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Ahmed M, Spicer C, Harley J, Taylor JP, Hanna M, Patani R, Greensmith L. Amplifying the Heat Shock Response Ameliorates ALS and FTD Pathology in Mouse and Human Models. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6896-6915. [PMID: 37516663 PMCID: PMC10657827 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are now known as parts of a disease spectrum with common pathological features and genetic causes. However, as both conditions are clinically heterogeneous, patient groups may be phenotypically similar but pathogenically and genetically variable. Despite numerous clinical trials, there remains no effective therapy for these conditions, which, in part, may be due to challenges of therapy development in a heterogeneous patient population. Disruption to protein homeostasis is a key feature of different forms of ALS and FTD. Targeting the endogenous protein chaperone system, the heat shock response (HSR) may, therefore, be a potential therapeutic approach. We conducted a preclinical study of a known pharmacological amplifier of the HSR, called arimoclomol, in mice with a mutation in valosin-containing protein (VCP) which causes both ALS and FTD in patients. We demonstrate that amplification of the HSR ameliorates the ALS/FTD-like phenotype in the spinal cord and brain of mutant VCP mice and prevents neuronal loss, replicating our earlier findings in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS. Moreover, in human cell models, we demonstrate improvements in pathology upon arimoclomol treatment in mutant VCP patient fibroblasts and iPSC-derived motor neurons. Our findings suggest that targeting of the HSR may have therapeutic potential, not only in non-SOD1 ALS, but also for the treatment of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhoriam Ahmed
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Charlotte Spicer
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jasmine Harley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Michael Hanna
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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2
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Minasbekyan LA, Badalyan HG. Physical model of the nuclear membrane permeability mechanism. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1195-1207. [PMID: 37974978 PMCID: PMC10643749 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear cytoplasmic transport is mediated by many receptors that recognize specific nuclear localization signals on proteins and RNA and transport these substrates through nuclear pore complexes. Facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes requires the attachment of transport receptors. Despite the relatively large tunnel diameter, some even small proteins (less than 20-30 kDa), such as histones, pass through the nuclear pore complex only with transport receptors. Over several decades, considerable material has been accumulated on the structure, architecture, and amino acid composition of the proteins included in this complex and the sequence of many receptors. We consider the data available in the literature on the structure of the nuclear pore complex and possible mechanisms of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, applying the theory of electrostatic interactions in the context of our data on changes in the electrokinetic potential of nuclei and our previously proposed physical model of the mechanism of facilitated diffusion through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). According to our data, the main contribution to the charge of the nuclear membrane is made by anionic phospholipids, which are part of both the nuclear membrane and the nuclear matrix, which creates a potential difference between them. The nuclear membrane is a four-layer phospholipid dielectric, so the potential vector can only pass through the NPC, creating an electrostatic funnel that "pulls in" the positively charged load-NLS-NTR trigger complexes. Considering the newly obtained data, an improved model of the previously proposed physical model of the mechanism of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport is proposed. This model considers the contribution of electrostatic fields to the transportation speed when changing the membrane's thickness in the NPC basket at a higher load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya A. Minasbekyan
- Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, A. Manoogian St., 1, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hamlet G. Badalyan
- Chair of General Physics, Yerevan State University, A. Manoogian St., 1, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
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3
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Yang M, Delcroix V, Lennikov A, Wang N, Makarenkova HP, Dartt DA. Genomic DNA activates the AIM2 inflammasome and STING pathways to induce inflammation in lacrimal gland myoepithelial cells. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:263-275. [PMID: 37769964 PMCID: PMC11015941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that mainly attacks the lacrimal glands causing severe aqueous-deficient dry eye. Clinical evidence indicates the DNA sensing mechanism in the pathogenesis of pSS. The purpose of the present study is to determine the pro-inflammatory effect of self-genomic DNA (gDNA) on myoepithelial cells (MECs), which along with acinar and ductal cells is a major cell type of the lacrimal gland. METHOD MECs primary culture was acquired from female C57BL6J mice. Genomic DNA was extracted from the spleen of the same animal. The MECs were challenged with self-gDNA. The cytokine secretion was detected using supernatant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The activation of inflammasomes was determined using FAM-FLICA. Cryosections of NOD.B10.H2b mouse model of pSS were obtained for immunofluorescence microscopy (IF), with Balb/C as control. RESULT Treatment with gDNA activated AIM2 inflammasome assembly and function, leading to secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in MECs. The stimulation of IL-1β secretion by gDNA appeared to be solely at the post-translational level, whereas IL-18 secretion was a combination of increased protein synthesis and post-translational modification. Genomic DNA also induced the activation of STimulators of INterferon Genes (STING), which correlated to the activation of STING in the lacrimal gland from the NOD.B10.H2b mouse. STING activation led to the secretion of IFN-β via Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB). The IFN-β further enhances the secretion of IL-1β. The contractility of MECs was disabled by treatment with gDNA or poly AnT, independent of the level of intracellular [Ca2+]. CONCLUSION Self-gDNA induces a proinflammatory response in lacrimal gland MECs by activating both the AIM2 inflammasome and STING and thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anton Lennikov
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Minasbekyan LA, Badalyan HG. Physical model of the nuclear membrane permeability mechanism. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1195-1207. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s12551-023-01136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
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5
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Davidson KA, Nakamura M, Verboon JM, Parkhurst SM. Centralspindlin proteins Pavarotti and Tumbleweed along with WASH regulate nuclear envelope budding. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211074. [PMID: 37163553 PMCID: PMC10174194 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope (NE) budding is a nuclear pore-independent nuclear export pathway, analogous to the egress of herpesviruses, and required for protein quality control, synapse development, and mitochondrial integrity. The physical formation of NE buds is dependent on the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein, Wash, its regulatory complex (SHRC), and Arp2/3, and requires Wash's actin nucleation activity. However, the machinery governing cargo recruitment and organization within the NE bud remains unknown. Here, we identify Pavarotti (Pav) and Tumbleweed (Tum) as new molecular components of NE budding. Pav and Tum interact directly with Wash and define a second nuclear Wash-containing complex required for NE budding. Interestingly, we find that the actin-bundling activity of Pav is required, suggesting a structural role in the physical and/or organizational aspects of NE buds. Thus, Pav and Tum are providing exciting new entry points into the physical machineries of this alternative nuclear export pathway for large cargos during cell differentiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A. Davidson
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Verboon
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan M. Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Wu M, Li M, Liu W, Yan M, Li L, Ding W, Nian X, Dai W, Sun D, Zhu Y, Huang Q, Lu X, Cai Z, Hong F, Li X, Zhang L, Liu Z, Mo W, Zhang X, Zhang L. Nucleoporin Seh1 maintains Schwann cell homeostasis by regulating genome stability and necroptosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112802. [PMID: 37453065 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells play critical roles in peripheral neuropathies; however, the regulatory mechanisms of their homeostasis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that nucleoporin Seh1, a component of nuclear pore complex, is important for Schwann cell homeostasis. Expression of Seh1 decreases as mice age. Loss of Seh1 leads to activated immune responses and cell necroptosis. Mice with depletion of Seh1 in Schwann cell lineage develop progressive reduction of Schwann cells in sciatic nerves, predominantly non-myelinating Schwann cells, followed by neural fiber degeneration and malfunction of the sensory and motor system. Mechanistically, Seh1 safeguards genome stability by mediating the interaction between SETDB1 and KAP1. The disrupted interaction after ablation of Seh1 derepresses endogenous retroviruses, which triggers ZBP1-dependent necroptosis in Schwann cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Seh1 is required for Schwann cell homeostasis by maintaining genome integrity and suggest that decrease of nucleoporins may participate in the pathogenesis of periphery neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Minbiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Weichao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ximing Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wenxiu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Di Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qiuying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, the affiliated Chenggong Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wei Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Anand D, Chaudhuri A. Grease in the Nucleus: Insights into the Dynamic Life of Nuclear Membranes. J Membr Biol 2022; 256:137-145. [PMID: 36331589 PMCID: PMC10082704 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNucleus is at the center stage of cellular drama orchestrated in the life of a cell and the nucleoplasm is surrounded by a double membranous compartment constituting the Nuclear membrane/envelope (NE) that separates it from the cytoplasm in nucleated cells. The initial understanding of the NE was that of a border security entity between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, separating gene regulation and transcription in the nucleus from translation in the cytoplasm. However, the discovery of a wide array of inherited diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins that reside or interact with NE diverted the interest into deciphering the lipid-protein-rich environment of the NE. Today, the NE is considered a dynamic organelle which forms a functional linkage between the nucleus and the rest of the cell. The exposure of NE to constant mechanical constraints by its connectivity to the large polymer network of the lamina and chromatin on one side, and to the cytoskeleton on the other side results, in a variety of shape changes. We discuss two such deformation, the formation of nuclear blebs and nucleoplasmic reticulum (NER). Although the protein and the lipid composition of NE comprises a small fraction of the total lipid-protein load of the cell, the ability to define the lipid-protein composition of Inner nuclear membrane (INM) and Outer nuclear membrane (ONM) with precision is crucial for obtaining a deeper mechanistic understanding of their lipid-protein interaction and the various signaling pathways that are triggered by them. In addition, this allows us to further understand the direct and indirect roles of NE machinery in the chromosomal organization and gene regulation.
Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Anand
- The Microbiology Group, Department of Biology, Biology Building, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arunima Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
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8
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Hahn L, Carvalho P. Making and breaking the inner nuclear membrane proteome. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 78:102115. [PMID: 35870351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is the defining feature of eukaryotic cells, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm. It has a complex architecture consisting of two lipid bilayers that, despite being continuous between them and with the endoplasmic reticulum, have different protein compositions consistent with their distinct functions. In particular, the unique composition of the inner nuclear membrane (INM), facing the nucleoplasm and its underlying nuclear lamina, is critical for the organisation and function of nuclear processes, from cell fate to gene regulation and DNA repair. Mutations in INM proteins affecting this organisation are associated with muscular dystrophies and premature ageing syndromes highlighting the role of INM architecture in cell homeostasis. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding how specific proteins concentrate at the INM, as well as the quality control mechanisms involved in remodelling and maintaining INM protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Hahn
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Pedro Carvalho
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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9
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Borah S, Dhanasekaran K, Kumar S. The LEM-ESCRT toolkit: Repair and maintenance of the nucleus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:989217. [PMID: 36172278 PMCID: PMC9512039 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.989217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome is enclosed in a nuclear envelope that protects it from potentially damaging cellular activities and physically segregates transcription and translation.Transport across the NE is highly regulated and occurs primarily via the macromolecular nuclear pore complexes.Loss of nuclear compartmentalization due to defects in NPC function and NE integrity are tied to neurological and ageing disorders like Alzheimer’s, viral pathogenesis, immune disorders, and cancer progression.Recent work implicates inner-nuclear membrane proteins of the conserved LEM domain family and the ESCRT machinery in NE reformation during cell division and NE repair upon rupture in migrating cancer cells, and generating seals over defective NPCs. In this review, we discuss the recent in-roads made into defining the molecular mechanisms and biochemical networks engaged by LEM and many other integral inner nuclear membrane proteins to preserve the nuclear barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapan Borah
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Sapan Borah, ; Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran, ; Santosh Kumar,
| | - Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence: Sapan Borah, ; Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran, ; Santosh Kumar,
| | - Santosh Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Sapan Borah, ; Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran, ; Santosh Kumar,
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10
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Janssen A, Marcelot A, Breusegem S, Legrand P, Zinn-Justin S, Larrieu D. The BAF A12T mutation disrupts lamin A/C interaction, impairing robust repair of nuclear envelope ruptures in Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:9260-9278. [PMID: 36039758 PMCID: PMC9458464 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome (NGPS) is caused by a homozygous alanine-to-threonine mutation at position 12 (A12T) in barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF). It is characterized by accelerated aging with severe skeletal abnormalities. BAF is an essential protein binding to DNA and nuclear envelope (NE) proteins, involved in NE rupture repair. Here, we assessed the impact of BAF A12T on NE integrity using NGPS-derived patient fibroblasts. We observed a strong defect in lamin A/C accumulation to NE ruptures in NGPS cells, restored upon homozygous reversion of the pathogenic BAF A12T mutation with CRISPR/Cas9. By combining in vitro and cellular assays, we demonstrated that while the A12T mutation does not affect BAF 3D structure and phosphorylation by VRK1, it specifically decreases the interaction between BAF and lamin A/C. Finally, we revealed that the disrupted interaction does not prevent repair of NE ruptures but instead generates weak points in the NE that lead to a higher frequency of NE re-rupturing in NGPS cells. We propose that this NE fragility could directly contribute to the premature aging phenotype in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Janssen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Agathe Marcelot
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91190, France
| | - Sophia Breusegem
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio group, L’Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91190, France
| | - Delphine Larrieu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 1223 334067;
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11
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Liu ML, Lyu X, Werth VP. Recent progress in the mechanistic understanding of NET formation in neutrophils. FEBS J 2022; 289:3954-3966. [PMID: 34042290 PMCID: PMC9107956 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating white blood cells and one of the major cell types of the innate immune system. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a result of the extracellular release of nuclear chromatin from the ruptured nuclear envelope and plasma membrane. The externalized chromatin is an ancient defense weapon for animals to entrap and kill microorganisms in the extracellular milieu, thus protecting animals ranging from lower invertebrates to higher vertebrates. Although the externalized chromatin has the advantage of acting as anti-infective to protect against infections, extracellular chromatin might be problematic in higher vertebrate animals as they have an adaptive immune system that can trigger further immune or autoimmune responses. NETs and their associated nuclear and/or cytoplasmic components may induce sterile inflammation, immune, and autoimmune responses, leading to various human diseases. Though important in human pathophysiology, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of NET formation (also called NETosis) are not well understood. Given that nuclear chromatin forms the backbone of NETs, the nucleus is the root of the nuclear DNA extracellular traps. Thus, nuclear chromatin decondensation, along with the rupture of nuclear envelope and plasma membrane, is required for nuclear chromatin extracellular release and NET formation. So far, most of the literature focuses on certain signaling pathways, which are involved in NET formation but without explanation of cellular events and morphological changes described above. Here, we have summarized emerging evidence and discuss new mechanistic understanding, with our perspectives, in NET formation in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lin Liu
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xing Lyu
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Victoria P. Werth
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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12
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Zervopoulos SD, Boukouris AE, Saleme B, Haromy A, Tejay S, Sutendra G, Michelakis ED. MFN2-driven mitochondria-to-nucleus tethering allows a non-canonical nuclear entry pathway of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1066-1077.e7. [PMID: 35245450 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) translocates into the nucleus, facilitating histone acetylation by producing acetyl-CoA. We describe a noncanonical pathway for nuclear PDC (nPDC) import that does not involve nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Mitochondria cluster around the nucleus in response to proliferative stimuli and tether onto the nuclear envelope (NE) via mitofusin-2 (MFN2)-enriched contact points. A decrease in nuclear MFN2 levels decreases mitochondria tethering and nPDC levels. Mitochondrial PDC crosses the NE and interacts with lamin A, forming a ring below the NE before crossing through the lamin layer into the nucleoplasm, in areas away from NPCs. Effective blockage of NPC trafficking does not decrease nPDC levels. The PDC-lamin interaction is maintained during cell division, when lamin depolymerizes and disassembles before reforming daughter nuclear envelopes, providing another pathway for nPDC entry during mitosis. Our work provides a different angle to understanding mitochondria-to-nucleus communication and nuclear metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Saleme
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alois Haromy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Saymon Tejay
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gopinath Sutendra
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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13
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Viegas D, Pereira CD, Martins F, Mateus T, da Cruz e Silva OAB, Herdeiro MT, Rebelo S. Nuclear Envelope Alterations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patient-Derived Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:522. [PMID: 35008948 PMCID: PMC8745202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a hereditary and multisystemic disease characterized by myotonia, progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy. The molecular mechanisms underlying this disease are still poorly characterized, although there are some hypotheses that envisage to explain the multisystemic features observed in DM1. An emergent hypothesis is that nuclear envelope (NE) dysfunction may contribute to muscular dystrophies, particularly to DM1. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the nuclear profile of DM1 patient-derived and control fibroblasts and to determine the protein levels and subcellular distribution of relevant NE proteins in these cell lines. Our results demonstrated that DM1 patient-derived fibroblasts exhibited altered intracellular protein levels of lamin A/C, LAP1, SUN1, nesprin-1 and nesprin-2 when compared with the control fibroblasts. In addition, the results showed an altered location of these NE proteins accompanied by the presence of nuclear deformations (blebs, lobes and/or invaginations) and an increased number of nuclear inclusions. Regarding the nuclear profile, DM1 patient-derived fibroblasts had a larger nuclear area and a higher number of deformed nuclei and micronuclei than control-derived fibroblasts. These results reinforce the evidence that NE dysfunction is a highly relevant pathological characteristic observed in DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Rebelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.V.); (C.D.P.); (F.M.); (T.M.); (O.A.B.d.C.e.S.); (M.T.H.)
