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Dean WF, Albert RM, Nawara TJ, Ubil M, Beggs RR, Mattheyses AL. Dsg2 ectodomain organization increases throughout desmosome assembly. Cell Adh Migr 2024; 18:1-13. [PMID: 38566311 PMCID: PMC10993919 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2024.2333366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that regulate mechanical integrity in epithelia and cardiac muscle. Dynamic desmosome remodeling is essential for wound healing and development, yet the mechanisms governing junction assembly remain elusive. While we and others have shown that cadherin ectodomains are highly organized, how this ordered architecture emerges during assembly is unknown. Using fluorescence polarization microscopy, we show that desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) ectodomain order gradually increases during 8 h of assembly, coinciding with increasing adhesive strength. In a scratch wound assay, we observed a similar increase in order in desmosomes assembling at the leading edge of migratory cells. Together, our findings indicate that cadherin organization is a hallmark of desmosome maturity and may play a role in conferring adhesive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F. Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rose M. Albert
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tomasz J. Nawara
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Melanie Ubil
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Reena R. Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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2
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Perl AL, Pokorny JL, Green KJ. Desmosomes at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261899. [PMID: 38940346 PMCID: PMC11234380 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are relatives of ancient cadherin-based junctions, which emerged late in evolution to ensure the structural integrity of vertebrate tissues by coupling the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to cell-cell junctions. Their ability to dynamically counter the contractile forces generated by actin-associated adherens junctions is particularly important in tissues under high mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart. Much more than the simple cellular 'spot welds' depicted in textbooks, desmosomes are in fact dynamic structures that can sense and respond to changes in their mechanical environment and external stressors like ultraviolet light and pathogens. These environmental signals are transmitted intracellularly via desmosome-dependent mechanochemical pathways that drive the physiological processes of morphogenesis and differentiation. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster review desmosome structure and assembly, highlight recent insights into how desmosomes integrate chemical and mechanical signaling in the epidermis, and discuss desmosomes as targets in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey L Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jenny L Pokorny
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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3
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Zimmer SE, Giang W, Levental I, Kowalczyk AP. The transmembrane domain of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-1 governs lipid raft association to promote desmosome adhesive strength. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590936. [PMID: 38712246 PMCID: PMC11071526 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains called lipid rafts are hypothesized to selectively coordinate protein complex assembly within the plasma membrane to regulate cellular functions. Desmosomes are mechanically resilient adhesive junctions that associate with lipid raft membrane domains, yet the mechanisms directing raft association of the desmosomal proteins, particularly the transmembrane desmosomal cadherins, are poorly understood. We identified the desmoglein-1 (DSG1) transmembrane domain (TMD) as a key determinant of desmoglein lipid raft association and designed a panel of DSG1 TMD variants to assess the contribution of TMD physicochemical properties (length, bulkiness, and palmitoylation) to DSG1 lipid raft association. Sucrose gradient fractionations revealed that TMD length and bulkiness, but not palmitoylation, govern DSG1 lipid raft association. Further, DSG1 raft association determines plakoglobin recruitment to raft domains. Super-resolution imaging and functional assays uncovered a strong relationship between the efficiency of DSG1 TMD lipid raft association and the formation of morphologically and functionally robust desmosomes. Lipid raft association regulated both desmosome assembly dynamics and DSG1 cell surface stability, indicating that DSG1 lipid raft association is required for both desmosome formation and maintenance. These studies identify the biophysical properties of desmoglein transmembrane domains as key determinants of lipid raft association and desmosome adhesive function.
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4
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Rathod M, Franz H, Beyersdorfer V, Wanuske MT, Leal-Fischer K, Hanns P, Stüdle C, Zimmermann A, Buczak K, Schinner C, Spindler V. DPM1 modulates desmosomal adhesion and epidermal differentiation through SERPINB5. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305006. [PMID: 38477878 PMCID: PMC10937187 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is essential to facilitate cell-cell adhesion and differentiation. We determined the role of the dolichol phosphate mannosyltransferase (DPM) complex, a central regulator for glycosylation, for desmosomal adhesive function and epidermal differentiation. Deletion of the key molecule of the DPM complex, DPM1, in human keratinocytes resulted in weakened cell-cell adhesion, impaired localization of the desmosomal components desmoplakin and desmoglein-2, and led to cytoskeletal organization defects in human keratinocytes. In a 3D organotypic human epidermis model, loss of DPM1 caused impaired differentiation with abnormally increased cornification, reduced thickness of non-corneal layers, and formation of intercellular gaps in the epidermis. Using proteomic approaches, SERPINB5 was identified as a DPM1-dependent interaction partner of desmoplakin. Mechanistically, SERPINB5 reduced desmoplakin phosphorylation at serine 176, which was required for strong intercellular adhesion. These results uncover a novel role of the DPM complex in connecting desmosomal adhesion with epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyi Rathod
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henriette Franz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vivien Beyersdorfer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Buczak
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biocentre, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Schinner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Fülle JB, de Almeida RA, Lawless C, Stockdale L, Yanes B, Lane EB, Garrod DR, Ballestrem C. Proximity Mapping of Desmosomes Reveals a Striking Shift in Their Molecular Neighborhood Associated With Maturation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100735. [PMID: 38342409 PMCID: PMC10943070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are multiprotein adhesion complexes that link intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane, ensuring the mechanical integrity of cells across tissues, but how they participate in the wider signaling network to exert their full function is unclear. To investigate this, we carried out protein proximity mapping using biotinylation (BioID). The combined interactomes of the essential desmosomal proteins desmocollin 2a, plakoglobin, and plakophilin 2a (Pkp2a) in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells were mapped and their differences and commonalities characterized as desmosome matured from Ca2+ dependence to the mature, Ca2+-independent, hyper-adhesive state, which predominates in tissues. Results suggest that individual desmosomal proteins have distinct roles in connecting to cellular signaling pathways and that these roles alter substantially when cells change their adhesion state. The data provide further support for a dualistic concept of desmosomes in which the properties of Pkp2a differ from those of the other, more stable proteins. This body of data provides an invaluable resource for the analysis of desmosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith B Fülle
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Craig Lawless
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Liam Stockdale
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bian Yanes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David R Garrod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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6
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Perl AL, Koetsier JL, Green KJ. PP2A-B55alpha controls keratinocyte adhesion through dephosphorylation of the Desmoplakin C-terminus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12720. [PMID: 37543698 PMCID: PMC10404246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical for the maintenance of epidermal integrity and function are attachments between intermediate filaments (IF) and intercellular junctions called desmosomes. The desmosomal cytoplasmic plaque protein desmoplakin (DP) is essential for anchoring IF to the junction. DP-IF interactions are regulated by a phospho-regulatory motif within the DP C-terminus controlling keratinocyte intercellular adhesion. Here we identify the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-B55α holoenzyme as the major serine/threonine phosphatase regulating DP's C-terminus and consequent intercellular adhesion. Using a combination of chemical and genetic approaches, we show that the PP2A-B55α holoenzyme interacts with DP at intercellular membranes in 2D- and 3D- epidermal models and human skin samples. Our experiments demonstrate that PP2A-B55α regulates the phosphorylation status of junctional DP and is required for maintaining strong desmosome-mediated intercellular adhesion. These data identify PP2A-B55α as part of a regulatory module capable of tuning intercellular adhesion strength and a candidate disease target in desmosome-related disorders of the skin and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey L Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Nielsen MS, van Opbergen CJM, van Veen TAB, Delmar M. The intercalated disc: a unique organelle for electromechanical synchrony in cardiomyocytes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2271-2319. [PMID: 36731030 PMCID: PMC10191137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intercalated disc (ID) is a highly specialized structure that connects cardiomyocytes via mechanical and electrical junctions. Although described in some detail by light microscopy in the 19th century, it was in 1966 that electron microscopy images showed that the ID represented apposing cell borders and provided detailed insight into the complex ID nanostructure. Since then, much has been learned about the ID and its molecular composition, and it has become evident that a large number of proteins, not all of them involved in direct cell-to-cell coupling via mechanical or gap junctions, reside at the ID. Furthermore, an increasing number of functional interactions between ID components are emerging, leading to the concept that the ID is not the sum of isolated molecular silos but an interacting molecular complex, an "organelle" where components work in concert to bring about electrical and mechanical synchrony. The aim of the present review is to give a short historical account of the ID's discovery and an updated overview of its composition and organization, followed by a discussion of the physiological implications of the ID architecture and the local intermolecular interactions. The latter will focus on both the importance of normal conduction of cardiac action potentials as well as the impact on the pathophysiology of arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chantal J M van Opbergen
