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Collinson RJ, Wilson L, Boey D, Ng ZY, Mirzai B, Chuah HS, Howman R, Grove CS, Malherbe JAJ, Leahy MF, Linden MD, Fuller KA, Erber WN, Guo BB. Transcription factor 3 is dysregulated in megakaryocytes in myelofibrosis. Platelets 2024; 35:2304173. [PMID: 38303515 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2024.2304173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factor 3 (TCF3) is a DNA transcription factor that modulates megakaryocyte development. Although abnormal TCF3 expression has been identified in a range of hematological malignancies, to date, it has not been investigated in myelofibrosis (MF). MF is a Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that can arise de novo or progress from essential thrombocythemia [ET] and polycythemia vera [PV] and where dysfunctional megakaryocytes have a role in driving the fibrotic progression. We aimed to examine whether TCF3 is dysregulated in megakaryocytes in MPN, and specifically in MF. We first assessed TCF3 protein expression in megakaryocytes using an immunohistochemical approach analyses and showed that TCF3 was reduced in MF compared with ET and PV. Further, the TCF3-negative megakaryocytes were primarily located near trabecular bone and had the typical "MF-like" morphology as described by the WHO. Genomic analysis of isolated megakaryocytes showed three mutations, all predicted to result in a loss of function, in patients with MF; none were seen in megakaryocytes isolated from ET or PV marrow samples. We then progressed to transcriptomic sequencing of platelets which showed loss of TCF3 in MF. These proteomic, genomic and transcriptomic analyses appear to indicate that TCF3 is downregulated in megakaryocytes in MF. This infers aberrations in megakaryopoiesis occur in this progressive phase of MPN. Further exploration of this pathway could provide insights into TCF3 and the evolution of fibrosis and potentially lead to new preventative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Collinson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Lynne Wilson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Darren Boey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Zi Yun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bob Mirzai
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Hun S Chuah
- Department of Haematology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Rockingham General Hospital, Rockingham, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Howman
- Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands Australia
| | - Carolyn S Grove
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands Australia
| | | | - Michael F Leahy
- Department of Haematology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew D Linden
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Fuller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Wendy N Erber
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Belinda B Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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2
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Singh N, Zhang P, Li KJ, Gordon KL. The Rac pathway prevents cell fragmentation in a nonprotrusively migrating leader cell during C. elegans gonad organogenesis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2387-2402.e5. [PMID: 38776905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The C. elegans hermaphrodite distal tip cell (DTC) leads gonadogenesis. Loss-of-function mutations in a C. elegans ortholog of the Rac1 GTPase (ced-10) and its GEF complex (ced-5/DOCK180, ced-2/CrkII, ced-12/ELMO) cause gonad migration defects related to directional sensing; we discovered an additional defect class of gonad bifurcation in these mutants. Using genetic approaches, tissue-specific and whole-body RNAi, and in vivo imaging of endogenously tagged proteins and marked cells, we find that loss of Rac1 or its regulators causes the DTC to fragment as it migrates. Both products of fragmentation-the now-smaller DTC and the membranous patch of cellular material-localize important stem cell niche signaling (LAG-2 ligand) and migration (INA-1/integrin subunit alpha) factors to their membranes, but only one retains the DTC nucleus and therefore the ability to maintain gene expression over time. The enucleate patch can lead a bifurcating branch off the gonad arm that grows through germ cell proliferation. Germ cells in this branch differentiate as the patch loses LAG-2 expression. While the nucleus is surprisingly dispensable for aspects of leader cell function, it is required for stem cell niche activity long term. Prior work found that Rac1-/-;Rac2-/- mouse erythrocytes fragment; in this context, our new findings support the conclusion that maintaining a cohesive but deformable cell is a conserved function of this important cytoskeletal regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Singh
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen Jian Li
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kacy Lynn Gordon
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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3
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Shafaei Pishabad Z, Ledgerwood EC. The Y49H cytochrome c variant enhances megakaryocytic maturation of K-562 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167134. [PMID: 38531481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Five pathogenic variants in the gene encoding cytochrome c (CYCS) associated with mild autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia have been reported. Previous studies of peripheral blood CD34+ or CD45+ cells from subjects with the G42S CYCS variant showed an acceleration in megakaryopoiesis compared to wild-type (WT) cells. To determine whether this result reflects a common feature of the CYCS variants, the c.145T>C mutation (Y49H variant) was introduced into the endogenous CYCS locus in K-562 cells, which undergo megakaryocytic maturation in response to treatment with a phorbol ester. The c.145T>C (Y49H) variant enhanced the megakaryocyte maturation of the K-562 cells, and this effect was seen when the cells were cultured at both 18 % and 5 % oxygen. Thus, alteration of megakaryopoiesis is common to both the G42S and Y49H CYCS variants and may contribute to the low platelet phenotype. The Y49H CYCS variant has previously been reported to impair mitochondrial respiratory chain function in vitro, however using extracellular flux analysis the c.145T>C (Y49H) variant does not alter mitochondrial bioenergetics of the K-562 cells, consistent with the lack of a phenotype characteristic of mitochondrial diseases in CYCS variant families. The Y49H variant has also been reported to enhance the ability of cytochrome c to trigger caspase activation in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. However, as seen in peripheral blood cells from G42S CYCS variant carriers, the presence of Y49H cytochrome c in K-562 cells did not significantly change their response to an apoptotic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shafaei Pishabad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth C Ledgerwood
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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4
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Meng F, Chen S, Liu C, Khan MS, Yan Y, Wan J, Xia Y, Sun C, Yang M, Hu R, Dai K. The role of PKC in X-ray-induced megakaryocyte apoptosis and thrombocytopenia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 104:102798. [PMID: 37813040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a critical complication after radiation therapy and exposure. Dysfunction of megakaryocyte development and platelet production are key pathophysiological stages in ionizing radiation (IR)-induced thrombocytopenia. Protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in regulating megakaryocyte development and platelet production. However, it remains unclear how PKC regulates IR-induced megakaryocyte apoptosis. In this study, we found that pretreatment of PKC pan-inhibitor Go6983 delayed IR-induced megakaryocyte apoptosis, and inhibited IR-induced mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production in CMK cells. Moreover, suppressing PKC activation inhibited cleaved caspase3 expression and reduced p38 phosphorylation levels, and IR-induced PKC activation might be regulated by p53. In vivo experiments confirmed that Go6983 promoted platelet count recovery after 21 days of 3 Gy total body irradiation. Furthermore, Go6983 reduced megakaryocyte apoptosis, increased the number of megakaryocyte and polyploid formation in bone marrow, and improved the survival rate of 6 Gy total body irradiation. In conclusion, our results provided a potential therapeutic target for IR-induced thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanbi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Chunliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yue Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Mengnan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Renping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Kesheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Suzhou 215000, China.
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5
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Petito E, Gresele P. Immune attack on megakaryocytes in immune thrombocytopenia. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102345. [PMID: 38525349 PMCID: PMC10960061 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A State of the Art lecture titled "Immune Attack on Megakaryocytes in ITP: The Role of Megakaryocyte Impairment" was presented at the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Congress in 2023. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies against platelet surface glycoproteins that provoke increased clearance of circulating platelets, leading to reduced platelet number. However, there is also evidence of a direct effect of antiplatelet autoantibodies on bone marrow megakaryocytes. Indeed, immunologic cells responsible for autoantibody production reside in the bone marrow; megakaryocytes progressively express during their maturation the same glycoproteins against which ITP autoantibodies are directed, and platelet autoantibodies have been detected in the bone marrow of patients with ITP. In vitro studies using ITP sera or monoclonal antibodies against platelet and megakaryocyte surface glycoproteins have shown an impairment of many steps of megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, such as megakaryocyte differentiation and maturation, migration from the osteoblastic to the vascular niche, adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, and proplatelet formation, resulting in impaired and ectopic platelet production in the bone marrow and diminished platelet release in the bloodstream. Moreover, cytotoxic T cells may target bone marrow megakaryocytes, resulting in megakaryocyte destruction. Altogether, these findings suggest that antiplatelet autoantibodies and cellular immunity against bone marrow megakaryocytes may significantly contribute to thrombocytopenia in some patients with ITP. Finally, we summarize relevant new data on this topic presented during the 2023 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Congress. The complete unraveling of the mechanisms of immune attack-induced impairment of megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis may open the way to new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Petito
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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6
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Josefsson EC. Platelet intrinsic apoptosis. Thromb Res 2023; 231:206-213. [PMID: 36739256 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In a healthy individual, the lifespan of most platelets is tightly regulated by intrinsic, or mitochondrial, apoptosis. This is a special form of programmed cell death governed by the BCL-2 family of proteins, where the prosurvival protein BCL-XL maintains platelet viability by restraining the prodeath proteins BAK and BAX. Restriction of platelet lifespan by activation of BAK and BAX mediated intrinsic apoptosis is essential to maintain a functional, haemostatically reactive platelet population. This review focuses on the molecular regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in platelets, reviews conditions linked to enhanced platelet death, discusses ex vivo storage of platelets and describes caveats associated with the assessment of platelet apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Josefsson
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Gothenburg, Sweden; The University of Gothenburg, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, 1G Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia.
