1
|
Li W, Zhu J, Li J, Jiang Y, Sun J, Xu Y, Pan H, Zhou Y, Zhu J. Research advances of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:184. [PMID: 38598014 PMCID: PMC11006789 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate cell-to-cell communication and affect various physiological and pathological processes in both parent and recipient cells. Currently, extensive research has focused on the EVs derived from cell cultures and various body fluids. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the EVs derived from tissues. Tissue EVs can reflect the microenvironment of the specific tissue and the cross-talk of communication among different cells, which can provide more accurate and comprehensive information for understanding the development and progression of diseases. METHODS We review the state-of-the-art technologies involved in the isolation and purification of tissue EVs. Then, the latest research progress of tissue EVs in the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development is presented. And finally, the application of tissue EVs in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cancer is anticipated. RESULTS We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of various tissue processing and EVs isolation methods, and subsequently analyze the significance of protein characterization in determining the purity of tissue EVs. Furthermore, we focus on outlining the importance of EVs derived from tumor and adipose tissues in tumorigenesis and development, as well as their potential applications in early tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. CONCLUSION When isolating and characterizing tissue EVs, the most appropriate protocol needs to be specified based on the characteristics of different tissues. Tissue EVs are valuable in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of tumors, and the potential risks associated with tissue EVs need to be considered as therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Jiang
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuai Sun
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Pan
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mutagenesis and structural modeling implicate RME-8 IWN domains as conformational control points. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010296. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytosis, transmembrane cargo is differentially sorted into degradative or recycling pathways. This process is facilitated by recruitment into physically distinct degradative or recycling microdomains on the limiting membrane of individual endosomes. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) mark the degradative microdomain, while the recycling domain is marked by the retromer complex and associated proteins RME-8 and SNX-1. The separation of endosomal microdomains is also controlled by RME-8 and SNX-1, at least in part via removal of degradative component HRS/HGRS-1 from the recycling microdomain. This activity is likely due to recruitment and activation of chaperone Hsc70 on the endosome by the RME-8 DNAJ domain. To better understand the mechanism of RME-8 function we performed a new phylogenetic analysis of RME-8 and identified new conserved sequence features. In a complementary approach, we performed structure-function analysis that identified the C-terminus as important for microdomain localization and likely substrate binding, while N-terminal sequences beyond the known single N-terminal PH-like domain are important for endosome recruitment. Random mutagenesis identified IWN4, and by analogy IWN3, to be important for the autoinhibitory DNAJ domain binding, with IWN3 playing a critical role in HRS uncoating activity. Combining AlphaFold structural predictions with in vivo mutation analysis of RME-8, we propose a model whereby SNX-1 and the IWN domains control the conformation of RME-8 and hence the productive exposure of the DNAJ domain. Furthermore, we propose that the activation of RME-8 is cyclical, with SNX-1 acting as an activator and a target of RME-8 uncoating activity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Ejikemeuwa A, Gerzanich V, Nasr M, Tang Q, Simard JM, Zhao RY. Understanding the Role of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a in Viral Pathogenesis and COVID-19. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854567. [PMID: 35356515 PMCID: PMC8959714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shocked the world due to its persistence, COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality, and the high mutability of the virus. One of the major concerns is the emergence of new viral variants that may increase viral transmission and disease severity. In addition to mutations of spike protein, mutations of viral proteins that affect virulence, such as ORF3a, also must be considered. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on ORF3a, to summarize the molecular actions of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a, and its role in viral pathogenesis and COVID-19. ORF3a is a polymorphic, multifunctional viral protein that is specific to SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2. It was acquired from β-CoV lineage and likely originated from bats through viral evolution. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a is a viroporin that interferes with ion channel activities in host plasma and endomembranes. It is likely a virion-associated protein that exerts its effect on the viral life cycle during viral entry through endocytosis, endomembrane-associated viral transcription and replication, and viral release through exocytosis. ORF3a induces cellular innate and pro-inflammatory immune responses that can trigger a cytokine storm, especially under hypoxic conditions, by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes, HMGB1, and HIF-1α to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. ORF3a induces cell death through apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis, which leads to tissue damage that affects the severity of COVID-19. ORF3a continues to evolve along with spike and other viral proteins to adapt in the human cellular environment. How the emerging ORF3a mutations alter the function of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and its role in viral pathogenesis and COVID-19 is largely unknown. This review provides an in-depth analysis of ORF3a protein's structure, origin, evolution, and mutant variants, and how these characteristics affect its functional role in viral pathogenesis and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amara Ejikemeuwa
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Drug Development and Clinical Sciences Branch, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gock N, Follett J, Rintoul GL, Beischlag TV, Lee FJ. Endosomal recycling and dopamine neurotransmission: Exploring the links between the retromer and Parkinson's disease. Synapse 2022; 76:e22224. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gock
- Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Jordan Follett
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience Department of Neurology University of Florida 1149 Newell Dr Gainesville FL 32610‐0236 United States
| | - Gordon L Rintoul
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Timothy V Beischlag
- Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Frank J.S. Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nachman E, Verstreken P. Synaptic proteostasis in Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 72:72-79. [PMID: 34653835 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are over 7 million people worldwide suffering from Parkinson's disease, and this number will double in the next decade. Causative mutations and risk variants in >20 genes that predominantly act at synapses have been linked to Parkinson's disease. Synaptic defects precede neuronal death. However, we are only now beginning to understand which molecular mechanisms contribute to this synaptic dysfunction. In this review, we discuss recent data demonstrating that Parkinson proteins act centrally to various protein quality control pathways at the synapse, and we argue that disturbed synaptic proteostasis is an early driver of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Nachman
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, Herestraat 49, Box 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, Herestraat 49, Box 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Azuma M, Ogata T, Yamazoe K, Tanaka Y, Inoue YH. Heat shock cognate 70 genes contribute to Drosophila spermatocyte growth progression possibly through the insulin signaling pathway. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:231-248. [PMID: 34050930 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila spermatocytes grow up to 25 times their original volume before the onset of male meiosis. Several insulin-like peptides and their cognate receptors (InR) are essential for the cell growth process in Drosophila. Here, we aimed to identify additional signaling pathways and other regulatory factors required for germline cell growth in Drosophila males. Spermatocyte-specific expression of the dominant-negative form of InR inhibits cell growth. Conversely, constitutively active forms of signaling factors downstream of InR suppress growth inhibition. Furthermore, hypomorphic mutations in the target of rapamycin (Tor) inhibit spermatocyte growth. These data indicate that the insulin/TOR pathway is essential for the growth of premeiotic spermatocytes. RNA interference (RNAi) screening for the identification of other novel genes associated with cell growth showed that the silencing of each of the five members of heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70) genes significantly inhibited the process. Hsc70-silenced spermatocytes showed Akt inhibition downstream of the insulin signaling pathway. Our pleckstrin homology domain-green fluorescent protein (PH-GFP) reporter studies indicated that PI3K remained activated in Hsc70-4-silenced cells, suggesting that the Hsc70-4 protein possibly targets Akt or Pdk1 acting downstream of PI3K. Moreover, each of the Hsc70 proteins showed different subcellular localizations. Hsc70-2 exhibited cytoplasmic colocalization with Akt in spermatocytes before nuclear entry of the kinase during the growth phase. These results indicated the involvement of Hsc70 proteins in the activation of various steps in the insulin signaling pathway, which is essential for spermatocyte growth. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism(s) that enhance signal transduction to stimulate the growth of Drosophila spermatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maho Azuma
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Research Center for Insect Advanced Studies, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Ogata
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Research Center for Insect Advanced Studies, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanta Yamazoe