- The Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossmann School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Toon A B van Veen
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Delmar
- The Leon Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossmann School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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8
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Bharathan NK, Giang W, Hoffman CL, Aaron JS, Khuon S, Chew TL, Preibisch S, Trautman ET, Heinrich L, Bogovic J, Bennett D, Ackerman D, Park W, Petruncio A, Weigel AV, Saalfeld S, Wayne Vogl A, Stahley SN, Kowalczyk AP. Architecture and dynamics of a desmosome-endoplasmic reticulum complex. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:823-835. [PMID: 37291267 PMCID: PMC10960982 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a dynamic network that contacts other cellular membranes to regulate stress responses, calcium signalling and lipid transfer. Here, using high-resolution volume electron microscopy, we find that the ER forms a previously unknown association with keratin intermediate filaments and desmosomal cell-cell junctions. Peripheral ER assembles into mirror image-like arrangements at desmosomes and exhibits nanometre proximity to keratin filaments and the desmosome cytoplasmic plaque. ER tubules exhibit stable associations with desmosomes, and perturbation of desmosomes or keratin filaments alters ER organization, mobility and expression of ER stress transcripts. These findings indicate that desmosomes and the keratin cytoskeleton regulate the distribution, function and dynamics of the ER network. Overall, this study reveals a previously unknown subcellular architecture defined by the structural integration of ER tubules with an epithelial intercellular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneetha Krishnan Bharathan
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - William Giang
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Coryn L Hoffman
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jesse S Aaron
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Satya Khuon
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Stephan Preibisch
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Eric T Trautman
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Larissa Heinrich
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - John Bogovic
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Davis Bennett
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - David Ackerman
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Woohyun Park
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Alyson Petruncio
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Aubrey V Weigel
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Life Sciences Institute and the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara N Stahley
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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9
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Reisqs JB, Moreau A, Sleiman Y, Boutjdir M, Richard S, Chevalier P. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy as a myogenic disease: highlights from cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1191965. [PMID: 37250123 PMCID: PMC10210147 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1191965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited cardiomyopathy characterized by the replacement of myocardium by fibro-fatty infiltration and cardiomyocyte loss. ACM predisposes to a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias. ACM has initially been defined as a desmosomal disease because most of the known variants causing the disease concern genes encoding desmosomal proteins. Studying this pathology is complex, in particular because human samples are rare and, when available, reflect the most advanced stages of the disease. Usual cellular and animal models cannot reproduce all the hallmarks of human pathology. In the last decade, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) have been proposed as an innovative human cellular model. The differentiation of hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) is now well-controlled and widely used in many laboratories. This hiPSC-CM model recapitulates critical features of the pathology and enables a cardiomyocyte-centered comprehensive approach to the disease and the screening of anti-arrhythmic drugs (AAD) prescribed sometimes empirically to the patient. In this regard, this model provides unique opportunities to explore and develop new therapeutic approaches. The use of hiPSC-CMs will undoubtedly help the development of precision medicine to better cure patients suffering from ACM. This review aims to summarize the recent advances allowing the use of hiPSCs in the ACM context.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Reisqs
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - A. Moreau
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PhyMedExp, Montpellier, France
| | - Y. Sleiman
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - M. Boutjdir
- Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Cell Biology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY, United States
| | - S. Richard
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PhyMedExp, Montpellier, France
| | - P. Chevalier
- Neuromyogene Institute, Claude Bernard University, Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Service de Rythmologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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10
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Apremilast prevents blistering in human epidermis and stabilizes keratinocyte adhesion in pemphigus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:116. [PMID: 36624106 PMCID: PMC9829900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris is a life-threatening blistering skin disease caused by autoantibodies destabilizing desmosomal adhesion. Current therapies focus on suppression of autoantibody formation and thus treatments directly stabilizing keratinocyte adhesion would fulfill an unmet medical need. We here demonstrate that apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor used in psoriasis, prevents skin blistering in pemphigus vulgaris. Apremilast abrogates pemphigus autoantibody-induced loss of keratinocyte cohesion in ex-vivo human epidermis, cultured keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo in mice. In parallel, apremilast inhibits keratin retraction as well as desmosome splitting, induces phosphorylation of plakoglobin at serine 665 and desmoplakin assembly into desmosomal plaques. We established a plakoglobin phospho-deficient mouse model that reveals fragile epidermis with altered organization of keratin filaments and desmosomal cadherins. In keratinocytes derived from these mice, intercellular adhesion is impaired and not rescued by apremilast. These data identify an unreported mechanism of desmosome regulation and propose that apremilast stabilizes keratinocyte adhesion and is protective in pemphigus.
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11
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Fuchs M, Radeva MY, Spindler V, Vielmuth F, Kugelmann D, Waschke J. Cytoskeletal anchorage of different Dsg3 pools revealed by combination of hybrid STED/SMFS-AFM. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:25. [PMID: 36602635 PMCID: PMC9816259 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is a desmosomal cadherin mediating cell adhesion within desmosomes and is the antigen of the autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris. Therefore, understanding of the complex desmosome turnover process is of high biomedical relevance. Recently, super resolution microscopy was used to characterize desmosome composition and turnover. However, studies were limited because adhesion measurements on living cells were not possible in parallel. Before desmosomal cadherins are incorporated into nascent desmosomes, they are not bound to intermediate filaments but were suggested to be associated with the actin cytoskeleton. However, direct proof that adhesion of a pool of desmosomal cadherins is dependent on actin is missing. Here, we applied single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements with the novel single molecule hybrid-technique STED/SMFS-AFM to investigate the cytoskeletal anchorage of Dsg3 on living keratinocytes for the first time. By application of pharmacological agents we discriminated two different Dsg3 pools, only one of which is anchored to actin filaments. We applied the actin polymerization inhibitor Latrunculin B to modify the actin cytoskeleton and the PKCα activator PMA to modulate intermediate filament anchorage. On the cellular surface Dsg3 adhesion was actin-dependent. In contrast, at cell-cell contacts, Dsg3 adhesion was independent from actin but rather is regulated by PKC which is well established to control desmosome turn-over via intermediate filament anchorage. Taken together, using the novel STED/SMFS-AFM technique, we demonstrated the existence of two Dsg3 pools with different cytoskeletal anchorage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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12
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Moch M, Schieren J, Leube RE. Cortical tension regulates desmosomal morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:946190. [PMID: 36268507 PMCID: PMC9577410 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.946190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stability is a fundamental and essential property of epithelial cell sheets. It is in large part determined by cell-cell adhesion sites that are tightly integrated by the cortical cytoskeleton. An intimate crosstalk between the adherens junction-associated contractile actomyosin system and the desmosome-anchored keratin intermediate filament system is decisive for dynamic regulation of epithelial mechanics. A major question in the field is whether and in which way mechanical stress affects junctional plasticity. This is especially true for the desmosome-keratin scaffold whose role in force-sensing is virtually unknown. To examine this question, we inactivated the actomyosin system in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and canine kidney cells (MDCK) and monitored changes in desmosomal protein turnover. Partial inhibition of myosin II by para-nitro-blebbistatin led to a decrease of the cells' elastic modulus and to reduced desmosomal protein turnover in regions where nascent desmosomes are formed and, to a lower degree, in regions where larger, more mature desmosomes are present. Interestingly, desmosomal proteins are affected differently: a significant decrease in turnover was observed for the desmosomal plaque protein desmoplakin I (DspI), which links keratin filaments to the desmosomal core, and the transmembrane cadherin desmoglein 2 (Dsg2). On the other hand, the turnover of another type of desmosomal cadherin, desmocollin 2 (Dsc2), was not significantly altered under the tested conditions. Similarly, the turnover of the adherens junction-associated E-cadherin was not affected by the low doses of para-nitro-blebbistatin. Inhibition of actin polymerization by low dose latrunculin B treatment and of ROCK-driven actomyosin contractility by Y-27632 treatment also induced a significant decrease in desmosomal DspI turnover. Taken together, we conclude that changes in the cortical force balance affect desmosome formation and growth. Furthermore, they differentially modulate desmosomal protein turnover resulting in changes of desmosome composition. We take the observations as evidence for a hitherto unknown desmosomal mechanosensing and mechanoresponse pathway responding to an altered force balance.