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7
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Huang YF, Su SC, Chuang HY, Chen HH, Twu YC. Histone deacetylation-regulated cell surface Siglec-7 expression promoted megakaryocytic maturation and enhanced platelet-like particle release. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:329-343. [PMID: 36700509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functioning as important hematologic cells for hemostasis, wound healing and immune defense platelets are produced before being released into the blood by cytoplasmic fragmentation at the end of the megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation, during which the involvement of both apoptosis and autophagy has been reported. Inhibitory sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-7 gene (Siglec-7) can be expressed on platelets and induce apoptosis on activation for uncharacterized function. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism for Siglec-7 activation along MK differentiation and its physiologic role during the MK maturation and platelet formation. METHODS By using 2 well-established MK differentiation models (HEL and K562) and human primary CD34+ cell, we examined the upregulations of transcript and protein levels of Siglec-7 during MK differentiation, and the effect of Siglec-7 surface presence on MK differentiation and platelet-like particles (PLPs) release. RESULTS We show that both transcripts and surface Siglec-7 were elevated during MK differentiation, and the histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) acted as a negative regulator for Siglec-7 activation. By increasing Siglec-7 surface expression, we found that increased presence of Siglec-7 not only enhanced MK maturation but also the release of PLPs by activating caspase 3-dependent signaling, as evidenced in the observation of more CD41, polyploidy, and platelet factor 4 transcript formations. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrated that Siglec-7 activation was subjected to epigenetic regulation, and the resulting induced expression of surface Siglec-7 played an important regulatory role in promoting MK differentiation, maturation, and PLP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Su
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Han Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ching Twu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yang S, Wang L, Wu Y, Wu A, Huang F, Tang X, Kantawong F, Anuchapreeda S, Qin D, Mei Q, Chen J, Huang X, Zhang C, Wu J. Apoptosis in megakaryocytes: Safeguard and threat for thrombopoiesis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1025945. [PMID: 36685543 PMCID: PMC9845629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, generated from precursor megakaryocytes (MKs), are central mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis. The process of thrombopoiesis is extremely complex, regulated by multiple factors, and related to many cellular events including apoptosis. However, the role of apoptosis in thrombopoiesis has been controversial for many years. Some researchers believe that apoptosis is an ally of thrombopoiesis and platelets production is apoptosis-dependent, while others have suggested that apoptosis is dispensable for thrombopoiesis, and is even inhibited during this process. In this review, we will focus on this conflict, discuss the relationship between megakaryocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis and apoptosis. In addition, we also consider why such a vast number of studies draw opposite conclusions of the role of apoptosis in thrombopoiesis, and try to figure out the truth behind the mystery. This review provides more comprehensive insights into the relationship between megakaryocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and apoptosis and finds some clues for the possible pathological mechanisms of platelet disorders caused by abnormal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuesong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Luzhou, China
| | - Feihong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fahsai Kantawong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Songyot Anuchapreeda
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dalian Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qibing Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinwu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Medical Key Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Luzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Xu D, Xie L, Zhang Z, Yu W, Qiu J, Xu CW, He C, Xu X, Cai X, Yi J, Yin J. Preliminary Study on Apoptotic Proteins in Platelet from Adult Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Acta Haematol 2022; 145:318-325. [PMID: 34375974 DOI: 10.1159/000517812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a chronic and usually lifelong hemorrhagic disorder in which enhanced platelet destruction and -weakened platelet production lead to thrombocytopenia. In this study, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK), early growth response 1 (EGR-1), p53, Bcl-xL, Bak, Bax, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in platelets from adult patients with chronic ITP were investigated. METHODS Platelets were isolated from blood samples collected from 20 adult patients with chronic ITP and 20 healthy volunteers. p38-MAPK, EGR-1, p53, Bcl-xL, Bak, Bax, and ROS were determined by flow cytometry, and the results were analyzed by EXPO32 ADC. RESULTS Flow cytometry showed the expression levels of p38-MAPK (61.66 ± 19.38% vs. 27.52 ± 14.34%), EGR-1 (62.22 ± 20.48% vs. 9.05 ± 5.79%), p53 (56.82 ± 20.07% vs. 4.35 ± 2.04%), Bak (39.86 ± 11.45% vs. 20.82 ± 11.85%), Bax (36.85 ± 15.99% vs. 6.69 ± 5.01%), and ROS (19.98 ± 1.47% vs. 1.29 ± 0.10%) were all elevated (p < 0.05 compared with healthy volunteers). In addition, pro-survival Bcl-xL (5.38 ± 1.52% vs. 21.20 ± 6.04%) was decreased markedly in platelets from adult patients with chronic ITP (p < 0.05 compared with healthy volunteers). CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that platelets in adults with chronic ITP display a proapoptotic gene expression phenotype, based on the enhanced expression of p38-MAPK, EGR-1, p53, Bak, Bax, and ROS, and attenuated expression of Bcl-xL, suggesting increased sensitivity toward apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Xu
- Division of Urological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinfeng Qiu
- Division of Respirology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Xu
- Department of Blood Purification, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chunling He
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xianru Xu
- Division of Inventional Ultrasonic Therapeutics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xinjian Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jingxing Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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10
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Pyrillou K, Burzynski LC, Clarke MCH. Alternative Pathways of IL-1 Activation, and Its Role in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:613170. [PMID: 33391283 PMCID: PMC7775495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines activate or inhibit immune cell behavior and are thus integral to all immune responses. IL-1α and IL-1β are powerful apical cytokines that instigate multiple downstream processes to affect both innate and adaptive immunity. Multiple studies show that IL-1β is typically activated in macrophages after inflammasome sensing of infection or danger, leading to caspase-1 processing of IL-1β and its release. However, many alternative mechanisms activate IL-1α and IL-1β in atypical cell types, and IL-1 function is also important for homeostatic processes that maintain a physiological state. This review focuses on the less studied, yet arguably more interesting biology of IL-1. We detail the production by, and effects of IL-1 on specific innate and adaptive immune cells, report how IL-1 is required for barrier function at multiple sites, and discuss how perturbation of IL-1 pathways can drive disease. Thus, although IL-1 is primarily studied for driving inflammation after release from macrophages, it is clear that it has a multifaceted role that extends far beyond this, with various unconventional effects of IL-1 vital for health. However, much is still unknown, and a detailed understanding of cell-type and context-dependent actions of IL-1 is required to truly understand this enigmatic cytokine, and safely deploy therapeutics for the betterment of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Murray C. H. Clarke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Chen OCW, Colaco A, Davis LC, Kiskin FN, Farhat NY, Speak AO, Smith DA, Morris L, Eden E, Tynan P, Churchill GC, Galione A, Porter FD, Platt FM. Defective platelet function in Niemann-Pick disease type C1. JIMD Rep 2020; 56:46-57. [PMID: 33204596 PMCID: PMC7653256 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in either NPC1 (95% of cases) or NPC2. Reduced late endosome/lysosome calcium (Ca2+) levels and the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and sphingolipids within the late endocytic system characterize this disease. We previously reported impaired lysosome-related organelle (LRO) function in Npc1 -/- Natural Killer cells; however, the potential contribution of impaired acid compartment Ca2+ flux and LRO function in other cell types has not been determined. Here, we investigated LRO function in NPC1 disease platelets. We found elevated numbers of circulating platelets, impaired platelet aggregation and prolonged bleeding times in a murine model of NPC1 disease. Electron microscopy revealed abnormal ultrastructure in murine platelets, consistent with that seen in a U18666A (pharmacological inhibitor of NPC1) treated megakaryocyte cell line (MEG-01) exhibiting lipid storage and acidic compartment Ca2+ flux defects. Furthermore, platelets from NPC1 patients across different ages were found to cluster at the lower end of the normal range when platelet numbers were measured and had platelet volumes that were clustered at the top of the normal range. Taken together, these findings highlight the role of acid compartment Ca2+ flux in the function of platelet LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Y. Farhat
- Division in Translational MedicineEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human ServicesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - Lauren Morris
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Emily Eden
- Institute of Ophthalmology—Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | - Forbes D. Porter
- Division in Translational MedicineEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human ServicesBethesdaMarylandUSA
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12