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Research Center for Insect Advanced Studies, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Research Center for Insect Advanced Studies, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro H Inoue
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Research Center for Insect Advanced Studies, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plagens RN, Mossiah I, Kim Guisbert KS, Guisbert E. Chronic temperature stress inhibits reproduction and disrupts endocytosis via chaperone titration in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Biol 2021; 19:75. [PMID: 33858388 PMCID: PMC8051109 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temperature influences biology at all levels, from altering rates of biochemical reactions to determining sustainability of entire ecosystems. Although extended exposure to elevated temperatures influences organismal phenotypes important for human health, agriculture, and ecology, the molecular mechanisms that drive these responses remain largely unexplored. Prolonged, mild temperature stress (48 h at 28 °C) has been shown to inhibit reproduction in Caenorhabditis elegans without significantly impacting motility or viability. Results Analysis of molecular responses to chronic stress using RNA-seq uncovers dramatic effects on the transcriptome that are fundamentally distinct from the well-characterized, acute heat shock response (HSR). While a large portion of the genome is differentially expressed ≥ 4-fold after 48 h at 28 °C, the only major class of oogenesis-associated genes affected is the vitellogenin gene family that encodes for yolk proteins (YPs). Whereas YP mRNAs decrease, the proteins accumulate and mislocalize in the pseudocoelomic space as early as 6 h, well before reproduction declines. A trafficking defect in a second, unrelated fluorescent reporter and a decrease in pre-synaptic neuronal signaling indicate that the YP mislocalization is caused by a generalized defect in endocytosis. Molecular chaperones are involved in both endocytosis and refolding damaged proteins. Decreasing levels of the major HSP70 chaperone, HSP-1, causes similar YP trafficking defects in the absence of stress. Conversely, increasing chaperone levels through overexpression of the transcription factor HSF-1 rescues YP trafficking and restores neuronal signaling. Conclusions These data implicate chaperone titration during chronic stress as a molecular mechanism contributing to endocytic defects that influence multiple aspects of organismal physiology. Notably, HSF-1 overexpression improves recovery of viable offspring after exposure to stress. These findings provide important molecular insights into understanding organismal responses to temperature stress as well as phenotypes associated with chronic protein misfolding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01008-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary N Plagens
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Isiah Mossiah
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Karen S Kim Guisbert
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Eric Guisbert
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Norris A, Grant BD. Endosomal microdomains: Formation and function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:86-95. [PMID: 32247230 PMCID: PMC7529669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that after endocytosis, internalized cargo is delivered to endosomes that act as sorting stations. The limiting membrane of endosomes contain specialized subregions, or microdomains, that represent distinct functions of the endosome, including regions competing for cargo capture leading to degradation or recycling. Great progress has been made in defining the endosomal protein coats that sort cargo in these domains, including Retromer that recycles transmembrane cargo, and ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) that degrades transmembrane cargo. In this review, we discuss recent work that is beginning to unravel how such coat complexes contribute to the creation and maintenance of endosomal microdomains. We highlight data that indicates that adjacent microdomains do not act independently but rather interact to cross-regulate. We posit that these interactions provide an agile means for the cell to adjust sorting in response to extracellular signals and intracellular metabolic cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Norris
- Rutgers University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Barth D Grant
- Rutgers University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ryu SW, Stewart R, Pectol DC, Ender NA, Wimalarathne O, Lee JH, Zanini CP, Harvey A, Huibregtse JM, Mueller P, Paull TT. Proteome-wide identification of HSP70/HSC70 chaperone clients in human cells. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000606. [PMID: 32687490 PMCID: PMC7392334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family of chaperones are the front line of protection from stress-induced misfolding and aggregation of polypeptides in most organisms and are responsible for promoting the stability, folding, and degradation of clients to maintain cellular protein homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate quantitative identification of HSP70 and 71 kDa heat shock cognate (HSC70) clients using a ubiquitin-mediated proximity tagging strategy and show that, despite their high degree of similarity, these enzymes have largely nonoverlapping specificities. Both proteins show a preference for association with newly synthesized polypeptides, but each responds differently to changes in the stoichiometry of proteins in obligate multi-subunit complexes. In addition, expression of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutant protein induces changes in HSP70 and HSC70 client association and aggregation toward polypeptides with predicted disorder, indicating that there are global effects from a single misfolded protein that extend to many clients within chaperone networks. Together these findings show that the ubiquitin-activated interaction trap (UBAIT) fusion system can efficiently isolate the complex interactome of HSP chaperone family proteins under normal and stress conditions. Development of a ubiquitin-based system to comprehensively identify substrates of HSP70 enzymes in human cells reveals that constitutive HSC70 and stress-induced HSP70 have different binding preferences and respond dynamically to changes in misfolded protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung W. Ryu
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rose Stewart
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - D. Chase Pectol
- The Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicolette A. Ender
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oshadi Wimalarathne
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos P. Zanini
- Department of Statistics & Data Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antony Harvey
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jon M. Huibregtse
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Mueller
- Department of Statistics & Data Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tanya T. Paull
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Besemer AS, Maus J, Ax MDA, Stein A, Vo S, Freese C, Nalbach K, von Hilchen C, Pfalzgraf IF, Koziollek-Drechsler I, Silva B, Huesmann H, Boukhallouk F, Florin L, Kern A, Behl C, Clement AM. Receptor-mediated endocytosis 8 (RME-8)/DNAJC13 is a novel positive modulator of autophagy and stabilizes cellular protein homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:645-660. [PMID: 32322926 PMCID: PMC7873018 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) network responds effectively to insults. In a functional screen in C. elegans, we recently identified the gene receptor-mediated endocytosis 8 (rme-8; human ortholog: DNAJC13) as a component of the proteostasis network. Accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins, such as amyloid-β 42 (Aβ), α-synuclein, or mutant Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), were aggravated upon the knockdown of rme-8/DNAJC13 in C. elegans and in human cell lines, respectively. DNAJC13 is involved in endosomal protein trafficking and associated with the retromer and the WASH complex. As both complexes have been linked to autophagy, we investigated the role of DNAJC13 in this degradative pathway. In knockdown and overexpression experiments, DNAJC13 acts as a positive modulator of autophagy. In contrast, the overexpression of the Parkinson’s disease-associated mutant DNAJC13(N855S) did not enhance autophagy. Reduced DNAJC13 levels affected ATG9A localization at and its transport from the recycling endosome. As a consequence, ATG9A co-localization at LC3B-positive puncta under steady-state and autophagy-induced conditions is impaired. These data demonstrate a novel function of RME-8/DNAJC13 in cellular homeostasis by modulating ATG9A trafficking and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Besemer
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joanna Maus
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mirjam D A Ax
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Stein
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stella Vo
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Freese
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Nalbach
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian von Hilchen
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ines F Pfalzgraf
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingrid Koziollek-Drechsler
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate Silva
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heike Huesmann
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fatima Boukhallouk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Kern
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Behl
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Albrecht M Clement