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Hegazy M, Perl AL, Svoboda SA, Green KJ. Desmosomal Cadherins in Health and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:47-72. [PMID: 34425055 PMCID: PMC8792335 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-092912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomal cadherins are a recent evolutionary innovation that make up the adhesive core of highly specialized intercellular junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomal cadherins, which are grouped into desmogleins and desmocollins, are related to the classical cadherins, but their cytoplasmic domains are tailored for anchoring intermediate filaments instead of actin to sites of cell-cell adhesion. The resulting junctions are critical for resisting mechanical stress in tissues such as the skin and heart. Desmosomal cadherins also act as signaling hubs that promote differentiation and facilitate morphogenesis, creating more complex and effective tissue barriers in vertebrate tissues. Interference with desmosomal cadherin adhesive and supra-adhesive functions leads to a variety of autoimmune, hereditary, toxin-mediated, and malignant diseases. We review our current understanding of how desmosomal cadherins contribute to human health and disease, highlight gaps in our knowledge about their regulation and function, and introduce promising new directions toward combatting desmosome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Abbey L. Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Sophia A. Svoboda
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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14
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Beggs RR, Rao TC, Dean WF, Kowalczyk AP, Mattheyses AL. Desmosomes undergo dynamic architectural changes during assembly and maturation. Tissue Barriers 2022; 10:2017225. [PMID: 34983311 PMCID: PMC9621066 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.2017225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are macromolecular cell-cell junctions critical for maintaining adhesion and resisting mechanical stress in epithelial tissue. Desmosome assembly and the relationship between maturity and molecular architecture are not well understood. To address this, we employed a calcium switch assay to synchronize assembly followed by quantification of desmosome nanoscale organization using direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM). We found that the organization of the desmoplakin rod/C-terminal junction changed over the course of maturation, as indicated by a decrease in the plaque-to-plaque distance, while the plaque length increased. In contrast, the desmoplakin N-terminal domain and plakoglobin organization (plaque-to-plaque distance) were constant throughout maturation. This structural rearrangement of desmoplakin was concurrent with desmosome maturation measured by E-cadherin exclusion and increased adhesive strength. Using two-color dSTORM, we showed that while the number of individual E-cadherin containing junctions went down with the increasing time in high Ca2+, they maintained a wider desmoplakin rod/C-terminal plaque-to-plaque distance. This indicates that the maturation state of individual desmosomes can be identified by their architectural organization. We confirmed these architectural changes in another model of desmosome assembly, cell migration. Desmosomes in migrating cells, closest to the scratch where they are assembling, were shorter, E-cadherin enriched, and had wider desmoplakin rod/C-terminal plaque-to-plaque distances compared to desmosomes away from the wound edge. Key results were demonstrated in three cell lines representing simple, transitional, and stratified epithelia. Together, these data suggest that there is a set of architectural programs for desmosome maturation, and we hypothesize that desmoplakin architecture may be a contributing mechanism to regulating adhesive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William F Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Cracking the Skin Barrier: Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Shines under the Skin. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100036. [PMID: 34909733 PMCID: PMC8659386 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to forming and sustaining the skin’s barrier, epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) fluxing to the skin surface undergo a rapid and enigmatic transformation into flat, enucleated squames. At the crux of this transformation are intracellular keratohyalin granules (KGs) that suddenly disappear as terminally differentiating KCs transition to the cornified skin surface. Defects in KGs have long been linked to skin barrier disorders. Through the biophysical lens of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), these enigmatic KGs recently emerged as liquid-like membraneless organelles whose assembly and subsequent pH-triggered disassembly drive squame formation. To stimulate future efforts toward cracking the complex process of skin barrier formation, in this review, we integrate the key concepts and foundational work spanning the fields of LLPS and epidermal biology. We review the current progress in the skin and discuss implications in the broader context of membraneless organelles across stratifying epithelia. The discovery of environmentally sensitive LLPS dynamics in the skin points to new avenues for dissecting the skin barrier and for addressing skin barrier disorders. We argue that skin and its appendages offer outstanding models to uncover LLPS-driven mechanisms in tissue biology.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CE, cornified envelope
- EDC, epidermal differentiation complex
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IDP, intrinsically-disordered protein
- KC, keratinocyte
- KG, keratohyalin granule
- LCST, lower critical solution temperature
- LLPS, liquid-liquid phase separation
- PTM, post-translational modification
- TG, trichohyalin granule
- UCST, upper critical solution temperature
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16
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Schmitt T, Waschke J. Autoantibody-Specific Signalling in Pemphigus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:701809. [PMID: 34434944 PMCID: PMC8381052 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.701809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune disease impairing barrier functions of epidermis and mucosa. Autoantibodies primarily target the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg 3 and induce loss of desmosomal adhesion. Strikingly, autoantibody profiles in pemphigus correlate with clinical phenotypes. Mucosal-dominant pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is characterised by autoantibodies (PV-IgG) against Dsg3 whereas epidermal blistering in PV and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is associated with autoantibodies against Dsg1. Therapy in pemphigus is evolving towards specific suppression of autoantibody formation and autoantibody depletion. Nevertheless, during the acute phase and relapses of the disease additional treatment options to stabilise desmosomes and thereby rescue keratinocyte adhesion would be beneficial. Therefore, the mechanisms by which autoantibodies interfere with adhesion of desmosomes need to be characterised in detail. Besides direct inhibition of Dsg adhesion, autoantibodies engage signalling pathways interfering with different steps of desmosome turn-over. With this respect, recent data indicate that autoantibodies induce separate signalling responses in keratinocytes via specific signalling complexes organised by Dsg1 and Dsg3 which transfer the signal of autoantibody binding into the cell. This hypothesis may also explain the different clinical pemphigus phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
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17
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Broussard JA, Koetsier JL, Hegazy M, Green KJ. Desmosomes polarize and integrate chemical and mechanical signaling to govern epidermal tissue form and function. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3275-3291.e5. [PMID: 34107301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium in which structural and functional features are polarized across multiple cell layers. This type of polarity is essential for establishing the epidermal barrier, but how it is created and sustained is poorly understood. Previous work identified a role for the classic cadherin/filamentous-actin network in establishment of epidermal polarity. However, little is known about potential roles of the most prominent epidermal intercellular junction, the desmosome, in establishing epidermal polarity, in spite of the fact that desmosome constituents are patterned across the apical to basal cell layers. Here, we show that desmosomes and their associated intermediate filaments (IFs) are key regulators of mechanical polarization in epidermis, whereby basal and suprabasal cells experience different forces that drive layer-specific functions. Uncoupling desmosomes and IF or specific targeting of apical desmosomes through depletion of the superficial desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 1, impedes basal stratification in an in vitro competition assay and suprabasal tight junction barrier functions in 3D reconstructed epidermis. Surprisingly, disengaging desmosomes from IF also accelerated the expression of differentiation markers, through precocious activation of the mechanosensitive transcriptional regulator serum response factor (SRF) and downstream activation of epidermal growth factor receptor family member ErbB2 by Src family kinase (SFK)-mediated phosphorylation. This Dsg1-SFK-ErbB2 axis also helps maintain tight junctions and barrier function later in differentiation. Together, these data demonstrate that the desmosome-IF network is a critical contributor to the cytoskeletal-adhesive machinery that supports the polarized function of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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18
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Wanuske M, Brantschen D, Schinner C, Stüdle C, Walter E, Hiermaier M, Vielmuth F, Waschke J, Spindler V. Clustering of desmosomal cadherins by desmoplakin is essential for cell-cell adhesion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13609. [PMID: 33354837 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Desmoplakin (Dp) is a crucial component of the desmosome, a supramolecular cell junction complex anchoring intermediate filaments. The mechanisms how Dp modulates cell-cell adhesion are only partially understood. Here, we studied the impact of Dp on the function of desmosomal adhesion molecules, desmosome turnover and intercellular adhesion. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9 was used for gene editing of human keratinocytes which were characterized by Western blot and immunostaining. Desmosomal ultrastructure and function were assessed by electron microscopy and cell adhesion assays. Single molecule binding properties and localization of desmosomal cadherins were studied by atomic force microscopy and super-resolution imaging. RESULTS Knockout (ko) of Dp impaired cell cohesion to drastically higher extents as ko of another desmosomal protein, plakoglobin (Pg). In contrast to Pg ko, desmosomes were completely absent in Dp ko. Binding properties of the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmocollin (Dsc) 3 and desmoglein (Dsg) 3 remained unaltered under loss of Dp. Dp was required for assembling desmosomal cadherins into large clusters, as Dsg2 and Dsc3, adhesion molecules primarily localized within desmosomes, were redistributed into small puncta in the cell membrane of Dp ko cells. Additional silencing of desmosomal cadherins in Dp ko did not further increase loss of intercellular adhesion. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that Dp is essential for desmosome formation but does not influence intercellular adhesion on the level of individual cadherin binding properties. Rather, macro-clustering of desmosomal adhesion molecules through Dp is crucial. These results may help to better understand severe diseases which are caused by Dp dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Therès Wanuske
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Munich Germany
| | | | - Camilla Schinner
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Munich Germany
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Elias Walter
- Faculty of Medicine Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Munich Germany
| | - Matthias Hiermaier
