 occurred in a thrombin-independent but fibrin-dependent manner. Fibrinolysis initiated shortly after plasma clot formation (ie, 1-2 hours) reduced the synthesis of IL-8 and MCP-1, whereas delayed fibrinolysis was far less effective. Consistent with these in vitro models, monocytes embedded in unresolved thrombi from patients undergoing thrombectomy stained positively for IL-8 and MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that clots are potent inducers of monocyte gene expression and that timely fibrinolysis attenuates inflammatory responses, specifically IL-8 and MCP-1. Dampening of inflammatory gene expression by timely clot lysis may contribute to the clinically proven efficacy of fibrinolytic drug treatment within hours of stroke onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Campbell
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
| | - Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Jesse W Rowley
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Zechariah G Franks
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Bhanu Kanth Manne
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Larry W Kraiss
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Jennifer J Majersik
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine (R.A.C., J.W.R., Z.G.F., B.K.M., M.T.R., L.W.K., A.S.W.) and Departments of Internal Medicine (R.A.C., A.V.-d.-A., J.W.R., M.T.R., G.A.Z., A.S.W.), Surgery (L.W.K.), and Neurology (J.J.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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Song J, Li X, Li Y, Che J, Li X, Zhao X, Chen Y, Zheng X, Yuan W. Biodegradable and biocompatible cationic polymer delivering microRNA-221/222 promotes nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4195-4208. [PMID: 28652727 PMCID: PMC5473607 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s132190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) has great potential to treat a wide range of illnesses by regulating the expression of eukaryotic genes. Biomaterials with high transfection efficiency and low toxicity are needed to deliver miRNA to target cells. In this study, a biodegradable and biocompatible cationic polymer (PDAPEI) was synthetized from low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI1.8kDa) cross-linked with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde. PDAPEI showed a lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection efficiency than PEI25kDa in transfecting miR-221/222 into rat Schwann cells (SCs). The upregulation of miR-221/222 in SCs promoted the expression of nerve growth factor and myelin basic protein in vitro. The mouse sciatic nerve crush injury model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of PDAPEI/miR-221/222 complexes for nerve regeneration in vivo. The results of electrophysiological tests, functional assessments, and histological and immunohistochemistry analyses demonstrated that PDAPEI/miR-221/222 complexes significantly promoted nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush, specifically enhancing remyelination. All these results show that the use of PDAPEI to deliver miR-221/222 may provide a safe therapeutic means of treating nerve crush injury and may help to overcome the barrier of biomaterial toxicity and low efficiency often encountered during medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health, Shanghai, Sixth People’s Hospital East Campus, Shanghai
| | - Xueyang Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xuzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu
| | - Yingli Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Junyi Che
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Xiaoming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | | | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, JinShan District, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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Flick MJ, Bugge TH. Plasminogen-receptor KT : plasminogen activation and beyond. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:150-154. [PMID: 27740735 PMCID: PMC5280338 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface orchestrates plasminogen activation through the concomitant binding of plasminogen and plasminogen activators to specific receptors. In this issue, Miles and colleagues describe their detailed phenotypic characterization of mice deficient in Plg-RKT, a key plasminogen receptor expressed in numerous tissues, but highly expressed by proinflammatory macrophages. The analysis provides critical and surprising new insights into the biology of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Flick
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Sánchez M, Anitua E, Delgado D, Sanchez P, Prado R, Orive G, Padilla S. Platelet-rich plasma, a source of autologous growth factors and biomimetic scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:197-212. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1259409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Sánchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Diego Delgado
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Peio Sanchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Gorka Orive
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
- Lab of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabino Padilla
- BTI Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation, Vitoria, Spain