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hou X, Watzlawik JO, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2651-2672. [PMID: 32061929 PMCID: PMC7211126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impaired protein homeostasis and accumulation of damaged or abnormally modified protein are common disease mechanisms in many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). As one of the major degradation pathways, autophagy plays a pivotal role in maintaining effective turnover of proteins and damaged organelles in cells. Several decades of research efforts led to insights into the potential contribution of impaired autophagy machinery to α-synuclein accumulation and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, two major features of PD pathology. In this review, we summarize recent pathological, genetic, and mechanistic findings that link defective autophagy with PD pathogenesis in human patients, animals, and cellular models and discuss current challenges in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Crescitelli R, Lässer C, Jang SC, Cvjetkovic A, Malmhäll C, Karimi N, Höög JL, Johansson I, Fuchs J, Thorsell A, Gho YS, Olofsson Bagge R, Lötvall J. Subpopulations of extracellular vesicles from human metastatic melanoma tissue identified by quantitative proteomics after optimized isolation. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1722433. [PMID: 32128073 PMCID: PMC7034452 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1722433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of extracellular vesicle (EV) studies conducted to date have been performed on cell lines with little knowledge on how well these represent the characteristics of EVs in vivo. The aim of this study was to establish a method to isolate and categorize subpopulations of EVs isolated directly from tumour tissue. First we established an isolation protocol for subpopulations of EVs from metastatic melanoma tissue, which included enzymatic treatment (collagenase D and DNase). Small and large EVs were isolated with differential ultracentrifugation, and these were further separated into high and low-density (HD and LD) fractions. All EV subpopulations were then analysed in depth using electron microscopy, Bioanalyzer®, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. Subpopulations of EVs with distinct size, morphology, and RNA and protein cargo could be isolated from the metastatic melanoma tissue. LD EVs showed an RNA profile with the presence of 18S and 28S ribosomal subunits. In contrast, HD EVs had RNA profiles with small or no peaks for ribosomal RNA subunits. Quantitative proteomics showed that several proteins such as flotillin-1 were enriched in both large and small LD EVs, while ADAM10 were exclusively enriched in small LD EVs. In contrast, mitofilin was enriched only in the large EVs. We conclude that enzymatic treatments improve EV isolation from dense fibrotic tissue without any apparent effect on molecular or morphological characteristics. By providing a detailed categorization of several subpopulations of EVs isolated directly from tumour tissues, we might better understand the function of EVs in tumour biology and their possible use in biomarker discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Crescitelli
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Su Chul Jang
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Cvjetkovic
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nasibeh Karimi
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna L Höög
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iva Johansson
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Fuchs
- Proteomic Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annika Thorsell
- Proteomic Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - R Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Follett J, Fox JD, Gustavsson EK, Kadgien C, Munsie LN, Cao LP, Tatarnikov I, Milnerwood AJ, Farrer MJ. DNAJC13 p.Asn855Ser, implicated in familial parkinsonism, alters membrane dynamics of sorting nexin 1. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:114-122. [PMID: 31082451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DNAJC13 (RME-8) is a core co-chaperone that facilitates membrane recycling and cargo sorting of endocytosed proteins. DNAJ/Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40) proteins are highly conserved throughout evolution and mediate the folding of nascent proteins, and the unfolding, refolding or degradation of misfolded proteins while assisting in associated-membrane translocation. DNAJC13 is one of five DNAJ 'C' class chaperone variants implicated in monogenic parkinsonism. Here we examine the effect of the DNAJC13 disease-linked mutation (p.Asn855Ser) on its interacting partners, focusing on sorting nexin 1 (SNX1) membrane dynamics in primary cortical neurons derived from a novel Dnajc13 p.Asn855Ser knock-in (DKI) mouse model. Dnajc13 p.Asn855Ser mutant and wild type protein expression were equivalent in mature heterozygous cultures (DIV21). While SNX1-positive puncta density, area, and WASH-retromer assembly were comparable between cultures derived from DKI and wild type littermates, the formation of SNX1-enriched tubules in DKI neuronal cultures was significantly increased. Thus, Dnajc13 p.Asn855Ser disrupts SNX1 membrane-tubulation and trafficking, analogous to results from RME-8 depletion studies. The data suggest the mutation confers a dominant-negative gain-of-function in RME-8. Implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Follett
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
| | - Jesse D Fox
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Emil K Gustavsson
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada; Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Chelsie Kadgien
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Lise N Munsie
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Li Ping Cao
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Igor Tatarnikov
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yoshida S, Hasegawa T, Suzuki M, Sugeno N, Kobayashi J, Ueyama M, Fukuda M, Ido-Fujibayashi A, Sekiguchi K, Ezura M, Kikuchi A, Baba T, Takeda A, Mochizuki H, Nagai Y, Aoki M. Parkinson's disease-linked DNAJC13 mutation aggravates alpha-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity through perturbation of endosomal trafficking. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:823-836. [PMID: 29309590 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in DNAJC13 gene have been linked to familial form of Parkinson's disease (PD) with Lewy pathology. DNAJC13 is an endosome-related protein and believed to regulate endosomal membrane trafficking. However, the mechanistic link between DNAJC13 mutation and α-synuclein (αSYN) pathology toward neurodegeneration remains poorly understood. In this study, we showed that PD-linked N855S-mutant DNAJC13 caused αSYN accumulation in the endosomal compartment, presumably due to defective cargo trafficking from the early endosome to the late and/or recycling endosome. In vivo experiments using human αSYN transgenic flies showed that mutant DNAJC13 not only increased the amount of insoluble αSYN in fly head but also induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration, rough eye phenotype and age-dependent locomotor impairment. Together, these findings suggest that DNAJC13 mutation perturbs multi-directional endosomal trafficking, resulting in the aberrant endosomal retention of αSYN, which might predispose to the neurodegenerative process that leads to PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yoshida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mari Suzuki
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Junpei Kobayashi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Morio Ueyama
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akemi Ido-Fujibayashi
- Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michinori Ezura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Baba
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai 982-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nitric oxide mediated redox regulation of protein homeostasis. Cell Signal 2018; 53:348-356. [PMID: 30408515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a versatile diffusible signaling molecule, whose biosynthesis by three NO synthases (NOS) is tightly regulated at transcriptional and posttranslational levels, availability of co-factors, and calcium binding. Above normal levels of NO have beneficial protective effects for example in the cardiovascular system, but also contribute to the pathophysiology in the context of inflammatory diseases, and to aging and neurodegeneration in the nervous system. The effect specificity relies on the functional and spatial specificity of the NOS isoenzymes, and on the duality of two major signaling mechanisms (i) activation of soluble guanylycylase (sGC)-dependent cGMP production and (ii) direct S-nitrosylation of redox sensitive cysteines of susceptible proteins. The present review summarizes the functional implications of S-nitrosylation in the context of proteostasis, and focuses on two NO target proteins, heat shock cognate of 70 kDa (Hsc70/HSPA8) and the ubiquitin 2 ligase (UBE2D), because both are modified on functionally critical cysteines and are key regulators of chaperone mediated and assisted autophagy and proteasomal protein degradation. SNO modifications of these candidates are associated with protein accumulations and adoption of a senescent phenotype of neuronal cells suggesting that S-nitrosylations of protein homeostatic machineries contribute to aging phenomena.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lund VK, Madsen KL, Kjaerulff O. Drosophila Rab2 controls endosome-lysosome fusion and LAMP delivery to late endosomes. Autophagy 2018; 14:1520-1542. [PMID: 29940804 PMCID: PMC6135592 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1458170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab2 is a conserved Rab GTPase with a well-established role in secretory pathway function and phagocytosis. Here we demonstrate that Drosophila Rab2 is recruited to late endosomal membranes, where it controls the fusion of LAMP-containing biosynthetic carriers and lysosomes to late endosomes. In contrast, the lysosomal GTPase Gie/Arl8 is only required for late endosome-lysosome fusion, but not for the delivery of LAMP to the endocytic pathway. We also find that Rab2 is required for the fusion of autophagosomes to the endolysosomal pathway, but not for the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles. Surprisingly, Rab2 does not rely on HOPS-mediated vesicular fusion for recruitment to late endosomal membranes. Our work suggests that Drosophila Rab2 is a central regulator of the endolysosomal and macroautophagic/autophagic pathways by controlling the major heterotypic fusion processes at the late endosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Karlovich Lund
- a Department of Neuroscience, The Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kenneth Lindegaard Madsen
- a Department of Neuroscience, The Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ole Kjaerulff
