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Bai H, Zhang S, Yang H, Wang J, Chen H, Li J, Li L, Yang Q, Peng B, Zhu Z, Ni S, Liu K, Lei W, Tao TH, Feng Y. Advanced nerve regeneration enabled by neural conformal electronic stimulators enhancing mitochondrial transport. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:287-301. [PMID: 38827170 PMCID: PMC11143791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing peripheral nerve defects remains a significant challenge in regenerative neurobiology. Autografts emerged as the gold-standard management, however, are hindered by limited availability and potential neuroma formation. Numerous recent studies report the potential of wireless electronic system for nerve defects repair. Unfortunately, few has met clinical needs for inadequate electrode precision, poor nerve entrapment and insufficient bioactivity of the matrix material. Herein, we present an advanced wireless electrical nerve stimulator, based on water-responsive self-curling silk membrane with excellent bioabsorbable and biocompatible properties. We constructed a unique bilayer structure with an oriented pre-stretched inner layer and a general silk membrane as outer layer. After wetting, the simultaneous contraction of inner layer and expansion of outer layer achieved controllable super-contraction from 2D flat surface to 3D structural reconfiguration. It enables shape-adaptive wrapping to cover around nerves, overcomes the technical obstacle of preparing electrodes on the inner wall of the conduit, and prevents electrode breakage caused by material expansion in water. The use of fork capacitor-like metal interface increases the contact points between the metal and the regenerating nerve, solving the challenge of inefficient and rough electrical stimulation methods in the past. Newly developed electronic stimulator is effective in restoring 10 mm rat sciatic nerve defects comparable to autologous grafts. The underlying mechanism involves that electric stimulation enhances anterograde mitochondrial transport to match energy demands. This newly introduced device thereby demonstrated the potential as a viable and efficacious alternative to autografts for enhancing peripheral nerve repair and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huiran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Ziyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Siyuan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Keyin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Tiger H. Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yafei Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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2
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Jenkins JE, Fazli M, Evans CS. Mitochondrial motility modulators coordinate quality control dynamics to promote neuronal health. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102383. [PMID: 38908094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction in mitochondrial maintenance and trafficking is commonly correlated with the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, biomedical research has been dedicated to understanding how architecturally complex neurons maintain and transport their mitochondria. However, the systems that coordinate mitochondrial QC (quality control) dynamics and trafficking in response to neuronal activity and stress are less understood. Additionally, the degree of integration between the processes of mitochondrial trafficking and QC is unclear. Recent work indicates that mitochondrial motility modulators (i.e., anchors and tethers) help coordinate mitochondrial health by mediating distinct, stress-level-appropriate QC pathways following mitochondrial damage. This review summarizes current evidence supporting the role of two mitochondrial motility modulators, Syntaphilin and Mitofusin 2, in coordinating mitochondrial QC to promote neuronal health. Exploring motility modulators' intricate regulatory molecular landscape may reveal new therapeutic targets for delaying disease progression and enhancing neuronal survival post-insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Jenkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mohammad Fazli
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chantell S Evans
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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3
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Nheu D, Petratos S. How does Nogo-A signalling influence mitochondrial function during multiple sclerosis pathogenesis? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105767. [PMID: 38885889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe neurological disorder that involves inflammation in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve with key disabling neuropathological outcomes being axonal damage and demyelination. When degeneration of the axo-glial union occurs, a consequence of inflammatory damage to central nervous system (CNS) myelin, dystrophy and death can lead to large membranous structures from dead oligodendrocytes and degenerative myelin deposited in the extracellular milieu. For the first time, this review covers mitochondrial mechanisms that may be operative during MS-related neurodegenerative changes directly activated during accumulating extracellular deposits of myelin associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs), that include the potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, Nogo-A. Axonal damage may occur when Nogo-A binds to and signals through its cognate receptor, NgR1, a multimeric complex, to initially stall axonal transport and limit the delivery of important growth-dependent cargo and subcellular organelles such as mitochondria for metabolic efficiency at sites of axo-glial disintegration as a consequence of inflammation. Metabolic efficiency in axons fails during active demyelination and progressive neurodegeneration, preceded by stalled transport of functional mitochondria to fuel axo-glial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Nheu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia.