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Elevated fibrinogen levels in neuromyelitis optica is associated with severity of disease. Neurol Sci 2016; 37:1823-1829. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dahl LCM, Nasa Z, Chung J, Niego B, Tarlac V, Ho H, Galle A, Petratos S, Lee JY, Alderuccio F, Medcalf RL. The Influence of Differentially Expressed Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158653. [PMID: 27427941 PMCID: PMC4948890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) has been implicated in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that levels of t-PA mRNA and activity are increased ~4 fold in the spinal cords of wild-type mice that are mice subjected to EAE. This was also accompanied with a significant increase in the levels of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (pro-MMP-9) and an influx of fibrinogen. We next compared EAE severity in wild-type mice, t-PA-/- mice and T4+ transgenic mice that selectively over-express (~14-fold) mouse t-PA in neurons of the central nervous system. Our results confirm that t-PA deficient mice have an earlier onset and more severe form of EAE. T4+ mice, despite expressing higher levels of endogenous t-PA, manifested a similar rate of onset and neurological severity of EAE. Levels of proMMP-9, and extravasated fibrinogen in spinal cord extracts were increased in mice following EAE onset regardless of the absence or over-expression of t-PA wild-type. Interestingly, MMP-2 levels also increased in spinal cord extracts of T4+ mice following EAE, but not in the other genotypes. Hence, while the absence of t-PA confers a more deleterious form of EAE, neuronal over-expression of t-PA does not overtly protect against this condition with regards to symptom onset or severity of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa CM Dahl
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Zeyad Nasa
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - JieYu Chung
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Be’eri Niego
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Volga Tarlac
- Van Cleef Roet Centre for Nervous Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Adam Galle
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Robert L. Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- * E-mail:
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35
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Li S, Zhang R, Yuan Y, Yi S, Chen Q, Gong L, Liu J, Ding F, Cao Z, Gu X. MiR-340 Regulates Fibrinolysis and Axon Regrowth Following Sciatic Nerve Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4379-4389. [PMID: 27344331 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, the degenerative debris and inflammatory alterations at the injury site may block the elongation of regenerating axons to reach target organs. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease, has a capability of degrading matrix molecules and cell adhesions. In this study, we found that either tPA or miR-340 was differentially expressed in the injured nerve after sciatic nerve injury, and that the expressions of tPA and miR-340 were negatively correlated to each other. Moreover, miR-340 and tPA were co-localized in sciatic nerve. miR-340 regulated tPA through direct targeting of the 3'-UTR of tPA. Functionally, over- or under-expression of miR-340 reduced or augmented the fibrinolytic activity and migration ability of cultured Schwann cells as well as tPA secretion from the cells, respectively. In rats with sciatic nerve crush injury, dysregulation of the miR-340 expression in the injury site affected the cell debris removal and axonal regrowth. Obviously, unlike many previous studies that investigate the functional impact of miRNAs on peripheral nerve regeneration in the perspective of miRNA regulation of neural cell behaviors, the present study focused on miRNA regulation of debris clearance, thus updating our understanding of the regulatory roles of miRNAs in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Leilei Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China.
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China.
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36
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Hébert M, Lesept F, Vivien D, Macrez R. The story of an exceptional serine protease, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 172:186-97. [PMID: 26626577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The only acute treatment of ischemic stroke approved by the health authorities is tissue recombinant plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced thrombolysis. Under physiological conditions, tPA, belonging to the serine protease family, is secreted by endothelial and brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes). Although revascularisation induced by tPA is beneficial during a stroke, research over the past 20 years shows that tPA can also be deleterious for the brain parenchyma. Thus, in this review of the literature, after a brief history on the discovery of tPA, we reviewed current knowledge of mechanisms by which tPA can influence brain function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hébert
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - F Lesept
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - D Vivien
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - R Macrez
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France.
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37
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The plasminogen activation system in neuroinflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:395-402. [PMID: 26493446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The plasminogen activation (PA) system consists in a group of proteases and protease inhibitors regulating the activation of the zymogen plasminogen into its proteolytically active form, plasmin. Here, we give an update of the current knowledge about the role of the PA system on different aspects of neuroinflammation. These include modification in blood-brain barrier integrity, leukocyte diapedesis, removal of fibrin deposits in nervous tissues, microglial activation and neutrophil functions. Furthermore, we focus on the molecular mechanisms (some of them independent of plasmin generation and even of proteolysis) and target receptors responsible for these effects. The description of these mechanisms of action may help designing new therapeutic strategies targeting the expression, activity and molecular mediators of the PA system in neurological disorders involving neuroinflammatory processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Lee TW, Tsang