- a Department of Neuroscience, The Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ashnest JR, Gendall AR. Trafficking to the seed protein storage vacuole. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:895-910. [PMID: 32291054 DOI: 10.1071/fp17318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The processing and subcellular trafficking of seed storage proteins is a critical area of physiological, agricultural and biotechnological research. Trafficking to the lytic vacuole has been extensively discussed in recent years, without substantial distinction from trafficking to the protein storage vacuole (PSV). However, despite some overlap between these pathways, there are several examples of unique processing and machinery in the PSV pathway. Moreover, substantial new data has recently come to light regarding the important players in this pathway, in particular, the intracellular NHX proteins and their role in regulating lumenal pH. In some cases, these new data are limited to genetic evidence, with little mechanistic understanding. As such, the implications of these data in the current paradigm of PSV trafficking is perhaps yet unclear. Although it has generally been assumed that the major classes of storage proteins are trafficked via the same pathway, there is mounting evidence that the 12S globulins and 2S albumins may be trafficked independently. Advances in identification of vacuolar targeting signals, as well as an improved mechanistic understanding of various vacuolar sorting receptors, may reveal the differences in these trafficking pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R Ashnest
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Anthony R Gendall
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Soukup SF, Vanhauwaert R, Verstreken P. Parkinson's disease: convergence on synaptic homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201898960. [PMID: 30065071 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201898960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affects millions of people globally. There is no cure, and its prevalence will double by 2030. In recent years, numerous causative genes and risk factors for Parkinson's disease have been identified and more than half appear to function at the synapse. Subtle synaptic defects are thought to precede blunt neuronal death, but the mechanisms that are dysfunctional at synapses are only now being unraveled. Here, we review recent work and propose a model where different Parkinson proteins interact in a cell compartment-specific manner at the synapse where these proteins regulate endocytosis and autophagy. While this field is only recently emerging, the work suggests that the loss of synaptic homeostasis may contribute to neurodegeneration and is a key player in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Fausia Soukup
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roeland Vanhauwaert
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain& Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hasegawa T, Yoshida S, Sugeno N, Kobayashi J, Aoki M. DnaJ/Hsp40 Family and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:743. [PMID: 29367843 PMCID: PMC5767785 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common devastating neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. The precise molecular and cellular basis underlying PD still remains uncertain; however, accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal cell death is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Over the previous two decades, more than 20 genes have been identified as the cause of and/or risk for PD. Because sporadic and familial forms of PD have many similarities in clinical and neuropathological features, common molecular pathways, such as aberrant mitochondrial and protein homeostasis, are likely to exist in both conditions. Of the various genes and proteins involved in PD, the versatile DnaJ/Hsp40 co-chaperones have attracted particular attention since several genes encoding this protein family have been successively identified as the cause of the familial forms of PD/Parkinsonism. In this review, we will introduce the current knowledge regarding the integratory and modulatory effect of DnaJ/Hsp40 in various cellular functions and argue how the failure of these proteins may initiate and/or facilitate of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shun Yoshida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junpei Kobayashi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gorenberg EL, Chandra SS. The Role of Co-chaperones in Synaptic Proteostasis and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:248. [PMID: 28579939 PMCID: PMC5437171 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses must be preserved throughout an organism's lifespan to allow for normal brain function and behavior. Synapse maintenance is challenging given the long distances between the termini and the cell body, reliance on axonal transport for delivery of newly synthesized presynaptic proteins, and high rates of synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis. Hence, synapses rely on efficient proteostasis mechanisms to preserve their structure and function. To this end, the synaptic compartment has specific chaperones to support its functions. Without proper synaptic chaperone activity, local proteostasis imbalances lead to neurotransmission deficits, dismantling of synapses, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we address the roles of four synaptic chaperones in the maintenance of the nerve terminal, as well as their genetic links to neurodegenerative disease. Three of these are Hsp40 co-chaperones (DNAJs): Cysteine String Protein alpha (CSPα; DNAJC5), auxilin (DNAJC6), and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 8 (RME-8; DNAJC13). These co-chaperones contain a conserved J domain through which they form a complex with heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70), enhancing the chaperone's ATPase activity. CSPα is a synaptic vesicle protein known to chaperone the t-SNARE SNAP-25 and the endocytic GTPase dynamin-1, thereby regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis. Auxilin binds assembled clathrin cages, and through its interactions with Hsc70 leads to the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles, a process necessary for the regeneration of synaptic vesicles. RME-8 is a co-chaperone on endosomes and may have a role in clathrin-coated vesicle endocytosis on this organelle. These three co-chaperones maintain client function by preserving folding and assembly to prevent client aggregation, but they do not break down aggregates that have already formed. The fourth synaptic chaperone we will discuss is Heat shock protein 110 (Hsp110), which interacts with Hsc70, DNAJAs, and DNAJBs to constitute a disaggregase. Hsp110-related disaggregase activity is present at the synapse and is known to protect against aggregation of proteins such as α-synuclein. Congruent with their importance in the nervous system, mutations of these co-chaperones lead to familial neurodegenerative disease. CSPα mutations cause adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, while auxilin mutations result in early-onset Parkinson's disease, demonstrating their significance in preservation of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Gorenberg
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of Neurology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
SNX-1 and RME-8 oppose the assembly of HGRS-1/ESCRT-0 degradative microdomains on endosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E307-E316. [PMID: 28053230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612730114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytosis, transmembrane cargo reaches endosomes, where it encounters complexes dedicated to opposing functions: recycling and degradation. Microdomains containing endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-0 component Hrs [hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HGRS-1) in Caenorhabditis elegans] mediate cargo degradation, concentrating ubiquitinated cargo and organizing the activities of ESCRT. At the same time, retromer associated sorting nexin one (SNX-1) and its binding partner, J-domain protein RME-8, sort cargo away from degradation, promoting cargo recycling to the Golgi. Thus, we hypothesized that there could be important regulatory interactions between retromer and ESCRT that balance degradative and recycling functions. Taking advantage of the naturally large endosomes of the C. elegans coelomocyte, we visualized complementary ESCRT-0 and RME-8/SNX-1 microdomains in vivo and assayed the ability of retromer and ESCRT microdomains to regulate one another. We found in snx-1(0) and rme-8(ts) mutants increased endosomal coverage and intensity of HGRS-1-labeled microdomains, as well as increased total levels of HGRS-1 bound to membranes. These effects are specific to SNX-1 and RME-8, as loss of other retromer components SNX-3 and vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 (VPS-35) did not affect HGRS-1 microdomains. Additionally, knockdown of hgrs-1 had little to no effect on SNX-1 and RME-8 microdomains, suggesting directionality to the interaction. Separation of the functionally distinct ESCRT-0 and SNX-1/RME-8 microdomains was also compromised in the absence of RME-8 and SNX-1, a phenomenon we observed to be conserved, as depletion of Snx1 and Snx2 in HeLa cells also led to greater overlap of Rme-8 and Hrs on endosomes.
Collapse
|
22
|
A Differentiation Transcription Factor Establishes Muscle-Specific Proteostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006531. [PMID: 28036392 PMCID: PMC5201269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Safeguarding the proteome is central to the health of the cell. In multi-cellular organisms, the composition of the proteome, and by extension, protein-folding requirements, varies between cells. In agreement, chaperone network composition differs between tissues. Here, we ask how chaperone expression is regulated in a cell type-specific manner and whether cellular differentiation affects chaperone expression. Our bioinformatics analyses show that the myogenic transcription factor HLH-1 (MyoD) can bind to the promoters of chaperone genes expressed or required for the folding of muscle proteins. To test this experimentally, we employed HLH-1 myogenic potential to genetically modulate cellular differentiation of Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic cells by ectopically expressing HLH-1 in all cells of the embryo and monitoring chaperone expression. We found that HLH-1-dependent myogenic conversion specifically induced the expression of putative HLH-1-regulated chaperones in differentiating muscle cells. Moreover, disrupting the putative HLH-1-binding sites on ubiquitously expressed daf-21(Hsp90) and muscle-enriched hsp-12.2(sHsp) promoters abolished their myogenic-dependent expression. Disrupting HLH-1 function in muscle cells reduced the expression of putative HLH-1-regulated chaperones and compromised muscle proteostasis during and after embryogenesis. In turn, we found that modulating the expression of muscle chaperones disrupted the folding and assembly of muscle proteins and thus, myogenesis. Moreover, muscle-specific over-expression of the DNAJB6 homolog DNJ-24, a limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-associated chaperone, disrupted the muscle chaperone network and exposed synthetic motility defects. We propose that cellular differentiation could establish a proteostasis network dedicated to the folding and