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Munich Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Faculty of Medicine Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Munich Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Munich Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität Munich Munich Germany
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19
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Raya-Sandino A, Luissint AC, Kusters DHM, Narayanan V, Flemming S, Garcia-Hernandez V, Godsel LM, Green KJ, Hagen SJ, Conway DE, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Regulation of intestinal epithelial intercellular adhesion and barrier function by desmosomal cadherin desmocollin-2. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:753-768. [PMID: 33596089 PMCID: PMC8108520 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-12-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of desmosomal cadherin desmocollin-2 (Dsc2) in regulating barrier function in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is not well understood. Here, we report the consequences of silencing Dsc2 on IEC barrier function in vivo using mice with inducible intestinal–epithelial-specific Dsc2 knockdown (KD) (Dsc2ERΔIEC). While the small intestinal gross architecture was maintained, loss of epithelial Dsc2 influenced desmosomal plaque structure, which was smaller in size and had increased intermembrane space between adjacent epithelial cells. Functional analysis revealed that loss of Dsc2 increased intestinal permeability in vivo, supporting a role for Dsc2 in the regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function. These results were corroborated in model human IECs in which Dsc2 KD resulted in decreased cell–cell adhesion and impaired barrier function. It is noteworthy that Dsc2 KD cells exhibited delayed recruitment of desmoglein-2 (Dsg2) to the plasma membrane after calcium switch-induced intercellular junction reassembly, while E-cadherin accumulation was unaffected. Mechanistically, loss of Dsc2 increased desmoplakin (DP I/II) protein expression and promoted intermediate filament interaction with DP I/II and was associated with enhanced tension on desmosomes as measured by a Dsg2-tension sensor. In conclusion, we provide new insights on Dsc2 regulation of mechanical tension, adhesion, and barrier function in IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anny-Claude Luissint
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dennis H M Kusters
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Vani Narayanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Sven Flemming
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Lisa M Godsel
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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20
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Mohammed F, Trieber C, Overduin M, Chidgey M. Molecular mechanism of intermediate filament recognition by plakin proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118801. [PMID: 32712070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The plakin family of cytolinkers interacts with intermediate filaments (IFs) through plakin repeat domain (PRD) and linker modules. Recent structure/function studies have established the molecular basis of envoplakin-PRD and periplakin-linker interactions with vimentin. Both plakin modules share a broad basic groove which recognizes acidic rod elements on IFs, a mechanism that is applicable to other plakin family members. This review postulates a universal IF engagement mechanism that illuminates the specific effects of pathogenic mutations associated with diseases including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and reveals how diverse plakin proteins offer tailored IF tethering to ensure stable, dynamic and regulated cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Catharine Trieber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 474 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 474 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Martyn Chidgey
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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21
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Bartle EI, Rao TC, Beggs RR, Dean WF, Urner TM, Kowalczyk AP, Mattheyses AL. Protein exchange is reduced in calcium-independent epithelial junctions. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151763. [PMID: 32399559 PMCID: PMC7265307 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are cell–cell junctions that provide mechanical integrity to epithelial and cardiac tissues. Desmosomes have two distinct adhesive states, calcium-dependent and hyperadhesive, which balance tissue plasticity and strength. A highly ordered array of cadherins in the adhesive interface is hypothesized to drive hyperadhesion, but how desmosome structure confers adhesive state is still elusive. We employed fluorescence polarization microscopy to show that cadherin order is not required for hyperadhesion induced by pharmacologic and genetic approaches. FRAP experiments in cells treated with the PKCα inhibitor Gö6976 revealed that cadherins, plakoglobin, and desmoplakin have significantly reduced exchange in and out of hyperadhesive desmosomes. To test whether this was a result of enhanced keratin association, we used the desmoplakin mutant S2849G, which conferred reduced protein exchange. We propose that inside-out regulation of protein exchange modulates adhesive function, whereby proteins are “locked in” to hyperadhesive desmosomes while protein exchange confers plasticity on calcium-dependent desmosomes, thereby providing rapid control of adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily I Bartle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - William F Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tara M Urner
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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22
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Zimmer SE, Kowalczyk AP. The desmosome as a model for lipid raft driven membrane domain organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183329. [PMID: 32376221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomes are cadherin-based adhesion structures that mechanically couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of adjacent cells to confer mechanical stress resistance to tissues. We have recently described desmosomes as mesoscale lipid raft membrane domains that depend on raft dynamics for assembly, function, and disassembly. Lipid raft microdomains are regions of the plasma membrane enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. These domains participate in membrane domain heterogeneity, signaling and membrane trafficking. Cellular structures known to be dependent on raft dynamics include the post-synaptic density in neurons, the immunological synapse, and intercellular junctions, including desmosomes. In this review, we discuss the current state of the desmosome field and put forward new hypotheses for the role of lipid rafts in desmosome adhesion, signaling and epidermal homeostasis. Furthermore, we propose that differential lipid raft affinity of intercellular junction proteins is a central driving force in the organization of the epithelial apical junctional complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America; Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
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23
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Badu-Nkansah KA, Lechler T. Proteomic analysis of desmosomes reveals novel components required for epidermal integrity. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1140-1153. [PMID: 32238101 PMCID: PMC7353166 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are cell–cell adhesions necessary for the maintenance of tissue integrity in the skin and heart. While the core components of desmosomes have been identified, peripheral components that modulate canonical or noncanonical desmosome functions still remain largely unexplored. Here we used targeted proximity labeling approaches to further elaborate the desmosome proteome in epidermal keratinocytes. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis identified all core desmosomal proteins while uncovering a diverse array of new constituents with broad molecular functions. By individually targeting the inner and outer dense plaques, we defined proteins enriched within these subcompartments. We validated a number of these novel desmosome-associated proteins and find that many are membrane proximal proteins that show a dependence on functional desmosomes for their cortical localization. We further explored the mechanism of localization and function of two novel desmosome-associated adaptor proteins enriched in the desmosome proteome, Crk and Crk-like (CrkL). These proteins interacted with Dsg1 and rely on Dsg1 and desmoplakin for robust cortical localization. Epidermal deletion of both Crk and CrkL resulted in perinatal lethality with defects in desmosome morphology and keratin organization, thus demonstrating the utility of this dataset in identifying novel proteins required for desmosome-dependent epidermal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena A Badu-Nkansah
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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24
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Broussard JA, Jaiganesh A, Zarkoob H, Conway DE, Dunn AR, Espinosa HD, Janmey PA, Green KJ. Scaling up single-cell mechanics to multicellular tissues - the role of the intermediate filament-desmosome network. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs228031. [PMID: 32179593 PMCID: PMC7097224 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues sense, respond to and translate mechanical forces into biochemical signals through mechanotransduction, which governs individual cell responses that drive gene expression, metabolic pathways and cell motility, and determines how cells work together in tissues. Mechanotransduction often depends on cytoskeletal networks and their attachment sites that physically couple cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix. One way that cells associate with each other is through Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecules called cadherins, which mediate cell-cell interactions through adherens junctions, thereby anchoring and organizing the cortical actin cytoskeleton. This actin-based network confers dynamic properties to cell sheets and developing organisms. However, these contractile networks do not work alone but in concert with other cytoarchitectural elements, including a diverse network of intermediate filaments. This Review takes a close look at the intermediate filament network and its associated intercellular junctions, desmosomes. We provide evidence that this system not only ensures tissue integrity, but also cooperates with other networks to create more complex tissues with emerging properties in sensing and responding to increasingly stressful environments. We will also draw attention to how defects in intermediate filament and desmosome networks result in both chronic and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hoda Zarkoob
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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25
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Moch M, Schwarz N, Windoffer R, Leube RE. The keratin-desmosome scaffold: pivotal role of desmosomes for keratin network morphogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:543-558. [PMID: 31243490 PMCID: PMC7010626 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Desmosome-anchored keratin intermediate filaments (KFs) are essential for epithelial coherence. Yet, desmosomal KF attachment and network organization are still unexplored in vivo. We, therefore, monitored KF network morphogenesis in fluorescent keratin 8 knock-in murine embryos revealing keratin enrichment at newly formed desmosomes followed by KF formation, KF elongation and KF fusion. To examine details of this process and its coupling to desmosome formation, we studied fluorescent keratin and desmosomal protein reporter dynamics in the periphery of expanding HaCaT keratinocyte colonies. Less than 3 min after the start of desmosomal proteins clustering non-filamentous keratin enriched at these sites followed by KF formation and elongation. Subsequently, desmosome-anchored KFs merged into stable bundles generating a rim-and-spokes system consisting of subcortical KFs connecting desmosomes to each other and radial KFs connecting desmosomes to the cytoplasmic KF network. We conclude that desmosomes are organizing centers for the KF cytoskeleton with a hitherto unknown nucleation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Moch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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26