VWK, Birch NP. Physiological and pathological roles of tissue plasminogen activator and its inhibitor neuroserpin in the nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:396. [PMID: 26528129 PMCID: PMC4602146 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although its roles in the vascular space are most well-known, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is widely expressed in the developing and adult nervous system, where its activity is believed to be regulated by neuroserpin, a predominantly brain-specific member of the serpin family of protease inhibitors. In the normal physiological state, tPA has been shown to play roles in the development and plasticity of the nervous system. Ischemic damage, however, may lead to excess tPA activity in the brain and this is believed to contribute to neurodegeneration. In this article, we briefly review the physiological and pathological roles of tPA in the nervous system, which includes neuronal migration, axonal growth, synaptic plasticity, neuroprotection and neurodegeneration, as well as a contribution to neurological disease. We summarize tPA's multiple mechanisms of action and also highlight the contributions of the inhibitor neuroserpin to these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Woo Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vicky W K Tsang
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand ; Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa Auckland, New Zealand
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Bardehle S, Rafalski VA, Akassoglou K. Breaking boundaries-coagulation and fibrinolysis at the neurovascular interface. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:354. [PMID: 26441525 PMCID: PMC4584986 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood proteins at the neurovascular unit (NVU) are emerging as important molecular determinants of communication between the brain and the immune system. Over the past two decades, roles for the plasminogen activation (PA)/plasmin system in fibrinolysis have been extended from peripheral dissolution of blood clots to the regulation of central nervous system (CNS) functions in physiology and disease. In this review, we discuss how fibrin and its proteolytic degradation affect neuroinflammatory, degenerative and repair processes. In particular, we focus on novel functions of fibrin—the final product of the coagulation cascade and the main substrate of plasmin—in the activation of immune responses and trafficking of immune cells into the brain. We also comment on the suitability of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems as potential biomarkers and drug targets in diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and stroke. Studying coagulation and fibrinolysis as major molecular pathways that regulate cellular functions at the NVU has the potential to lead to the development of novel strategies for the detection and treatment of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Bardehle
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria A Rafalski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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Sánchez M, Anitua E, Delgado D, Prado R, Sánchez P, Fiz N, Guadilla J, Azofra J, Pompei O, Orive G, Ortega M, Yoshioka T, Padilla S. Ultrasound-guided plasma rich in growth factors injections and scaffolds hasten motor nerve functional recovery in an ovine model of nerve crush injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1619-1629. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Sánchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit; Hospital Vithas San Jose; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research; Hospital Vithas San Jose; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - E. Anitua
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research; Vitoria-Gasteiz; Spain
| | - D. Delgado
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research; Hospital Vithas San Jose; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - R. Prado
- Biotechnology Institute (BTI); Vitoria-Gasteiz; Spain
| | - P. Sánchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research; Hospital Vithas San Jose; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - N. Fiz
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit; Hospital Vithas San Jose; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - J. Guadilla
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit; Hospital Vithas San Jose; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - J. Azofra
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit; Hospital Vithas San Jose; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - O. Pompei
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit; Hospital Vithas San Jose; Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
| | - G. Orive
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research; Vitoria-Gasteiz; Spain
| | - M. Ortega
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit; Galdakao-Usánsolo Hospital; Bilbao Spain
| | - T. Yoshioka
- Division of Regenerative Medicine for Musculoskeletal System, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Tsukuba; Japan
| | - S. Padilla
- Biotechnology Institute (BTI); Vitoria-Gasteiz; Spain