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Bian W, Chen W, Jiang X, Qu H, Jiang J, Yang J, Liang X, Zhao B, Sun Y, Zhang C. Downregulation of Long Non-coding RNA Nuclear Paraspeckle Assembly Transcript 1 Inhibits MEG-01 Differentiation and Platelet-Like Particles Activity. Front Genet 2020; 11:571467. [PMID: 33193674 PMCID: PMC7596361 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.571467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes and play an important role in blood coagulation. By using high throughput sequencing, we have found that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) is abundant in platelets (GEO ID: 200097348). However, little is known about its role in regulating megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet activity. This study aims to clarify the effect of NEAT1 on MEG-01 differentiation and platelet-like particle (PLP) activity. NEAT1 in MEG-01 cells was knocked down by siRNA transfection. The adhesion of MEG-01 and PLP to collagen-coated coverslips was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Flow cytometry was used to investigate cell apoptosis, cell cycle, the levels of D41/CD42b on MEG-01 cells and CD62P on PLPs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect NEAT1 and IL-8 expression levels. Western blot was used to measure the protein levels of Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and IL-8. RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation was used to detect the interaction of NEAT1 and splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich (SFPQ). Results showed that NEAT1 knockdown decreased the adhesion ability of thrombin-stimulated MEG-01 and PLP. The expression of CD62P on PLPs and CD41/CD42b on MEG-01 cells was inhibited by NEAT1 knockdown. In addition, NEAT1 knockdown inhibited cell apoptosis with increased Bcl2/Bax ratio and decreased cleaved caspase-3, and reduced the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Meanwhile, NEAT1 knockdown inhibited the expression of IL-8. A strong interaction of NEAT1 and SFPQ, a transcriptional repressor of IL-8, was identified. NEAT1 knockdown reduced the interaction between SFPQ and NEAT1.The results suggest that lncRNA NEAT1 knockdown decreases MEG-01 differentiation, PLP activity, and IL-8 level. The results also indicate that the regulation of NEAT1 on IL-8 may be realized via a direct interaction between NEAT1 and SFPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wangping Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoli Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Huiqing Qu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinfu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Bingrui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yeying Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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13
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Josefsson EC, Vainchenker W, James C. Regulation of Platelet Production and Life Span: Role of Bcl-xL and Potential Implications for Human Platelet Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207591. [PMID: 33066573 PMCID: PMC7589436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood platelets have important roles in haemostasis, where they quickly stop bleeding in response to vascular damage. They have also recognised functions in thrombosis, immunity, antimicrobal defense, cancer growth and metastasis, tumour angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, inflammatory diseases, wound healing, liver regeneration and neurodegeneration. Their brief life span in circulation is strictly controlled by intrinsic apoptosis, where the prosurvival Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-xL, has a major role. Blood platelets are produced by large polyploid precursor cells, megakaryocytes, residing mainly in the bone marrow. Together with Mcl-1, Bcl-xL regulates megakaryocyte survival. This review describes megakaryocyte maturation and survival, platelet production, platelet life span and diseases of abnormal platelet number with a focus on the role of Bcl-xL during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Josefsson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - William Vainchenker
- University Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR 1270, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Chloe James
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1034, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, 33600 Pessac, France
- Laboratory of Hematology, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Haut-Leveque Hospital, 33604 Pessac, France
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14
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Effect of YAP/TAZ on megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet production. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:226046. [PMID: 32779719 PMCID: PMC7441484 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet transfusion is required for life-threatening thrombocytopenic bleeding, and single donor platelet concentrate is the ideal transfusion product. However, due to the inadequate number of donors that can donate a large volume of platelets, in vitro platelets production could be an alternative. We developed an in vitro production system designed to increase the platelet production yield from cultured cells. Previously, we reported that depletion of a Hippo pathway core kinase (LATS1/2) inhibited platelet production from cultured megakaryocytes. In the present study, we further investigated the role of the Hippo pathway in megakaryocyte proliferation and platelet production by focusing on the role of its effector proteins (YAP and TAZ), which are down-stream targets of LATS1/2 kinase. We found that YAP plays an essential role in megakaryoblastic cell proliferation, maturation, and platelet production, while TAZ showed minor effect. Knockdown of YAP, either by genetic manipulation or pharmaceutical molecule, significantly increased caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in cultured megakaryocytes, and increased platelet production as opposed to overexpressing YAP. We, therefore, demonstrate a paradigm for the regulation of megakaryocyte development and platelet production via the Hippo signaling pathway, and suggest the potential use of an FDA-approved drug to induce higher platelet production in cultured cells.
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15
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Yan YQ, Fang Y, Zheng R, Pu JL, Zhang BR. NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Parkinson's disease and their Regulation by Parkin. Neuroscience 2020; 446:323-334. [PMID: 32795556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation might correlate with the formation of α-synuclein oligomers, subsequently leading to dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death in Parkinson's disease (PD). As major components of chronic inflammation, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes play a crucial role in PD via caspase 1 activation, primarily induced by mitochondrial damage. NLRP3 binds to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (PYCARD/ASC), and forms inflammasomes in the brain. Inflammasomes act as a platform for caspase 1 to induce interleukin 1 Beta (IL1β) maturation, leading to neuronal pyroptosis. Furthermore, alpha-synuclein, whose abnormal aggregation is the main pathogenesis of PD, also activates NLRP3 inflammasomes. Mutations to PRKN (encoding Parkin) are the most common cause of autosomal recessive familial and sporadic early-onset PD. Evidence has confirmed a relationship between Parkin and NLRP3 inflammasomes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of NLRP3 inflammasomes and their role in PD progression, and discuss their regulation by Parkin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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16
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Frydman GH, Tessier SN, Wong KHK, Vanderburg CR, Fox JG, Toner M, Tompkins RG, Irimia D. Megakaryocytes contain extranuclear histones and may be a source of platelet-associated histones during sepsis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4621. [PMID: 32165642 PMCID: PMC7067782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are typically located within the intracellular compartment, and more specifically, within the nucleus. When histones are located within the extracellular compartment, they change roles and become damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), promoting inflammation and coagulation. Patients with sepsis have increased levels of extracellular histones, which have been shown to correlate with poor prognosis and the development of sepsis-related sequelae, such as end-organ damage. Until now, neutrophils were assumed to be the primary source of circulating histones during sepsis. In this paper, we show that megakaryocytes contain extranuclear histones and transfer histones to their platelet progeny. Upon examination of isolated platelets from patients with sepsis, we identified that patients with sepsis have increased amounts of platelet-associated histones (PAHs), which appear to be correlated with the type of infection. Taken together, these results suggest that megakaryocytes and platelets may be a source of circulating histones during sepsis and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit H Frydman
- Division of Comparative Medicine and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. .,BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine, and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | - Shannon N Tessier
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine, and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keith H K Wong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine, and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles R Vanderburg
- Harvard Neurodiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine, and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald G Tompkins
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine, and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine, and Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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17
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Kovuru N, Raghuwanshi S, Sharma DS, Dahariya S, Pallepati A, Gutti RK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis and caspase activation is mediated through mitochondria during megakaryocyte differentiation. Mitochondrion 2019; 50:115-120. [PMID: 31669618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocytopoiesis involves the process of the development of hematopoietic stem cells into megakaryocytes (MKs), which are the specialized cells responsible for the production of blood platelets. Platelets are one of the crucial factors for hemostasis and thrombosis. In terminally differentiated MKs, many molecular process such as caspase activation and a massive cytoskeletal rearrangement drive the formation of cytoplasmic extensions called proplatelets. These cytoplasmic extensions packed with granules and organelles are then released from the bone marrow into the blood circulation as platelets. Classically, caspase activation is associated with apoptosis and recent reports suggest their involvement in cell differentiation and maturation. There is no clear evidence about the stimulus for caspase activation during megakaryocyte development. In the current study, we attempted to understand the importance of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the caspase activation during megakaryocyte maturation. We used human megakaryoblstic cell line (Dami cells) as an experimental model. We used PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate) to induce megakaryocytic differentiation to understand the involvement of ER stress and caspase activation during MK maturation. Further, we used Thapsigargin, a non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) as a positive control to induce ER stress. We observed larger and adherent cells with the increased expression of megakaryocytic markers (CD41 and CD61) and UPR markers in PMA or Thapsigargin treated cells as compared to control. Also, Thapsigargin treatment induced increased caspase activity and PARP cleavage. The increased expression of megakaryocyte maturation markers alongside with ER stress and caspase activation suggests the importance of ER stress in caspase activation during MK maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasaiah Kovuru
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, TS, India
| | - Sanjeev Raghuwanshi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, TS, India
| | - Durga Shankar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, TS, India
| | - Swati Dahariya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, TS, India
| | - Adithya Pallepati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, TS, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, TS, India.