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14
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Coupling lipid synthesis with nuclear envelope remodeling. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:52-65. [PMID: 34556392 PMCID: PMC9943564 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a protective barrier to the genome, yet its membranes undergo highly dynamic remodeling processes that are necessary for cell growth and maintenance. While mechanisms by which proteins promote NE remodeling are emerging, the types of bilayer lipids and the lipid-protein interactions that define and sculpt nuclear membranes remain elusive. The NE is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and recent evidence suggests that lipids produced in the ER are harnessed to remodel nuclear membranes. In this review, we examine new roles for lipid species made proximally within the ER and locally at the NE to control NE dynamics. We further explore how the biosynthesis of lipids coordinates NE remodeling to ensure genome protection.
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15
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Mohanta TK, Mishra AK, Al-Harrasi A. The 3D Genome: From Structure to Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11585. [PMID: 34769016 PMCID: PMC8584255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome is the most functional part of a cell, and genomic contents are organized in a compact three-dimensional (3D) structure. The genome contains millions of nucleotide bases organized in its proper frame. Rapid development in genome sequencing and advanced microscopy techniques have enabled us to understand the 3D spatial organization of the genome. Chromosome capture methods using a ligation approach and the visualization tool of a 3D genome browser have facilitated detailed exploration of the genome. Topologically associated domains (TADs), lamin-associated domains, CCCTC-binding factor domains, cohesin, and chromatin structures are the prominent identified components that encode the 3D structure of the genome. Although TADs are the major contributors to 3D genome organization, they are absent in Arabidopsis. However, a few research groups have reported the presence of TAD-like structures in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; or
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
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16
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Abstract
The cell nucleus is best known as the container of the genome. Its envelope provides a barrier for passive macromolecule diffusion, which enhances the control of gene expression. As its largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus also defines the minimal space requirements of a cell. Internal or external pressures that deform a cell to its physical limits cause a corresponding nuclear deformation. Evidence is consolidating that the nucleus, in addition to its genetic functions, serves as a physical sensing device for critical cell body deformation. Nuclear mechanotransduction allows cells to adapt their acute behaviors, mechanical stability, paracrine signaling, and fate to their physical surroundings. This review summarizes the basic chemical and mechanical properties of nuclear components, and how these properties are thought to be utilized for mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Niethammer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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17
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Abstract
The cell nucleus is best known as the container of the genome. Its envelope provides a barrier for passive macromolecule diffusion, which enhances the control of gene expression. As its largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus also defines the minimal space requirements of a cell. Internal or external pressures that deform a cell to its physical limits cause a corresponding nuclear deformation. Evidence is consolidating that the nucleus, in addition to its genetic functions, serves as a physical sensing device for critical cell body deformation. Nuclear mechanotransduction allows cells to adapt their acute behaviors, mechanical stability, paracrine signaling, and fate to their physical surroundings. This review summarizes the basic chemical and mechanical properties of nuclear components, and how these properties are thought to be utilized for mechanosensing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Niethammer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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18
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Kamikawa Y, Saito A, Matsuhisa K, Kaneko M, Asada R, Horikoshi Y, Tashiro S, Imaizumi K. OASIS/CREB3L1 is a factor that responds to nuclear envelope stress. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:152. [PMID: 34226518 PMCID: PMC8257603 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) safeguards the genome and is pivotal for regulating genome activity as the structural scaffold of higher-order chromatin organization. NE had been thought as the stable during the interphase of cell cycle. However, recent studies have revealed that the NE can be damaged by various stresses such as mechanical stress and cellular senescence. These types of stresses are called NE stress. It has been proposed that NE stress is closely related to cellular dysfunctions such as genome instability and cell death. Here, we found that an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transmembrane transcription factor, OASIS, accumulates at damaged NE. Notably, the major components of nuclear lamina, Lamin proteins were depleted at the NE where OASIS accumulates. We previously demonstrated that OASIS is cleaved at the membrane domain in response to ER stress. In contrast, OASIS accumulates as the full-length form to damaged NE in response to NE stress. The accumulation to damaged NE is specific for OASIS among OASIS family members. Intriguingly, OASIS colocalizes with the components of linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complexes, SUN2 and Nesprin-2 at the damaged NE. OASIS partially colocalizes with BAF, LEM domain proteins, and a component of ESCRT III, which are involved in the repair of ruptured NE. Furthermore, OASIS suppresses DNA damage induced by NE stress and restores nuclear deformation under NE stress conditions. Our findings reveal a novel NE stress response pathway mediated by OASIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao Kamikawa
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Matsuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kaneko
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rie Asada
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yasunori Horikoshi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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19
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Koch BA, Staley E, Jin H, Yu HG. The ESCRT-III complex is required for nuclear pore complex sequestration and regulates gamete replicative lifespan in budding yeast meiosis. Nucleus 2021; 11:219-236. [PMID: 32893723 PMCID: PMC7529410 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1812872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular aging occurs as a cell loses its ability to maintain homeostasis. Aging cells eliminate damaged cellular compartments and other senescence factors via self-renewal. The mechanism that regulates cellular rejuvenation remains to be further elucidated. Using budding yeast gametogenesis as a model, we show here that the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) III regulates nuclear envelope organization. During gametogenesis, the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and other senescence factors are sequestered away from the prospore nuclei. We show that the LEM-domain protein Heh1 (Src1) facilitates the nuclear recruitment of ESCRT-III, which is required for meiotic NPC sequestration and nuclear envelope remodeling. Furthermore, ESCRT-III-mediated nuclear reorganization appears to be critical for gamete rejuvenation, as hindering this process curtails either directly or indirectly the replicative lifespan in gametes. Our findings demonstrate the importance of ESCRT-III in nuclear envelope remodeling and its potential role in eliminating senescence factors during gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Koch
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Staley
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Hong-Guo Yu
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA
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20
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Halfmann CT, Roux KJ. Barrier-to-autointegration factor: a first responder for repair of nuclear ruptures. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:647-660. [PMID: 33678126 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1892320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a critical barrier between the cytosol and nucleus that is key for compartmentalization within the cell and serves an essential role in organizing and protecting genomic DNA. Rupturing of the NE through loss of constitutive NE proteins and/or mechanical force applied to the nucleus results in the unregulated mixing of cytosolic and nuclear compartments, leading to DNA damage and genomic instability. Nuclear rupture has recently gained interest as a mechanism that may participate in various NE-associated diseases as well as cancer. Remarkably, these rupturing events are often transient, with cells being capable of rapidly repairing nuclear ruptures. Recently, we identified Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF), a DNA-binding protein involved in post-mitotic NE reformation and cytosolic viral regulation, as an essential protein for nuclear rupture repair. During interphase, the highly mobile cytosolic BAF is primed to monitor for a compromised NE by rapidly binding to newly exposed nuclear DNA and subsequently recruiting the factors necessary for NE repair. This review highlights the recent findings of BAF's roles in rupture repair, and offers perspectives on how regulatory factors that control BAF activity may potentially alter the cellular response to nuclear ruptures and how BAF may participate in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle J Roux
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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21