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Mantuano E, Lam MS, Shibayama M, Campana WM, Gonias SL. The NMDA receptor functions independently and as an LRP1 co-receptor to promote Schwann cell survival and migration. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3478-88. [PMID: 26272917 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors, which associate with LDL-receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) to trigger cell signaling in response to protein ligands in neurons. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the NMDA-R is expressed by rat Schwann cells and functions independently and with LRP1 to regulate Schwann cell physiology. The NR1 (encoded by GRIN1) and NR2b (encoded by GRIN2B) NMDA-R subunits were expressed by cultured Schwann cells and upregulated in sciatic nerves following crush injury. The ability of LRP1 ligands to activate ERK1/2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) and promote Schwann cell migration required the NMDA-R. NR1 gene silencing compromised Schwann cell survival. Injection of the LRP1 ligands tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA, also known as PLAT) or MMP9-PEX into crush-injured sciatic nerves activated ERK1/2 in Schwann cells in vivo, and the response was blocked by systemic treatment with the NMDA-R inhibitor MK801. tPA was unique among the LRP1 ligands examined because tPA activated cell signaling and promoted Schwann cell migration by interacting with the NMDA-R independently of LRP1, albeit with delayed kinetics. These results define the NMDA-R as a Schwann cell signaling receptor for protein ligands and a major regulator of Schwann cell physiology, which may be particularly important in peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mantuano
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Michael S Lam
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Masataka Shibayama
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - W Marie Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA The Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Karagyaur M, Dyikanov D, Makarevich P, Semina E, Stambolsky D, Plekhanova O, Kalinina N, Tkachuk V. Non-viral transfer of BDNF and uPA stimulates peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 74:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Fazeli B, Rezaee SA. A review on thromboangiitis obliterans pathophysiology: thrombosis and angiitis, which is to blame? Vascular 2015; 19:141-53. [PMID: 21652666 DOI: 10.1258/vasc.2010.ra0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A century has passed since thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), or Buerger's disease, was first described, but the etiology remains unclear. It is still uncertain as to whether thrombosis or vascular inflammation is the first event. TAO is an episodic inflammatory and thrombotic-occlusive vascular disease of unknown origin. The involvement of the distal vessels and nerves within the neuro-vascular bundles occurs almost always in legs and occasionally in arms. The cumulative data demonstrate that at the cellular and molecular levels, at least four main components of inflammatory reactions, including endothelial cells, platelets, leukocytes and sensory neurons, might be involved in TAO pathogenesis. The interactions among these cells in an altered microenvironment of small- and medium-sized vessels may also orchestrate the onset of TAO events. In this review, the factors that may promote thrombosis and angiitis are reconsidered at three levels: (1) host characteristics such as male gender and genetic background; (2) probable triggers including cigarette smoking and infectious agents; and (3) environmental factors such as chronic anxiety and mental stress as a consequence of low socioeconomic status. At each level, the interactions among vascular endothelium, platelets, leukocytes and sensory neurons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Fazeli
- Immunology Department, Avicenna (Bu-Ali) Research Institute, Bu-Ali Sq., Ferdosi Sq., Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, PC 91967-73117
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Mahmud S, Akhter S, Rahman MA, Aklima J, Akhter S, Merry SR, Jubair SMR, Dash R, Emran TB. Antithrombotic Effects of Five Organic Extracts of Bangladeshi Plants In Vitro and Mechanisms in In Silico Models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:782742. [PMID: 26075001 PMCID: PMC4449917 DOI: 10.1155/2015/782742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research was carried out to investigate the thrombolytic effects of the methanolic extracts of five Bangladeshi plants. Phytochemical metabolites of those plants have been identified to elucidate whether the plant-derived metabolites are linked with the thrombolytic effects. Potential computer aided models were adopted in this study to find out a structure-function correlation between the phytochemical constituents and thrombolytic effects using the secondary metabolites as ligands and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) as receptor for the best fit ligand-receptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakib Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Samina Akhter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Aklima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Shaheen Akhter
- Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Raju Dash
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
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Chinese tuina downregulates the elevated levels of tissue plasminogen activator in sciatic nerve injured Sprague-Dawley rats. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 23:617-624. [PMID: 25967608 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanism of Chinese tuina in treating sciatic nerve crush injury, and to detect the levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is thought to play an important role in nerve regeneration. METHODS Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sciatic nerve crush injury and 16 rats (sham-operated group) went through a sham operation. Control group was given no treatment while tuina group received tuina therapy since day 7 post-surgery. Tuina treatment was performed once a day and lasted for 20 days. The sciatic functional index was examined every 5 days during the treatment session. The rats' gastrocnemius muscles were evaluated for changes in mass and immunohistochemistry techniques were performed to detect the levels of tPA and PAI-1. RESULTS Tuina therapy improved the motor function of sciatic nerve injured rats (P<0.05), however, it did not increase muscle volume (P<0.05). Tuina downregulated the levels of tPA and PAI-1 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study implies that tuina treatment could accelerate rehabilitation of peripheral nerve injury.