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18
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The Coagulation and Immune Systems Are Directly Linked through the Activation of Interleukin-1α by Thrombin. Immunity 2019; 50:1033-1042.e6. [PMID: 30926232 PMCID: PMC6476404 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ancient organisms have a combined coagulation and immune system, and although links between inflammation and hemostasis exist in mammals, they are indirect and slower to act. Here we investigated direct links between mammalian immune and coagulation systems by examining cytokine proproteins for potential thrombin protease consensus sites. We found that interleukin (IL)-1α is directly activated by thrombin. Thrombin cleaved pro-IL-1α at a site perfectly conserved across disparate species, indicating functional importance. Surface pro-IL-1α on macrophages and activated platelets was cleaved and activated by thrombin, while tissue factor, a potent thrombin activator, colocalized with pro-IL-1α in the epidermis. Mice bearing a mutation in the IL-1α thrombin cleavage site (R114Q) exhibited defects in efficient wound healing and rapid thrombopoiesis after acute platelet loss. Thrombin-cleaved IL-1α was detected in humans during sepsis, pointing to the relevance of this pathway for normal physiology and the pathogenesis of inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. Mammalian IL-1α contains a highly conserved thrombin consensus site Thrombin cleavage leads to IL-1α activation and shedding from the cell surface Thrombin activates IL-1α after epidermal wounding and after acute platelet loss Thrombin-cleaved IL-1α is also detected in humans during sepsis
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19
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Ledgerwood EC, Dunstan-Harrison C, Ong L, Morison IM. CYCS gene variants associated with thrombocytopenia. Platelets 2018; 30:672-674. [PMID: 30452302 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1543866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ledgerwood
- a Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Caitlin Dunstan-Harrison
- a Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Lily Ong
- a Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Ian M Morison
- b Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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20
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Luff SA, Kao CY, Papoutsakis ET. Role of p53 and transcription-independent p53-induced apoptosis in shear-stimulated megakaryocytic maturation, particle generation, and platelet biogenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203991. [PMID: 30231080 PMCID: PMC6145578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (Mks) derive from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow and develop into large, polyploid cells that eventually give rise to platelets. As Mks mature, they migrate from the bone marrow niche into the vasculature, where they are exposed to shear forces from blood flow, releasing Mk particles (platelet-like particles (PLPs), pro/preplatelets (PPTs), and Mk microparticles (MkMPs)) into circulation. We have previously shown that transcription factor p53 is important in Mk maturation, and that physiological levels of shear promote Mk particle generation and platelet biogenesis. Here we examine the role of p53 in the Mk shear-stress response. We show that p53 is acetylated in response to shear in both immature and mature Mks, and that decreased expression of deacetylase HDAC1, and increased expression of the acetyltransferases p300 and PCAF might be responsible for these changes. We also examined the hypothesis that p53 might be involved in the shear-induced Caspase 3 activation, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and increased biogenesis of PLPs, PPTs, and MkMPs. We show that p53 is involved in all these shear-induced processes. We show that in response to shear, acetyl-p53 binds Bax, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria, and Caspase 9 is activated. We also show that shear-stimulated Caspase 9 activation and Mk particle biogenesis depend on transcription-independent p53-induced apoptosis (TIPA), but PS externalization is not. This is the first report to show that shear flow stimulates TIPA and that Caspase 9 activation and Mk-particle biogenesis are directly modulated by TIPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Luff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Chen-Yuan Kao
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
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21
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Leytin V, Gyulkhandanyan AV, Freedman J. How to Avoid False-Negative and False-Positive Diagnoses of Platelet Apoptosis: Illustrative Experimental and Clinically Relevant Cases. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2018; 24:1009-1013. [PMID: 29848061 PMCID: PMC6714749 DOI: 10.1177/1076029618778140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets may selectively execute apoptosis (PL-Apo), activation (PL-Act), and both or no responses when exposed to different chemical agents, shear stresses, and stored under blood banking conditions. Appropriate diagnosis of PL-Apo is an important issue of platelet physiology investigations. However, in diagnosing PL-Apo, there is a risk of a false-negative or false-positive diagnosis. The goal of the current review is to present recommendations that may help to avoid incorrect PL-Apo diagnosis. Analyzing reported studies, we recommend (1) using platelet-rich plasma rather than isolated platelets to minimize artificial stimulation of PL-Apo during platelet isolation, (2) using established optimal conditions for stimulation of PL-Apo and/or PL-Act, (3) using a panel of PL-Apo and PL-Act markers, and (4) appropriate positive and negative controls for quantification of PL-Apo and PL-Act responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Leytin
- 1 Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John Freedman
- 1 Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,3 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,4 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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McArthur K, Kile BT. Apoptotic Caspases: Multiple or Mistaken Identities? Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:475-493. [PMID: 29551258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial caspase cascade was originally thought to be required for apoptotic death driven by Bak/Bax-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. It has also been ascribed several 'non-apoptotic' functions, including differentiation, proliferation, and cellular reprogramming. Recent work has demonstrated that, during apoptosis, the caspase cascade suppresses damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-initiated production of cytokines such as type I interferon by the dying cell. The caspase cascade is not required for death to occur; instead, it shapes the immunogenic properties of the apoptotic cell. This raises questions about the role of apoptotic caspases in regulating DAMP signaling more generally, puts a new perspective on their non-apoptotic functions, and suggests that pharmacological caspase inhibitors might find new applications as antiviral or anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate McArthur
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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23
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Apoptosis in megakaryocytes and platelets: the life and death of a lineage. Blood 2017; 131:605-610. [PMID: 29259001 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-11-742684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their profoundly different cellular composition, size, and function, megakaryocytes and platelets both depend on restraint of the intrinsic (or "mitochondrial") apoptosis pathway by BCL-2 family prosurvival proteins for their development and viability. Activation of the pathway contributes to the clearance of megakaryocytes following platelet shedding and constrains platelet lifespan in the circulation. Important questions remain as to how apoptosis is initiated in these cells at steady state and in response to pathophysiological insults.
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Mills EW, Wangen J, Green R, Ingolia NT. Dynamic Regulation of a Ribosome Rescue Pathway in Erythroid Cells and Platelets. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1-10. [PMID: 27681415 PMCID: PMC5111367 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis continues in platelets and maturing reticulocytes, although these blood cells lack nuclei and do not make new mRNA or ribosomes. Here, we analyze translation in primary human cells from anucleate lineages by ribosome profiling and uncover a dramatic accumulation of post-termination unrecycled ribosomes in the 3' UTRs of mRNAs. We demonstrate that these ribosomes accumulate as a result of the natural loss of the ribosome recycling factor ABCE1 during terminal differentiation. Induction of the ribosome rescue factors PELO and HBS1L is required to support protein synthesis when ABCE1 levels fall and for hemoglobin production during blood cell development. Our observations suggest that this distinctive loss of ABCE1 in anucleate blood lineages could sensitize them to defects in ribosome homeostasis, perhaps explaining in part why genetic defects in the fundamental process of ribosome production ("ribosomopathies") often affect hematopoiesis specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Mills
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jamie Wangen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rachel Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Nicholas T Ingolia
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for RNA Systems Biology, Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California Berkeley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA.