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Thomas M, Ladoux B, Toyama Y. Desmosomal Junctions Govern Tissue Integrity and Actomyosin Contractility in Apoptotic Cell Extrusion. Curr Biol 2020; 30:682-690.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Green KJ, Jaiganesh A, Broussard JA. Desmosomes: Essential contributors to an integrated intercellular junction network. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31942240 PMCID: PMC6944264 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20942.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of adhesive connections between cells was critical for the evolution of multicellularity and for organizing cells into complex organs with discrete compartments. Four types of intercellular junction are present in vertebrates: desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight junctions, and gap junctions. All are essential for the development of the embryonic layers and organs as well as adult tissue homeostasis. While each junction type is defined as a distinct entity, it is now clear that they cooperate physically and functionally to create a robust and functionally diverse system. During evolution, desmosomes first appeared in vertebrates as highly specialized regions at the plasma membrane that couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton at points of strong cell–cell adhesion. Here, we review how desmosomes conferred new mechanical and signaling properties to vertebrate cells and tissues through their interactions with the existing junctional and cytoskeletal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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28
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Civciristov S, Huang C, Liu B, Marquez EA, Gondin AB, Schittenhelm RB, Ellisdon AM, Canals M, Halls ML. Ligand-dependent spatiotemporal signaling profiles of the μ-opioid receptor are controlled by distinct protein-interaction networks. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16198-16213. [PMID: 31515267 PMCID: PMC6827304 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-dependent differences in the regulation and internalization of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) have been linked to the severity of adverse effects that limit opiate use in pain management. MOR activation by morphine or [d-Ala2,N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) causes differences in spatiotemporal signaling dependent on MOR distribution at the plasma membrane. Morphine stimulation of MOR activates a Gαi/o–Gβγ–protein kinase C (PKC) α phosphorylation pathway that limits MOR distribution and is associated with a sustained increase in cytosolic extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. In contrast, DAMGO causes a redistribution of the MOR at the plasma membrane (before receptor internalization) that facilitates transient activation of cytosolic and nuclear ERK. Here, we used proximity biotinylation proteomics to dissect the different protein-interaction networks that underlie the spatiotemporal signaling of morphine and DAMGO. We found that DAMGO, but not morphine, activates Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). Both Rac1 and nuclear ERK activity depended on the scaffolding proteins IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein-1 (IQGAP1) and Crk-like (CRKL) protein. In contrast, morphine increased the proximity of the MOR to desmosomal proteins, which form specialized and highly-ordered membrane domains. Knockdown of two desmosomal proteins, junction plakoglobin or desmocolin-1, switched the morphine spatiotemporal signaling profile to mimic that of DAMGO, resulting in a transient increase in nuclear ERK activity. The identification of the MOR-interaction networks that control differential spatiotemporal signaling reported here is an important step toward understanding how signal compartmentalization contributes to opioid-induced responses, including anti-nociception and the development of tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srgjan Civciristov
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bonan Liu
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elsa A Marquez
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Ellisdon
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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Ng R, Manring H, Papoutsidakis N, Albertelli T, Tsai N, See CJ, Li X, Park J, Stevens TL, Bobbili PJ, Riaz M, Ren Y, Stoddard CE, Janssen PM, Bunch TJ, Hall SP, Lo YC, Jacoby DL, Qyang Y, Wright N, Ackermann MA, Campbell SG. Patient mutations linked to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy enhance calpain-mediated desmoplakin degradation. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128643. [PMID: 31194698 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited disorder with variable genetic etiologies. Here we focused on understanding the precise molecular pathology of a single clinical variant in DSP, the gene encoding desmoplakin. We initially identified a novel missense desmoplakin variant (p.R451G) in a patient diagnosed with biventricular ACM. An extensive single-family ACM cohort was assembled, revealing a pattern of coinheritance for R451G desmoplakin and the ACM phenotype. An in vitro model system using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines showed depressed levels of desmoplakin in the absence of abnormal electrical propagation. Molecular dynamics simulations of desmoplakin R451G revealed no overt structural changes, but a significant loss of intramolecular interactions surrounding a putative calpain target site was observed. Protein degradation assays of recombinant desmoplakin R451G confirmed increased calpain vulnerability. In silico screening identified a subset of 3 additional ACM-linked desmoplakin missense mutations with apparent enhanced calpain susceptibility, predictions that were confirmed experimentally. Like R451G, these mutations are found in families with biventricular ACM. We conclude that augmented calpain-mediated degradation of desmoplakin represents a shared pathological mechanism for select ACM-linked missense variants. This approach for identifying variants with shared molecular pathologies may represent a powerful new strategy for understanding and treating inherited cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Heather Manring
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nikolaos Papoutsidakis
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Taylor Albertelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicole Tsai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Claudia J See
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jinkyu Park
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tyler L Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Prameela J Bobbili
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yongming Ren
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher E Stoddard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Science, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - T Jared Bunch
- Department of Cardiology, Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stephen P Hall
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ying-Chun Lo
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel L Jacoby
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and
| | - Nathan Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Maegen A Ackermann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stuart G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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30
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Schinner C, Erber BM, Yeruva S, Waschke J. Regulation of cardiac myocyte cohesion and gap junctions via desmosomal adhesion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13242. [PMID: 30582290 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mutations in desmosomal proteins can induce arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy with life-threatening arrhythmia. Previous data demonstrated adrenergic signalling to be important to regulate desmosomal cohesion in cardiac myocytes. Here, we investigated how signalling pathways including adrenergic signalling, PKC and SERCA regulate desmosomal adhesion and how this controls gap junctions (GJs) in cardiac myocytes. METHODS Immunostaining, Western blot, dissociation assay and multi-electrode array were applied in HL-1 cardiac myocytes to evaluate localization, expression and function of desmosomal and GJ components. cAMP levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Activation of PKC by PMA or adrenergic signalling increased cell cohesion and desmoglein-2 and desmoplakin localization at cell-cell junctions, whereas tryptophan (Trp) treatment to inhibit cadherin binding or inhibition of SERCA by thapsigargin reduced cell cohesion, while cAMP elevation rescued this effect. Despite no changes in protein expression, accumulation of GJ protein connexin-43 was detectable at cell-cell contacts in parallel to increased cohesion. Disruption of cell cohesion by Trp, PMA or thapsigargin impaired conduction of excitation comparable to GJ inhibition. cAMP elevation was effective to improve arrhythmia after Trp treatment. Weakened cell cohesion by Trp or depletion of desmoglein-2 or plakoglobin blocked signalling via the β1-adrenergic receptor. Moreover, silencing of desmosomal proteins increased arrhythmia and reduced conduction velocity, which were rescued by cAMP elevation. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate the interplay of GJs, desmosomes and the β1-adrenergic receptor with regulation of their function by cell cohesion, adrenergic and PKC signalling or SERCA inhibition. These results support the identification of new targets to treat arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Schinner
- Faculty of Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich; Munich Germany
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Bernd M. Erber
- Faculty of Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Faculty of Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich; Munich Germany
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31
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Rostampour N, Appelt CM, Abid A, Boughner JC. Expression of new genes in vertebrate tooth development and p63 signaling. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:744-755. [PMID: 30875130 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND p63 is an evolutionarily ancient transcription factor essential to vertebrate tooth development. Our recent gene expression screen comparing wild-type and "toothless" p63-/- mouse embryos implicated in tooth development several new genes that we hypothesized act downstream of p63 in dental epithelium, where p63 is also expressed. RESULTS Via in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we probed mouse embryos (embryonic days 10.5-14.5) and spotted gar fish embryos (14 days postfertilization) for these newly linked genes, Cbln1, Cldn23, Fermt1, Krt15, Pltp and Prss8, which were expressed in mouse and gar dental epithelium. Loss of p63 altered expression levels but not domains. Expression was comparable between murine upper and lower tooth organs, implying conserved gene functions in maxillary and mandibular dentitions. Our meta-analysis of gene expression databases supported that these genes act within a p63-driven gene regulatory network important to tooth development in mammals and more evolutionary ancient vertebrates (fish, amphibians). CONCLUSIONS Cbln1, Cldn23, Fermt1, Krt15, Pltp, and Prss8 were expressed in mouse and fish dental epithelium at placode, bud, and/or cap stages. We theorize that these genes participate in cell-cell adhesion, cell polarity, and extracellular matrix signaling to support dental epithelium integrity, folding, and epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk during tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rostampour
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Cassy M Appelt
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Aunum Abid
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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32