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Castorina A, Waschek JA, Marzagalli R, Cardile V, Drago F. PACAP interacts with PAC1 receptors to induce tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression and activity in schwann cell-like cultures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117799. [PMID: 25658447 PMCID: PMC4319891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of peripheral nerves depends on the abilities of rejuvenating axons to migrate at the injury site through cellular debris and altered extracellular matrix, and then grow along the residual distal nerve sheath conduit and reinnervate synaptic targets. Considerable evidence suggest that glial cells participate in this process, although the mechanisms remain to be clarified. In cell culture, regenerating neurites secrete PACAP, a peptide shown to induce the expression of the protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in neural cell types. In the present studies, we tested the hypothesis that PACAP can stimulate peripheral glial cells to produce tPA. More specifically, we addressed whether or not PACAP promoted the expression and activity of tPA in the Schwann cell line RT4-D6P2T, which shares biochemical and physical properties with Schwann cells. We found that PACAP dose- and time-dependently stimulated tPA expression both at the mRNA and protein level. Such effect was mimicked by maxadilan, a potent PAC1 receptor agonist, but not by the PACAP-related homolog VIP, suggesting a PAC1-mediated function. These actions appeared to be mediated at least in part by the Akt/CREB signaling cascade because wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor, prevented peptide-driven CREB phosphorylation and tPA increase. Interestingly, treatment with BDNF mimicked PACAP actions on tPA, but acted through both the Akt and MAPK signaling pathways, while causing a robust increase in PACAP and PAC1 expression. PACAP6-38 totally blocked PACAP-driven tPA expression and in part hampered BDNF-mediated effects. We conclude that PACAP, acting through PAC1 receptors, stimulates tPA expression and activity in a Akt/CREB-dependent manner to promote proteolytic activity in Schwann-cell like cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Castorina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute/Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rubina Marzagalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Docagne F, Parcq J, Lijnen R, Ali C, Vivien D. Understanding the Functions of Endogenous and Exogenous Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator During Stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:314-20. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Docagne
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Jérôme Parcq
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Roger Lijnen
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Carine Ali
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Denis Vivien
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
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Pope HM, Voigt MM. Peripheral glia have a pivotal role in the initial response to axon degeneration of peripheral sensory neurons in zebrafish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103283. [PMID: 25058656 PMCID: PMC4109997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration is a feature of many peripheral neuropathies. Understanding the organismal response to this degeneration may aid in identifying new therapeutic targets for treatment. Using a transgenic zebrafish line expressing a bacterial nitroreductase (Ntr)/mCherry fusion protein in the peripheral sensory neurons of the V, VII, IX, and X cranial nerves, we were able to induce and visualize the pathology of axon degeneration in vivo. Exposure of 4 days post fertilization Ntr larvae to the prodrug metronidazole (Met), which Ntr metabolizes into cytotoxic metabolites, resulted in dose-dependent cell death and axon degeneration. This was limited to the Ntr-expressing sensory neurons, as neighboring glia and motor axons were unaffected. Cell death was rapid, becoming apparent 3-4 hours after Met treatment, and was followed by phagocytosis of soma and axon debris by cells within the nerves and ganglia beginning at 4-5 hours of exposure. Although neutrophils appear to be activated in response to the degenerating neurons, they did not accumulate at the sites of degeneration. In contrast, macrophages were found to be attracted to the sites of the degenerating axons, where they phagocytosed debris. We demonstrated that peripheral glia are critical for both the phagocytosis and inflammatory response to degenerating neurons: mutants that lack all peripheral glia (foxD3-/-; Ntr) exhibit a much reduced reaction to axonal degeneration, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the clearance of debris, and impaired macrophage recruitment. Overall, these results show that this zebrafish model of peripheral sensory axon degeneration exhibits many aspects common to peripheral neuropathies and that peripheral glia play an important role in the initial response to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Pope
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Voigt
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Craciun FL, Ajay AK, Hoffmann D, Saikumar J, Fabian SL, Bijol V, Humphreys BD, Vaidya VS. Pharmacological and genetic depletion of fibrinogen protects from kidney fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F471-84. [PMID: 25007874 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00189.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen (Fg) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several fibrotic disorders by acting as a profibrotic ligand for a variety of cellular surface receptors and by modulating the provisional fibrin matrix formed after injury. We demonstrated increased renal Fg expression after unilateral ureteral obstruction and folic acid (FA) nephropathy in mice, respectively. Urinary Fg excretion was also increased in FA nephropathy. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, our results suggested that IL-6 mediates STAT3 activation in kidney fibrosis and that phosphorylated (p)STAT3 binds to Fgα, Fgβ, and Fgγ promoters in the kidney to regulate their transcription. Genetically modified Fg heterozygous mice (∼75% of normal plasma Fg levels) exhibited only 3% kidney interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy after FA nephropathy compared with 24% for wild-type mice. Fibrinogenolysis through Ancrod administration after FA reduced interstitial fibrosis more than threefold compared with vehicle-treated control mice. Mechanistically, we show that Fg acts synergistically with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to induce fibroblast proliferation and activates TGF-β1/pSMAD2 signaling. This study offers increased understanding of Fg expression and molecular interactions with TGF-β1 in the progression to kidney fibrosis and, importantly, indicates that fibrinogenolytics like Ancrod present a treatment opportunity for a yet intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin L Craciun
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amrendra K Ajay
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dana Hoffmann
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janani Saikumar
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven L Fabian
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vanesa Bijol
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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50
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Blood-nerve barrier dysfunction contributes to the generation of neuropathic pain and allows targeting of injured nerves for pain relief. Pain 2014; 155:954-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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