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25
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Khanal S, Sultana H, Catravas JD, Carlyon JA, Neelakanta G. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection modulates expression of megakaryocyte cell cycle genes through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182898. [PMID: 28797056 PMCID: PMC5552339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis infects neutrophils and other cells from hematopoietic origin. Using human megakaryocytic cell line, MEG-01, we show that expression of cell cycle genes in these cells are altered upon A. phagocytophilum infection. Expression of several cell cycle genes in MEG-01 cells was significantly up regulated at early and then down regulated at later stages of A. phagocytophilum infection. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays revealed reduced cellular cytotoxicity in MEG-01 cells upon A. phagocytophilum infection. The levels of both PI3KCA (p110 alpha, catalytic subunit) and PI3KR1 (p85, regulatory subunit) of Class I PI3 kinases and phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) and inhibitory kappa B (IκB) were elevated at both early and late stages of A. phagocytophilum infection. Inhibition of PI3 kinases with LY294002 treatment resulted in significant reduction in the expression of tested cell cycle genes, A. phagocytophilum burden and phosphorylated Akt levels in these MEG-01 cells. Collectively, these results suggest a role for PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling pathway in the modulation of megakaryocyte cell cycle genes upon A. phagocytophilum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - John D. Catravas
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- School of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Carlyon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Identifying and enriching platelet-producing human stem cell-derived megakaryocytes using factor V uptake. Blood 2017; 130:192-204. [PMID: 28455282 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-01-761049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived platelets have the potential to replace donor platelets for transfusion. Defining the platelet-producing megakaryocytes (MKs) within the heterogeneous MK culture may help to optimize the in vitro generation of platelets. Using 2 human stem cell models of megakaryopoiesis, we identified novel MK populations corresponding to distinct maturation stages. An immature, low granular (LG) MK pool (defined by side scatter on flow cytometry) gives rise to a mature high granular (HG) pool, which then becomes damaged by apoptosis and glycoprotein Ib α chain (CD42b) shedding. We define an undamaged HG/CD42b+ MK subpopulation, which endocytoses fluorescently labeled coagulation factor V (FV) from the media into α-granules and releases functional FV+CD42b+ human platelet-like particles in vitro and when infused into immunodeficient mice. Importantly, these FV+ particles have the same size distribution as infused human donor platelets and are preferentially incorporated into clots after laser injury. Using drugs to protect HG MKs from apoptosis and CD42b shedding, we also demonstrate that apoptosis precedes CD42b shedding and that apoptosis inhibition enriches the FV+ HG/CD42b+ MKs, leading to increased platelet yield in vivo, but not in vitro. These studies identify a transition between distinct MK populations in vitro, including one that is primed for platelet release. Technologies to optimize and select these platelet-ready MKs may be important to efficiently generate functional platelets from in vitro-grown MKs.
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27
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Mills EW, Green R, Ingolia NT. Slowed decay of mRNAs enhances platelet specific translation. Blood 2017; 129:e38-e48. [PMID: 28213379 PMCID: PMC5409447 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-736108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate cytoplasmic fragments that lack genomic DNA, but continue to synthesize protein using a pool of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), ribosomes, and regulatory small RNAs inherited from the precursor megakaryocyte (MK). The regulatory processes that shape the platelet transcriptome and the full scope of platelet translation have remained elusive. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and ribosome profiling of primary human platelets, we show the platelet transcriptome encompasses a subset of transcripts detected by RNA-Seq analysis of in vitro-derived MK cells and that these platelet-enriched transcripts are broadly occupied by ribosomes. We use RNA-Seq of synchronized populations of in vitro-derived platelet-like particles to show that mRNA decay strongly shapes the nascent platelet transcriptome. Our data suggest that the decay of platelet mRNAs is slowed by the natural loss of the mRNA surveillance and ribosome rescue factor Pelota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Mills
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Rachel Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicholas T Ingolia
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD; and
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for RNA Systems Biology, Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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28
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Solier S, Fontenay M, Vainchenker W, Droin N, Solary E. Non-apoptotic functions of caspases in myeloid cell differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1337-1347. [PMID: 28211870 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle caspase activation is associated with the differentiation of several myeloid lineages. A tightly orchestrated dance between caspase-3 activation and the chaperone HSP70 that migrates to the nucleus to protect the master regulator GATA-1 from cleavage transiently occurs in basophilic erythroblasts and may prepare nucleus and organelle expel that occurs at the terminal phase of erythroid differentiation. A spatially restricted activation of caspase-3 occurs in maturing megakaryocytes to promote proplatelet maturation and platelet shedding in the bloodstream. In a situation of acute platelet need, caspase-3 could be activated in response to IL-1α and promote megakaryocyte rupture. In peripheral blood monocytes, colony-stimulating factor-1 provokes the formation of a molecular platform in which caspase-8 is activated, which downregulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity and activates downstream caspases whose target fragments such as those generated by nucleophosmin (NPM1) cleavage contribute to the generation of resting macrophages. Human monocytes secrete mature IL-1β in response to lipopolysaccharide through an alternative inflammasome activation that involves caspase-8, a pathway that does not lead to cell death. Finally, active caspase-3 is part of the proteases contained in secretory granules of mast cells. Many questions remain on how these proteases are activated in myeloid cell lineages, which target proteins are cleaved, whereas other are protected from proteolysis, the precise role of cleaved proteins in cell differentiation and functions, and the link between these non-apoptotic functions of caspases and the death of these diverse cell types. Better understanding of these functions may generate therapeutic strategies to control cytopenias or modulate myeloid cell functions in various pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Solier
- Inserm U1170, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Michaela Fontenay
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - William Vainchenker
- Inserm U1170, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Droin
- Inserm U1170, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Solary
- Inserm U1170, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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29
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Malara A, Fresia C, Di Buduo CA, Soprano PM, Moccia F, Balduini C, Zocchi E, De Flora A, Balduini A. The Plant Hormone Abscisic Acid Is a Prosurvival Factor in Human and Murine Megakaryocytes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3239-3251. [PMID: 28049729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone involved in pivotal physiological functions in higher plants. Recently, ABA has been proven to be also secreted and active in mammals, where it stimulates the activity of innate immune cells, mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, and insulin-releasing pancreatic β cells through a signaling pathway involving the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). In addition to behaving like an animal hormone, ABA also holds promise as a nutraceutical plant-derived compound in humans. Many biological functions of ABA in mammals are mediated by its binding to the LANCL-2 receptor protein. A putative binding of ABA to GRP78, a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress, has also been proposed. Here we investigated the role of exogenous ABA in modulating thrombopoiesis, the process of platelet generation. Our results demonstrate that expression of both LANCL-2 and GRP78 is up-regulated during hematopoietic stem cell differentiation into mature megakaryocytes (Mks). Functional ABA receptors exist in mature Mks because ABA induces an intracellular Ca2+ increase ([Ca2+] i ) through PKA activation and subsequent cADPR generation. In vitro exposure of human or murine hematopoietic progenitor cells to 10 μm ABA does not increase recombinant thrombopoietin (rTpo)-dependent Mk differentiation or platelet release. However, under conditions of cell stress induced by rTpo and serum deprivation, ABA stimulates, in a PKA- and cADPR-dependent fashion, the mitogen-activated kinase ERK 1/2, resulting in the modulation of lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family members, increased Mk survival, and higher rates of platelet production. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ABA is a prosurvival factor for Mks in a Tpo-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Malara
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Laboratories of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation
| | - Chiara Fresia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Maria Soprano
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Laboratories of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Cesare Balduini
- Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Elena Zocchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Antonio De Flora
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Laboratories of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155.
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30
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Jamieson D, Sunter N, Muro S, Pouché L, Cresti N, Lee J, Sludden J, Griffin MJ, Allan JM, Verrill MW, Boddy AV. Pharmacogenetic association of MBL2 and CD95 polymorphisms with grade 3 infection following adjuvant therapy for breast cancer with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Eur J Cancer 2016; 71:15-24. [PMID: 27940354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening infection as an adverse reaction to cytotoxic therapy of cancer remains a major problem, potentially limiting efficacy. Administration of colony-stimulation factors benefits only a minority of patients, and improved stratification guidelines are needed to identify those patients likely to benefit. We investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two genes related to immune function to identify associations with severe infection following treatment of breast cancer with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. CD95 mediates the extrinsic apoptosis pathway in haematopoietic cells and a CD95 promoter SNP (rs2234767) has been shown to result in reduced expression of the receptor. MBL2 activates the classical complement pathway in the presence of pathogens and independently of antibodies. Numerous SNPs have been described including a promoter SNP (rs7096206) which results in decreased expression of the protein. Homozygotes for the CD95 minor allele were more likely to experience a grade 3 infection than heterozygote and homozygote wild-type patients (29%, 3% and 5%, respectively p=0.048). CD95 minor allele homozygotes also had higher basal white blood cell and neutrophil counts compared with wild-type allele carriers, which was sustained throughout therapy. There was an allele-dose association between the MBL2 SNP and grade 3 infection, with 2, 8 and 17% of wild-type homozygotes, heterozygotes and minor allele homozygotes, respectively, experiencing grade 3 infection (p=0.02). These associations demonstrate the utility of a pharmacogenetic approach to identify individuals more likely to acquire a life-threatening infection during chemotherapy. The apparent association with a CD95 SNP and a mild neutrophilia merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jamieson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicola Sunter
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sara Muro
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lucie Pouché
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicola Cresti
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Johanne Lee
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Julieann Sludden
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Melanie J Griffin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - James M Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mark W Verrill
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Alan V Boddy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy and Bank Building (A15), University of Sydney, Science Road, NSW 2006, Australia.
