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Popov IK, Tao J, Chang C. The RhoGEF protein Plekhg5 self-associates via its PH domain to regulate apical cell constriction. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar134. [PMID: 39196644 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-04-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
RhoGEFs are critical activators of Rho family small GTPases and regulate diverse biological processes, such as cell division and tissue morphogenesis. We reported previously that the RhoGEF gene plekhg5 controls apical constriction of bottle cells at the blastopore lip during Xenopus gastrulation, but the detailed mechanism of plekhg5 action is not understood in depth. In this study, we show that localization of Plekhg5 in the apical cortex depends on its N-terminal sequences and intact guanine nucleotide exchange activity, whereas the C-terminal sequences prevent ectopic localization of the protein to the basolateral compartment. We also reveal that Plekhg5 self-associates via its PH domain, and this interaction leads to functional rescue of two mutants that lack the N-terminal region and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, respectively, in trans. A point mutation in the PH domain corresponding to a variant associated with human disease leads to loss of self-association and failure of the mutant to induce apical constriction. Taken together, our results suggest that PH-mediated self-association and N-terminal domain-mediated subcellular localization are both crucial for the function of Plekhg5 in inducing apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Popov
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jiahui Tao
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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2
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van Leeuwen ALI, Dekker NAM, Ibelings R, Tuip-de Boer AM, van Meurs M, Molema G, van den Brom CE. Modulation of angiopoietin-2 and Tie2: Organ specific effects of microvascular leakage and edema in mice. Microvasc Res 2024; 154:104694. [PMID: 38723844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Critical illness is associated with organ failure, in which endothelial hyperpermeability and tissue edema play a major role. The endothelial angiopoietin/Tie2 system, a regulator of endothelial permeability, is dysbalanced during critical illness. Elevated circulating angiopoietin-2 and decreased Tie2 receptor levels are reported, but it remains unclear whether they cause edema independent of other critical illness-associated alterations. Therefore, we have studied the effect of angiopoietin-2 administration and/or reduced Tie2 expression on microvascular leakage and edema under normal conditions. METHODS Transgenic male mice with partial deletion of Tie2 (heterozygous exon 9 deletion, Tie2+/-) and wild-type controls (Tie2+/+) received 24 or 72 pg/g angiopoietin-2 or PBS as control (n = 12 per group) intravenously. Microvascular leakage and edema were determined by Evans blue dye (EBD) extravasation and wet-to-dry weight ratio, respectively, in lungs and kidneys. Expression of molecules related to endothelial angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling were determined by ELISA and RT-qPCR. RESULTS In Tie2+/+ mice, angiopoietin-2 administration increased EBD extravasation (154 %, p < 0.05) and wet-to-dry weight ratio (133 %, p < 0.01) in lungs, but not in the kidney compared to PBS. Tie2+/- mice had higher pulmonary (143 %, p < 0.001), but not renal EBD extravasation, compared to wild-type control mice, whereas a more pronounced wet-to-dry weight ratio was observed in lungs (155 %, p < 0.0001), in contrast to a minor higher wet-to-dry weight ratio in kidneys (106 %, p < 0.05). Angiopoietin-2 administration to Tie2+/- mice did not further increase pulmonary EBD extravasation, pulmonary wet-to-dry weight ratio, or renal wet-to-dry weight ratio. Interestingly, angiopoietin-2 administration resulted in an increased renal EBD extravasation in Tie2+/- mice compared to Tie2+/- mice receiving PBS. Both angiopoietin-2 administration and partial deletion of Tie2 did not affect circulating angiopoietin-1, soluble Tie2, VEGF and NGAL as well as gene expression of angiopoietin-1, -2, Tie1, VE-PTP, ELF-1, Ets-1, KLF2, GATA3, MMP14, Runx1, VE-cadherin, VEGFα and NGAL, except for gene and protein expression of Tie2, which was decreased in Tie2+/- mice compared to Tie2+/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS In mice, the microvasculature of the lungs is more vulnerable to angiopoietin-2 and partial deletion of Tie2 compared to those in the kidneys with respect to microvascular leakage and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoek L I van Leeuwen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole A M Dekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roselique Ibelings
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita M Tuip-de Boer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matijs van Meurs
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Grietje Molema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Charissa E van den Brom
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Wang S, Li X, Jiang H, Zhang J. High Serum VE-Cadherin and Vinculin Concentrations Are Markers of the Disruption of Vascular Integrity during Type B Acute Aortic Dissection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4730. [PMID: 37510844 PMCID: PMC10381106 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we measured the serum vascular endothelial cadherin (VEC) and vinculin (Vcn) concentrations in patients with type B acute aortic dissection (TBAD) to evaluate their diagnostic value for this condition. METHODS A total of 100 patients with TBAD and 90 matched controls were included in the study. The serum concentrations of VEC and Vcn were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS The serum VEC and Vcn concentrations were significantly higher in participants with TBAD than in healthy controls. Compared with patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the serum concentrations of VEC and Vcn in patients with TBAD were higher, and the Vcn showed significant difference, with statistical significance. Receiver operating characteristic analysis generated areas under the curves for VEC and Vcn that were diagnostic for TBAD (0.599 and 0.655, respectively). The optimal cut-off values were 3.975 ng/μL and 128.1 pg/mL, the sensitivities were 43.0% and 35.0%, and the specificities were 73.3% and 90.0%, respectively. In addition, the use of a combination of serum VEC and Vcn increased the AUC to 0.661, with a sensitivity of 33.0% and a specificity of 93.33%. A high serum Vcn concentration was associated with a higher risk of visceral malperfusion in participants with TBAD (odds ratio (OR) = 1.007, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001-1.013, p = 0.014). In participants with refractory pain, the adjusted OR for the serum VEC concentration increased to 1.172 (95% CI: 1.010-1.361; p = 0.036), compared with participants without refractory pain. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show the diagnostic value of serum VEC and Vcn for AAD and their relationships with the clinical characteristics of patients with TBAD. Thus, VEC and Vcn are potential serum markers of TBAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Wang
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Lin WH, Feathers RW, Cooper LM, Lewis-Tuffin LJ, Chen J, Sarkaria JN, Anastasiadis PZ. A Syx-RhoA-Dia1 signaling axis regulates cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and therapy resistance in glioblastoma. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e157491. [PMID: 37427593 PMCID: PMC10371349 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are aggressive tumors that lack effective treatments. Here, we show that the Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor Syx promotes GBM cell growth both in vitro and in orthotopic xenografts derived from patients with GBM. Growth defects upon Syx depletion are attributed to prolonged mitosis, increased DNA damage, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and cell apoptosis, mediated by altered mRNA and protein expression of various cell cycle regulators. These effects are phenocopied by depletion of the Rho downstream effector Dia1 and are due, at least in part, to increased phosphorylation, cytoplasmic retention, and reduced activity of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional coactivators. Furthermore, targeting Syx signaling cooperates with radiation treatment and temozolomide (TMZ) to decrease viability in GBM cells, irrespective of their inherent response to TMZ. The data indicate that a Syx-RhoA-Dia1-YAP/TAZ signaling axis regulates cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and therapy resistance in GBM and argue for its targeting for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ryan W. Feathers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Cooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jiaxiang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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A current overview of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC functions in vascular biology and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zamani Rarani F, Zamani Rarani M, Hamblin MR, Rashidi B, Hashemian SMR, Mirzaei H. Comprehensive overview of COVID-19-related respiratory failure: focus on cellular interactions. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:63. [PMID: 35907817 PMCID: PMC9338538 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created health challenges in all parts of the world. Understanding the entry mechanism of this virus into host cells is essential for effective treatment of COVID-19 disease. This virus can bind to various cell surface molecules or receptors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to gain cell entry. Respiratory failure and pulmonary edema are the most important causes of mortality from COVID-19 infections. Cytokines, especially proinflammatory cytokines, are the main mediators of these complications. For normal respiratory function, a healthy air-blood barrier and sufficient blood flow to the lungs are required. In this review, we first discuss airway epithelial cells, airway stem cells, and the expression of COVID-19 receptors in the airway epithelium. Then, we discuss the suggested molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and blood vessel damage in COVID-19. Coagulopathy can be caused by platelet activation leading to clots, which restrict blood flow to the lungs and lead to respiratory failure. Finally, we present an overview of the effects of immune and non-immune cells and cytokines in COVID-19-related respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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Boyd RJ, Olson TL, Zook JD, Stein D, Aceves M, Lin WH, Craciunescu FM, Hansen DT, Anastasiadis PZ, Singharoy A, Fromme P. Characterization and computational simulation of human Syx, a RhoGEF implicated in glioblastoma. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22378. [PMID: 35639414 PMCID: PMC9262375 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101808rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Structural discovery of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) protein complexes is likely to become increasingly relevant with the development of new therapeutics targeting small GTPases and development of new classes of small molecules that inhibit protein‐protein interactions. Syx (also known as PLEKHG5 in humans) is a RhoA GEF implicated in the pathology of glioblastoma (GBM). Here we investigated protein expression and purification of ten different human Syx constructs and performed biophysical characterizations and computational studies that provide insights into why expression of this protein was previously intractable. We show that human Syx can be expressed and isolated and Syx is folded as observed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and actively binds to RhoA as determined by co‐elution during size exclusion chromatography (SEC). This characterization may provide critical insights into the expression and purification of other recalcitrant members of the large class of oncogenic—Diffuse B‐cell lymphoma (Dbl) homology GEF proteins. In addition, we performed detailed homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations on the surface of a physiologically realistic membrane. These simulations reveal novel insights into GEF activity and allosteric modulation by the plekstrin homology (PH) domain. These newly revealed interactions between the GEF PH domain and the membrane embedded region of RhoA support previously unexplained experimental findings regarding the allosteric effects of the PH domain from numerous activity studies of Dbl homology GEF proteins. This work establishes new hypotheses for structural interactivity and allosteric signal modulation in Dbl homology RhoGEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Boyd
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Tien L Olson
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - James D Zook
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Derek Stein
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Manuel Aceves
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Felicia M Craciunescu
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Debra T Hansen
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Center for Innovations in Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Abhishek Singharoy
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Uemura A, Fukushima Y. Rho GTPases in Retinal Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073684. [PMID: 33916163 PMCID: PMC8036301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases (Rho GTPases) act as molecular switches that transduce extrinsic stimuli into cytoskeletal rearrangements. In vascular endothelial cells (ECs), Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA control cell migration and cell–cell junctions downstream of angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines, thereby regulating vascular formation and permeability. While these Rho GTPases are broadly expressed in various types of cells, RhoJ is enriched in angiogenic ECs. Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) releases RhoJ from the intracellular domain of PlexinD1, by which RhoJ induces actin depolymerization through competition with Cdc42 for their common effector proteins. RhoJ further mediates the Sema3E-induced association of PlexinD1 with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2 and the activation of p38. Upon stimulation with VEGF-A, RhoJ facilitates the formation of a holoreceptor complex comprising VEGFR2, PlexinD1, and neuropilin-1, leading to the prevention of VEGFR2 degradation and the maintenance of intracellular signal transduction. These pleiotropic roles of RhoJ are required for directional EC migration in retinal angiogenesis. This review highlights the latest insights regarding Rho GTPases in the field of vascular biology, as it will be informative to consider their potential as targets for the treatment of aberrant angiogenesis and hyperpermeability in retinal vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Japan
- Uemura Eye Clinic, Nishinomiya 663-8101, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-798-61-8000
| | - Yoko Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 563-0871, Japan;
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase isoforms in vesicular trafficking. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:893-901. [PMID: 33666217 PMCID: PMC8106491 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are critical regulators of many cellular processes including cell survival, proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal reorganization, and intracellular vesicular trafficking. They are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate membrane phosphoinositide lipids at the 3′ position of their inositol rings, and in mammals they are divided into three classes. The role of the class III PI3K Vps34 is well-established, but recent evidence suggests the physiological significance of class II PI3K isoforms in vesicular trafficking. This review focuses on the recently discovered functions of the distinct PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β class II PI3K isoforms in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and consequent endosomal signaling, and discusses recently reported data on class II PI3K isoforms in different physiological contexts in comparison with class I and III isoforms.
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Karska-Basta I, Pociej-Marciak W, Chrząszcz M, Kubicka-Trząska A, Dębicka-Kumela M, Gawęcki M, Romanowska-Dixon B, Sanak M. Imbalance in the Levels of Angiogenic Factors in Patients with Acute and Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1087. [PMID: 33807809 PMCID: PMC7961803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) remains a subject of intensive research. We aimed to determine correlations between plasma levels of selected angiogenic factors and different forms of CSC. METHODS Eighty patients were enrolled in the study including 30 with a chronic form of CSC, 30 with acute CSC, and 20 controls. Presence of active CSC was determined by fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Plasma concentrations of angiopoietin-1, endostatin, fibroblast growth factor, placental growth factor (PlGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), thrombospondin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-D, and pigment epithelium-derived factor were measured, and the results were compared between groups. Additionally, mean choroidal thickness (CT) was measured in all patients. RESULTS Levels of angiopoietin-1 (p = 0.008), PlGF (p = 0.045), and PDGF-AA (p = 0.033) differed significantly between the three groups. Compared with the controls, VEGF (p = 0.024), PlGF (p = 0.013), and PDGF-AA (p = 0.012) were downregulated in the whole CSC group, specifically PDGF-AA (p = 0.002) in acute CSC and angiopoietin-1 (p = 0.007) in chronic CSC. An inverse correlation between mean CT and VEGF levels was noted in CSC patients (rho = -0.27, p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Downregulated angiopoietin-1, VEGF, PDGF-AA, and PlGF levels may highlight the previously unknown role of the imbalanced levels of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in the pathogenesis of CSC. Moreover, downregulated VEGF levels may suggest that choroidal neovascularization in CSC is associated with arteriogenesis rather than angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Karska-Basta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-070 Krakow, Poland; (W.P.-M.); (M.C.); (A.K.-T.); (M.D.-K.); (B.R.-D.)
| | - Weronika Pociej-Marciak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-070 Krakow, Poland; (W.P.-M.); (M.C.); (A.K.-T.); (M.D.-K.); (B.R.-D.)
| | - Michał Chrząszcz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-070 Krakow, Poland; (W.P.-M.); (M.C.); (A.K.-T.); (M.D.-K.); (B.R.-D.)
| | - Agnieszka Kubicka-Trząska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-070 Krakow, Poland; (W.P.-M.); (M.C.); (A.K.-T.); (M.D.-K.); (B.R.-D.)
| | - Magdalena Dębicka-Kumela
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-070 Krakow, Poland; (W.P.-M.); (M.C.); (A.K.-T.); (M.D.-K.); (B.R.-D.)
| | - Maciej Gawęcki
- Dobry Wzrok Ophthalmological Clinic, 80-402 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Bożena Romanowska-Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-070 Krakow, Poland; (W.P.-M.); (M.C.); (A.K.-T.); (M.D.-K.); (B.R.-D.)
| | - Marek Sanak
- Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Medicine, 31-066 Krakow, Poland;
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Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is a serious condition and a health issue on a global scale. β-Aminopropionitrile–induced AD in mice is similar to the pathogenesis of AD in humans. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenolic substance that provides anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular effects, but the role of RSV in AD is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of RSV on β-aminopropionitrile–induced AD in mice. Our results indicate that RSV can prevent the occurrence of AD. More meaningfully, we found that the protective effect comprises an increase in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression in endothelial cells for the reconstruction of their structure, reducing the recruitment of inflammatory cells by endothelial cells and inhibiting the inflammation response, thereby suppressing the occurrence of AD.
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Understanding angiogenesis and the role of angiogenic growth factors in the vascularisation of engineered tissues. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:941-950. [PMID: 33393005 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly developing field with many potential clinical applications in tissue and organ regeneration. The development of a mature and stable vasculature within these engineered tissues (ET) remains a significant obstacle. Currently, several growth factors (GFs) have been identified to play key roles within in vivo angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), FGF and angiopoietins. In this article we attempt to build on in vivo principles to review the single, dual and multiple GF release systems and their effects on promoting angiogenesis. We conclude that multiple GF release systems offer superior results compared to single and dual systems with more stable, mature and larger vessels produced. However, with more complex release systems this raises other problems such as increased cost and significant GF-GF interactions. Upstream regulators and pericyte-coated scaffolds could provide viable alternative to circumnavigate these issues.