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Choi YJ, Laclef C, Yang N, Andreu-Cervera A, Lewis J, Mao X, Li L, Snedecor ER, Takemaru KI, Qin C, Schneider-Maunoury S, Shroyer KR, Hannun YA, Koch PJ, Clark RA, Payne AS, Kowalczyk AP, Chen J. RPGRIP1L is required for stabilizing epidermal keratinocyte adhesion through regulating desmoglein endocytosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007914. [PMID: 30689641 PMCID: PMC6366717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia-related proteins are believed to be involved in a broad range of cellular processes. Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator interacting protein 1-like (RPGRIP1L) is a ciliary protein required for ciliogenesis in many cell types, including epidermal keratinocytes. Here we report that RPGRIP1L is also involved in the maintenance of desmosomal junctions between keratinocytes. Genetically disrupting the Rpgrip1l gene in mice caused intraepidermal blistering, primarily between basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. This blistering phenotype was associated with aberrant expression patterns of desmosomal proteins, impaired desmosome ultrastructure, and compromised cell-cell adhesion in vivo and in vitro. We found that disrupting the RPGRIP1L gene in HaCaT cells, which do not form primary cilia, resulted in mislocalization of desmosomal proteins to the cytoplasm, suggesting a cilia-independent function of RPGRIP1L. Mechanistically, we found that RPGRIP1L regulates the endocytosis of desmogleins such that RPGRIP1L-knockdown not only induced spontaneous desmoglein endocytosis, as determined by AK23 labeling and biotinylation assays, but also exacerbated EGTA- or pemphigus vulgaris IgG-induced desmoglein endocytosis. Accordingly, inhibiting endocytosis with dynasore or sucrose rescued these desmosomal phenotypes. Biotinylation assays on cell surface proteins not only reinforced the role of RPGRIP1L in desmoglein endocytosis, but also suggested that RPGRIP1L may be more broadly involved in endocytosis. Thus, data obtained from this study advanced our understanding of the biological functions of RPGRIP1L by identifying its role in the cellular endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ja Choi
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Christine Laclef
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Joshua Lewis
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Xuming Mao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth R Snedecor
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science; and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, IBPS-Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter J Koch
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Richard A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science; and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
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33
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Shafraz O, Rübsam M, Stahley SN, Caldara AL, Kowalczyk AP, Niessen CM, Sivasankar S. E-cadherin binds to desmoglein to facilitate desmosome assembly. eLife 2018; 7:37629. [PMID: 29999492 PMCID: PMC6066328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are adhesive junctions composed of two desmosomal cadherins: desmocollin (Dsc) and desmoglein (Dsg). Previous studies demonstrate that E-cadherin (Ecad), an adhesive protein that interacts in both trans (between opposing cells) and cis (on the same cell surface) conformations, facilitates desmosome assembly via an unknown mechanism. Here we use structure-function analysis to resolve the mechanistic roles of Ecad in desmosome formation. Using AFM force measurements, we demonstrate that Ecad interacts with isoform 2 of Dsg via a conserved Leu-175 on the Ecad cis binding interface. Super-resolution imaging reveals that Ecad is enriched in nascent desmosomes, supporting a role for Ecad in early desmosome assembly. Finally, confocal imaging demonstrates that desmosome assembly is initiated at sites of Ecad mediated adhesion, and that Ecad-L175 is required for efficient Dsg2 and desmoplakin recruitment to intercellular contacts. We propose that Ecad trans interactions at nascent cell-cell contacts initiate the recruitment of Dsg through direct cis interactions with Ecad which facilitates desmosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Shafraz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
| | - Matthias Rübsam
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara N Stahley
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Amber L Caldara
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanjeevi Sivasankar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, United States
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Kam CY, Dubash AD, Magistrati E, Polo S, Satchell KJF, Sheikh F, Lampe PD, Green KJ. Desmoplakin maintains gap junctions by inhibiting Ras/MAPK and lysosomal degradation of connexin-43. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3219-3235. [PMID: 29959233 PMCID: PMC6123000 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201710161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomal mutations result in potentially deadly cardiocutaneous disease caused by electrical conduction defects and disruption of gap junctions. Kam et al. demonstrate a mechanism whereby loss of the intermediate filament anchoring protein desmoplakin stimulates Cx43 turnover by increasing K-Ras expression, marking Cx43 for lysosomal degradation through ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Desmoplakin (DP) is an obligate component of desmosomes, intercellular adhesive junctions that maintain the integrity of the epidermis and myocardium. Mutations in DP can cause cardiac and cutaneous disease, including arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), an inherited disorder that frequently results in deadly arrhythmias. Conduction defects in ACM are linked to the remodeling and functional interference with Cx43-based gap junctions that electrically and chemically couple cells. How DP loss impairs gap junctions is poorly understood. We show that DP prevents lysosomal-mediated degradation of Cx43. DP loss triggered robust activation of ERK1/2–MAPK and increased phosphorylation of S279/282 of Cx43, which signals clathrin-mediated internalization and subsequent lysosomal degradation of Cx43. RNA sequencing revealed Ras-GTPases as candidates for the aberrant activation of ERK1/2 upon loss of DP. Using a novel Ras inhibitor, Ras/Rap1-specific peptidase (RRSP), or K-Ras knockdown, we demonstrate restoration of Cx43 in DP-deficient cardiomyocytes. Collectively, our results reveal a novel mechanism for the regulation of the Cx43 life cycle by DP in cardiocutaneous models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan Kam
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Adi D Dubash
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Simona Polo
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karla J F Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL .,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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35
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Baddam SR, Arsenovic PT, Narayanan V, Duggan NR, Mayer CR, Newman ST, Abutaleb DA, Mohan A, Kowalczyk AP, Conway DE. The Desmosomal Cadherin Desmoglein-2 Experiences Mechanical Tension as Demonstrated by a FRET-Based Tension Biosensor Expressed in Living Cells. Cells 2018; 7:cells7070066. [PMID: 29949915 PMCID: PMC6070948 DOI: 10.3390/cells7070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions are critical structures in a number of tissues for mechanically coupling cells together, cell-to-cell signaling, and establishing a barrier. In many tissues, desmosomes are an important component of cell-cell junctions. Loss or impairment of desmosomes presents with clinical phenotypes in the heart and skin as cardiac arrhythmias and skin blistering, respectively. Because heart and skin are tissues that are subject to large mechanical stresses, we hypothesized that desmosomes, similar to adherens junctions, would also experience significant tensile loading. To directly measure mechanical forces across desmosomes, we developed and validated a desmoglein-2 (DSG-2) force sensor, using the existing TSmod Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) force biosensor. When expressed in human cardiomyocytes, the force sensor reported high tensile loading of DSG-2 during contraction. Additionally, when expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial or epidermal (A431) monolayers, the sensor also reported tensile loading. Finally, we observed higher DSG-2 forces in 3D MDCK acini when compared to 2D monolayers. Taken together, our results show that desmosomes experience low levels of mechanical tension in resting cells, with significantly higher forces during active loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindora R Baddam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Paul T Arsenovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Vani Narayanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Nicole R Duggan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Carl R Mayer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Shaston T Newman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Dahlia A Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Abhinav Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | | | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Roxas JL, Monasky RC, Roxas BAP, Agellon AB, Mansoor A, Kaper JB, Vedantam G, Viswanathan V. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspH-Mediated Rho GTPase Inhibition Results in Desmosomal Perturbations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:163-180. [PMID: 30003123 PMCID: PMC6039986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The diarrheagenic pathogen, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), uses a type III secretion system to deliver effector molecules into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). While exploring the basis for the lateral membrane separation of EPEC-infected IECs, we observed infection-induced loss of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-2 (DSG2). We sought to identify the molecule(s) involved in, and delineate the mechanisms and consequences of, EPEC-induced DSG2 loss. METHODS DSG2 abundance and localization was monitored via immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Junctional perturbations were visualized by electron microscopy, and cell-cell adhesion was assessed using dispase assays. EspH alanine-scan mutants as well as pharmacologic agents were used to evaluate impacts on desmosomal alterations. EPEC-mediated DSG2 loss, and its impact on bacterial colonization in vivo, was assessed using a murine model. RESULTS The secreted virulence protein EspH mediates EPEC-induced DSG2 degradation, and contributes to desmosomal perturbation, loss of cell junction integrity, and barrier disruption in infected IECs. EspH sequesters Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors and inhibits Rho guanosine triphosphatase signaling; EspH mutants impaired for Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction failed to inhibit RhoA or deplete DSG2. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1, which locks Rho guanosine triphosphatase in the active state, jasplakinolide, a molecule that promotes actin polymerization, and the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A, respectively, rescued infected cells from EPEC-induced DSG2 loss. Wild-type EPEC, but not an espH-deficient strain, colonizes mouse intestines robustly, widens paracellular junctions, and induces DSG2 re-localization in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our studies define the mechanism and consequences of EPEC-induced desmosomal alterations in IECs. These perturbations contribute to the colonization and virulence of EPEC, and likely related pathogens.
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Key Words
- A/E, attaching and effacing
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CM, calcium and magnesium
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DSC, desmocollin
- DSG, desmoglein
- DSG2
- Desmoglein
- EPEC
- EPEC, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase
- Host–Pathogen Interaction
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- IF, intermediate filament
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- T3SS, type 3 secretion system
- TER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TJ, tight junction
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lising Roxas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ross Calvin Monasky
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bryan Angelo P. Roxas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Al B. Agellon
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Asad Mansoor
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - James B. Kaper
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gayatri Vedantam
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System, Tucson, Arizona
| | - V.K. Viswanathan
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: V. K. Viswanathan, PhD, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, 1006 E. Lowell, Building 106, Room 231, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721. fax: (520) 621-6366.