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Thaller DJ, Tong D, Marklew CJ, Ader NR, Mannino PJ, Borah S, King MC, Ciani B, Lusk CP. Direct binding of ESCRT protein Chm7 to phosphatidic acid-rich membranes at nuclear envelope herniations. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202004222. [PMID: 33464310 PMCID: PMC7816628 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that control nuclear membrane remodeling are essential to maintain the integrity of the nucleus but remain to be fully defined. Here, we identify a phosphatidic acid (PA)-binding capacity in the nuclear envelope (NE)-specific ESCRT, Chm7, in budding yeast. Chm7's interaction with PA-rich membranes is mediated through a conserved hydrophobic stretch of amino acids, which confers recruitment to the NE in a manner that is independent of but required for Chm7's interaction with the LAP2-emerin-MAN1 (LEM) domain protein Heh1 (LEM2). Consistent with the functional importance of PA binding, mutation of this region abrogates recruitment of Chm7 to membranes and abolishes Chm7 function in the context of NE herniations that form during defective nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis. In fact, we show that a PA sensor specifically accumulates within these NE herniations. We suggest that local control of PA metabolism is important for ensuring productive NE remodeling and that its dysregulation may contribute to pathologies associated with defective NPC assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Thaller
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Danqing Tong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Christopher J. Marklew
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nicholas R. Ader
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Sapan Borah
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Megan C. King
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Barbara Ciani
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UK
| | - C. Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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22
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Alcalá‐Vida R, Garcia‐Forn M, Castany‐Pladevall C, Creus‐Muncunill J, Ito Y, Blanco E, Golbano A, Crespí‐Vázquez K, Parry A, Slater G, Samarajiwa S, Peiró S, Di Croce L, Narita M, Pérez‐Navarro E. Neuron type-specific increase in lamin B1 contributes to nuclear dysfunction in Huntington's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12105. [PMID: 33369245 PMCID: PMC7863407 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamins are crucial proteins for nuclear functionality. Here, we provide new evidence showing that increased lamin B1 levels contribute to the pathophysiology of Huntington's disease (HD), a CAG repeat-associated neurodegenerative disorder. Through fluorescence-activated nuclear suspension imaging, we show that nucleus from striatal medium-sized spiny and CA1 hippocampal neurons display increased lamin B1 levels, in correlation with altered nuclear morphology and nucleocytoplasmic transport disruption. Moreover, ChIP-sequencing analysis shows an alteration of lamin-associated chromatin domains in hippocampal nuclei, accompanied by changes in chromatin accessibility and transcriptional dysregulation. Supporting lamin B1 alterations as a causal role in mutant huntingtin-mediated neurodegeneration, pharmacological normalization of lamin B1 levels in the hippocampus of the R6/1 mouse model of HD by betulinic acid administration restored nuclear homeostasis and prevented motor and cognitive dysfunction. Collectively, our work points increased lamin B1 levels as a new pathogenic mechanism in HD and provides a novel target for its intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alcalá‐Vida
- Departament de BiomedicinaFacultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutInstitut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaCatalonia
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaCatalonia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
- Present address:
Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive NeuroscienceUMR 7364 (CNRS/Strasbourg University)StrasbourgFrance
| | - Marta Garcia‐Forn
- Departament de BiomedicinaFacultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutInstitut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaCatalonia
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaCatalonia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
- Present address:
Seaver Autism Center for Research and TreatmentIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Carla Castany‐Pladevall
- Departament de BiomedicinaFacultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutInstitut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaCatalonia
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaCatalonia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Jordi Creus‐Muncunill
- Departament de BiomedicinaFacultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutInstitut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaCatalonia
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaCatalonia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Yoko Ito
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Enrique Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Arantxa Golbano
- Departament de BiomedicinaFacultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutInstitut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaCatalonia
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaCatalonia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Kilian Crespí‐Vázquez
- Departament de BiomedicinaFacultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutInstitut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaCatalonia
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaCatalonia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Aled Parry
- Epigenetics ProgrammeThe Babraham InstituteCambridgeUK
| | - Guy Slater
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Shamith Samarajiwa
- MRC Cancer UnitHutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sandra Peiró
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of OncologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- ICREABarcelonaSpain
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Esther Pérez‐Navarro
- Departament de BiomedicinaFacultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutInstitut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaCatalonia
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaCatalonia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
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23
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Karoutas A, Akhtar A. Functional mechanisms and abnormalities of the nuclear lamina. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:116-126. [PMID: 33558730 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in nuclear shape are present in human diseases and ageing. A compromised nuclear lamina is molecularly interlinked to altered chromatin functions and genomic instability. Whether these alterations are a cause or a consequence of the pathological state are important questions in biology. Here, we summarize the roles of nuclear envelope components in chromatin organization, phase separation and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Examining these functions in healthy backgrounds will guide us towards a better understanding of pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Karoutas
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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24
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Tran JR, Paulson DI, Moresco JJ, Adam SA, Yates JR, Goldman RD, Zheng Y. An APEX2 proximity ligation method for mapping interactions with the nuclear lamina. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202002129. [PMID: 33306092 PMCID: PMC7737704 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina (NL) is a meshwork found beneath the inner nuclear membrane. The study of the NL is hindered by the insolubility of the meshwork and has driven the development of proximity ligation methods to identify the NL-associated/proximal proteins, RNA, and DNA. To simplify and improve temporal labeling, we fused APEX2 to the NL protein lamin-B1 to map proteins, RNA, and DNA. The identified NL-interacting/proximal RNAs show a long 3' UTR bias, a finding consistent with an observed bias toward longer 3' UTRs in genes deregulated in lamin-null cells. A C-rich motif was identified in these 3' UTR. Our APEX2-based proteomics identifies a C-rich motif binding regulatory protein that exhibits altered localization in lamin-null cells. Finally, we use APEX2 to map lamina-associated domains (LADs) during the cell cycle and uncover short, H3K27me3-rich variable LADs. Thus, the APEX2-based tools presented here permit identification of proteomes, transcriptomes, and genome elements associated with or proximal to the NL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Tran
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Danielle I. Paulson
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD
- Horace Mann School, The Bronx, NY
| | - James J. Moresco
- The Scripps Research Institution, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen A. Adam
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL
| | - John R. Yates
- The Scripps Research Institution, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert D. Goldman
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Chicago, IL
| | - Yixian Zheng
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD
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25
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Bishop J, Swan H, Valente F, Nützmann HW. The Plant Nuclear Envelope and Its Role in Gene Transcription. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674209. [PMID: 33995467 PMCID: PMC8119737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomes are dynamic entities in the eukaryotic nucleus. During cell development and in response to biotic and abiotic change, individual sections as well as entire chromosomes re-organise and reposition within the nuclear space. A focal point for these processes is the nuclear envelope (NE) providing both barrier and anchor for chromosomal movement. In plants, positioning of chromosome regions and individual genes at the nuclear envelope has been shown to be associated with distinct transcriptional patterns. Here, we will review recent findings on the interplay between transcriptional activity and gene positioning at the nuclear periphery (NP). We will discuss potential mechanisms of transcriptional regulation at the nuclear envelope and outline future perspectives in this research area.