maintenance of the muscle proteome. Such cell-specific proteostasis networks can explain the selective vulnerability that many diseases of protein misfolding exhibit even when the misfolded protein is ubiquitously expressed. Molecular chaperones protect proteins from misfolding and aggregation. In multi-cellular organisms, the composition and expression levels of chaperones vary between tissues. However, little is known of how such differential expression is regulated. We hypothesized that the cellular differentiation that regulates the cell-type specific expression program may be involved in establishing a cell-type specific chaperone network. To test this possibility, we addressed the myogenic commitment transcription factor HLH-1 (CeMyoD) that converts embryonic cells to muscle cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. We demonstrated that HLH-1 regulates the expression of muscle chaperones during muscle differentiation. Moreover, we showed that HLH-1-dependent expression of chaperones is required for embryonic development and muscle function. We propose that cellular differentiation results in cell-specific differences in the chaperone network that may be detrimental in terms of the susceptibility of neurons and muscle cells to protein misfolding diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved endosomal retromer complex rescues transmembrane proteins from the lysosomal degradative pathway and facilitates their recycling to other cellular compartments. Retromer functions in conjunction with numerous associated proteins, including select members of the sorting nexin (SNX) family. In the present article, we review the molecular architecture and cellular roles of retromer and its various functional partners. The endosomal network is a crucial hub in the trafficking of proteins through the cellular endomembrane system. Transmembrane proteins, here termed cargos, enter endosomes by endocytosis from the plasma membrane or by trafficking from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Endosomal cargo proteins face one of the two fates: retention in the endosome, leading ultimately to lysosomal degradation or export from the endosome for reuse ('recycling'). The balance of protein degradation and recycling is crucial to cellular homoeostasis; inappropriate sorting of proteins to either fate leads to cellular dysfunction. Retromer is an endosome-membrane-associated protein complex central to the recycling of many cargo proteins from endosomes, both to the TGN and the plasma membrane (and other specialized compartments, e.g. lysosome-related organelles). Retromer function is reliant on a number of proteins from the SNX family. In the present article, we discuss this inter-relationship and how defects in retromer function are increasingly being linked with human disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gomez-Lamarca MJ, Snowdon LA, Seib E, Klein T, Bray SJ. Rme-8 depletion perturbs Notch recycling and predisposes to pathogenic signaling. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:303-18. [PMID: 26169355 PMCID: PMC4508892 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201411001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The retromer-associated DNAJ protein Rme-8 is necessary for normal Notch recycling, and reductions in Rme-8 sensitize cells so that additional loss-of-sorting retromer or ESCRT-0 components have catastrophic effects. Notch signaling is a major regulator of cell fate, proliferation, and differentiation. Like other signaling pathways, its activity is strongly influenced by intracellular trafficking. Besides contributing to signal activation and down-regulation, differential fluxes between trafficking routes can cause aberrant Notch pathway activation. Investigating the function of the retromer-associated DNAJ protein Rme-8 in vivo, we demonstrate a critical role in regulating Notch receptor recycling. In the absence of Rme-8, Notch accumulated in enlarged tubulated Rab4-positive endosomes, and as a consequence, signaling was compromised. Strikingly, when the retromer component Vps26 was depleted at the same time, Notch no longer accumulated and instead was ectopically activated. Likewise, depletion of ESCRT-0 components Hrs or Stam in combination with Rme-8 also led to high levels of ectopic Notch activity. Together, these results highlight the importance of Rme-8 in coordinating normal endocytic recycling route and reveal that its absence predisposes toward conditions in which pathological Notch signaling can occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Gomez-Lamarca
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England, UK
| | - Laura A Snowdon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England, UK
| | - Ekatarina Seib
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah J Bray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hierro A, Gershlick DC, Rojas AL, Bonifacino JS. Formation of Tubulovesicular Carriers from Endosomes and Their Fusion to the trans-Golgi Network. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 318:159-202. [PMID: 26315886 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endosomes undergo extensive spatiotemporal rearrangements as proteins and lipids flux through them in a series of fusion and fission events. These controlled changes enable the concentration of cargo for eventual degradation while ensuring the proper recycling of other components. A growing body of studies has now defined multiple recycling pathways from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) which differ in their molecular machineries. The recycling process requires specific sets of lipids, coats, adaptors, and accessory proteins that coordinate cargo selection with membrane deformation and its association with the cytoskeleton. Specific tethering factors and SNARE (SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) Receptor) complexes are then required for the docking and fusion with the acceptor membrane. Herein, we summarize some of the current knowledge of the machineries that govern the retrograde transport from endosomes to the TGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Hierro
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xhabija B, Vacratsis PO. Receptor-mediated Endocytosis 8 Utilizes an N-terminal Phosphoinositide-binding Motif to Regulate Endosomal Clathrin Dynamics. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21676-89. [PMID: 26134565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.644757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis 8 (RME-8) is a DnaJ domain containing protein implicated in translocation of Hsc70 to early endosomes for clathrin removal during retrograde transport. Previously, we have demonstrated that RME-8 associates with early endosomes in a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P)-dependent fashion. In this study, we have now identified amino acid determinants required for PI(3)P binding within a region predicted to adopt a pleckstrin homology-like fold in the N terminus of RME-8. The ability of RME-8 to associate with PI(3)P and early endosomes is largely abolished when residues Lys(17), Trp(20), Tyr(24), or Arg(26) are mutated resulting in diffuse cytoplasmic localization of RME-8 while maintaining the ability to interact with Hsc70. We also provide evidence that RME-8 PI(3)P binding regulates early endosomal clathrin dynamics and alters the steady state localization of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Interestingly, RME-8 endosomal association is also regulated by the PI(3)P-binding protein SNX1, a member of the retromer complex. Wild type SNX1 restores endosomal localization of RME-8 W20A, whereas a SNX1 variant deficient in PI(3)P binding disrupts endosomal localization of wild type RME-8. These results further highlight the critical role for PI(3)P in the RME-8-mediated organizational control of various endosomal activities, including retrograde transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Besa Xhabija
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Panayiotis O Vacratsis
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wan D, Zhang ZC, Zhang X, Li Q, Han J. X chromosome-linked intellectual disability protein PQBP1 associates with and regulates the translation of specific mRNAs. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4599-614. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
28
|
Gustavsson EK, Trinh J, Guella I, Vilariño-Güell C, Appel-Cresswell S, Stoessl AJ, Tsui JK, McKeown M, Rajput A, Rajput AH, Aasly JO, Farrer MJ. DNAJC13 genetic variants in parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2014; 30:273-8. [PMID: 25393719 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel mutation (p.N855S) in DNAJC13 has been linked to familial, late-onset Lewy body parkinsonism in a Dutch-German-Russian Mennonite multi-incident kindred. METHODS DNAJC13 was sequenced in 201 patients with parkinsonism and 194 controls from Canada. Rare (minor allele frequency < 0.01) missense variants identified in patients were genotyped in two Parkinson's disease case-controls cohorts. RESULTS Eighteen rare missense mutations were identified; four were observed in controls, three were observed in both patients and controls, and eleven were identified only in patients. Subsequent genotyping showed p.E1740Q and p.L2170W to be more frequent in patients, and p.R1516H being more frequent in controls. Additionally, p.P336A, p.V722L, p.N855S, p.R1266Q were seen in one patient each, and p.T1895M was found in two patients. CONCLUSION Although the contribution of rare genetic variation in DNAJC13 to parkinsonisms remains to be further elucidated, this study suggests that, in addition to p.N855S, other rare variants might affect disease susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil K Gustavsson
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koutras C, Braun JEA. J protein mutations and resulting proteostasis collapse. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:191. [PMID: 25071450 PMCID: PMC4086201 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a century of intensive investigation the effective treatment of protein aggregation diseases remains elusive. Ordinarily, molecular chaperones ensure that proteins maintain their functional conformation. The appearance of misfolded proteins that aggregate implies the collapse of the cellular chaperone quality control network. That said, the cellular chaperone network is extensive and functional information regarding the detailed action of specific chaperones is not yet available. J proteins (DnaJ/Hsp40) are a family of chaperone cofactors that harness Hsc70 (heat shock cognate protein of 70 kDa) for diverse conformational cellular tasks and, as such, represent novel clinically relevant targets for diseases resulting from the disruption of proteostasis. Here we review incisive reports identifying mutations in individual J protein chaperones and the proteostasis collapse that ensues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Koutras