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Claesson-Welsh L, Dejana E, McDonald DM. Permeability of the Endothelial Barrier: Identifying and Reconciling Controversies. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:314-331. [PMID: 33309601 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leakage from blood vessels into tissues is governed by mechanisms that control endothelial barrier function to maintain homeostasis. Dysregulated endothelial permeability contributes to many conditions and can influence disease morbidity and treatment. Diverse approaches used to study endothelial permeability have yielded a wealth of valuable insights. Yet, ongoing questions, technical challenges, and unresolved controversies relating to the mechanisms and relative contributions of barrier regulation, transendothelial sieving, and transport of fluid, solutes, and particulates complicate interpretations in the context of vascular physiology and pathophysiology. Here, we describe recent in vivo findings and other advances in understanding endothelial barrier function with the goal of identifying and reconciling controversies over cellular and molecular processes that regulate the vascular barrier in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Uppsala University, Rudbeck, SciLifeLab and Beijer Laboratories, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Uppsala University, Rudbeck, SciLifeLab and Beijer Laboratories, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden; IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Donald M McDonald
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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14
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Lüningschrör P, Slotta C, Heimann P, Briese M, Weikert UM, Massih B, Appenzeller S, Sendtner M, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B. Absence of Plekhg5 Results in Myelin Infoldings Corresponding to an Impaired Schwann Cell Autophagy, and a Reduced T-Cell Infiltration Into Peripheral Nerves. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:185. [PMID: 32733205 PMCID: PMC7358705 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and dysregulation of the immune system are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative diseases. An activated immune response is considered to be the cause of myelin breakdown in demyelinating disorders. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), myelin can be degraded in an autophagy-dependent manner directly by Schwann cells or by macrophages, which are modulated by T-lymphocytes. Here, we show that the NF-κB activator Pleckstrin homology containing family member 5 (Plekhg5) is involved in the regulation of both Schwann cell autophagy and recruitment of T-lymphocytes in peripheral nerves during motoneuron disease. Plekhg5-deficient mice show defective axon/Schwann cell units characterized by myelin infoldings in peripheral nerves. Even at late stages, Plekhg5-deficient mice do not show any signs of demyelination and inflammation. Using RNAseq, we identified a transcriptional signature for an impaired immune response in sciatic nerves, which manifested in a reduced number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. These findings identify Plekhg5 as a promising target to impede myelin breakdown in demyelinating PNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lüningschrör
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Slotta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Peter Heimann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Briese
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Weikert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bita Massih
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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15
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Claes L, Meyers N. The direction of tissue strain affects the neovascularization in the fracture-healing zone. Med Hypotheses 2020; 137:109537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Islam S, Yoshioka K, Aki S, Ishimaru K, Yamada H, Takuwa N, Takuwa Y. Class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α and β isoforms are required for vascular smooth muscle Rho activation, contraction and blood pressure regulation in mice. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:18. [PMID: 32192434 PMCID: PMC7082390 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β, are involved in cellular processes including endocytosis, cilia formation and autophagy. However, the role of PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β at the organismal level is not well understood. We found that double knockout (KO) mice with both smooth muscle-specific KO of PI3K-C2α and global PI3K-C2β KO, but not single KO mice of either PI3K-C2α or PI3K-C2β, exhibited reductions in arterial blood pressure and substantial attenuation of contractile responses of isolated aortic rings. In wild-type vascular smooth muscle cells, double knockdown of PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β but not single knockdown of either PI3K markedly inhibited contraction with reduced phosphorylation of 20-kDa myosin light chain and MYPT1 and Rho activation, but without inhibition of the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. These data indicate that PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β play the redundant but essential role for vascular smooth muscle contraction and blood pressure regulation mainly through their involvement in Rho activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidul Islam
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yoshioka
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Sho Aki
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishimaru
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamada
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Noriko Takuwa
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.,Department of Health Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1210, Japan
| | - Yoh Takuwa
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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17
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Crumbs proteins regulate layered retinal vascular development required for vision. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:939-946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Simonneau C, Yang J, Kong X, Kilker R, Edelstein L, Fortina P, Londin E, Horowitz A. Validation of a Miniaturized Permeability Assay Compatible with CRISPR-Mediated Genome-Wide Screen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14238. [PMID: 31578372 PMCID: PMC6775082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The impermeability of the luminal endothelial cell monolayer is crucial for the normal performance of the vascular and lymphatic systems. A key to this function is the integrity of the monolayer's intercellular junctions. The known repertoire of junction-regulating genes is incomplete. Current permeability assays are incompatible with high-throughput genome-wide screens that could identify these genes. To overcome these limitations, we designed a new permeability assay that consists of cell monolayers grown on ~150 μm microcarriers (MCs). Each MC functions as a miniature individual assay of permeability (MAP). We demonstrate that false-positive results can be minimized, and that MAP sensitivity to thrombin-induced increase in monolayer permeability is similar to the sensitivity of impedance measurement. We validated the assay by showing that the expression of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that target genes encoding known thrombin signaling proteins blocks effectively thrombin-induced junction disassembly, and that MAPs carrying such cells can be separated effectively by fluorescence-assisted sorting from those that carry cells expressing non-targeting sgRNAs. These results indicate that MAPs are suitable for high-throughput experimentation and for genome-wide screens for genes that mediate the disruptive effect of thrombin on endothelial cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Simonneau
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Junning Yang
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xianguo Kong
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Kilker
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leonard Edelstein
- Cardeza Center for Hematology Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Londin
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Wettschureck N, Strilic B, Offermanns S. Passing the Vascular Barrier: Endothelial Signaling Processes Controlling Extravasation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1467-1525. [PMID: 31140373 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A central function of the vascular endothelium is to serve as a barrier between the blood and the surrounding tissue of the body. At the same time, solutes and cells have to pass the endothelium to leave or to enter the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, for example, inflammation, permeability for fluid and cells is largely increased in the affected area, thereby facilitating host defense. To appropriately function as a regulated permeability filter, the endothelium uses various mechanisms to allow solutes and cells to pass the endothelial layer. These include transcellular and paracellular pathways of which the latter requires remodeling of intercellular junctions for its regulation. This review provides an overview on endothelial barrier regulation and focuses on the endothelial signaling mechanisms controlling the opening and closing of paracellular pathways for solutes and cells such as leukocytes and metastasizing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Boris Strilic
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
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20
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PLEKHG5 is a novel prognostic biomarker in glioma patients. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:1350-1358. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Sarker MAK, Aki S, Yoshioka K, Kuno K, Okamoto Y, Ishimaru K, Takuwa N, Takuwa Y. Class II PI3Ks α and β Are Required for Rho-Dependent Uterine Smooth Muscle Contraction and Parturition in Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:235-248. [PMID: 30476019 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Class II phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β, are highly homologous and distinct from class I and class III PI3Ks in catalytic products and domain structures. In contrast to class I and class III PI3Ks, physiological roles of PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β are not fully understood. Because we previously demonstrated that PI3K-C2α is involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction, we studied the phenotypes of smooth muscle-specific knockout (KO) mice of PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β. The pup numbers born from single PI3K-C2α-KO and single PI3K-C2β-KO mothers were similar to those of control mothers, but those from double KO (DKO) mothers were smaller compared with control mice. However, the number of intrauterine fetuses in pregnant DKO mothers was similar to that in control mice. Both spontaneous and oxytocin-induced contraction of isolated uterine smooth muscle (USM) strips was diminished in DKO mice but not in either of the single KO mice, compared with control mice. Furthermore, contraction of USM of DKO mice was less sensitive to a Rho kinase inhibitor. Mechanistically, the extent of oxytocin-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation was greatly reduced in USM from DKO mice compared with control mice. The oxytocin-induced rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in USM was similar in DKO and control mice. However, Rho activation in the intracellular compartment was substantially attenuated in DKO mice compared with control mice, as evaluated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging technique. These data indicate that both PI3K-C2α and PI3K-C2β are required for normal USM contraction and parturition mainly through their involvement in Rho activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Aki
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yoshioka
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuno
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuo Okamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishimaru
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Takuwa
- Department of Health Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Yoh Takuwa
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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22
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The "Frail" Brain Blood Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Early Disruption of Endothelial Cell-to-Cell Connections. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092693. [PMID: 30201915 PMCID: PMC6164949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main neurovascular unit of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) consists of a cellular component, which includes endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neurons, and oligodendrocytes as well as a non-cellular component resulting from the extracellular matrix. The endothelial cells are the major vital components of the BBB able to preserve the brain homeostasis. These cells are situated along the demarcation line between the bloodstream and the brain. Therefore, an alteration or the progressive disruption of the endothelial layer may clearly impair the brain homeostasis. The proper functioning of the brain endothelial cells is generally ensured by two elements: (1) the presence of junction proteins and (2) the preservation of a specific polarity involving an apical-luminal and a basolateral-abluminal membrane. This review intends to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying BBB function and their changes occurring in early stages of neurodegenerative processes in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies aimed to counteract neurodegenerative disorders.