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4
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Vaillant-Beuchot L, Eysert F, Duval B, Kinoshita PF, Pardossi-Piquard R, Bauer C, Eddarkaoui S, Buée L, Checler F, Chami M. The amyloid precursor protein and its derived fragments concomitantly contribute to the alterations of mitochondrial transport machinery in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:367. [PMID: 38806484 PMCID: PMC11133367 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunctions and mitophagy failure have been associated with several Alzheimer's disease (AD) related molecular actors including amyloid beta (Aβ) and recently the amyloid precursor protein-C terminal fragments (APP-CTFs). The efficacy of the mitophagy process in neurons relies on regulated mitochondrial transport along axons involving a complex molecular machinery. The contribution of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its derived fragments to the mitochondrial transport machinery alterations in AD have not been investigated before. We report herein a change of the expression of mitochondrial transport proteins (SNPH and Miro1), motor adapters (TRANK1 and TRAK2), and components of the dynein and kinesin motors (i.e., IC1,2 and Kif5 (A, B, C) isoforms) by endogenous APP and by overexpression of APP carrying the familial Swedish mutation (APPswe). We show that APP-CTFs and Aβ concomitantly regulate the expression of a set of transport proteins as demonstrated in APPswe cells treated with β- and γ-secretase inhibitors and in cells Knock-down for presenilin 1 and 2. We further report the impact of APP-CTFs on the expression of transport proteins in AAV-injected C99 mice brains. Our data also indicate that both Aβ oligomers (Aβo) and APP-CTFs impair the colocalization of mitochondria and transport proteins. This has been demonstrated in differentiated SH-SY5Y naive cells treated with Aβo and in differentiated SH-SY5Y and murine primary neurons expressing APPswe and treated with the γ-secretase inhibitor. Importantly, we uncover that the expression of a set of transport proteins is modulated in a disease-dependent manner in 3xTgAD mice and in human sporadic AD brains. This study highlights molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial transport defects in AD that likely contribute to mitophagy failure and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan Vaillant-Beuchot
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Fanny Eysert
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Blandine Duval
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Paula Fernanda Kinoshita
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphaëlle Pardossi-Piquard
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Charlotte Bauer
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 'Alzheimer and Tauopathies', Bâtiment Biserte, rue Polonovski, 59045, Lille, Cedex, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille, France
- Inserm UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 'Alzheimer and Tauopathies', Bâtiment Biserte, rue Polonovski, 59045, Lille, Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Mounia Chami
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of excellence DistALZ, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France.
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5
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Song N, Mei S, Wang X, Hu G, Lu M. Focusing on mitochondria in the brain: from biology to therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:23. [PMID: 38632601 PMCID: PMC11022390 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have multiple functions such as supplying energy, regulating the redox status, and producing proteins encoded by an independent genome. They are closely related to the physiology and pathology of many organs and tissues, among which the brain is particularly prominent. The brain demands 20% of the resting metabolic rate and holds highly active mitochondrial activities. Considerable research shows that mitochondria are closely related to brain function, while mitochondrial defects induce or exacerbate pathology in the brain. In this review, we provide comprehensive research advances of mitochondrial biology involved in brain functions, as well as the mitochondria-dependent cellular events in brain physiology and pathology. Furthermore, various perspectives are explored to better identify the mitochondrial roles in neurological diseases and the neurophenotypes of mitochondrial diseases. Finally, mitochondrial therapies are discussed. Mitochondrial-targeting therapeutics are showing great potentials in the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanshan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuyuan Mei
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiangxu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
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6
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Rommelspacher H, Bera S, Brommer B, Ward R, Kwiatkowska M, Zygmunt T, Theden F, Üsekes B, Eren N, Nieratschker M, Arnoldner C, Plontke SK, Hellmann-Regen J, Schlingensiepen R. A single dose of AC102 restores hearing in a guinea pig model of noise-induced hearing loss to almost prenoise levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314763121. [PMID: 38557194 PMCID: PMC11009624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314763121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a serious condition, there are currently no approved drugs for its treatment. Nevertheless, there is a growing understanding that the cochlear pathologies that underlie SSNHL include apoptotic death of sensory outer hair cells (OHCs) as well as loss of ribbon synapses connecting sensory inner hair cells (IHCs) and neurites of the auditory nerve, designated synaptopathy. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a common subtype of SSNHL and is widely used to model hearing loss preclinically. Here, we demonstrate that a single interventive application of a small pyridoindole molecule (AC102) into the middle ear restored auditory function almost to prenoise levels in a guinea pig model of NIHL. AC102 prevented noise-triggered loss of OHCs and reduced IHC synaptopathy suggesting a role of AC102 in reconnecting auditory neurons to their sensory target cells. Notably, AC102 exerted its therapeutic properties over a wide frequency range. Such strong improvements in hearing have not previously been demonstrated for other therapeutic agents. In vitro experiments of a neuronal damage model revealed that AC102 protected cells from apoptosis and promoted neurite growth. These effects may be explained by increased production of adenosine triphosphate, indicating improved mitochondrial function, and reduced levels of reactive-oxygen species which prevents the apoptotic processes responsible for OHC death. This action profile of AC102 might be causal for the observed hearing recovery in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujoy Bera