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Janice E. A. Braun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roy A, Gupta S, Hess D, Das KP, Das S. Binding of insecticidal lectin Colocasia esculenta tuber agglutinin (CEA) to midgut receptors of Bemisia tabaci and Lipaphis erysimi provides clues to its insecticidal potential. Proteomics 2014; 14:1646-59. [PMID: 24753494 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The insecticidal potential of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin-related lectins against hemipterans has been experimentally proven. However, the basis behind the toxicity of these lectins against hemipterans remains elusive. The present study elucidates the molecular basis behind insecticidal efficacy of Colocasia esculenta tuber agglutinin (CEA) against Bemisia tabaci and Lipaphis erysimi. Confocal microscopic analyses highlighted the binding of 25 kDa stable homodimeric lectin to insect midgut. Ligand blots followed by LC MS/MS analyses identified binding partners of CEA as vacuolar ATP synthase and sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum type Ca(2+) ATPase from B. tabaci, and ATP synthase, heat shock protein 70 and clathrin heavy chain assembly protein from L. erysimi. Internalization of CEA into hemolymph was confirmed by Western blotting. Glycoprotein nature of the receptors was identified through glycospecific staining. Deglycosylation assay indicated the interaction of CEA with its receptors to be probably glycan mediated. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed the interaction kinetics between ATP synthase of B. tabaci with CEA. Pathway prediction study based on Drosophila homologs suggested the interaction of CEA with insect receptors that probably led to disruption of cellular processes causing growth retardation and loss of fecundity of target insects. Thus, the present findings strengthen our current understanding of the entomotoxic potentiality of CEA, which will facilitate its future biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roy
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The counterbalancing action of the endocytosis and secretory pathways maintains a dynamic equilibrium that regulates the composition of the plasma membrane, allowing it to maintain homeostasis and to change rapidly in response to alterations in the extracellular environment and/or intracellular metabolism. These pathways are intimately integrated with intercellular signaling systems and play critical roles in all cells. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed diverse roles of membrane trafficking in physiology and development and have also provided molecular insight into the fundamental mechanisms that direct cargo sorting, vesicle budding, and membrane fisson and fusion. In this review, we summarize progress in understanding membrane trafficking mechanisms derived from work in C. elegans, focusing mainly on work done in non-neuronal cell-types, especially the germline, early embryo, coelomocytes, and intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan. ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hashiguchi Y, Yano D, Nagafusa K, Kato T, Saito C, Uemura T, Ueda T, Nakano A, Tasaka M, Terao Morita M. A unique HEAT repeat-containing protein SHOOT GRAVITROPISM6 is involved in vacuolar membrane dynamics in gravity-sensing cells of Arabidopsis inflorescence stem. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:811-22. [PMID: 24486761 PMCID: PMC3982123 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuoles play critical roles in development, growth and stress responses. In mature cells, vacuolar membranes (VMs) display several types of structures, which are formed by invagination and folding of VMs into the lumenal side and can gradually move and change shape. Although such VM structures are observed in a broad range of tissue types and plant species, the molecular mechanism underlying their formation and maintenance remains unclear. Here, we report that a novel HEAT-repeat protein, SHOOT GRAVITROPISM6 (SGR6), of Arabidopsis is involved in the control of morphological changes and dynamics of VM structures in endodermal cells, which are the gravity-sensing cells in shoots. SGR6 is a membrane-associated protein that is mainly localized to the VM in stem endodermal cells. The sgr6 mutant stem exhibits a reduced gravitropic response. Higher plants utilize amyloplast sedimentation as a means to sense gravity direction. Amyloplasts are surrounded by VMs in Arabidopsis endodermal cells, and the flexible and dynamic structure of VMs is important for amyloplast sedimentation. We demonstrated that such dynamic features of VMs are gradually lost in sgr6 endodermal cells during a 30 min observation period. Histological analysis revealed that amyloplast sedimentation was impaired in sgr6. Detailed live-cell imaging analyses revealed that the VM structures in sgr6 had severe defects in morphological changes and dynamics. Our results suggest that SGR6 is a novel protein involved in the formation and/or maintenance of invaginated VM structures in gravity-sensing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Hashiguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daisuke Yano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kiyoshi Nagafusa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Takehide Kato
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Chieko Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masao Tasaka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Freeman CL, Hesketh G, Seaman MNJ. RME-8 coordinates the activity of the WASH complex with the function of the retromer SNX dimer to control endosomal tubulation. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2053-70. [PMID: 24643499 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.144659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Retromer is a vital element of the endosomal protein sorting machinery and comprises two subcomplexes that operate together to sort membrane proteins (cargo) and tubulate membranes. Tubules are formed by a dimer of sorting nexins, a key component of which is SNX1. Cargo selection is mediated by the VPS35-VPS29-VPS26 trimer, which additionally recruits the WASH complex through VPS35 binding to the WASH complex subunit FAM21. Loss of function of the WASH complex leads to dysregulation of endosome tubulation, although it is unclear how this occurs. Here, we show that FAM21 also binds to the SNX1-interacting DNAJ protein RME-8. Loss of RME-8 causes altered kinetics of SNX1 membrane association and a pronounced increase in highly branched endosomal tubules. Building on previous observations from other laboratories, we show that these tubules contain membrane proteins that are dependent upon WASH complex activity for their localization to the plasma membrane. Therefore, we propose that the interaction between RME-8 and the WASH complex provides a means to coordinate the activity of the WASH complex with the membrane-tubulating function of the sorting nexins at sites where retromer-mediated endosomal protein sorting occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Freeman
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research/Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hashiguchi Y, Tasaka M, Morita MT. Mechanism of higher plant gravity sensing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:91-100. [PMID: 23115136 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have developed statocytes, specialized tissues or cells for gravity sensing, and subsequent signal formation. Root and shoot statocytes commonly harbor a number of amyloplasts, and amyloplast sedimentation in the direction of gravity is a critical process in gravity sensing. However, the molecular mechanism underlying amyloplast-dependent gravity sensing is largely unknown. In this review, we mainly describe the molecular basis for the gravity sensing mechanism, i.e., the molecules and their functions involved in amyloplast sedimentation. Several analyses of statocyte images in living plant organs have implied differences in the regulation of amyloplast movements between root and shoot statocytes. Amyloplasts in shoot statocytes display not only sedimentable but upward, saltatory movements, but the latter are rarely observed in root statocytes. A series of genetic studies on shoot gravitropism mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana has revealed that two intracellular components, the vacuolar membrane (VM) and actin microfilaments (AFs), within the shoot statocyte play important roles in amyloplast dynamics. Flexible VM structures surrounding the amyloplasts seem to allow them to freely sediment toward the bottom of cells. In contrast, long actin cables mediate the saltatory movements of amyloplasts. Thus, amyloplasts in shoot statocytes undergo a dynamic equilibrium of movement, and a proper intracellular environment for statocytes is essential for normal shoot gravitropism. Further analyses to identify the molecular regulators of amyloplast dynamics, including sedimentation, may contribute to an understanding of the gravity sensing mechanism in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Hashiguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Evidence for recycling of invariant surface transmembrane domain proteins in African trypanosomes. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 12:330-42. [PMID: 23264644 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00273-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking is a vital component of both virulence mechanisms and drug interactions in Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis and n'agana of cattle. Both maintaining the surface proteome composition within a life stage and remodeling the composition when progressing between life stages are important features of immune evasion and development for trypanosomes. Our recent work implicates the abundant transmembrane invariant surface glycoproteins (ISGs) in the uptake of first-line therapeutic suramin, suggesting a potential therapeutic route into the cell. RME-8 is a mediator of recycling pathways in higher eukaryotes and is one of a small cohort of intracellular transport gene products upregulated in mammal-infective trypanosomes, suggesting a role in controlling the copy number of surface proteins in trypanosomes. Here we investigate RME-8 function and its contribution to intracellular trafficking and stability of ISGs. RME-8 is a highly conserved protein and is broadly distributed across multiple endocytic compartments. By knockdown we find that RME-8 is essential and mediates delivery of endocytic probes to late endosomal compartments. Further, we find ISG accumulation within endosomes, but that RME-8 knockdown also increases ISG turnover; combined with previous data, this suggests that it is most probable that ISGs are recycled, and that RME-8 is required to support recycling.