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23
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Szymborska A, Gerhardt H. Hold Me, but Not Too Tight-Endothelial Cell-Cell Junctions in Angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029223. [PMID: 28851748 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell junctions must perform seemingly incompatible tasks during vascular development-providing stable connections that prevent leakage, while allowing dynamic cellular rearrangements during sprouting, anastomosis, lumen formation, and functional remodeling of the vascular network. This review aims to highlight recent insights into the molecular mechanisms governing endothelial cell-cell adhesion in the context of vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szymborska
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Allam AH, Charnley M, Russell SM. Context-Specific Mechanisms of Cell Polarity Regulation. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3457-3471. [PMID: 29886017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity is an essential process shared by almost all animal tissues. Moreover, cell polarity enables cells to sense and respond to the cues provided by the neighboring cells and the surrounding microenvironment. These responses play a critical role in regulating key physiological processes, including cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, vesicle trafficking and immune responses. The polarity protein complexes regulating these interactions are highly evolutionarily conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates. Interestingly, these polarity complexes interact with each other and key signaling pathways in a cell-polarity context-dependent manner. However, the exact mechanisms by which these interactions take place are poorly understood. In this review, we will focus on the roles of the key polarity complexes SCRIB, PAR and Crumbs in regulating different forms of cell polarity, including epithelial cell polarity, cell migration, asymmetric cell division and the T-cell immunological synapse assembly and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr H Allam
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia; Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Mirren Charnley
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia; Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia; Biointerface Engineering Group, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia; Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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25
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Dragoni S, Turowski P. Polarised VEGFA Signalling at Vascular Blood–Neural Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051378. [PMID: 29734754 PMCID: PMC5983809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At blood–neural barriers, endothelial VEGFA signalling is highly polarised, with entirely different responses being triggered by luminal or abluminal stimulation. These recent findings were made in a field which is still in its mechanistic infancy. For a long time, endothelial polarity has intuitively been presumed, and likened to that of epithelial cells, but rarely demonstrated. In the cerebral and the retinal microvasculature, the uneven distribution of VEGF receptors 1 and 2, with the former predominant on the luminal and the latter on the abluminal face of the endothelium, leads to a completely polarised signalling response to VEGFA. Luminal VEGFA activates VEGFR1 homodimers and AKT, leading to a cytoprotective response, whilst abluminal VEGFA induces vascular leakage via VEGFR2 homodimers and p38. Whilst these findings do not provide a complete picture of VEGFA signalling in the microvasculature—there are still unclear roles for heterodimeric receptor complexes as well as co-receptors—they provide essential insight into the adaptation of vascular systems to environmental cues that are naturally different, depending on whether they are present on the blood or tissue side. Importantly, sided responses are not only restricted to VEGFA, but exist for other important vasoactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Patric Turowski
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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26
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Tetzlaff F, Adam MG, Feldner A, Moll I, Menuchin A, Rodriguez-Vita J, Sprinzak D, Fischer A. MPDZ promotes DLL4-induced Notch signaling during angiogenesis. eLife 2018; 7:e32860. [PMID: 29620522 PMCID: PMC5933922 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is coordinated by VEGF and Notch signaling. DLL4-induced Notch signaling inhibits tip cell formation and vessel branching. To ensure proper Notch signaling, receptors and ligands are clustered at adherens junctions. However, little is known about factors that control Notch activity by influencing the cellular localization of Notch ligands. Here, we show that the multiple PDZ domain protein (MPDZ) enhances Notch signaling activity. MPDZ physically interacts with the intracellular carboxyterminus of DLL1 and DLL4 and enables their interaction with the adherens junction protein Nectin-2. Inactivation of the MPDZ gene leads to impaired Notch signaling activity and increased blood vessel sprouting in cellular models and the embryonic mouse hindbrain. Tumor angiogenesis was enhanced upon endothelial-specific inactivation of MPDZ leading to an excessively branched and poorly functional vessel network resulting in tumor hypoxia. As such, we identified MPDZ as a novel modulator of Notch signaling by controlling ligand recruitment to adherens junctions.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Receptors, Notch/genetics
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Tetzlaff
- Division of Vascular Signaling and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - M Gordian Adam
- Division of Vascular Signaling and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Anja Feldner
- Division of Vascular Signaling and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Iris Moll
- Division of Vascular Signaling and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Amitai Menuchin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Juan Rodriguez-Vita
- Division of Vascular Signaling and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - David Sprinzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Division of Vascular Signaling and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Medical Clinic I, Endocrinology and Clinical ChemistryHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
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27
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Feldner A, Adam MG, Tetzlaff F, Moll I, Komljenovic D, Sahm F, Bäuerle T, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Korff T, Hofmann I, Wolburg H, von Deimling A, Fischer A. Loss of Mpdz impairs ependymal cell integrity leading to perinatal-onset hydrocephalus in mice. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:890-905. [PMID: 28500065 PMCID: PMC5494508 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a common congenital anomaly. LCAM1 and MPDZ (MUPP1) are the only known human gene loci associated with non‐syndromic hydrocephalus. To investigate functions of the tight junction‐associated protein Mpdz, we generated mouse models. Global Mpdz gene deletion or conditional inactivation in Nestin‐positive cells led to formation of supratentorial hydrocephalus in the early postnatal period. Blood vessels, epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and cilia on ependymal cells, which line the ventricular system, remained morphologically intact in Mpdz‐deficient brains. However, flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the cerebral aqueduct was blocked from postnatal day 3 onward. Silencing of Mpdz expression in cultured epithelial cells impaired barrier integrity, and loss of Mpdz in astrocytes increased RhoA activity. In Mpdz‐deficient mice, ependymal cells had morphologically normal tight junctions, but expression of the interacting planar cell polarity protein Pals1 was diminished and barrier integrity got progressively lost. Ependymal denudation was accompanied by reactive astrogliosis leading to aqueductal stenosis. This work provides a relevant hydrocephalus mouse model and demonstrates that Mpdz is essential to maintain integrity of the ependyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Feldner
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Gordian Adam
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Tetzlaff
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iris Moll
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorde Komljenovic
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, School of Life Dentistry, Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilse Hofmann
- Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Vascular Biology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany .,Vascular Biology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Clinic I, Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Gloushankova NA, Rubtsova SN, Zhitnyak IY. Cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions in normal and cancer cells. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1356900. [PMID: 28783415 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1356900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are molecular complexes that mediate cell-cell adhesive interactions and play pivotal roles in maintenance of tissue organization in adult organisms and at various stages of development. AJs consist of cadherin adhesion receptors, providing homophilic ligation with cadherins on adjacent cells, and members of the catenin protein family: p120, β- and α-catenin. α-catenin's linkage with the actin cytoskeleton defines the linear or punctate organization of AJs in different cell types. Myosin II-dependent tension drives vinculin recruitment by α-catenin and stabilizes the linkage of the cadherin/catenin complex to F-actin. Neoplastic transformation leads to prominent changes in the organization, regulation and stability of AJs. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) whereby epithelial cells lose stable cell-cell adhesion, and reorganize their cytoskeleton to acquire migratory activity, plays the central role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Recent data demonstrated that a partial EMT resulting in a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype with retention of E-cadherin is essential for cancer cell dissemination. E-cadherin and E-cadherin-based AJs are required for collective invasion and migration, survival in circulation, and metastatic outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Gloushankova
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Svetlana N Rubtsova
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Irina Y Zhitnyak
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
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29
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Alawo DOA, Tahir TA, Fischer M, Bates DG, Amirova SR, Brindle NPJ. Regulation of Angiopoietin Signalling by Soluble Tie2 Ectodomain and Engineered Ligand Trap. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623351 PMCID: PMC5473842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 (Angpt1) is a glycoprotein ligand important for maintaining the vascular system. It signals via a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on the surface on endothelial cells, Tie2. This receptor can undergo regulated ectodomain cleavage that releases the ligand-binding domain (sTie2) into the circulation. The concentration of sTie2 is increased in a range of conditions, including peripheral arterial disease and myocardial infarction, where it has been suggested to bind and block Angpt1 resulting in vascular dysfunction. Here we use a joint mathematical modelling and experimental approach to assess the potential impact of sTie2 on the ability of Angpt1 to signal. We find that the concentrations of sTie2 relative to Angpt1 required to suppress signalling by the ligand are more than ten–fold higher than those ever seen in normal or disease conditions. In contrast to the endogenous sTie2, an engineered form of sTie2, which presents dimeric ligand binding sites, inhibits Angpt1 signalling at seventy-fold lower concentrations. While loss of Tie2 ectodomain can suppress Angpt1 signalling locally in the cells in which the receptor is lost, our study shows that the resulting increase in circulating sTie2 is unlikely to affect Angpt1 activity elsewhere in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah O A Alawo