- AudioCure Pharma GmbH, Berlin10115, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Berk Üsekes
- AudioCure Pharma GmbH, Berlin10115, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin12203, Germany
| | - Neriman Eren
- AudioCure Pharma GmbH, Berlin10115, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin12203, Germany
| | - Michael Nieratschker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna1090, Austria
| | - Christoph Arnoldner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna1090, Austria
| | - Stefan K. Plontke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle06120, Germany
| | - Julian Hellmann-Regen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin12203, Germany
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7
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Chen X, Shen Y, Song Z, Wang X, Yao H, Cai Y, Zhao ZA, Hu B. microRNA-2184 orchestrates Mauthner-cell axon regeneration in zebrafish via syt3 modulation. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00069-9. [PMID: 38582297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in axon regeneration following spinal cord injury. However, the functions of numerous miRNAs in axon regeneration within the central nervous system (CNS) remain largely unexplored. Here, we elucidate the positive role of miR-2184 in axon regeneration within zebrafish Mauthner cells (M-cells). The upregulation of miR-2184 in the single M-cells facilitates axon regeneration, while the specific sponge-induced silencing of miR-2184 leads to impeded axon regeneration. We show that syt3, a downstream target of miR-2184, negatively regulates axon regeneration, and the regeneration suppression by syt3 depends on its binding to Ca2+. Furthermore, pharmacological stimulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway suggests that changes in the readily releasable pool may affect axon regeneration. Our data indicate that miR-2184 promotes axon regeneration of M-cells within the CNS by modulating the downstream target syt3, providing valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghan Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yueru Shen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zheng Song
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinliang Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huaitong Yao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuan Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zi-Ang Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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8
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Liu D, Webber HC, Bian F, Xu Y, Prakash M, Feng X, Yang M, Yang H, You IJ, Li L, Liu L, Liu P, Huang H, Chang CY, Liu L, Shah SH, Torre AL, Welsbie DS, Sun Y, Duan X, Goldberg JL, Braun M, Lansky Z, Hu Y. Optineurin-facilitated axonal mitochondria delivery promotes neuroprotection and axon regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.02.587832. [PMID: 38617277 PMCID: PMC11014509 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.02.587832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Optineurin (OPTN) mutations are linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG), but a relevant animal model is lacking, and the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are unknown. We found that OPTN C-terminus truncation (OPTN∆C) causes late-onset neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), optic nerve (ON), and spinal cord motor neurons, preceded by a striking decrease of axonal mitochondria. Surprisingly, we discover that OPTN directly interacts with both microtubules and the mitochondrial transport complex TRAK1/KIF5B, stabilizing them for proper anterograde axonal mitochondrial transport, in a C-terminus dependent manner. Encouragingly, overexpressing OPTN/TRAK1/KIF5B reverses not only OPTN truncation-induced, but also ocular hypertension-induced neurodegeneration, and promotes striking ON regeneration. Therefore, in addition to generating new animal models for NTG and ALS, our results establish OPTN as a novel facilitator of the microtubule-dependent mitochondrial transport necessary for adequate axonal mitochondria delivery, and its loss as the likely molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hannah C. Webber
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Fuyun Bian
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yangfan Xu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Manjari Prakash
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Xue Feng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hang Yang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - In-Jee You
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Liping Liu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Pingting Liu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Haoliang Huang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Chien-Yi Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sahil H Shah
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; USA
| | - Derek S. Welsbie
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; USA
| | - Jeffrey Louis Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Yang Hu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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9