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26
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Biocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles coating with polycations using A549 cells. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:25-34. [PMID: 33285149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fe3O4 nanoparticles were obtained by chemical coprecipitation of iron chloride and sodium hydroxide. The morphology and sizes of the obtained nanoparticles were characterized using laser Doppler velocimetry, transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. Then the nanoparticles were stabilized by three polycations (polyethylenimine (PEI), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC)) to increase their biocompatibility. The cytotoxicity of the obtained polymer-stabilized nanoparticles was studied using a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549). The biodistribution of nanoparticles stabilized by polycations in human lung carcinoma cells was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, and the toxicity of nanomaterials was evaluated using toxicity tests and flow cytometry. As a result, the most biocompatible nanoparticle-biopolymer complex was identified. PAH stabilized magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated the best biocompatibility, and the PEI-magnetic nanoparticle complex was the most toxic.
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27
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Saade M, Ferrero DS, Blanco-Ameijeiras J, Gonzalez-Gobartt E, Flores-Mendez M, Ruiz-Arroyo VM, Martínez-Sáez E, Ramón Y Cajal S, Akizu N, Verdaguer N, Martí E. Multimerization of Zika Virus-NS5 Causes Ciliopathy and Forces Premature Neurogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:920-936.e8. [PMID: 33147489 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZikV) is a flavivirus that infects neural tissues, causing congenital microcephaly. ZikV has evolved multiple mechanisms to restrict proliferation and enhance cell death, although the underlying cellular events involved remain unclear. Here we show that the ZikV-NS5 protein interacts with host proteins at the base of the primary cilia in neural progenitor cells, causing an atypical non-genetic ciliopathy and premature neuron delamination. Furthermore, in human microcephalic fetal brain tissue, ZikV-NS5 persists at the base of the motile cilia in ependymal cells, which also exhibit a severe ciliopathy. Although the enzymatic activity of ZikV-NS5 appears to be dispensable, the amino acids Y25, K28, and K29 that are involved in NS5 oligomerization are essential for localization and interaction with components of the cilium base, promoting ciliopathy and premature neurogenesis. These findings lay the foundation for therapies that target ZikV-NS5 multimerization and prevent the developmental malformations associated with congenital Zika syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Saade
- Developmental Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Diego S Ferrero
- Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - José Blanco-Ameijeiras
- Developmental Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Gobartt
- Developmental Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marco Flores-Mendez
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victor M Ruiz-Arroyo
- Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sáez
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Naiara Akizu
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nuria Verdaguer
- Structural Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elisa Martí
- Developmental Biology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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28
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Verboon JM, Nakamura M, Davidson KA, Decker JR, Nandakumar V, Parkhurst SM. Drosophila Wash and the Wash regulatory complex function in nuclear envelope budding. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243576. [PMID: 32503943 PMCID: PMC7358131 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope (NE) budding is a recently described phenomenon wherein large macromolecular complexes are packaged inside the nucleus and extruded through the nuclear membranes. Although a general outline of the cellular events occurring during NE budding is now in place, little is yet known about the molecular machinery and mechanisms underlying the physical aspects of NE bud formation. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we identify Wash, its regulatory complex (SHRC), capping protein and Arp2/3 as new molecular components involved in the physical aspects of NE bud formation in a Drosophila model system. Interestingly, Wash affects NE budding in two ways: indirectly through general nuclear lamina disruption via an SHRC-independent interaction with Lamin B leading to inefficient NE bud formation, and directly by blocking NE bud formation along with its SHRC, capping protein and Arp2/3. In addition to NE budding emerging as an important cellular process, it shares many similarities with herpesvirus nuclear egress mechanisms, suggesting new avenues for exploration in both normal and disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Verboon
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kerri A Davidson
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jacob R Decker
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vivek Nandakumar
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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29
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Li Y, Li M, Weigel B, Mall M, Werth VP, Liu ML. Nuclear envelope rupture and NET formation is driven by PKCα-mediated lamin B disassembly. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48779. [PMID: 32537912 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is essential for the structural integration of the nuclear envelope. Nuclear envelope rupture and chromatin externalization is a hallmark of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NET release was described as a cellular lysis process; however, this notion has been questioned recently. Here, we report that during NET formation, nuclear lamin B is not fragmented by destructive proteolysis, but rather disassembled into intact full-length molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nuclear translocation of PKCα, which serves as the kinase to induce lamin B phosphorylation and disassembly, results in nuclear envelope rupture. Decreasing lamin B phosphorylation by PKCα inhibition, genetic deletion, or by mutating the PKCα consensus sites on lamin B attenuates extracellular trap formation. In addition, strengthening the nuclear envelope by lamin B overexpression attenuates NET release in vivo and reduces levels of NET-associated inflammatory cytokines in UVB-irradiated skin of lamin B transgenic mice. Our findings advance the mechanistic understanding of NET formation by showing that PKCα-mediated lamin B phosphorylation drives nuclear envelope rupture for chromatin release in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Li
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Minghui Li
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bettina Weigel
- Cell Fate Engineering and Disease Modeling Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Moritz Mall
- Cell Fate Engineering and Disease Modeling Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ming-Lin Liu
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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30
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Bahmanyar S, Schlieker C. Lipid and protein dynamics that shape nuclear envelope identity. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1315-1323. [PMID: 32530796 PMCID: PMC7353140 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), yet the NE carries out many functions distinct from those of bulk ER. This functional specialization depends on a unique protein composition that defines NE identity and must be both established and actively maintained. The NE undergoes extensive remodeling in interphase and mitosis, so mechanisms that seal NE holes and protect its unique composition are critical for maintaining its functions. New evidence shows that closure of NE holes relies on regulated de novo lipid synthesis, providing a link between lipid metabolism and generating and maintaining NE identity. Here, we review regulation of the lipid bilayers of the NE and suggest ways to generate lipid asymmetry across the NE despite its direct continuity with the ER. We also discuss the elusive mechanism of membrane fusion during nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis. We propose a model in which NPC biogenesis is carefully controlled to ensure that a permeability barrier has been established before membrane fusion, thereby avoiding a major threat to compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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31
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Lusk CP, Ader NR. CHMPions of repair: Emerging perspectives on sensing and repairing the nuclear envelope barrier. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 64:25-33. [PMID: 32105978 PMCID: PMC7371540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the integrity of the nuclear membranes is protected against internal and external stresses is an emergent challenge. Work reviewed here investigated the mechanisms by which losses of nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization are sensed and ameliorated. Fundamental to these is spatial control over interactions between the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport machinery and LAP2-emerin-MAN1 family inner nuclear membrane proteins, which together promote nuclear envelope sealing in interphase and at the end of mitosis. We suggest that the size of the nuclear envelope hole dictates the mechanism of its repair, with larger holes requiring barrier-to-autointegration factor and the potential triggering of a postmitotic nuclear envelope reassembly pathway in interphase. We also consider why these mechanisms fail at ruptured micronuclei. Together, this work re-emphasizes the need to understand how membrane flow and local lipid metabolism help ensure that the nuclear envelope is refractory to mechanical rupture yet fluid enough to allow its essential dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Nicholas R Ader