Collapse
|
36
|
McGough IJ, Cullen PJ. Clathrin is not required for SNX-BAR-retromer-mediated carrier formation. J Cell Sci 2012; 126:45-52. [PMID: 23015596 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin has been implicated in retromer-mediated trafficking, but its precise function remains elusive. Given the importance of retromers for efficient endosomal sorting, we have sought to clarify the relationship between clathrin and the SNX-BAR retromer. We find that the retromer SNX-BARs do not interact directly or indirectly with clathrin. In addition, we observe that SNX-BAR-retromer tubules and carriers are not clathrin coated. Furthermore, perturbing clathrin function, by overexpressing a dominant-negative clathrin or through suppression of clathrin expression, has no detectable effect on the frequency of SNX-BAR-retromer tubulation. We propose that SNX-BAR-retromer-mediated membrane deformation and carrier formation does not require clathrin, and hence the role of clathrin in SNX-BAR-retromer function would appear to lie in pre-SNX-BAR-retromer cargo sorting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J McGough
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zwiewka M, Friml J. Fluorescence imaging-based forward genetic screens to identify trafficking regulators in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:97. [PMID: 22654887 PMCID: PMC3359526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated, subcellular trafficking of proteins is one of the fundamental properties of the multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Trafficking involves a large diversity of compartments, pathways, cargo molecules, and vesicle-sorting events. It is also crucial in regulating the localization and, thus, the activity of various proteins, but the process is still poorly genetically defined in plants. In the past, forward genetics screens had been used to determine the function of genes by searching for a specific morphological phenotype in the organism population in which mutations had been induced chemically or by irradiation. Unfortunately, these straightforward genetic screens turned out to be limited in identifying new regulators of intracellular protein transport, because mutations affecting essential trafficking pathways often lead to lethality. In addition, the use of these approaches has been restricted by functional redundancy among trafficking regulators. Screens for mutants that rely on the observation of changes in the cellular localization or dynamics of fluorescent subcellular markers enable, at least partially, to circumvent these issues. Hence, such image-based screens provide the possibility to identify either alleles with weak effects or components of the subcellular trafficking machinery that have no strong impact on the plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zwiewka
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB Life Sciences Research InstituteGent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB Life Sciences Research InstituteGent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The endosomal network is an organized array of intracellular, membranous compartments that function as sorting sites for endosomal and biosynthetic cargo. The fate of endocytic cargo is reliant upon interactions with a number of molecularly distinct sorting complexes, which tightly control the relationship between sorting of their respective cargo and the physical process of membrane re-scuplturing required for the formation of transport carries. One such complex, retromer, mediates retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Disregulation of retromer has been implicated in a host of disease states including late-onset Alzheimer's. Rather than give a broad overview of retromer biology, here we aim to outline the recent advances in understanding this complex, focussing on the involvement of both clathrin and the cytoskeleton in retromer function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J McGough
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xhabija B, Taylor GS, Fujibayashi A, Sekiguchi K, Vacratsis PO. Receptor mediated endocytosis 8 is a novel PI(3)P binding protein regulated by myotubularin-related 2. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1722-8. [PMID: 21510942 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myotubularin related protein 2 (MTMR2) is a member of the myotubularin family of phosphoinositide lipid phosphatases. Although MTMR2 dephosphorylates the phosphoinositides PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P2, the phosphoinositide binding proteins that are regulated by MTMR2 are poorly characterized. In this study, phosphoinositide affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry identified receptor mediated endocytosis 8 (RME-8) as a novel PI(3)P binding protein. RME-8 co-localized with the PI(3)P marker DsRed-FYVE, while the N-terminal region of RME-8 is required for PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P(2) binding in vitro. Depletion of PI(3)P by MTMR2 S58A or wortmannin treatment attenuated RME-8 endosomal localization and co-localization with EGFR on early endosomes. Our results suggest a model in which the localization of RME-8 to endosomal compartments is spatially mediated by PI(3)P binding and temporally regulated by MTMR2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Besa Xhabija
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
A genomewide RNA interference screen for modifiers of aggregates formation by mutant Huntingtin in Drosophila. Genetics 2010; 184:1165-79. [PMID: 20100940 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregates are a common pathological feature of most neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Understanding their formation and regulation will help clarify their controversial roles in disease pathogenesis. To date, there have been few systematic studies of aggregates formation in Drosophila, a model organism that has been applied extensively in modeling NDs and screening for toxicity modifiers. We generated transgenic fly lines that express enhanced-GFP-tagged mutant Huntingtin (Htt) fragments with different lengths of polyglutamine (polyQ) tract and showed that these Htt mutants develop protein aggregates in a polyQ-length- and age-dependent manner in Drosophila. To identify central regulators of protein aggregation, we further generated stable Drosophila cell lines expressing these Htt mutants and also established a cell-based quantitative assay that allows automated measurement of aggregates within cells. We then performed a genomewide RNA interference screen for regulators of mutant Htt aggregation and isolated 126 genes involved in diverse cellular processes. Interestingly, although our screen focused only on mutant Htt aggregation, several of the identified candidates were known previously as toxicity modifiers of NDs. Moreover, modulating the in vivo activity of hsp110 (CG6603) or tra1, two hits from the screen, affects neurodegeneration in a dose-dependent manner in a Drosophila model of Huntington's disease. Thus, other aggregates regulators isolated in our screen may identify additional genes involved in the protein-folding pathway and neurotoxicity.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kanno E, Ishibashi K, Kobayashi H, Matsui T, Ohbayashi N, Fukuda M. Comprehensive screening for novel rab-binding proteins by GST pull-down assay using 60 different mammalian Rabs. Traffic 2010; 11:491-507. [PMID: 20070612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Rab family belongs to the Ras-like small GTPase superfamily and is implicated in membrane trafficking through interaction with specific effector molecules. Because of the large number of Rab isoforms in mammals, however, the effectors of most of the mammalian Rabs are yet to be identified. In this study, we systematically screened five different cell or tissue lysates for novel Rab effectors by a combination of glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay with 60 different mammalian Rabs and mass spectroscopic analysis. Three of the 21 Rab-binding proteins we identified, mKIAA1055/TBC1D2B (Rab22-binding protein), GAPCenA/TBC1D11 (Rab36-binding protein) and centaurin beta2/ACAP2 (Rab35-binding protein), are GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for Rab or Arf. Although it has recently been proposed that the Rab-GAP (Tre-2 /Bub2/Cdc16) domain physically interacts with its substrate Rab, these three GAPs interacted with specific Rabs via a domain other than a GAP domain, e.g. centaurin beta2 binds GTP-Rab35 via the ankyrin repeat (ANKR) domain. Although centaurin beta2 did not exhibit any Rab35-GAP activity in vitro, the Rab35-binding ANKR domain of centaurin beta2 was found to be required for its plasma membrane localization and regulation of Rab35-dependent neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells through inactivation of Arf6. These findings suggest a novel mode of interaction between Rab and GAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Kanno
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Plants can reorient their growth direction by sensing organ tilt relative to the direction of gravity. With respect to gravity sensing in gravitropism, the classic starch statolith hypothesis, i.e., that starch-accumulating amyloplast movement along the gravity vector within gravity-sensing cells (statocytes) is the probable trigger of subsequent intracellular signaling, is widely accepted. Several lines of experimental evidence have demonstrated that starch is important but not essential for gravity sensing and have suggested that it is reasonable to regard plastids (containers of starch) as statoliths. Although the word statolith means sedimented stone, actual amyloplasts are not static but instead possess dynamic movement. Recent studies combining genetic and cell biological approaches, using Arabidopsis thaliana, have demonstrated that amyloplast movement is an intricate process involving vacuolar membrane structures and the actin cytoskeleton. This review covers current knowledge regarding gravity sensing, particularly gravity susception, and the factors modulating the function of amyloplasts for sensing the directional change of gravity. Specific emphasis is made on the remarkable differences in the cytological properties, developmental origins, tissue locations, and response of statocytes between root and shoot systems. Such an approach reveals a common theme in directional gravity-sensing mechanisms in these two disparate organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Terao Morita
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Popoff V, Mardones GA, Bai SK, Chambon V, Tenza D, Burgos PV, Shi A, Benaroch P, Urbé S, Lamaze C, Grant BD, Raposo G, Johannes L. Analysis of articulation between clathrin and retromer in retrograde sorting on early endosomes. Traffic 2009; 10:1868-80. [PMID: 19874558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin and retromer have key functions for retrograde trafficking between early endosomes and the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Previous studies on Shiga toxin suggested that these two coat complexes operate in a sequential manner. Here, we show that the curvature recognition subunit component sorting nexin 1 (SNX1) of retromer interacts with receptor-mediated endocytosis-8 (RME-8) protein, and that RME-8 and SNX1 colocalize on early endosomes together with a model cargo of the retrograde route, the receptor-binding B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB). RME-8 has previously been found to bind to the clathrin uncoating adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) Hsc70, and we now report that depletion of RME-8 or Hsc70 affects retrograde trafficking at the early endosomes-TGN interface of STxB and the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, an endogenous retrograde cargo protein. We also provide evidence that retromer interacts with the clathrin-binding protein hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) not only via SNX1, as previously published (Chin Raynor MC, Wei X, Chen HQ, Li L. Hrs interacts with sorting nexin 1 and regulates degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2001;276:7069-7078), but also via the core complex component Vps35. Hrs codistributes at the ultrastructural level with STxB on early endosomes, and interfering with Hrs function using antibodies or mild overexpression inhibits retrograde transport. Our combined data suggest a model according to which the functions in retrograde sorting on early endosomes of SNX1/retromer and clathrin are articulated by RME-8, and possibly also by Hrs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Popoff
- Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling and Delivery Laboratory, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Regulation of endosomal clathrin and retromer-mediated endosome to Golgi retrograde transport by the J-domain protein RME-8. EMBO J 2009; 28:3290-302. [PMID: 19763082 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytosis, most cargo enters the pleiomorphic early endosomes in which sorting occurs. As endosomes mature, transmembrane cargo can be sequestered into inwardly budding vesicles for degradation, or can exit the endosome in membrane tubules for recycling to the plasma membrane, the recycling endosome, or the Golgi apparatus. Endosome to Golgi transport requires the retromer complex. Without retromer, recycling cargo such as the MIG-14/Wntless protein aberrantly enters the degradative pathway and is depleted from the Golgi. Endosome-associated clathrin also affects the recycling of retrograde cargo and has been shown to function in the formation of endosomal subdomains. Here, we find that the Caemorhabditis elegans endosomal J-domain protein RME-8 associates with the retromer component SNX-1. Loss of SNX-1, RME-8, or the clathrin chaperone Hsc70/HSP-1 leads to over-accumulation of endosomal clathrin, reduced clathrin dynamics, and missorting of MIG-14 to the lysosome. Our results indicate a mechanism, whereby retromer can regulate endosomal clathrin dynamics through RME-8 and Hsc70, promoting the sorting of recycling cargo into the retrograde pathway.