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Dithmar S, Zare A, Salehi S, Briese M, Sendtner M. hnRNP R regulates mitochondrial movement and membrane potential in axons of motoneurons. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106454. [PMID: 38408684 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Axonal mitochondria defects are early events in the pathogenesis of motoneuron disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The RNA-binding protein hnRNP R interacts with different motoneuron disease-related proteins such as SMN and TDP-43 and has important roles in axons of motoneurons, including axonal mRNA transport. However, whether hnRNP R also modulates axonal mitochondria is currently unknown. Here, we show that axonal mitochondria exhibit altered function and motility in hnRNP R-deficient motoneurons. Motoneurons lacking hnRNP R show decreased anterograde and increased retrograde transport of mitochondria in axons. Furthermore, hnRNP R-deficiency leads to mitochondrial hyperpolarization, caused by decreased complex I and reversed complex V activity within the respiratory chain. Taken together, our data indicate a role for hnRNP R in regulating transport and maintaining functionality of axonal mitochondria in motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Dithmar
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Abdolhossein Zare
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Saeede Salehi
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Briese
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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10
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Tripathi K, Ben-Shachar D. Mitochondria in the Central Nervous System in Health and Disease: The Puzzle of the Therapeutic Potential of Mitochondrial Transplantation. Cells 2024; 13:410. [PMID: 38474374 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the energy suppliers of the cells, play a central role in a variety of cellular processes essential for survival or leading to cell death. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in numerous general and CNS disorders. The clinical manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction include metabolic disorders, dysfunction of the immune system, tumorigenesis, and neuronal and behavioral abnormalities. In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial role in the CNS, which has unique characteristics and is therefore highly dependent on the mitochondria. First, we review the role of mitochondria in neuronal development, synaptogenesis, plasticity, and behavior as well as their adaptation to the intricate connections between the different cell types in the brain. Then, we review the sparse knowledge of the mechanisms of exogenous mitochondrial uptake and describe attempts to determine their half-life and transplantation long-term effects on neuronal sprouting, cellular proteome, and behavior. We further discuss the potential of mitochondrial transplantation to serve as a tool to study the causal link between mitochondria and neuronal activity and behavior. Next, we describe mitochondrial transplantation's therapeutic potential in various CNS disorders. Finally, we discuss the basic and reverse-translation challenges of this approach that currently hinder the clinical use of mitochondrial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Tripathi
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
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11
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Wu W, Zhang J, Chen Y, Chen Q, Liu Q, Zhang F, Li S, Wang X. Genes in Axonal Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04049-z. [PMID: 38388774 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the molecular and genetic underpinnings of axonal regeneration and functional recovery post-nerve injury, emphasizing its significance in reversing neurological deficits. It presents a systematic exploration of the roles of various genes in axonal regrowth across peripheral and central nerve injuries. Initially, it highlights genes and gene families critical for axonal growth and guidance, delving into their roles in regeneration. It then examines the regenerative microenvironment, focusing on the role of glial cells in neural repair through dedifferentiation, proliferation, and migration. The concept of "traumatic microenvironments" within the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is discussed, noting their impact on regenerative capacities and their importance in therapeutic strategy development. Additionally, the review delves into axonal transport mechanisms essential for accurate growth and reinnervation, integrating insights from proteomics, genome-wide screenings, and gene editing advancements. Conclusively, it synthesizes these insights to offer a comprehensive understanding of axonal regeneration's molecular orchestration, aiming to inform effective nerve injury therapies and contribute to regenerative neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qianyan Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Fuchao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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12
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Lukomska A, Theune WC, Frost MP, Xing J, Kearney A, Trakhtenberg EF. Upregulation of developmentally-downregulated miR-1247-5p promotes neuroprotection and axon regeneration in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2024; 823:137662. [PMID: 38286398 PMCID: PMC10923146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Numerous micro-RNAs (miRNAs) affect neurodevelopment and neuroprotection, but potential roles of many miRNAs in regulating these processes are still unknown. Here, we used the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) central nervous system (CNS) projection neuron and optic nerve crush (ONC) injury model, to optimize a mature miRNA arm-specific quantification method for characterizing the developmental regulation of miR-1247-5p in RGCs, investigated whether injury affects its expression, and tested whether upregulating miR-1247-5p-mimic in RGCs promotes neuroprotection and axon regeneration. We found that, miR-1247-5p is developmentally-downregulated in RGCs, and is further downregulated after ONC. Importantly, RGC-specific upregulation of miR-1247-5p promoted neuroprotection and axon regeneration after injury in vivo. To gain insight into the underlying mechanisms, we analyzed by bulk-mRNA-seq embryonic and adult RGCs, along with adult RGCs transduced by miR-1247-5p-expressing viral vector, and identified developmentally-regulated cilial and mitochondrial biological processes, which were reinstated to their embryonic levels in adult RGCs by upregulation of miR-1247-5p. Since axon growth is also a developmentally-regulated process, in which mitochondrial dynamics play important roles, it is possible that miR-1247-5p promoted neuroprotection and axon regeneration through regulating mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukomska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - William C Theune