- University of Leicester Department of Cardiovascular Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Tariq A Tahir
- University of Leicester Department of Cardiovascular Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Marlies Fischer
- University of Leicester Department of Cardiovascular Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Declan G Bates
- University of Warwick, Department of Engineering, School of Engineering, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Svetlana R Amirova
- Advanced Data Mining International LLC, 3620 Pelham Road, PMB 351, Greenville, SC 29615, USA
| | - Nicholas P J Brindle
- University of Leicester Department of Cardiovascular Science and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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30
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Komarova Y, Kruse KJ, Mehta D, Malik AB. Response by Komarova et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability". Circ Res 2017; 120:e28. [PMID: 28254808 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Kevin J Kruse
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
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31
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Horowitz A. Letter by Horowitz Regarding Article, "Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability". Circ Res 2017; 120:e27. [PMID: 28254807 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arie Horowitz
- Cardeza Center for Vascular Biology, Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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32
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Horowitz A, Yang J, Cai J, Iacovitti L. The versatility of RhoA activities in neural differentiation. Small GTPases 2017; 10:26-32. [PMID: 28125332 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1273171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this commentary we discuss a paper we published recently on the activities of the GTPase RhoA during neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells, and relate our findings to previous studies. We narrate how we found that RhoA impedes neural differentiation by inhibiting the production as well as the secretion of noggin, a soluble factor that antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein. We discuss how the questions we tried to address shaped the study, and how embryonic stem cells isolated from a genetically modified mouse model devoid of Syx, a RhoA-specific guanine exchange factor, were used to address them. We detail several signaling pathways downstream of RhoA that are hindered by the absence of Syx, and obstructed by retinoic acid, resulting in an increase of noggin production; we explain how the lower RhoA activity and, consequently, the sparser peri-junctional stress fibers in Syx-/- cells facilitated noggin secretion; and we report unpublished results showing that pharmacological inhibition of RhoA accelerates the neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Finally, we identify signaling mechanisms in our recent study that warrant further study, and speculate on the possibility of manipulating RhoA signaling in combination with other pathways to drive the differentiation of neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Horowitz
- a Cardeza Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine , Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Department of Cancer Biology Sidney Kimmel Medical College , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Junning Yang
- a Cardeza Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine , Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Jingli Cai
- c Department of Neuroscience , Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- c Department of Neuroscience , Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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33
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Aflibercept and Ang1 supplementation improve neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy in a preclinical model of resectable breast cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36694. [PMID: 27841282 PMCID: PMC5107907 DOI: 10.1038/srep36694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase III clinical trials evaluating bevacizumab (an antibody to the angiogenic ligand, VEGF-A) in breast cancer have found improved responses in the presurgical neoadjuvant setting but no benefits in the postsurgical adjuvant setting. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative antiangiogenic therapies, which target multiple VEGF family members or differentially modulate the Angiopoietin/Tie2 pathway, in a mouse model of resectable triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Neoadjuvant therapy experiments involved treating established orthotopic xenografts of an aggressive metastatic variant of the MDA-MB-231 human TNBC cell line, LM2-4. Adjuvant therapies were given after primary tumor resections to treat postsurgical regrowths and distant metastases. Aflibercept (‘VEGF Trap’, which neutralizes VEGF-A, VEGF-B and PlGF) showed greater efficacy than nesvacumab (an anti-Ang2 antibody) as an add-on to neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy. Concurrent inhibition of Ang1 and Ang2 signaling (through an antagonistic anti-Tie2 antibody) was not more efficacious than selective Ang2 inhibition. In contrast, short-term perioperative BowAng1 (a recombinant Ang1 variant) improved the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, concurrent VEGF pathway inhibition is more likely than Ang/Tie2 pathway inhibition (e.g., anti-Ang2, anti-Ang2/Ang1, anti-Tie2) to improve neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapies for TNBC. Short-term perioperative Ang1 supplementation may also have therapeutic potential in conjunction with adjuvant chemotherapy for TNBC.
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34
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Gao F, Artham S, Sabbineni H, Al-Azayzih A, Peng XD, Hay N, Adams RH, Byzova TV, Somanath PR. Akt1 promotes stimuli-induced endothelial-barrier protection through FoxO-mediated tight-junction protein turnover. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3917-33. [PMID: 27113546 PMCID: PMC5023469 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular permeability regulated by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through endothelial-barrier junctions is essential for inflammation. Mechanisms regulating vascular permeability remain elusive. Although 'Akt' and 'Src' have been implicated in the endothelial-barrier regulation, it is puzzling how both agents that protect and disrupt the endothelial-barrier activate these kinases to reciprocally regulate vascular permeability. To delineate the role of Akt1 in endothelial-barrier regulation, we created endothelial-specific, tamoxifen-inducible Akt1 knockout mice and stable ShRNA-mediated Akt1 knockdown in human microvascular endothelial cells. Akt1 loss leads to decreased basal and angiopoietin1-induced endothelial-barrier resistance, and enhanced VEGF-induced endothelial-barrier breakdown. Endothelial Akt1 deficiency resulted in enhanced VEGF-induced vascular leakage in mice ears, which was rescued upon re-expression with Adeno-myrAkt1. Furthermore, co-treatment with angiopoietin1 reversed VEGF-induced vascular leakage in an Akt1-dependent manner. Mechanistically, our study revealed that while VEGF-induced short-term vascular permeability is independent of Akt1, its recovery is reliant on Akt1 and FoxO-mediated claudin expression. Pharmacological inhibition of FoxO transcription factors rescued the defective endothelial barrier due to Akt1 deficiency. Here we provide novel insights on the endothelial-barrier protective role of VEGF in the long term and the importance of Akt1-FoxO signaling on tight-junction stabilization and prevention of vascular leakage through claudin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sandeep Artham
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Harika Sabbineni
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmad Al-Azayzih
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Xiao-Ding Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nissim Hay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, Münster, Germany
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacob's Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, HM1200, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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35
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Yang J, Wu C, Stefanescu I, Jakobsson L, Chervoneva I, Horowitz A. RhoA inhibits neural differentiation in murine stem cells through multiple mechanisms. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra76. [PMID: 27460990 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells is induced by Noggin-mediated inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling. RhoA is a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and gene expression, both of which control stem cell fate. We found that disruption of Syx, a gene encoding a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, accelerated retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation in murine embryonic stem cells aggregated into embryoid bodies. Cells from Syx(+/+) and Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies had different abundances of proteins implicated in stem cell pluripotency. The differentiation-promoting proteins Noggin and RARγ (a retinoic acid receptor) were more abundant in cells of Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies, whereas the differentiation-suppressing proteins SIRT1 (a protein deacetylase) and the phosphorylated form of SMAD1 (the active form of this transcription factor) were more abundant in cells of Syx(+/+) embryoid bodies. These differences were blocked by the overexpression of constitutively active RhoA, indicating that the abundance of these proteins was maintained, at least in part, by RhoA activity. The peripheral stress fibers in cells from Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies were thinner than those in Syx(+/+) cells. Furthermore, less Noggin and fewer vesicles containing Rab3d, a GTPase that mediates Noggin trafficking, were detected in cells from Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies, which could result from increased Noggin exocytosis. These results suggested that, in addition to inhibiting Noggin transcription, RhoA activity in wild-type murine embryonic stem cells also prevented neural differentiation by limiting Noggin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Yang
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chuanshen Wu
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ioana Stefanescu
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lars Jakobsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Inna Chervoneva
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Arie Horowitz
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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36
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Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Diabetic Microvascular Complications: Friends or Foes? Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1803989. [PMID: 27313624 PMCID: PMC4903148 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1803989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being featured as metabolic disorder, diabetic patients are largely affected by hyperglycemia-induced vascular abnormality. Accumulated evidence has confirmed the beneficial effect of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in coronary heart disease. However, antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment is the main therapy for diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, indicating the uncertain role of EPCs in the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular disease. In this review, we first illustrate how hyperglycemia induces metabolic and epigenetic changes in EPCs, which exerts deleterious impact on their number and function. We then discuss how abnormal angiogenesis develops in eyes and kidneys under diabetes condition, focusing on “VEGF uncoupling with nitric oxide” and “competitive angiopoietin 1/angiopoietin 2” mechanisms that are shared in both organs. Next, we dissect the nature of EPCs in diabetic microvascular complications. After we overview the current EPCs-related strategies, we point out new EPCs-associated options for future exploration. Ultimately, we hope that this review would uncover the mysterious nature of EPCs in diabetic microvascular disease for therapeutics.