Collapse
|
46
|
The role of Arabidopsis 5PTase13 in root gravitropism through modulation of vesicle trafficking. Cell Res 2009; 19:1191-204. [PMID: 19736566 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) are enzymes of phosphatidylinositol metabolism that affect various aspects of plant growth and development. Arabidopsis 5PTase13 regulates auxin homeostasis and hormone-related cotyledon vein development, and here we demonstrate that its knockout mutant 5pt13 has elevated sensitivity to gravistimulation in root gravitropic responses. The altered responses of 5pt13 mutants to 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (an auxin transport inhibitor) indicate that 5PTase13 might be involved in the regulation of auxin transport. Indeed, the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 is expressed more broadly under 5PTase13 deficiency, and observations of the internalization of the membrane-selective dye FM4-64 reveal altered vesicle trafficking in 5pt13 mutants. Compared with wild-type, 5pt13 mutant seedlings are less sensitive to the inhibition by brefeldin A of vesicle cycling, seedling growth, and the intracellular cycling of the PIN1 and PIN2 proteins. Further, auxin redistribution upon gravitropic stimulation is stimulated under 5PTase13 deficiency. These results suggest that 5PTase13 may modulate auxin transport by regulating vesicle trafficking and thereby play a role in root gravitropism.
Collapse
|
47
|
Rajan VBV, D'Silva P. Arabidopsis thaliana J-class heat shock proteins: cellular stress sensors. Funct Integr Genomics 2009; 9:433-46. [PMID: 19633874 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-009-0132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that have evolved a variety of mechanisms to maintain their cellular homeostasis under stressful environmental conditions. Survival of plants under abiotic stress conditions requires specialized group of heat shock protein machinery, belonging to Hsp70:J-protein family. These heat shock proteins are most ubiquitous types of chaperone machineries involved in diverse cellular processes including protein folding, translocation across cell membranes, and protein degradation. They play a crucial role in maintaining the protein homeostasis by reestablishing functional native conformations under environmental stress conditions, thus providing protection to the cell. J-proteins are co-chaperones of Hsp70 machine, which play a critical role by stimulating Hsp70s ATPase activity, thereby stabilizing its interaction with client proteins. Using genome-wide analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana, here we have outlined identification and systematic classification of J-protein co-chaperones which are key regulators of Hsp70s function. In comparison with Saccharomyces cerevisiae model system, a comprehensive domain structural organization, cellular localization, and functional diversity of A. thaliana J-proteins have also been summarized.
Collapse
|
48
|
Soukup SF, Culi J, Gubb D. Uptake of the necrotic serpin in Drosophila melanogaster via the lipophorin receptor-1. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000532. [PMID: 19557185 PMCID: PMC2694266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral response to fungal and Gram-positive infections is regulated by the serpin-family inhibitor, Necrotic. Following immune-challenge, a proteolytic cascade is activated which signals through the Toll receptor. Toll activation results in a range of antibiotic peptides being synthesised in the fat-body and exported to the haemolymph. As with mammalian serpins, Necrotic turnover in Drosophila is rapid. This serpin is synthesised in the fat-body, but its site of degradation has been unclear. By “freezing” endocytosis with a temperature sensitive Dynamin mutation, we demonstrate that Necrotic is removed from the haemolymph in two groups of giant cells: the garland and pericardial athrocytes. Necrotic uptake responds rapidly to infection, being visibly increased after 30 mins and peaking at 6–8 hours. Co-localisation of anti-Nec with anti-AP50, Rab5, and Rab7 antibodies establishes that the serpin is processed through multi-vesicular bodies and delivered to the lysosome, where it co-localises with the ubiquitin-binding protein, HRS. Nec does not co-localise with Rab11, indicating that the serpin is not re-exported from athrocytes. Instead, mutations which block late endosome/lysosome fusion (dor, hk, and car) cause accumulation of Necrotic-positive endosomes, even in the absence of infection. Knockdown of the 6 Drosophila orthologues of the mammalian LDL receptor family with dsRNA identifies LpR1 as an enhancer of the immune response. Uptake of Necrotic from the haemolymph is blocked by a chromosomal deletion of LpR1. In conclusion, we identify the cells and the receptor molecule responsible for the uptake and degradation of the Necrotic serpin in Drosophila melanogaster. The scavenging of serpin/proteinase complexes may be a critical step in the regulation of proteolytic cascades. Serpin inhibitors control a wide range of rapid physiological responses that are activated by proteolytic cascades, such as blood coagulation, inflammation, the complement pathway, and angiogenesis. They interact with their target proteinases by a “suicide inhibition” mechanism, which generates an inert, denatured, serpin/proteinase complex. In mammals, humoral serpins are secreted from the liver into the blood plasma. The denatured complex is later endocytosed back into the liver and degraded. In Drosophila, the Necrotic serpin is secreted from the fat-body into the haemolymph, where it controls the humoral immune response. We show here, however, that Necrotic is not endocytosed in the fat-body, but in the garland and pericardial athrocytes. These cells clear serpins from the haemolymph extremely rapidly. The Necrotic-binding receptor for this process is LpR1, a member of the LDLR family. The endocytosed serpin is targeted for lysosomal degradation, with none being recycled to the haemolymph. More importantly, we show that mutations in LpR1 cause a profound effect on the immune response. Thus, our results indicate that the scavenging of serpin/proteinase complexes might be a critical step in the regulation of proteolytic cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquim Culi
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC-UPO), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Gubb
- Functional Genomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bhowmick R, Li M, Sun J, Baker SA, Insinna C, Besharse JC. Photoreceptor IFT complexes containing chaperones, guanylyl cyclase 1 and rhodopsin. Traffic 2009; 10:648-63. [PMID: 19302411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) provides a mechanism for the transport of cilium-specific proteins, but the mechanisms for linkage of cargo and IFT proteins have not been identified. Using the sensory outer segments (OS) of photoreceptors, which are derived from sensory cilia, we have identified IFT-cargo complexes containing IFT proteins, kinesin 2 family proteins, two photoreceptor-specific membrane proteins, guanylyl cyclase 1 (GC1, Gucy2e) and rhodopsin (RHO), and the chaperones, mammalian relative of DNAJ, DnajB6 (MRJ), and HSC70 (Hspa8). Analysis of these complexes leads to a model in which MRJ through its binding to IFT88 and GC1 plays a critical role in formation or stabilization of the IFT-cargo complexes. Consistent with the function of MRJ in the activation of HSC70 ATPase activity, Mg-ATP enhances the co-IP of GC1, RHO, and MRJ with IFT proteins. Furthermore, RNAi knockdown of MRJ in IMCD3 cells expressing GC1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reduces cilium membrane targeting of GC1-GFP without apparent effect on cilium elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Bhowmick
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rosales-Hernandez A, Beck KE, Zhao X, Braun AP, Braun JEA. RDJ2 (DNAJA2) chaperones neural G protein signaling pathways. Cell Stress Chaperones 2009; 14:71-82. [PMID: 18595009 PMCID: PMC2673899 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of structurally divergent proteins with J domains, called J proteins, interact with and activate the ATPase of Hsp70s, thereby harnessing the ATPase activity for conformational work on target proteins. The precise role of most mammalian J proteins remains undefined. In this paper, we demonstrate that transient expression of the J protein, Rdj2, in HEK 293 cells increased cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the presence of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. In CNS-derived catecholaminergic neuronal cell line (CAD) neuroblastoma cells, expression of Rdj2 increased isoproterenol-stimulated phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Moreover, we have characterized the binding properties of Rdj2 and observed a direct interaction between Rdj2 and receptor-coupled trimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins). We further show that the composition of the Rdj2-chaperone complex and the cysteine string protein (CSPalpha)-chaperone complex, another J protein, is distinct. Our data demonstrate that Rdj2 modulates G protein signaling and further suggest that chaperoning G proteins is an emerging theme of the J protein network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rosales-Hernandez
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Katy E. Beck
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Andrew P. Braun
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Janice E. A. Braun
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada T2N 4N1
| |
Collapse
|