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew P Frost
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jian Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Anja Kearney
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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13
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André-Lévigne D, Pignel R, Boet S, Jaquet V, Kalbermatten DF, Madduri S. Role of Oxygen and Its Radicals in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: From Hypoxia to Physoxia to Hyperoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2030. [PMID: 38396709 PMCID: PMC10888612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is compulsory for mitochondrial function and energy supply, but it has numerous more nuanced roles. The different roles of oxygen in peripheral nerve regeneration range from energy supply, inflammation, phagocytosis, and oxidative cell destruction in the context of reperfusion injury to crucial redox signaling cascades that are necessary for effective axonal outgrowth. A fine balance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant activity draws the line between physiological and pathological nerve regeneration. There is compelling evidence that redox signaling mediated by the Nox family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Further research is needed to better characterize the role of Nox in physiological and pathological circumstances, but the available data suggest that the modulation of Nox activity fosters great therapeutic potential. One of the promising approaches to enhance nerve regeneration by modulating the redox environment is hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In this review, we highlight the influence of various oxygenation states, i.e., hypoxia, physoxia, and hyperoxia, on peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. We summarize the currently available data and knowledge on the effectiveness of using hyperbaric oxygen therapy to treat nerve injuries and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik André-Lévigne
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigue Pignel
- Subaquatic and Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Boet
- Subaquatic and Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- READS Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Kalbermatten
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Zhu Y, Hui Q, Zhang Z, Fu H, Qin Y, Zhao Q, Li Q, Zhang J, Guo L, He W, Han C. Advancements in the study of synaptic plasticity and mitochondrial autophagy relationship. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25309. [PMID: 38400573 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Synapses serve as the points of communication between neurons, consisting primarily of three components: the presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. They transmit signals through the release and reception of neurotransmitters. Synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to undergo structural and functional changes, is influenced by proteins such as growth-associated proteins, synaptic vesicle proteins, postsynaptic density proteins, and neurotrophic growth factors. Furthermore, maintaining synaptic plasticity consumes more than half of the brain's energy, with a significant portion of this energy originating from ATP generated through mitochondrial energy metabolism. Consequently, the quantity, distribution, transport, and function of mitochondria impact the stability of brain energy metabolism, thereby participating in the regulation of fundamental processes in synaptic plasticity, including neuronal differentiation, neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, and neurotransmitter release. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the proteins associated with presynaptic plasticity, postsynaptic plasticity, and common factors between the two, as well as the relationship between mitochondrial energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Zhu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qinlong Hui
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hao Fu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yali Qin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qinqing Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenbin He
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Cheng Han
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Jinzhong, China
- National International Joint Research Center for Molecular Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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15
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Yang S, Niou ZX, Enriquez A, LaMar J, Huang JY, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Gilley J, Coleman MP, Tennessen JM, Rangaraju V, Lu HC. NMNAT2 supports vesicular glycolysis via NAD homeostasis to fuel fast axonal transport. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:13. [PMID: 38282024 PMCID: PMC10823734 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioenergetic maladaptations and axonopathy are often found in the early stages of neurodegeneration. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an essential cofactor for energy metabolism, is mainly synthesized by Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) in CNS neurons. NMNAT2 mRNA levels are reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Here we addressed whether NMNAT2 is required for axonal health of cortical glutamatergic neurons, whose long-projecting axons are often vulnerable in neurodegenerative conditions. We also tested if NMNAT2 maintains axonal health by ensuring axonal ATP levels for axonal transport, critical for axonal function. METHODS We generated mouse and cultured neuron models to determine the impact of NMNAT2 loss from cortical glutamatergic neurons on axonal transport, energetic metabolism, and morphological integrity. In addition, we determined if exogenous NAD supplementation or inhibiting a NAD hydrolase, sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1), prevented axonal deficits caused by NMNAT2 loss. This study used a combination of techniques, including genetics, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, fluorescent time-lapse imaging, live imaging with optical sensors, and anti-sense oligos. RESULTS We provide in vivo evidence that NMNAT2 in glutamatergic neurons is required for axonal survival. Using in vivo and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that NMNAT2 maintains the NAD-redox potential to provide "on-board" ATP via glycolysis to vesicular cargos in distal axons. Exogenous NAD+ supplementation to NMNAT2 KO neurons restores glycolysis and resumes fast axonal transport. Finally, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that reducing the activity of SARM1, an NAD degradation enzyme, can reduce axonal transport deficits and suppress axon degeneration in NMNAT2 KO neurons. CONCLUSION NMNAT2 ensures axonal health by maintaining NAD redox potential in distal axons to ensure efficient vesicular glycolysis required for fast axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Zhen-Xian Niou