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31
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Morishima N, Nakanishi K. Proplatelet formation in megakaryocytes is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress. Genes Cells 2016; 21:798-806. [PMID: 27296088 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies suggest that proplatelet formation in megakaryocytes involves caspase-3, the mechanism underlying the activation of caspase-3 is unknown. Here, we analyzed caspase activation in a human megakaryoblastic cell line, MEG-01, which forms proplatelets spontaneously. Specific activation of caspase-3 and caspase-4 was found in proplatelets. Consistent with previous observations of caspase-4 autoactivation in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, several ER stress marker proteins were expressed during proplatelet formation. A pharmacological ER stressor enhanced platelet production via proplatelet formation, whereas inhibition of caspase-4 caused suppression. These results suggest that ER stress is a mechanism underlying the maturation of megakaryocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Morishima
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakanishi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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32
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Abstract
The lifespan of platelets in circulation is brief, close to 10 days in humans and 5 days in mice. Bone marrow residing megakaryocytes produce around 100 billion platelets per day. In a healthy individual, the majority of platelets are not consumed by hemostatic processes, but rather their lifespan is controlled by programmed cell death, a canonical intrinsic apoptosis program. In the last decade, insights from genetically manipulated mouse models and pharmacological developments have helped to define the components of the intrinsic, or mitochondrial, apoptosis pathway that controls platelet lifespan. This review focuses on the molecular regulation of apoptosis in platelet survival, reviews thrombocytopenic conditions linked to enhanced platelet death, examines implications of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia through apoptosis-inducing drugs in cancer therapy as well as discusses ex vivo aging of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lebois
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Emma C Josefsson
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne , Australia.,b Department of Medical Biology , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
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Thrombin Maybe Plays an Important Role in MK Differentiation into Platelets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9313269. [PMID: 27064425 PMCID: PMC4811061 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9313269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES After development and differentiation, megakaryocytes (MKs) can produce platelets. As is well known, thrombopoietin (TPO) can induce MKs to differentiate. The effect of thrombin on MKs differentiation is not clear. In this study, we used a human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line (Meg-01) to assess the effect of thrombin on MKs differentiation. METHODS In order to interrogate the role of thrombin in Meg-01 cells differentiation, the changes of morphology, cellular function, and expression of diverse factors were analyzed. RESULTS The results show that thrombin suppresses Meg-01 cells proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Thrombin upregulates the expression of CD41b, which is one of the most important MK markers. Globin transcription factor 1 (GATA-1), an important transcriptional regulator, controls MK development and maturation. The expression of GATA-1 is also upregulated by thrombin in Meg-01 cells. The expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), an apoptosis-inhibitory protein, is downregulated by thrombin. Phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) were upregulated by thrombin in Meg-01 cells. All the results are consistent with Meg-01 cells treated with TPO. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In conclusion, all these data indicate that thrombin maybe plays an important role in MK differentiation into platelets. However, whether the platelet-like particles are certainly platelets remains unknown.
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Luff SA, Papoutsakis ET. Megakaryocytic Maturation in Response to Shear Flow Is Mediated by the Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) Transcription Factor via Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Mechanotransduction. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7831-43. [PMID: 26814129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.707174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are exposed to shear flow as they migrate from the bone marrow hematopoietic compartment into circulation to release pro/preplatelets into circulating blood. Shear forces promote DNA synthesis, polyploidization, and maturation in MKs, and platelet biogenesis. To investigate mechanisms underlying these MK responses to shear, we carried out transcriptional analysis on immature and mature stem cell-derived MKs exposed to physiological shear. In immature (day (d)9) MKs, shear exposure up-regulated genes related to growth and MK maturation, whereas in mature (d12) MKs, it up-regulated genes involved in apoptosis and intracellular transport. Following shear-flow exposure, six activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcripts (ATF4,JUNB,JUN,FOSB,FOS, andJUND) were up-regulated at d9 and two AP-1 proteins (JunD and c-Fos) were up-regulated both at d9 and d12. We show that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is linked to both the shear stress response and AP-1 up-regulation. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation increased significantly following shear stimulation, whereas JNK inhibition reduced shear-induced JunD expression. Although p38 phosphorylation did not increase following shear flow, its inhibition reduced shear-induced JunD and c-Fos expression. JNK inhibition reduced fibrinogen binding and P-selectin expression of d12 platelet-like particles (PLPs), whereas p38 inhibition reduced fibrinogen binding of d12 PLPs. AP-1 expression correlated with increased MK DNA synthesis and polyploidization, which might explain the observed impact of shear on MKs. To summarize, we show that MK exposure to shear forces results in JNK activation, AP-1 up-regulation, and downstream transcriptional changes that promote maturation of immature MKs and platelet biogenesis in mature MKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Luff
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, and
| | - Eleftherios T Papoutsakis
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711
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35
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Nishimura S, Nagasaki M, Kunishima S, Sawaguchi A, Sakata A, Sakaguchi H, Ohmori T, Manabe I, Italiano JE, Ryu T, Takayama N, Komuro I, Kadowaki T, Eto K, Nagai R. IL-1α induces thrombopoiesis through megakaryocyte rupture in response to acute platelet needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:453-66. [PMID: 25963822 PMCID: PMC4427781 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201410052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An alternative pathway triggering enhanced platelet release from bone marrow megakaryocytes via a rupture-based mechanism is regulated by IL-1α in response to acute platelet requirements. Intravital visualization of thrombopoiesis revealed that formation of proplatelets, which are cytoplasmic protrusions in bone marrow megakaryocytes (MKs), is dominant in the steady state. However, it was unclear whether this is the only path to platelet biogenesis. We have identified an alternative MK rupture, which entails rapid cytoplasmic fragmentation and release of much larger numbers of platelets, primarily into blood vessels, which is morphologically and temporally different than typical FasL-induced apoptosis. Serum levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1α were acutely elevated after platelet loss or administration of an inflammatory stimulus to mice, whereas the MK-regulator thrombopoietin (TPO) was not elevated. Moreover, IL-1α administration rapidly induced MK rupture–dependent thrombopoiesis and increased platelet counts. IL-1α–IL-1R1 signaling activated caspase-3, which reduced plasma membrane stability and appeared to inhibit regulated tubulin expression and proplatelet formation, and ultimately led to MK rupture. Collectively, it appears the balance between TPO and IL-1α determines the MK cellular programming for thrombopoiesis in response to acute and chronic platelet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Mika Nagasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Shinji Kunishima
- Department of Advanced Diagnosis, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-001, Japan
| | - Akira Sawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Asuka Sakata
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | | | - Tsukasa Ohmori
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Joseph E Italiano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Tomiko Ryu
- Internal medicine, Social Insurance Central General Hospital, Tokyo 105-8330, Japan
| | - Naoya Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Koji Eto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Sarvothaman S, Undi RB, Pasupuleti SR, Gutti U, Gutti RK. Apoptosis: role in myeloid cell development. Blood Res 2015; 50:73-9. [PMID: 26157776 PMCID: PMC4486162 DOI: 10.5045/br.2015.50.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process that generates blood cells in an organism from the pluripotent stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are characterized by their ability to undergo self-renewal and differentiation. The self-renewing ability ensures that these pluripotent cells are not depleted from the bone marrow niche. A proper balance between cell death and cell survival is necessary to maintain a homeostatic condition, hence, apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential step in hematopoiesis. Recent studies, however, have introduced a new aspect to this process, citing the significance of the apoptosis mediator, caspase, in cell development and differentiation. Extensive research has been carried out to study the possible role of caspases and other apoptosis related factors in the developmental processes. This review focuses on the various apoptotic factors involved in the development and differentiation of myeloid lineage cells: erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sarvothaman
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ram Babu Undi
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satya Ratan Pasupuleti
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Usha Gutti