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37
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Balda MS, Matter K. Tight junctions as regulators of tissue remodelling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:94-101. [PMID: 27236618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of tissue barriers by epithelial and endothelial cells requires neighbouring cells to interact via intercellular junctions, which includes tight junctions. Tight junctions form a semipermeable paracellular diffusion barrier and act as signalling hubs that guide cell behaviour and differentiation. Components of tight junctions are also expressed in cell types not forming tight junctions, such as cardiomyocytes, where they associate with facia adherens and/or gap junctions. This review will focus on tight junction proteins and their importance in tissue homeostasis and remodelling with a particular emphasis on what we have learned from animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Oliveira SM, Pirraco RP, Marques AP, Santo VE, Gomes ME, Reis RL, Mano JF. Platelet lysate-based pro-angiogenic nanocoatings. Acta Biomater 2016; 32:129-137. [PMID: 26708711 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human platelet lysate (PL) is a cost-effective and human source of autologous multiple and potent pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A), fibroblast growth factor b (FGF b) and angiopoietin-1. Nanocoatings previously characterized were prepared by layer-by-layer assembling incorporating PL with marine-origin polysaccharides and were shown to activate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Within 20 h of incubation, the more sulfated coatings induced the HUVECS to the form tube-like structures accompanied by an increased expression of angiogenic-associated genes, such as angiopoietin-1 and VEGF A. This may be a cost-effective approach to modify 2D/3D constructs to instruct angiogenic cells towards the formation of neo-vascularization, driven by multiple and synergistic stimulations from the PL combined with sulfated polysaccharides. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The presence, or fast induction, of a stable and mature vasculature inside 3D constructs is crucial for new tissue formation and its viability. This has been one of the major tissue engineering challenges, limiting the dimensions of efficient tissue constructs. Many approaches based on cells, growth factors, 3D bioprinting and channel incorporation have been proposed. Herein, we explored a versatile technique, layer-by-layer assembling in combination with platelet lysate (PL), that is a cost-effective source of many potent pro-angiogenic proteins and growth factors. Results suggest that the combination of PL with sulfated polyelectrolytes might be used to introduce interfaces onto 2D/3D constructs with potential to induce the formation of cell-based tubular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Rogério P Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Alexandra P Marques
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Vítor E Santo
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradable and Biomimetics, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
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Worzfeld T, Schwaninger M. Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:340-62. [PMID: 26661193 PMCID: PMC4759676 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal brain homeostasis depends on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier that controls the access of nutrients, humoral factors, and immune cells to the CNS. The blood-brain barrier is composed mainly of brain endothelial cells. Forming the interface between two compartments, they are highly polarized. Apical/luminal and basolateral/abluminal membranes differ in their lipid and (glyco-)protein composition, allowing brain endothelial cells to secrete or transport soluble factors in a polarized manner and to maintain blood flow. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of apicobasal cell polarity in brain endothelial cells. To address potential molecular mechanisms underlying apicobasal polarity in brain endothelial cells, we draw on investigations in epithelial cells and discuss how polarity may go awry in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Lübeck, Germany
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40
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van Buul JD, Timmerman I. Small Rho GTPase-mediated actin dynamics at endothelial adherens junctions. Small GTPases 2016; 7:21-31. [PMID: 26825121 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1131802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
VE-cadherin-based cell-cell junctions form the major restrictive barrier of the endothelium to plasma proteins and blood cells. The function of VE-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton are intimately linked. Vascular permeability factors and adherent leukocytes signal through small Rho GTPases to tightly regulate actin cytoskeletal rearrangements in order to open and re-assemble endothelial cell-cell junctions in a rapid and controlled manner. The Rho GTPases are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), conferring specificity and context-dependent control of cell-cell junctions. Although the molecular mechanisms that couple cadherins to actin filaments are beginning to be elucidated, specific stimulus-dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton at VE-cadherin-based junctions remains unexplained. Accumulating evidence has suggested that depending on the vascular permeability factor and on the subcellular localization of GEFs, cell-cell junction dynamics and organization are differentially regulated by one specific Rho GTPase. In this Commentary, we focus on new insights how the junctional actin cytoskeleton is specifically and locally regulated by Rho GTPases and GEFs in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap D van Buul
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Timmerman
- b Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory , Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
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41
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Frye M, Dierkes M, Küppers V, Vockel M, Tomm J, Zeuschner D, Rossaint J, Zarbock A, Koh GY, Peters K, Nottebaum AF, Vestweber D. Interfering with VE-PTP stabilizes endothelial junctions in vivo via Tie-2 in the absence of VE-cadherin. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2267-87. [PMID: 26642851 PMCID: PMC4689167 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of VE-PTP counters vascular leakage in inflammation via TIE-2, even in the absence of VE-cadherin. Vascular endothelial (VE)–protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) associates with VE-cadherin, thereby supporting its adhesive activity and endothelial junction integrity. VE-PTP also associates with Tie-2, dampening the tyrosine kinase activity of this receptor that can support stabilization of endothelial junctions. Here, we have analyzed how interference with VE-PTP affects the stability of endothelial junctions in vivo. Blocking VE-PTP by antibodies, a specific pharmacological inhibitor (AKB-9778), and gene ablation counteracted vascular leak induction by inflammatory mediators. In addition, leukocyte transmigration through the endothelial barrier was attenuated. Interference with Tie-2 expression in vivo reversed junction-stabilizing effects of AKB-9778 into junction-destabilizing effects. Furthermore, lack of Tie-2 was sufficient to weaken the vessel barrier. Mechanistically, inhibition of VE-PTP stabilized endothelial junctions via Tie-2, which triggered activation of Rap1, which then caused the dissolution of radial stress fibers via Rac1 and suppression of nonmuscle myosin II. Remarkably, VE-cadherin gene ablation did not abolish the junction-stabilizing effect of the VE-PTP inhibitor. Collectively, we conclude that inhibition of VE-PTP stabilizes challenged endothelial junctions in vivo via Tie-2 by a VE-cadherin–independent mechanism. In the absence of Tie-2, however, VE-PTP inhibition destabilizes endothelial barrier integrity in agreement with the VE-cadherin–supportive effect of VE-PTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Frye
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martina Dierkes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Küppers
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Vockel
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Janina Tomm
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Rossaint
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute of Basic Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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VEGF-conjugated alginate hydrogel prompt angiogenesis and improve pancreatic islet engraftment and function in type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 59:958-964. [PMID: 26652453 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes was a life-long disease that affected numerous people around the world. Insulin therapy has its limitations that may involve hyperglycemia and heavy burden of patient by repeated dose. Islet transplantation emerged as a promising approach to reach periodical reverse of diabetes, however, transplanted islets suffer from foreign body reaction and lack of nutrition and oxygen supply, especially in the blood-vessel-shortage subcutaneous site which was preferred by patient and surgeon. In this study, we designed and synthesized a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) conjugated alginate material to encapsulate the transplanted islets via 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) reaction, and successful conjugation was confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance H1 spectrum. The best VEGF concentration (100ng/ml) was determined by the combined studies of the mechanical property and endothelial cell growth assay. In vivo study, conjugated VEGF on alginate exhibited sustained promoting angiogenesis property after subcutaneous transplantation by histology study and islets encapsulated in this material achieved long term therapeutic effect (up to 50days) in the diabetic mice model. In conclusion, this study establishes a simple biomaterial strategy for islet transplantation to enhance islet survival and function, which could be a feasible therapeutic alternative for type 1 diabetes.