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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32
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Lee IJ, Stokasimov E, Dempsey N, Varberg JM, Jacob E, Jaspersen SL, Pellman D. Factors promoting nuclear envelope assembly independent of the canonical ESCRT pathway. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201908232. [PMID: 32243490 PMCID: PMC7265314 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) undergoes dynamic remodeling to maintain NE integrity, a process involving the inner nuclear membrane protein LEM2 recruiting CHMP7/Cmp7 and then ESCRT-III. However, prior work has hinted at CHMP7/ESCRT-independent mechanisms. To identify such mechanisms, we studied NE assembly in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, a fission yeast that undergoes partial mitotic NE breakdown and reassembly. S. japonicus cells lacking Cmp7 have compromised NE sealing after mitosis but are viable. A genetic screen identified mutations that promote NE integrity in cmp7Δ cells. Unexpectedly, loss of Lem2 or its interacting partner Nur1 suppressed cmp7Δ defects. In the absence of Cmp7, Lem2 formed aggregates that appear to interfere with ESCRT-independent NE sealing. A gain-of-function mutation implicated a membrane and ESCRT-III regulator, Alx1, in this alternate pathway. Additional results suggest a potentially general role for unsaturated fatty acids in NE integrity. These findings establish the existence of mechanisms for NE sealing independent of the canonical ESCRT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ju Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ema Stokasimov
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nathaniel Dempsey
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Etai Jacob
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Sue L. Jaspersen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - David Pellman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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33
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Eldarov CM, Vangely IM, Vays VB, Sheval EV, Holtze S, Hildebrandt TB, Kolosova NG, Popkov VA, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB, Bakeeva LE, Skulachev VP. Mitochondria in the Nuclei of Rat Myocardial Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E712. [PMID: 32183238 PMCID: PMC7140638 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopic study of cardiomyocytes taken from healthy Wistar and OXYS rats and naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) revealed mitochondria in nuclei that lacked part of the nuclear envelope. The direct interaction of mitochondria with nucleoplasm is shown. The statistical analysis of the occurrence of mitochondria in cardiomyocyte nuclei showed that the percentage of nuclei with mitochondria was roughly around 1%, and did not show age and species dependency. Confocal microscopy of normal rat cardiac myocytes revealed a branched mitochondrial network in the vicinity of nuclei with an organization different than that of interfibrillar mitochondria. This mitochondrial network was energetically functional because it carried the membrane potential that responded by oscillatory mode after photodynamic challenge. We suggest that the presence of functional mitochondria in the nucleus is not only a consequence of certain pathologies but rather represents a normal biological phenomenon involved in mitochondrial/nuclear interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chupalav M Eldarov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina M Vangely
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriya B Vays
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene V Sheval
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas B Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vasily A Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lora E Bakeeva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Skulachev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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34
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Nagesh PKB, Chowdhury P, Hatami E, Jain S, Dan N, Kashyap VK, Chauhan SC, Jaggi M, Yallapu MM. Tannic acid inhibits lipid metabolism and induce ROS in prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:980. [PMID: 31969643 PMCID: PMC6976712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) cells exploit the aberrant lipid signaling and metabolism as their survival advantage. Also, intracellular storage lipids act as fuel for the PCa proliferation. However, few studies were available that addressed the topic of targeting lipid metabolism in PCa. Here, we assessed the tannic acid (TA) lipid-targeting ability and its capability to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PCa cells. TA exhibited dual effects by inhibiting lipogenic signaling and suppression of lipid metabolic pathways. The expression of proteins responsible for lipogenesis was down regulated. The membrane permeability and functionality of PCa were severely affected and caused nuclear disorganization during drug exposure. Finally, these consolidated events shifted the cell's survival balance towards apoptosis. These results suggest that TA distinctly interferes with the lipid signaling and metabolism of PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K B Nagesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Pallabita Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Elham Hatami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Shashi Jain
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Department of Pathology, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nirnoy Dan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, 78504, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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35
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Chen NY, Yang Y, Weston TA, Belling JN, Heizer P, Tu Y, Kim P, Edillo L, Jonas SJ, Weiss PS, Fong LG, Young SG. An absence of lamin B1 in migrating neurons causes nuclear membrane ruptures and cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25870-25879. [PMID: 31796586 PMCID: PMC6926041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917225116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in either lamin B1 or lamin B2 cause both defective migration of cortical neurons in the developing brain and reduced neuronal survival. The neuronal migration abnormality is explained by a weakened nuclear lamina that interferes with nucleokinesis, a nuclear translocation process required for neuronal migration. In contrast, the explanation for impaired neuronal survival is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the forces imparted on the nucleus during neuronal migration result in nuclear membrane (NM) ruptures, causing interspersion of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents-and ultimately cell death. To test this hypothesis, we bred Lmnb1-deficient mice that express a nuclear-localized fluorescent Cre reporter. Migrating neurons within the cortical plate of E18.5 Lmnb1-deficient embryos exhibited NM ruptures, evident by the escape of the nuclear-localized reporter into the cytoplasm and NM discontinuities by electron microscopy. The NM ruptures were accompanied by DNA damage and cell death. The NM ruptures were not observed in nonmigrating cells within the ventricular zone. NM ruptures, DNA damage, and cell death were also observed in cultured Lmnb1-/- and Lmnb2-/- neurons as they migrated away from neurospheres. To test whether mechanical forces on the cell nucleus are relevant to NM ruptures in migrating neurons, we examined cultured Lmnb1-/- neurons when exposed to external constrictive forces (migration into a field of tightly spaced silicon pillars). As the cells entered the field of pillars, there were frequent NM ruptures, accompanied by DNA damage and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jason N Belling
- California NanoSystems Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Patrick Heizer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Lovelyn Edillo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Steven J Jonas
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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36
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Abstract
Cellular membranes can form two principally different involutions, which either exclude or contain cytosol. The 'classical' budding reactions, such as those occurring during endocytosis or formation of exocytic vesicles, involve proteins that assemble on the cytosol-excluding face of the bud neck. Inverse membrane involution occurs in a wide range of cellular processes, supporting cytokinesis, endosome maturation, autophagy, membrane repair and many other processes. Such inverse membrane remodelling is mediated by a heteromultimeric protein machinery known as endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). ESCRT proteins assemble on the cytosolic (or nucleoplasmic) face of the neck of the forming involution and cooperate with the ATPase VPS4 to drive membrane scission or sealing. Here, we review similarities and differences of various ESCRT-dependent processes, with special emphasis on mechanisms of ESCRT recruitment.