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Josephs TM, Hibbs ME, Ong L, Morison IM, Ledgerwood EC. Interspecies Variation in the Functional Consequences of Mutation of Cytochrome c. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130292. [PMID: 26086723 PMCID: PMC4472513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring human cytochrome c variant (G41S) is associated with a mild autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia (Thrombocytopenia Cargeeg) caused by dysregulation of platelet production. The molecular basis of the platelet production defect is unknown. Despite high conservation of cytochrome c between human and mouse (91.4% identity), introducing the G41S mutation into mouse cytochrome c in a knockin mouse (CycsG41S/G41S) did not recapitulate the low platelet phenotype of Thrombocytopenia Cargeeg. While investigating the cause of this disparity we found a lack of conservation of the functional impact of cytochrome c mutations on caspase activation across species. Mutation of cytochrome c at residue 41 has distinct effects on the ability of cytochrome c to activate caspases depending on the species of both the cytochrome c and its binding partner Apaf-1. In contrast to our previous results showing the G41S mutation increases the ability of human cytochrome c to activate caspases, here we find this activity is decreased in mouse G41S cytochrome c. Additionally unlike wildtype human cytochrome c, G41S cytochrome c is unable to activate caspases in Xenopus embryo extracts. Taken together these results demonstrate a previously unreported species-specific component to the interaction of cytochrome c with Apaf-1. This suggests that the electrostatic interaction between cytochrome c and Apaf-1 is not the sole determinant of binding, with additional factors controlling binding specificity and affinity. These results have important implications for studies of the effects of cytochrome c mutations on the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M. Josephs
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Moira E. Hibbs
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lily Ong
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ian M. Morison
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth C. Ledgerwood
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Avanzi MP, Izak M, Oluwadara OE, Mitchell WB. Actin inhibition increases megakaryocyte proplatelet formation through an apoptosis-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125057. [PMID: 25875470 PMCID: PMC4397066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Megakaryocytes assemble and release platelets through the extension of proplatelet processes, which are cytoplasmic extensions that extrude from the megakaryocyte and form platelets at their tips. Proplatelet formation and platelet release are complex processes that require a combination of structural rearrangements. While the signals that trigger the initiation of proplatelet formation process are not completely understood, it has been shown that inhibition of cytoskeletal signaling in mature megakaryocytes induces proplatelet formation. Megakaryocyte apoptosis may also be involved in initiation of proplatelet extension, although this is controversial. This study inquires whether the proplatelet production induced by cytoskeletal signaling inhibition is dependent on activation of apoptosis. Methods Megakaryocytes derived from human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells were treated with the actin polymerization inhibitor latrunculin and their ploidy and proplatelet formation were quantitated. Apoptosis activation was analyzed by flow cytometry and luminescence assays. Caspase activity was inhibited by two compounds, ZVAD and QVD. Expression levels of pro-survival and pro-apoptosis genes were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Protein levels of Bcl-XL, Bax and Bak were measured by western blot. Cell ultrastructure was analyzed by electron microscopy. Results Actin inhibition resulted in increased ploidy and increased proplatelet formation in cultured umbilical cord blood-derived megakaryocytes. Actin inhibition activated apoptosis in the cultured cells. The effects of actin inhibition on proplatelet formation were blocked by caspase inhibition. Increased expression of both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival genes was observed. Pro-survival protein (Bcl-xL) levels were increased compared to levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax. Despite apoptosis being activated, the megakaryocytes underwent minimal ultrastructural changes during actin inhibition. Conclusions We report a correlation between increased proplatelet formation and activation of apoptosis, and that the increase in proplatelet formation in response to actin inhibition is caspase dependent. These findings support a role for apoptosis in proplatelet formation in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro P. Avanzi
- Platelet Biology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marina Izak
- Platelet Biology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - William Beau Mitchell
- Platelet Biology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guo T, Wang X, Qu Y, Yin Y, Jing T, Zhang Q. Megakaryopoiesis and platelet production: insight into hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:3. [PMID: 27358871 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo successive lineage commitment steps to generate megakaryocytes (MKs) in a process referred to as megakaryopoiesis. MKs undergo a unique differentiation process involving endomitosis to eventually produce platelets. Many transcription factors participate in the regulation of this complex progress. Chemokines and other factors in the microenvironment where megakaryopoiesis and platelet production occur play vital roles in the regulation of HSC lineage commitment and MK maturation; among these factors, thrombopoietin (TPO) is the most important. Endomitosis is a vital process of MK maturation, and granules that are formed in MKs are important for platelet function. Proplatelets are firstly generated from mature MKs and then become platelets. The proplatelet production process was verified by novel studies that revealed that the mechanism is partially regulated by the invaginated membrane system (IMS), microtubules and Rho GTPases. The extracellular matrices (ECMs) and shear stress also affect and regulate the process while the mature MKs migrate from the marrow to the sub-endothelium region near the venous sinusoids leading to the release of platelets into the circulation. This review describes the entire process of megakaryopoiesis in detail, illustrates both the transcriptional and microenvironmental regulation of MKs and provides insight into platelet biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Guo
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yigong Qu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yu Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tao Jing
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
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40
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Zhou H, Hou Y, Liu X, Qiu J, Feng Q, Wang Y, Zhang X, Min Y, Shao L, Liu X, Li G, Li L, Yang L, Xu S, Ni H, Peng J, Hou M. Low-dose decitabine promotes megakaryocyte maturation and platelet production in healthy controls and immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:1021-34. [PMID: 25566808 DOI: 10.1160/th14-04-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired megakaryocyte maturation and insufficient platelet production have been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Our previous study demonstrated that low expression of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in megakaryocytes contributed to impaired platelet production in ITP. Decitabine (DAC), a demethylating agent, is known to promote cell differentiation and maturation at low doses. However, whether decitabine is potential in promoting megakaryocyte maturation and platelet release in ITP is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of DAC on megakaryocyte maturation and platelet release in the presence of ITP plasma that has been shown to cause impaired megakaryocyte maturation and platelet production. We observed that low-dose DAC (10 nM) could significantly increase the number of mature polyploid (≥ 4N) megakaryocytes in cultures with plasma from healthy controls and more than one-half of ITP patients in vitro. Furthermore, the number of platelets released from these megakaryocytes significantly increased compared with those untreated with DAC. In these megakaryocytes, DAC significantly enhanced TRAIL expression via decreasing its promoter methylation status. These findings demonstrate that low-dose DAC can promote megakaryocyte maturation and platelet production and enhance TRAIL expression in megakaryocytes in healthy controls and ITP. The potential therapeutic role of low-dose DAC may be beneficial for thrombocytopenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Peng
- Jun Peng, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China, Tel.: +86 531 82169867, Fax: +86 531 86927544, E-mail:
| | - Ming Hou
- Ming Hou, Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China, Tel.: +86 531 82169879, Fax: +86 531 86927544, E-mail:
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41
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Ramsey H, Zhang Q, Wu MX. Mitoquinone restores platelet production in irradiation-induced thrombocytopenia. Platelets 2014; 26:459-66. [PMID: 25025394 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2014.935315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hallmarked by cytopenia and dysplasia of hematopoietic cells, often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within affected cells. However, it is not known whether the increase in ROS production is an instigator or a byproduct of the disease. The present investigation shows that mice lacking immediate early responsive gene X-1 (IEX-1) exhibit lineage specific increases in ROS production and abnormal cytology upon radiation in blood cell types commonly identified in MDS. These affected cell lineages chiefly have the bone marrow as a primary site of differentiation and maturation, while cells with extramedullary differentiation and maturation like B- and T-cells remain unaffected. Increased ROS production is likely to contribute significantly to irradiation-induced thrombocytopenia in the absence of IEX-1 as demonstrated by effective reversal of the disorder after mitoquinone (MitoQ) treatment, a mitochondria-specific antioxidant. MitoQ reduced intracellular ROS production within megakaryocytes and platelets. It also normalized mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide production in platelets in irradiated, IEX-1 deficient mice. The lineage-specific effects of mitochondrial ROS may help us understand the etiology of thrombocytopenia in association with MDS in a subgroup of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Ramsey
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School (HMS) , Boston , MA and
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42
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Shear enhances thrombopoiesis and formation of microparticles that induce megakaryocytic differentiation of stem cells. Blood 2014; 124:2094-103. [PMID: 24948658 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-547927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo visualization of thrombopoiesis suggests an important role for shear flow in platelet biogenesis. In vitro, shear stress was shown to accelerate proplatelet formation from mature megakaryocytes (Mks). Yet, the role of biomechanical forces on Mk biology and platelet biogenesis remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact of shear stress on Mk maturation and formation of platelet-like particles (PLPs), pro/preplatelets (PPTs), and Mk microparticles (MkMPs), and furthermore, we explored a physiological role for MkMPs. We found that shear accelerated DNA synthesis of immature Mks in an exposure time- and shear stress level-dependent manner. Both phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase-3 activation were enhanced by shear stress. Exposure to physiological shear dramatically increased generation of PLPs/PPTs and MkMPs by up to 10.8 and 47-fold, respectively. Caspase-3 inhibition reduced shear-induced PLP/PPT and MkMP formation. PLPs generated under shear flow displayed improved functionality as assessed by CD62P exposure and fibrinogen binding. Significantly, coculture of MkMPs with hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells promoted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation to mature Mks synthesizing α- and dense-granules, and forming PPTs without exogenous thrombopoietin, thus identifying a novel and unexplored potential physiological role for MkMPs.