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Schlögl E, Radeva MY, Vielmuth F, Schinner C, Waschke J, Spindler V. Keratin Retraction and Desmoglein3 Internalization Independently Contribute to Autoantibody-Induced Cell Dissociation in Pemphigus Vulgaris. Front Immunol 2018; 9:858. [PMID: 29922278 PMCID: PMC5996934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially lethal autoimmune disease characterized by blister formation of the skin and mucous membranes and is caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg3. Dsg1 and Dsg3 are linked to keratin filaments in desmosomes, adhering junctions abundant in tissues exposed to high levels of mechanical stress. The binding of the autoantibodies leads to internalization of Dsg3 and a collapse of the keratin cytoskeleton-yet, the relevance and interdependence of these changes for loss of cell-cell adhesion and blistering is poorly understood. In live-cell imaging studies, loss of the keratin network at the cell periphery was detectable starting after 60 min of incubation with immunoglobulin G fractions of PV patients (PV-IgG). These rapid changes correlated with loss of cell-cell adhesion detected by dispase-based dissociation assays and were followed by a condensation of keratin filaments into thick bundles after several hours. Dsg3 internalization started at 90 min of PV-IgG treatment, thus following the early keratin changes. By inhibiting casein kinase 1 (CK-1), we provoked keratin alterations resembling the effects of PV-IgG. Although CK-1-induced loss of peripheral keratin network correlated with loss of cell cohesion and Dsg3 clustering in the membrane, it was not sufficient to trigger the internalization of Dsg3. However, additional incubation with PV-IgG was effective to promote Dsg3 loss at the membrane, indicating that Dsg3 internalization is independent from keratin alterations. Vice versa, inhibiting Dsg3 internalization did not prevent PV-IgG-induced keratin retraction and only partially rescued cell cohesion. Together, keratin changes appear very early after autoantibody binding and temporally overlap with loss of cell cohesion. These early alterations appear to be distinct from Dsg3 internalization, suggesting a crucial role for initial loss of cell cohesion in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schlögl
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Camilla Schinner
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Sajda T, Sinha AA. Autoantibody Signaling in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Development of an Integrated Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:692. [PMID: 29755451 PMCID: PMC5932349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune skin blistering disease effecting both cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. Blister formation in PV is known to result from the binding of autoantibodies (autoAbs) to keratinocyte antigens. The primary antigenic targets of pathogenic autoAbs are known to be desmoglein 3, and to a lesser extent, desmoglein 1, cadherin family proteins that partially comprise the desmosome, a protein structure responsible for maintaining cell adhesion, although additional autoAbs, whose role in blister formation is still unclear, are also known to be present in PV patients. Nevertheless, there remain large gaps in knowledge concerning the precise mechanisms through which autoAb binding induces blister formation. Consequently, the primary therapeutic interventions for PV focus on systemic immunosuppression, whose side effects represent a significant health risk to patients. In an effort to identify novel, disease-specific therapeutic targets, a multitude of studies attempting to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms downstream of autoAb binding, have led to significant advancements in the understanding of autoAb-mediated blister formation. Despite this enhanced characterization of disease processes, a satisfactory explanation of autoAb-induced acantholysis still does not exist. Here, we carefully review the literature investigating the pathogenic disease mechanisms in PV and, taking into account the full scope of results from these studies, provide a novel, comprehensive theory of blister formation in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sajda
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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39
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Vielmuth F, Walter E, Fuchs M, Radeva MY, Buechau F, Magin TM, Spindler V, Waschke J. Keratins Regulate p38MAPK-Dependent Desmoglein Binding Properties in Pemphigus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:528. [PMID: 29616033 PMCID: PMC5868517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins are crucial for the anchorage of desmosomes. Severe alterations of keratin organization and detachment of filaments from the desmosomal plaque occur in the autoimmune dermatoses pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus (PF), which are mainly caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and 3. Keratin alterations are a structural hallmark in pemphigus pathogenesis and correlate with loss of intercellular adhesion. However, the significance for autoantibody-induced loss of intercellular adhesion is largely unknown. In wild-type (wt) murine keratinocytes, pemphigus autoantibodies induced keratin filament retraction. Under the same conditions, we used murine keratinocytes lacking all keratin filaments (KtyII k.o.) as a model system to dissect the role of keratins in pemphigus. KtyII k.o. cells show compromised intercellular adhesion without antibody (Ab) treatment, which was not impaired further by pathogenic pemphigus autoantibodies. Nevertheless, direct activation of p38MAPK via anisomycin further decreased intercellular adhesion indicating that cell cohesion was not completely abrogated in the absence of keratins. Direct inhibition of Dsg3, but not of Dsg1, interaction via pathogenic autoantibodies as revealed by atomic force microscopy was detectable in both cell lines demonstrating that keratins are not required for this phenomenon. However, PF-IgG shifted Dsg1-binding events from cell borders toward the free cell surface in wt cells. This led to a distribution pattern of Dsg1-binding events similar to KtyII k.o. cells under resting conditions. In keratin-deficient keratinocytes, PF-IgG impaired Dsg1-binding strength, which was not different from wt cells under resting conditions. In addition, pathogenic autoantibodies were capable of activating p38MAPK in both KtyII wt and k.o. cells, the latter of which already displayed robust p38MAPK activation under resting conditions. Since inhibition of p38MAPK blocked autoantibody-induced loss of intercellular adhesion in wt cells and restored baseline cell cohesion in keratin-deficient cells, we conclude that p38MAPK signaling is (i) critical for regulation of cell adhesion, (ii) regulated by keratins, and (iii) targets both keratin-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Vielmuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Walter
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fanny Buechau
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Sächsische Inkubator für Klinische Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Sächsische Inkubator für Klinische Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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40
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Spindler V, Waschke J. Pemphigus-A Disease of Desmosome Dysfunction Caused by Multiple Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2018; 9:136. [PMID: 29449846 PMCID: PMC5799217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune-blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes caused by autoantibodies reducing desmosomal adhesion between epithelial cells. Autoantibodies against the desmosomal cadherins desmogleins (Dsgs) 1 and 3 as well as desmocollin 3 were shown to be pathogenic, whereas the role of other antibodies is unclear. Dsg3 interactions can be directly reduced by specific autoantibodies. Autoantibodies also alter the activity of signaling pathways, some of which regulate cell cohesion under baseline conditions and alter the turnover of desmosomal components. These pathways include Ca2+, p38MAPK, PKC, Src, EGFR/Erk, and several others. In this review, we delineate the mechanisms relevant for pemphigus pathogenesis based on the histology and the ultrastructure of patients’ lesions. We then dissect the mechanisms which can explain the ultrastructural hallmarks detectable in pemphigus patient skin. Finally, we reevaluate the concept that the spectrum of mechanisms, which induce desmosome dysfunction upon binding of pemphigus autoantibodies, finally defines the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Najor
- Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48221
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42
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Asrani K, Sood A, Torres A, Georgess D, Phatak P, Kaur H, Dubin A, Talbot CC, Elhelu L, Ewald AJ, Xiao B, Worley P, Lotan TL. mTORC1 loss impairs epidermal adhesion via TGF-β/Rho kinase activation. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4001-4017. [PMID: 28945203 DOI: 10.1172/jci92893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its central position in oncogenic intracellular signaling networks, the role of mTORC1 in epithelial development has not been studied extensively in vivo. Here, we have used the epidermis as a model system to elucidate the cellular effects and signaling feedback sequelae of mTORC1 loss of function in epithelial tissue. In mice with conditional epidermal loss of the mTORC1 components Rheb or Rptor, mTORC1 loss of function unexpectedly resulted in a profound skin barrier defect with epidermal abrasions, blistering, and early postnatal lethality, due to a thinned epidermis with decreased desmosomal protein expression and incomplete biochemical differentiation. In mice with mTORC1 loss of function, we found that Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling was constitutively activated, resulting in increased cytoskeletal tension and impaired cell-cell adhesion. Inhibition or silencing of ROCK1 was sufficient to rescue keratinocyte adhesion and biochemical differentiation in these mice. mTORC1 loss of function also resulted in marked feedback upregulation of upstream TGF-β signaling, triggering ROCK activity and its downstream effects on desmosomal gene expression. These findings elucidate a role for mTORC1 in the regulation of epithelial barrier formation, cytoskeletal tension, and cell adhesion, underscoring the complexity of signaling feedback following mTORC1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan Georgess
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pornima Phatak
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, and
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Worley
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology and.,Department of Oncology, and
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43
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Najor NA, Fitz GN, Koetsier JL, Godsel LM, Albrecht LV, Harmon R, Green KJ. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor neddylation is regulated by a desmosomal-COP9 (Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome complex. eLife 2017; 6:22599. [PMID: 28891468 PMCID: PMC5663478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell junctions are scaffolds that integrate mechanical and chemical signaling. We previously showed that a desmosomal cadherin promotes keratinocyte differentiation in an adhesion-independent manner by dampening Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) activity. Here we identify a potential mechanism by which desmosomes assist the de-neddylating COP9 signalosome (CSN) in attenuating EGFR through an association between the Cops3 subunit of the CSN and desmosomal components, Desmoglein1 (Dsg1) and Desmoplakin (Dp), to promote epidermal differentiation. Silencing CSN or desmosome components shifts the balance of EGFR modifications from ubiquitination to neddylation, inhibiting EGFR dynamics in response to an acute ligand stimulus. A reciprocal relationship between loss of Dsg1 and neddylated EGFR was observed in a carcinoma model, consistent with a role in sustaining EGFR activity during tumor progression. Identification of this previously unrecognized function of the CSN in regulating EGFR neddylation has broad-reaching implications for understanding how homeostasis is achieved in regenerating epithelia. The outer layer of skin – the epidermis – forms a critical barrier against a range of stresses from the environment. The epidermis itself consists of multiple layers of cells that are constantly being renewed. New cells are made in the deepest layer and move upwards until they eventually reach the skin’s surface. During this journey, the cells change the molecules they make in a process called epidermal differentiation. To maintain an effective barrier, the epidermis must balance the division of cells in the deepest layer with the differentiation of cells in the layers above. When activated, a protein called the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (or EGFR for short) encourages cells in the deepest layer to divide. However, it remains poorly understood how the balance between cells dividing and cells differentiating is achieved. The desmosome is a structure that can link together cells within the epidermis. Najor et al. now report a new interaction between the desmosome and a very large protein complex called the COP9- signalosome known to remove protein-based tags from other proteins. The experiments show that the COP9-signalosome results in the removal of these tags from EGFR. The status of the tags on EGFR regulates whether or not it is found at the cell surface. Najor et al. propose that that the desmosome acts as a scaffold and holds the COP9 signalosome close to EGFR. The enzyme in the COP9 signalosome then removes protein-based tags from EGFR, which triggers a series of events that remove EGFR from the cell surface. This dampens down the signals EGFR would normally send to make cells divide, and allows differentiation to proceed. The balance between cell division and differentiation is a fundamental process that is affected in many skin conditions, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. EGFR is also commonly overactive in cancers. As such, understanding how epidermal differentiation and cell division are controlled will shed light on a variety of disorders, allowing for the potential development of new treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ann Najor