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37
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Heinemann JA. Should dsRNA treatments applied in outdoor environments be regulated? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:104856. [PMID: 31174887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) issued a Decision that makes the use of externally applied double-stranded (ds)RNA molecules on eukaryotic cells or organisms technically out of scope of legislation on new organisms, making risk assessments of such treatments in the open environment unnecessary. The Decision was based on its view that the treatment does not create new or genetically modified organisms and rests on the EPA's conclusions that dsRNA is not heritable and is not a mutagen. For these reasons EPA decided that treatments using dsRNA do not modify genes or other genetic material. I found from an independent review of the literature on the topic indicated, however, that each of the major scientific justifications relied upon by the EPA was based on either an inaccurate interpretation of evidence or failure to consult the research literature pertaining to additional types of eukaryotes. The Decision also did not take into account the unknown and unique eukaryotic biodiversity of New Zealand. The safe use of RNA-based technology holds promise for addressing complex and persistent challenges in public health, agriculture and conservation. However, by failing to restrict the source or means of modifying the dsRNA, the EPA removed regulatory oversight that could prevent unintended consequences of this new technology such as suppression of genes other than those selected for suppression or the release of viral genes or genomes by failing to restrict the source or means of modifying the dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Heinemann
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Integrative Research in Biosafety, Centre for Integrative Ecology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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38
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Salas-Pino S, Daga RR. Spatiotemporal control of spindle disassembly in fission yeast. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3543-3551. [PMID: 31129857 PMCID: PMC11105212 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic stability during cell division is one of the most important cellular tasks, and it critically depends on the faithful replication of the genetic material and its equal partitioning into daughter cells, gametes, or spores in the case of yeasts. Defective mitotic spindle assembly and disassembly both result in changes in cellular ploidy that ultimately impinge proliferation fitness and might increase tumor malignancy. Although a great progress has been made in understanding how spindles are assembled to orchestrate chromosome segregation, much less is known about how they are disassembled once completed their function. Here, we review two recently uncovered mechanisms of spindle disassembly that operate at different stages of the fission yeast life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salas-Pino
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Junta de Andalucia, Carretera de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Rafael R Daga
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Junta de Andalucia, Carretera de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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39
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Abstract
During my postdoc interview in June of 1998, I asked Günter why he was moving more towards the nucleus in his latest studies. He said, "Well Joe, that's where everything starts." By the end of the interview, I accepted the postdoc. He had a way of making everything sound so cool. Günter's progression was natural, since the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus are the only organelles that share the same membrane. The nuclear envelope extends into a double membrane system with nuclear pore complexes embedded in the pore membrane openings. Even while writing this review, I remember Günter stressing; it is the nuclear pore complex. Just saying nuclear pore doesn't encompass the full magnitude of its significance. The nuclear pore complex is one of the largest collection of proteins that fit together for an overall function: transport. This review will cover the Blobel lab contributions in the quest for the blueprint of the nuclear pore complex from isolation of the nuclear envelope and nuclear lamin to the ring structures.
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40
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Studying nucleic envelope and plasma membrane mechanics of eukaryotic cells using confocal reflectance interferometric microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3652. [PMID: 31409824 PMCID: PMC6692322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress on eukaryotic nucleus has been implicated in a diverse range of diseases including muscular dystrophy and cancer metastasis. Today, there are very few non-perturbative methods to quantify nuclear mechanical properties. Interferometric microscopy, also known as quantitative phase microscopy (QPM), is a powerful tool for studying red blood cell biomechanics. The existing QPM tools, however, have not been utilized to study biomechanics of complex eukaryotic cells either due to lack of depth sectioning, limited phase measurement sensitivity, or both. Here, we present depth-resolved confocal reflectance interferometric microscopy as the next generation QPM to study nuclear and plasma membrane biomechanics. The proposed system features multiple confocal scanning foci, affording 1.5 micron depth-resolution and millisecond frame rate. Furthermore, a near common-path interferometer enables quantifying nanometer-scale membrane fluctuations with better than 200 picometers sensitivity. Our results present accurate quantification of nucleic envelope and plasma membrane fluctuations in embryonic stem cells. Biomechanical studies of eukaryotic cells have been limited due to low sensitivity and axial resolution in interferometric imaging. Here, the authors present depth-resolved confocal reflectance interferometric microscopy with high sensitivity and temporal resolution, which enables quantification of nucleic envelope and plasma membrane fluctuations.
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41
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Abstract
Nuclear proteins participate in diverse cellular processes, many of which are essential for cell survival and viability. To maintain optimal nuclear physiology, the cell employs the ubiquitin-proteasome system to eliminate damaged and misfolded proteins in the nucleus that could otherwise harm the cell. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge about the major ubiquitin-protein ligases involved in protein quality control degradation (PQCD) in the nucleus and how they orchestrate their functions to eliminate misfolded proteins in different nuclear subcompartments. Many human disorders are causally linked to protein misfolding in the nucleus, hence we discuss major concepts that still need to be clarified to better understand the basis of the nuclear misfolded proteins' toxic effects. Additionally, we touch upon potential strategies for manipulating nuclear PQCD pathways to ameliorate diseases associated with protein misfolding and aggregation in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charisma Enam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
| | - Yifat Geffen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; ,
| | - Tommer Ravid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; ,
| | - Richard G Gardner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; ,
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42
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Kinugasa Y, Hirano Y, Sawai M, Ohno Y, Shindo T, Asakawa H, Chikashige Y, Shibata S, Kihara A, Haraguchi T, Hiraoka Y. The very-long-chain fatty acid elongase Elo2 rescues lethal defects associated with loss of the nuclear barrier function in fission yeast cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.229021. [PMID: 30975915 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are confined to the nucleus, which is compartmentalized by the nuclear membranes; these are continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Maintaining the homeostasis of these membranes is an important cellular activity performed by lipid metabolic enzymes. However, how lipid metabolic enzymes affect nuclear membrane functions remains to be elucidated. We found that the very-long-chain fatty acid elongase Elo2 is located in the nuclear membrane and prevents lethal defects associated with nuclear membrane ruptures in mutants of the nuclear membrane proteins Lem2 and Bqt4 in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Lipid composition analysis shows that t20:0/24:0 phytoceramide (a conjugate of C20:0 phytosphingosine and C24:0 fatty acid) is a major ceramide species in S. pombe The quantity of this ceramide is reduced in the absence of Lem2, and restored by increased expression of Elo2. Furthermore, loss of S. pombe Elo2 can be rescued by its human orthologs. These results suggest that the conserved very-long-chain fatty acid elongase producing the ceramide component is essential for nuclear membrane integrity and cell viability in eukaryotes.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuha Kinugasa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hirano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Megumi Sawai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shindo
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Asakawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Chikashige
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan .,Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
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43
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Jevtić P, Schibler AC, Wesley CC, Pegoraro G, Misteli T, Levy DL. The nucleoporin ELYS regulates nuclear size by controlling NPC number and nuclear import capacity. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847283. [PMID: 31085625 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How intracellular organelles acquire their characteristic sizes is a fundamental question in cell biology. Given stereotypical changes in nuclear size in cancer, it is important to understand the mechanisms that control nuclear size in human cells. Using a high-throughput imaging RNAi screen, we identify and mechanistically characterize ELYS, a nucleoporin required for post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly, as a determinant of nuclear size in mammalian cells. ELYS knockdown results in small nuclei, reduced nuclear lamin B2 localization, lower NPC density, and decreased nuclear import. Increasing nuclear import by importin α overexpression rescues nuclear size and lamin B2 import, while inhibiting importin α/β-mediated nuclear import decreases nuclear size. Conversely, ELYS overexpression increases nuclear size, enriches nuclear lamin B2 at the nuclear periphery, and elevates NPC density and nuclear import. Consistent with these observations, knockdown or inhibition of exportin 1 increases nuclear size. Thus, we identify ELYS as a novel positive effector of mammalian nuclear size and propose that nuclear size is sensitive to NPC density and nuclear import capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Jevtić
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - Chase C Wesley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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44