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Osmanagic-Myers S, Rus S, Wolfram M, Brunner D, Goldmann WH, Bonakdar N, Fischer I, Reipert S, Zuzuarregui A, Walko G, Wiche G. Plectin reinforces vascular integrity by mediating crosstalk between the vimentin and the actin networks. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4138-50. [PMID: 26519478 PMCID: PMC4712781 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin result in multisystemic diseases affecting skin and muscle with indications of additional vascular system involvement. To study the mechanisms underlying vascular disorders, we established plectin-deficient endothelial cell and mouse models. We show that apart from perturbing the vimentin cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, plectin deficiency leads to severe distortions of adherens junctions (AJs), as well as tight junctions, accompanied by an upregulation of actin stress fibres and increased cellular contractility. Plectin-deficient endothelial cell layers were more leaky and showed reduced mechanical resilience in fluid-shear stress and mechanical stretch experiments. We suggest that the distorted AJs and upregulated actin stress fibres in plectin-deficient cells are rooted in perturbations of the vimentin cytoskeleton, as similar phenotypes could be mimicked in wild-type cells by disruption of vimentin filaments. In vivo studies in endothelium-restricted conditional plectin-knockout mice revealed significant distortions of AJs in stress-prone aortic arch regions and increased pulmonary vascular leakage. Our study opens a new perspective on cytoskeleton-controlled vascular permeability, where a plectin-organized vimentin scaffold keeps actomyosin contractility ‘in-check’ and maintains AJ homeostasis. Summary: Plectin-arranged vimentin scaffolds keep actomyosin contractility ‘in-check’ and maintain cell–cell junction homeostasis, providing a new perspective on cytoskeleton-controlled vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Osmanagic-Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Rus
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wolfram
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Navid Bonakdar
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irmgard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aurora Zuzuarregui
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Walko
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Hernández-García R, Iruela-Arispe ML, Reyes-Cruz G, Vázquez-Prado J. Endothelial RhoGEFs: A systematic analysis of their expression profiles in VEGF-stimulated and tumor endothelial cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:60-72. [PMID: 26471833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) integrate cell signaling inputs into morphological and functional responses. However, little is known about the endothelial repertoire of RhoGEFs and their regulation. Thus, we assessed the expression of 81 RhoGEFs (70 homologous to Dbl and 11 of the DOCK family) in endothelial cells. Further, in the case of DH-RhoGEFs, we also determined their responses to VEGF exposure in vitro and in the context of tumors. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of four groups of DH-RhoGEFs and two of the DOCK family. Among them, we found that the most abundant endothelial RhoGEFs were: Tuba, FGD5, Farp1, ARHGEF17, TRIO, P-Rex1, ARHGEF15, ARHGEF11, ABR, Farp2, ARHGEF40, ALS, DOCK1, DOCK7 and DOCK6. Expression of RASGRF2 and PREX2 increased significantly in response to VEGF, but most other RhoGEFs were unaffected. Interestingly murine endothelial cells isolated from tumors showed that all four phylogenetic subgroups of DH-RhoGEFs were altered when compared to non-tumor endothelial cells. In summary, our results provide a detailed assessment of RhoGEFs expression profiles in the endothelium and set the basis to systematically address their regulation in vascular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California,Los Angeles, CA,USA
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45
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Snow-Lisy DC, Diaz EC, Bury MI, Fuller NJ, Hannick JH, Ahmad N, Sharma AK. The Role of Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Urinary Bladder Regeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138643. [PMID: 26398705 PMCID: PMC4580420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with CD34+ hematopoietic/stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) can function as surrogate urinary bladder cells to synergistically promote multi-faceted bladder tissue regeneration. However, the molecular pathways governing these events are unknown. The pleiotropic effects of Wnt5a and Cyr61 are known to affect aspects of hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and muscle and nerve regeneration. Within this study, the effects of Cyr61 and Wnt5a on bladder tissue regeneration were evaluated by grafting scaffolds containing modified human bone marrow derived MSCs. These cell lines were engineered to independently over-express Wnt5a or Cyr61, or to exhibit reduced expression of Cyr61 within the context of a nude rat bladder augmentation model. At 4 weeks post-surgery, data demonstrated increased vessel number (~250 vs ~109 vessels/mm2) and bladder smooth muscle content (~42% vs ~36%) in Cyr61OX (over-expressing) vs Cyr61KD (knock-down) groups. Muscle content decreased to ~25% at 10 weeks in Cyr61KD groups. Wnt5aOX resulted in high numbers of vessels and muscle content (~206 vessels/mm2 and ~51%, respectively) at 4 weeks. Over-expressing cell constructs resulted in peripheral nerve regeneration while Cyr61KD animals were devoid of peripheral nerve regeneration at 4 weeks. At 10 weeks post-grafting, peripheral nerve regeneration was at a minimal level for both Cyr61OX and Wnt5aOX cell lines. Blood vessel and bladder functionality were evident at both time-points in all animals. Results from this study indicate that MSC-based Cyr61OX and Wnt5aOX cell lines play pivotal roles with regards to increasing the levels of functional vasculature, influencing muscle regeneration, and the regeneration of peripheral nerves in a model of bladder augmentation. Wnt5aOX constructs closely approximated the outcomes previously observed with the co-transplantation of MSCs with CD34+ HSPCs and may be specifically targeted as an alternate means to achieve functional bladder regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon C. Snow-Lisy
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Edward C. Diaz
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew I. Bury
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. Fuller
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jessica H. Hannick
- Department of Urology, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - Nida Ahmad
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Northwestern University, Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Pignataro G, Ziaco B, Tortiglione A, Gala R, Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A, Lapi D, Mastantuono T, Anzilotti S, D’Andrea LD, Pedone C, di Renzo G, Annunziato L, Cataldi M. Neuroprotective Effect of VEGF-Mimetic Peptide QK in Experimental Brain Ischemia Induced in Rat by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1517-25. [PMID: 26173041 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the VEGF-mimetic peptide, QK, on ischemic brain damage and on blood-brain barrier permeability in the rat. QK administered by the intracerebroventricular, intravenous, or intranasal route caused a 40% decrease in ischemic brain damage induced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery relative to that in controls. No increase in the volume of the ischemic hemisphere compared to that of the contralateral nonischemic hemisphere was observed in rats treated with QK, suggesting that this peptide did not cause brain edema. The effect of QK on vessel permeability was evaluated by intravital pial microvessel videoimaging, a technique that allows the pial vessels to be visualized through a surgically prepared open cranial window. The results showed that QK did not cause any leakage of intravenously injected fluorescein-dextran conjugates after intracarotid administration or topical application to the brain cortex. Collectively, these data suggest that QK may exert neuroprotective activity in the context of stroke without promoting any increase in vascular permeability. Because VEGF's neuroprotective activity may be overshadowed by the appearance of brain edema and microbleeds, QK could represent a significant step forward in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Ziaco
- Institute
of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luca Domenico D’Andrea
- Institute
of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Pedone
- Institute
of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy
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47
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Chang GHK, Lay AJ, Ting KK, Zhao Y, Coleman PR, Powter EE, Formaz-Preston A, Jolly CJ, Bower NI, Hogan BM, Rinkwitz S, Becker TS, Vadas MA, Gamble JR. ARHGAP18: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, limiting tip formation and stabilizing junctions. Small GTPases 2015; 5:1-15. [PMID: 25425145 DOI: 10.4161/21541248.2014.975002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of the vascular network requires a tightly controlled balance of pro-angiogenic and stabilizing signals. Perturbation of this balance can result in dysregulated blood vessel morphogenesis and drive pathologies including cancer. Here, we have identified a novel gene, ARHGAP18, as an endogenous negative regulator of angiogenesis, limiting pro-angiogenic signaling and promoting vascular stability. Loss of ARHGAP18 promotes EC hypersprouting during zebrafish and murine retinal vessel development and enhances tumor vascularization and growth. Endogenous ARHGAP18 acts specifically on RhoC and relocalizes to the angiogenic and destabilized EC junctions in a ROCK dependent manner, where it is important in reaffirming stable EC junctions and suppressing tip cell behavior, at least partially through regulation of tip cell genes, Dll4, Flk-1 and Flt-4. These findings highlight ARHGAP18 as a specific RhoGAP to fine tune vascular morphogenesis, limiting tip cell formation and promoting junctional integrity to stabilize the angiogenic architecture.