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43
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Platelet production proceeds independently of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3455. [PMID: 24632563 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BH3 mimetic drugs that target BCL-2 family pro-survival proteins to induce tumour cell apoptosis represent a new era in cancer therapy. Clinical trials of navitoclax (ABT-263, which targets BCL-2, BCL-XL and BCL-W) have shown great promise, but encountered dose-limiting thrombocytopenia. Recent work has demonstrated that this is due to the inhibition of BCL-XL, which is essential for platelet survival. These findings raise new questions about the established model of platelet shedding by megakaryocytes, which is thought to be an apoptotic process. Here we generate mice with megakaryocyte-specific deletions of the essential mediators of extrinsic (Caspase-8) and intrinsic (BAK/BAX) apoptosis. We show that megakaryocytes possess a Fas ligand-inducible extrinsic apoptosis pathway. However, Fas activation does not stimulate platelet production, rather, it triggers Caspase-8-mediated killing. Combined loss of Caspase-8/BAK/BAX does not impair thrombopoiesis, but can protect megakaryocytes from death in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Thus, apoptosis is dispensable for platelet biogenesis.
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44
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Avanzi MP, Mitchell WB. Ex Vivoproduction of platelets from stem cells. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:237-47. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro P. Avanzi
- Platelet Biology Laboratory; New York Blood Center; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute; New York NY USA
| | - William Beau Mitchell
- Platelet Biology Laboratory; New York Blood Center; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute; New York NY USA
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45
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Machlus KR, Thon JN, Italiano JE. Interpreting the developmental dance of the megakaryocyte: a review of the cellular and molecular processes mediating platelet formation. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:227-36. [PMID: 24499183 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are essential for haemostasis, and thrombocytopenia (platelet counts <150 × 10(9) /l) is a major clinical problem encountered across a number of conditions, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplastic syndromes, chemotherapy, aplastic anaemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, complications during pregnancy and delivery, and surgery. Circulating blood platelets are specialized cells that function to prevent bleeding and minimize blood vessel injury. Platelets circulate in their quiescent form, and upon stimulation, activate to release their granule contents and spread on the affected tissue to create a physical barrier that prevents blood loss. The current model of platelet formation states that large progenitor cells in the bone marrow, called megakaryocytes, release platelets by extending long, branching processes, designated proplatelets, into sinusoidal blood vessels. This review will focus on different factors that impact megakaryocyte development, proplatelet formation and platelet release. It will highlight recent studies on thrombopoeitin-dependent megakaryocyte maturation, endomitosis and granule formation, cytoskeletal contributions to proplatelet formation, the role of apoptosis, and terminal platelet formation and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie R Machlus
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Abstract
The role of apoptotic pathways in the development and function of the megakaryocyte lineage has generated renewed interest in recent years. This has been driven by the advent of BH3 mimetic drugs that target BCL2 family proteins to induce apoptosis in tumour cells: agents such as ABT-263 (navitoclax, which targets BCL2, BCL-XL [BCL2L1] and BCL2L2) and ABT-199 (a BCL2-specific agent) are showing great promise in early stage clinical trials. However, the major dose-limiting toxicity of navitoclax has proven to be thrombocytopenia, an on-target effect of inhibiting BCL-XL . It transpires that the anucleate platelet contains a classical intrinsic apoptosis pathway, which at steady state regulates its life span in the circulation. BCL-XL is the critical pro-survival protein that restrains apoptosis and maintains platelet viability. These findings have paved the way to a deeper understanding of apoptotic pathways and processes in platelets, and their precursor cell, the megakaryocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Kile
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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47
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Differential regulation of the apoptotic machinery during megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet production by inhibitor of apoptosis protein Livin. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e937. [PMID: 24287698 PMCID: PMC3847330 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Livin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) family of intracellular antiapoptotic proteins that act by binding and inhibiting caspases. Upon strong apoptotic stimuli, it is then specifically cleaved by caspases to produce a truncated protein (tLivin) with a paradoxical proapoptotic activity. Intriguingly, we have detected robust protein levels of Livin in normal mature bone marrow megakaryocyte (MK) and platelets. To evaluate the potential role of Livin in thrombopoiesis, we used the human BCR-ABL+ cell line, LAMA-84, and cord blood CD34+ cells to induce differentiation toward MKs. Upon differentiation, induced by phorbol myristate acetate and concurrent with increase in Livin protein expression, LAMA-84 cells formed functional platelet-like particles. Livin overexpression in CD34+ progenitor cells induced higher endoreplication in the MKs generated. Furthermore, overexpression of Livin increased the ability of both primary MKs and differentiated LAMA-84 cells to produce functional platelets. In the differentiated LAMA-84 cells, we observed accumulation of proapoptotic tLivin concomitant with increased caspase-3 activity. Downregulation of Livin with small interfering RNA in both leukemic and primary MK cells decreased their ability to produce functional platelets. We suggest that Livin has a role in thrombopoiesis by regulating the apoptotic and antiapoptotic balance in MK endoreplication and platelet production.
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48
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Nydegger UE, Risch L. Selected topics of the 4th International Cooperative Study Group meeting on immune thrombocytopenia revisited. Semin Hematol 2013; 50 Suppl 1:S3-9. [PMID: 23664513 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Intercontinental Cooperative immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) Study Group (ICIS) held its 4th Expert Meeting in September 2012 in Montreux, Switzerland. The program reunited researchers and clinicians from all over the globe and was organized with lectures and seminars for real-time exchange of latest information. Platelets target victims of autoimmune disease on their own, participating under physiological conditions in the immune network; these small cells are more immunologically savvy than previously thought. Currently, researchers focus their attention on regulatory T and regulatory B cells, ie, cells that might have a decisive impact on how ITP spontaneously resolves or evolves into chronic disease. Diagnostic criteria and prognosis are increasingly benefiting from molecular biological tests, and therapy has evolved with the availability of biosimilar agents and recombinant hormones or blockers of their receptors.
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49
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Tijssen MR, Ghevaert C. Transcription factors in late megakaryopoiesis and related platelet disorders. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:593-604. [PMID: 23311859 PMCID: PMC3824237 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell type-specific transcription factors regulate the repertoire of genes expressed in a cell and thereby determine its phenotype. The differentiation of megakaryocytes, the platelet progenitors, from hematopoietic stem cells is a well-known process that can be mimicked in culture. However, the efficient formation of platelets in culture remains a challenge. Platelet formation is a complicated process including megakaryocyte maturation, platelet assembly and platelet shedding. We hypothesize that a better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this process will allow us to influence it such that sufficient numbers of platelets can be produced for clinical applications. After an introduction to gene regulation and platelet formation, this review summarizes the current knowledge of the regulation of platelet formation by the transcription factors EVI1, GATA1, FLI1, NFE2, RUNX1, SRF and its co-factor MKL1, and TAL1. Also covered is how some platelet disorders including myeloproliferative neoplasms, result from disturbances of the transcriptional regulation. These disorders give us invaluable insights into the crucial role these transcription factors play in platelet formation. Finally, there is discussion of how a better understanding of these processes will be needed to allow for efficient production of platelets in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Tijssen
- Department of Haematology, University of CambridgeUK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and NHS Blood and TransplantCambridge, UK
| | - C Ghevaert
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and NHS Blood and TransplantCambridge, UK
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50
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Vanden Berghe T, Grootjans S, Goossens V, Dondelinger Y, Krysko DV, Takahashi N, Vandenabeele P. Determination of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in vitro and in vivo. Methods 2013; 61:117-29. [PMID: 23473780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death research during the last decades has revealed many molecular signaling cascades, often leading to distinct cell death modalities followed by immune responses. For historical reasons, the prototypic and best characterized cell death modes are apoptosis and necrosis (dubbed necroptosis, to indicate that it is regulated). There is mounting evidence for the interplay between cell death modalities and their redundant action when one of them is interfered with. This increase in cell death research points to the need for characterizing cell death pathways by different approaches at the biochemical, cellular and if possible, physiological level. In this review we present a selection of techniques to detect cell death and to distinguish necrosis from apoptosis. The distinction should be based on pharmacologic and transgenic approaches in combination with several biochemical and morphological criteria. A particular problem in defining necrosis is that in the absence of phagocytosis, apoptotic cells become secondary necrotic and develop morphologic and biochemical features of primary necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vanden Berghe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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