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Thaller DJ, Allegretti M, Borah S, Ronchi P, Beck M, Lusk CP. An ESCRT-LEM protein surveillance system is poised to directly monitor the nuclear envelope and nuclear transport system. eLife 2019; 8:e45284. [PMID: 30942170 PMCID: PMC6461442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the nuclear membranes coupled to the selective barrier of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are essential for the segregation of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Mechanical membrane disruption or perturbation to NPC assembly triggers an ESCRT-dependent surveillance system that seals nuclear pores: how these pores are sensed and sealed is ill defined. Using a budding yeast model, we show that the ESCRT Chm7 and the integral inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein Heh1 are spatially segregated by nuclear transport, with Chm7 being actively exported by Xpo1/Crm1. Thus, the exposure of the INM triggers surveillance with Heh1 locally activating Chm7. Sites of Chm7 hyperactivation show fenestrated sheets at the INM and potential membrane delivery at sites of nuclear envelope herniation. Our data suggest that perturbation to the nuclear envelope barrier would lead to local nuclear membrane remodeling to promote membrane sealing. Our findings have implications for disease mechanisms linked to NPC assembly and nuclear envelope integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Thaller
- Department of Cell BiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Matteo Allegretti
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryMeyerhofstrasseGermany
| | - Sapan Borah
- Department of Cell BiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core FacilityEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryMeyerhofstrasseGermany
| | - Martin Beck
- Structural and Computational Biology UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryMeyerhofstrasseGermany
| | - C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell BiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
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45
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Ho R, Hegele RA. Complex effects of laminopathy mutations on nuclear structure and function. Clin Genet 2018; 95:199-209. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosettia Ho
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, and Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; London Ontario Canada
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, and Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; London Ontario Canada
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46
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Fibroblasts lacking nuclear lamins do not have nuclear blebs or protrusions but nevertheless have frequent nuclear membrane ruptures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10100-10105. [PMID: 30224463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812622115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina, an intermediate filament meshwork lining the inner nuclear membrane, is formed by the nuclear lamins (lamins A, C, B1, and B2). Defects or deficiencies in individual nuclear lamin proteins have been reported to elicit nuclear blebs (protrusions or outpouchings of the nuclear envelope) and increase susceptibility for nuclear membrane ruptures. It is unclear, however, how a complete absence of nuclear lamins would affect nuclear envelope morphology and nuclear membrane integrity (i.e., whether nuclear membrane blebs or protrusions would occur and, if not, whether cells would be susceptible to nuclear membrane ruptures). To address these issues, we generated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking all nuclear lamins. The nuclear lamin-deficient MEFs had irregular nuclear shapes but no nuclear blebs or protrusions. Despite a virtual absence of nuclear blebs, MEFs lacking nuclear lamins had frequent, prolonged, and occasionally nonhealing nuclear membrane ruptures. By transmission electron microscopy, the inner nuclear membrane in nuclear lamin-deficient MEFs have a "wavy" appearance, and there were discrete discontinuities in the inner and outer nuclear membranes. Nuclear membrane ruptures were accompanied by a large increase in DNA damage, as judged by γ-H2AX foci. Mechanical stress increased both nuclear membrane ruptures and DNA damage, whereas minimizing transmission of cytoskeletal forces to the nucleus had the opposite effects.
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47
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Fantastic nuclear envelope herniations and where to find them. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:877-889. [PMID: 30026368 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Morphological abnormalities of the bounding membranes of the nucleus have long been associated with human diseases from cancer to premature aging to neurodegeneration. Studies over the past few decades support that there are both cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g. mechanical force) that can lead to nuclear envelope 'herniations', a broad catch-all term that reveals little about the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to these morphological defects. While there are many genetic perturbations that could ultimately change nuclear shape, here, we focus on a subset of nuclear envelope herniations that likely arise as a consequence of disrupting physiological nuclear membrane remodeling pathways required to maintain nuclear envelope homeostasis. For example, stalling of the interphase nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis pathway and/or triggering of NPC quality control mechanisms can lead to herniations in budding yeast, which are remarkably similar to those observed in human disease models of early-onset dystonia. By also examining the provenance of nuclear envelope herniations associated with emerging nuclear autophagy and nuclear egress pathways, we will provide a framework to help understand the molecular pathways that contribute to nuclear deformation.
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48
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Luijten MNH, Lee JXT, Crasta KC. Mutational game changer: Chromothripsis and its emerging relevance to cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 777:29-51. [PMID: 30115429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the paradigm that genomic abnormalities in cancer cells arise through progressive accumulation of mutational events has been challenged by the discovery of single catastrophic events. One such phenomenon termed chromothripsis, involving massive chromosomal rearrangements arising all at once, has emerged as a major mutational game changer. The strong interest in this process stems from its widespread association with a range of cancer types and its potential as a mutational driver. In this review, we first describe chromothripsis detection and incidence in cancers. We then explore recently proposed underlying mechanistic origins, which explain the curious observations of the highly localised nature of the rearrangements on chromothriptic chromosomes. Detection of chromothriptic patterns following incorporation of single chromosomes into micronuclei or following telomere attrition have greatly contributed to our understanding of the reasons behind this chromosomal restriction. These underlying cellular events have been found to be participants in the tumourigenic process, strongly suggesting a potential role for chromothripsis in cancer development. Thus, we discuss potential implications of chromothripsis for cancer progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore.
| | - Karen Carmelina Crasta
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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49
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Penfield L, Wysolmerski B, Mauro M, Farhadifar R, Martinez MA, Biggs R, Wu HY, Broberg C, Needleman D, Bahmanyar S. Dynein pulling forces counteract lamin-mediated nuclear stability during nuclear envelope repair. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:852-868. [PMID: 29386297 PMCID: PMC5905298 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient nuclear envelope (NE) ruptures in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote are caused by a weakened nuclear lamina during nuclear positioning. Dynein-pulling forces enhance the severity of ruptures, while lamin restricts nucleocytoplasmic mixing and allows stable NE repair. This work is the first mechanistic analysis of NE rupture and repair in an organism. Recent work done exclusively in tissue culture cells revealed that the nuclear envelope (NE) ruptures and repairs in interphase. The duration of NE ruptures depends on lamins; however, the underlying mechanisms and relevance to in vivo events are not known. Here, we use the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote to analyze lamin’s role in NE rupture and repair in vivo. Transient NE ruptures and subsequent NE collapse are induced by weaknesses in the nuclear lamina caused by expression of an engineered hypomorphic C. elegans lamin allele. Dynein-generated forces that position nuclei enhance the severity of transient NE ruptures and cause NE collapse. Reduction of dynein forces allows the weakened lamin network to restrict nucleo–cytoplasmic mixing and support stable NE recovery. Surprisingly, the high incidence of transient NE ruptures does not contribute to embryonic lethality, which is instead correlated with stochastic chromosome scattering resulting from premature NE collapse, suggesting that C. elegans tolerates transient losses of NE compartmentalization during early embryogenesis. In sum, we demonstrate that lamin counteracts dynein forces to promote stable NE repair and prevent catastrophic NE collapse, and thus provide the first mechanistic analysis of NE rupture and repair in an organismal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Penfield
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Brian Wysolmerski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Michael Mauro
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Reza Farhadifar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Michael A Martinez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ronald Biggs
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hai-Yin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Curtis Broberg
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Daniel Needleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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50
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Hatch EM. Nuclear envelope rupture: little holes, big openings. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 52:66-72. [PMID: 29459181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE), which is a critical barrier between the DNA and the cytosol, is capable of extensive dynamic membrane remodeling events in interphase. One of these events, interphase NE rupture and repair, can occur in both normal and disease states and results in the loss of nucleus compartmentalization. NE rupture is not lethal, but new research indicates that it could have broad impacts on genome stability and activate innate immune responses. These observations suggest a new model for how changes in NE structure could be pathogenic in cancer, laminopathies, and autoinflammatory syndromes, and redefine the functions of nucleus compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Hatch
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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