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Key Words
- AJ, Adherens junctions
- ARHGAP18
- DLL4, Delta-like ligand 4
- EC, Endothelial cell
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GDI, Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- ISV, Intersegmental vessel
- MO, Morpholino
- SC, Stalk cell
- SENEX
- Sp, Splice
- TC, Tip cell
- Tr, Translational
- WT, Wildtype
- angiogenesis
- cell junctions
- hpf, Hours post fertilization
- sprouting
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry H K Chang
- a Centre for the Endothelium; Vascular Biology Program; Centenary Institute ; Newtown , NSW , Australia
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48
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Abstract
Signaling via the Rho GTPases provides crucial regulation of numerous cell polarization events, including apicobasal (AB) polarity, polarized cell migration, polarized cell division and neuronal polarity. Here we review the relationships between the Rho family GTPases and epithelial AB polarization events, focusing on the 3 best-characterized members: Rho, Rac and Cdc42. We discuss a multitude of processes that are important for AB polarization, including lumen formation, apical membrane specification, cell-cell junction assembly and maintenance, as well as tissue polarity. Our discussions aim to highlight the immensely complex regulatory mechanisms that encompass Rho GTPase signaling during AB polarization. More specifically, in this review we discuss several emerging common themes, that include: 1) the need for Rho GTPase activities to be carefully balanced in both a spatial and temporal manner through a multitude of mechanisms; 2) the existence of signaling feedback loops and crosstalk to create robust cellular responses; and 3) the frequent multifunctionality that exists among AB polarity regulators. Regarding this latter theme, we provide further discussion of the potential plasticity of the cell polarity machinery and as a result the possible implications for human disease.
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Key Words
- AB, Apicobasal
- AJ, Adherens junction
- Amot, Angiomotin
- Arp2/3, Actin-related protein-2/3
- Baz, Bazooka
- C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans
- CA, Constitutively-active
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- Caco2, Human colon carcinoma
- Cdc42
- Cora, Coracle
- Crb, Crumbs
- DN, Dominant-negative
- Dia1, Diaphanous-related formin 1
- Dlg, Discs large
- Drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster
- Dys-β, Dystrobrevin-β
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- Ect2, Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 oncogene
- Eya1, Eyes absent 1
- F-actin, Filamentous actin
- FRET, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GAP, GTPase-activating protein
- GDI, Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GTPases
- JACOP, Junction-associated coiled-coiled protein
- JAM, Junctional adhesion molecule
- LKB1, Liver kinase B1
- Lgl, Lethal giant larvae
- MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney
- MTOC, Microtubule-organizing center
- NrxIV, Neurexin IV
- Pals1, Protein associated with Lin-7 1
- Par, Partitioning-defective
- Patj, Pals1-associated TJ protein
- ROCK, Rho-associated kinase
- Rac
- Rho
- Rich1, RhoGAP interacting with CIP4 homologues
- S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- S. pombe, Schizosaccharomyces pombe
- SH3BP1, SH3-domain binding protein 1
- Scrib, Scribble
- Std, Stardust
- TEM4, Tumor endothelial marker 4
- TJ, Tight junction
- Tiam1, T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein 1
- WASp, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein
- Yrt, Yurt
- ZA, zonula adherens
- ZO, Zonula occludens
- aPKC, Atypical Protein Kinase C
- apicobasal
- epithelia
- junction
- par
- polarity
- α-cat, Alpha-catenin
- β-cat, Beta-Catenin
- β2-syn, Beta-2-syntrophin
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ann Mack
- a School of Life Sciences; Queens Medical Center ; University of Nottingham ; Nottingham , UK
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49
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Timmerman I, Heemskerk N, Kroon J, Schaefer A, van Rijssel J, Hoogenboezem M, van Unen J, Goedhart J, Gadella TWJ, Yin T, Wu Y, Huveneers S, van Buul JD. A local VE-cadherin and Trio-based signaling complex stabilizes endothelial junctions through Rac1. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3041-54. [PMID: 26116572 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.168674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell junctions maintain a restrictive barrier that is tightly regulated to allow dynamic responses to permeability-inducing angiogenic factors, as well as to inflammatory agents and adherent leukocytes. The ability of these stimuli to transiently remodel adherens junctions depends on Rho-GTPase-controlled cytoskeletal rearrangements. How the activity of Rho-GTPases is spatio-temporally controlled at endothelial adherens junctions by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) is incompletely understood. Here, we identify a crucial role for the Rho-GEF Trio in stabilizing junctions based around vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin (also known as CDH5). Trio interacts with VE-cadherin and locally activates Rac1 at adherens junctions during the formation of nascent contacts, as assessed using a novel FRET-based Rac1 biosensor and biochemical assays. The Rac-GEF domain of Trio is responsible for the remodeling of junctional actin from radial into cortical actin bundles, a crucial step for junction stabilization. This promotes the formation of linear adherens junctions and increases endothelial monolayer resistance. Collectively, our data show the importance of spatio-temporal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton through Trio and Rac1 at VE-cadherin-based cell-cell junctions in the maintenance of the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Timmerman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Heemskerk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Antje Schaefer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jos van Rijssel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Hoogenboezem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jakobus van Unen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Taofei Yin
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modelling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modelling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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50
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van Buul JD, Geerts D, Huveneers S. Rho GAPs and GEFs: controling switches in endothelial cell adhesion. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:108-24. [PMID: 24622613 PMCID: PMC4049857 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within blood vessels, endothelial cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions are crucial to preserve barrier function, and these adhesions are tightly controlled during vascular development, angiogenesis, and transendothelial migration of inflammatory cells. Endothelial cellular signaling that occurs via the family of Rho GTPases coordinates these cell adhesion structures through cytoskeletal remodelling. In turn, Rho GTPases are regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). To understand how endothelial cells initiate changes in the activity of Rho GTPases, and thereby regulate cell adhesion, we will discuss the role of Rho GAPs and GEFs in vascular biology. Many potentially important Rho regulators have not been studied in detail in endothelial cells. We therefore will first overview which GAPs and GEFs are highly expressed in endothelium, based on comparative gene expression analysis of human endothelial cells compared with other tissue cell types. Subsequently, we discuss the relevance of Rho GAPs and GEFs for endothelial cell adhesion in vascular homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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