- Department of Biology, College of Engineering and Science, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, United States.,Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Gillian Nicole Fitz
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Jennifer Leigh Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Lisa Marie Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States.,Department of Dermatology Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Lauren Veronica Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Robert Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Kathleen Janee Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States.,Department of Dermatology Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
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Roberts B, Haupt A, Tucker A, Grancharova T, Arakaki J, Fuqua MA, Nelson A, Hookway C, Ludmann SA, Mueller IA, Yang R, Horwitz R, Rafelski SM, Gunawardane RN. Systematic gene tagging using CRISPR/Cas9 in human stem cells to illuminate cell organization. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2854-2874. [PMID: 28814507 PMCID: PMC5638588 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of a collection of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines expressing endogenously GFP-tagged proteins using CRISPR/Cas9 methods is described. The methods used and the genomic and cell biological data validating the GFP-tagged hiPSC lines are also presented. We present a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing strategy to systematically tag endogenous proteins with fluorescent tags in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). To date, we have generated multiple hiPSC lines with monoallelic green fluorescent protein tags labeling 10 proteins representing major cellular structures. The tagged proteins include alpha tubulin, beta actin, desmoplakin, fibrillarin, nuclear lamin B1, nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB, paxillin, Sec61 beta, tight junction protein ZO1, and Tom20. Our genome-editing methodology using Cas9/crRNA ribonuclear protein and donor plasmid coelectroporation, followed by fluorescence-based enrichment of edited cells, typically resulted in <0.1–4% homology-directed repair (HDR). Twenty-five percent of clones generated from each edited population were precisely edited. Furthermore, 92% (36/39) of expanded clonal lines displayed robust morphology, genomic stability, expression and localization of the tagged protein to the appropriate subcellular structure, pluripotency-marker expression, and multilineage differentiation. It is our conclusion that, if cell lines are confirmed to harbor an appropriate gene edit, pluripotency, differentiation potential, and genomic stability are typically maintained during the clonal line–generation process. The data described here reveal general trends that emerged from this systematic gene-tagging approach. Final clonal lines corresponding to each of the 10 cellular structures are now available to the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Haupt
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | | | - Joy Arakaki
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruian Yang
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Rick Horwitz
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109
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45
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Hatzfeld M, Keil R, Magin TM. Desmosomes and Intermediate Filaments: Their Consequences for Tissue Mechanics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029157. [PMID: 28096266 PMCID: PMC5453391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes connect the actin and keratin filament networks of adjacent cells into a mechanical unit. Whereas AJs function in mechanosensing and in transducing mechanical forces between the plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs) provide mechanical stability required to maintain tissue architecture and integrity when the tissues are exposed to mechanical stress. Desmosomes are essential for stable intercellular cohesion, whereas keratins determine cell mechanics but are not involved in generating tension. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of IFs and desmosomes in tissue mechanics and discuss whether the desmosome-keratin scaffold might be actively involved in mechanosensing and in the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Broussard JA, Yang R, Huang C, Nathamgari SSP, Beese AM, Godsel LM, Hegazy MH, Lee S, Zhou F, Sniadecki NJ, Green KJ, Espinosa HD. The desmoplakin-intermediate filament linkage regulates cell mechanics. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3156-3164. [PMID: 28495795 PMCID: PMC5687018 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplakin connects desmosomal core components to intermediate filaments at sites of cell–cell adhesion. Modulating the strength of this linkage using desmoplakin mutants led to alterations in cell–substrate and cell–cell forces and cell stiffness as assessed by micropillar arrays and atomic force microscopy. Perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton leads to abrogation of these effects. The translation of mechanical forces into biochemical signals plays a central role in guiding normal physiological processes during tissue development and homeostasis. Interfering with this process contributes to cardiovascular disease, cancer progression, and inherited disorders. The actin-based cytoskeleton and its associated adherens junctions are well-established contributors to mechanosensing and transduction machinery; however, the role of the desmosome–intermediate filament (DSM–IF) network is poorly understood in this context. Because a force balance among different cytoskeletal systems is important to maintain normal tissue function, knowing the relative contributions of these structurally integrated systems to cell mechanics is critical. Here we modulated the interaction between DSMs and IFs using mutant forms of desmoplakin, the protein bridging these structures. Using micropillar arrays and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that strengthening the DSM–IF interaction increases cell–substrate and cell–cell forces and cell stiffness both in cell pairs and sheets of cells. In contrast, disrupting the interaction leads to a decrease in these forces. These alterations in cell mechanics are abrogated when the actin cytoskeleton is dismantled. These data suggest that the tissue-specific variability in DSM–IF network composition provides an opportunity to differentially regulate tissue mechanics by balancing and tuning forces among cytoskeletal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Changjin Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - S Shiva P Nathamgari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Allison M Beese
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Marihan H Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Sherry Lee
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 .,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 .,Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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47
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Jones JCR, Kam CY, Harmon RM, Woychek AV, Hopkinson SB, Green KJ. Intermediate Filaments and the Plasma Membrane. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/1/a025866. [PMID: 28049646 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A variety of intermediate filament (IF) types show intricate association with plasma membrane proteins, including receptors and adhesion molecules. The molecular basis of linkage of IFs to desmosomes at sites of cell-cell interaction and hemidesmosomes at sites of cell-matrix adhesion has been elucidated and involves IF-associated proteins. However, IFs also interact with focal adhesions and cell-surface molecules, including dystroglycan. Through such membrane interactions, it is well accepted that IFs play important roles in the establishment and maintenance of tissue integrity. However, by organizing cell-surface complexes, IFs likely regulate, albeit indirectly, signaling pathways that are key to tissue homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C R Jones
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Chen Yuan Kam
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Robert M Harmon
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Alexandra V Woychek
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Susan B Hopkinson
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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48
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McAnany CE, Mura C. Claws, Disorder, and Conformational Dynamics of the C-Terminal Region of Human Desmoplakin. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8654-67. [PMID: 27188911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms consist of cells that interact via elaborate adhesion complexes. Desmosomes are membrane-associated adhesion complexes that mechanically tether the cytoskeletal intermediate filaments (IFs) between two adjacent cells, creating a network of tough connections in tissues such as skin and heart. Desmoplakin (DP) is the key desmosomal protein that binds IFs, and the DP·IF association poses a quandary: desmoplakin must stably and tightly bind IFs to maintain the structural integrity of the desmosome. Yet, newly synthesized DP must traffic along the cytoskeleton to the site of nascent desmosome assembly without "sticking" to the IF network, implying weak or transient DP···IF contacts. Recent work reveals that these contacts are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) in DP's C-terminal tail (DPCTT). Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have elucidated the structural basis of these PTM-induced effects. Our simulations, nearing 2 μs in aggregate, indicate that phosphorylation of S2849 induces an "arginine claw" in desmoplakin's C-terminal tail. If a key arginine, R2834, is methylated, the DPCTT preferentially samples conformations that are geometrically well-suited as substrates for processive phosphorylation by the cognate kinase GSK3. We suggest that DPCTT is a molecular switch that modulates, via its conformational dynamics, DP's overall efficacy as a substrate for GSK3. Finally, we show that the fluctuating DPCTT can contact other parts of DP, suggesting a competitive binding mechanism for the modulation of DP···IF interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McAnany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Cameron Mura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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49
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Dubash AD, Kam CY, Aguado BA, Patel DM, Delmar M, Shea LD, Green KJ. Plakophilin-2 loss promotes TGF-β1/p38 MAPK-dependent fibrotic gene expression in cardiomyocytes. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:425-38. [PMID: 26858265 PMCID: PMC4754716 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201507018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the desmosome protein family are integral components of the cardiac area composita, a mixed junctional complex responsible for electromechanical coupling between cardiomyocytes. In this study, we provide evidence that loss of the desmosomal armadillo protein Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) in cardiomyocytes elevates transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which together coordinate a transcriptional program that results in increased expression of profibrotic genes. Importantly, we demonstrate that expression of Desmoplakin (DP) is lost upon PKP2 knockdown and that restoration of DP expression rescues the activation of this TGF-β1/p38 MAPK transcriptional cascade. Tissues from PKP2 heterozygous and DP conditional knockout mouse models also exhibit elevated TGF-β1/p38 MAPK signaling and induction of fibrotic gene expression in vivo. These data therefore identify PKP2 and DP as central players in coordination of desmosome-dependent TGF-β1/p38 MAPK signaling in cardiomyocytes, pathways known to play a role in different types of cardiac disease, such as arrhythmogenic or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi D Dubash
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Biology, Furman University, Greenville SC 29613
| | - Chen Y Kam
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Brian A Aguado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611
| | - Dipal M Patel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Mario Delmar
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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50
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Loschke F, Homberg M, Magin TM. Keratin Isotypes Control Desmosome Stability and Dynamics through PKCα. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:202-13. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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