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Andrea Enriquez
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jacob LaMar
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jui-Yen Huang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Karen Ling
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855, Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Paymaan Jafar-Nejad
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855, Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Vidhya Rangaraju
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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16
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Hori I, Harashima H, Yamada Y. Development of Liposomes That Target Axon Terminals Encapsulating Berberine in Cultured Primary Neurons. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:49. [PMID: 38258060 PMCID: PMC10821366 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the energy in neurons is produced in mitochondria. Mitochondria generate the ATP that is essential for neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Mitochondrial axonal transport plays a crucial role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and biological activity. Decreased mitochondrial axonal transport at axon terminals, where the metabolism of substances is likely to be delayed, may contribute to neurological dysfunction. Therefore, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics at axon terminals has attracted considerable interest as a strategy to modulate neuronal function. Nanoparticles may be useful in controlling local mitochondrial dynamics. Nevertheless, there are few reports on the influence of drug delivery that nanoparticles impart on the mitochondrial dynamics in neurons. This paper reports the results of a study using liposomes (LPs) to examine local drug delivery and pharmacological actions on neurons. We tested berberine (BBR), which is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), to examine the utility of this drug as a cellular energy sensor. Axon terminals targeting LPs were prepared. The amount of axon terminals targeting LPs was increased compared with treatment using cationic LPs. Moreover, axon terminal-targeting LPs increased anterograde transport by about 40% compared with that of either naked BBR or cationic LPs and suppressed axonal retraction. Our findings suggest that local drug delivery to neurons is important for enhancing pharmacological activity in axon terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuma Hori
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;
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17
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Bame X, Hill RA. Mitochondrial network reorganization and transient expansion during oligodendrocyte generation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570104. [PMID: 38106204 PMCID: PMC10723275 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system. This process persists throughout life and is essential for recovery from neurodegeneration. To better understand the cellular checkpoints that occur during oligodendrogenesis, we determined the mitochondrial distribution and morphometrics across the oligodendrocyte lineage in mouse and human cerebral cortex. During oligodendrocyte generation, mitochondrial content expanded concurrently with a change in subcellular partitioning towards the distal processes. These changes were followed by an abrupt loss of mitochondria in the oligodendrocyte processes and myelin, coinciding with sheath compaction. This reorganization and extensive expansion and depletion took 3 days. Oligodendrocyte mitochondria were stationary over days while OPC mitochondrial motility was modulated by animal arousal state within minutes. Aged OPCs also displayed decreased mitochondrial size, content, and motility. Thus, mitochondrial dynamics are linked to oligodendrocyte generation, dynamically modified by their local microenvironment, and altered in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhoela Bame
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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18
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Cui Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Cao Y, Luo G, Zhao Z, Zhang J. Ropivacaine Promotes Axon Regeneration by Regulating Nav1.8-mediated Macrophage Signaling after Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats. Anesthesiology 2023; 139:782-800. [PMID: 37669448 PMCID: PMC10723771 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous nerve block with ropivacaine is commonly performed after repair surgery for traumatic peripheral nerve injuries. After peripheral nerve injury, tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is upregulated and contributes to macrophage inflammation. This study investigated whether ropivacaine promotes peripheral nerve regeneration through Nav1.8-mediated macrophage signaling. METHODS A sciatic nerve transection-repair (SNT) model was established in adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. The rats received 0.2% ropivacaine or 10 μM Nav1.8-selective inhibitor A-803467 around the injured site or near the sacrum for 3 days. Nerve regeneration was evaluated using behavioral, electrophysiologic, and morphological examinations. Moreover, myelin debris removal, macrophage phenotype, Nav1.8 expression, and neuropeptide expression were assessed using immunostaining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared to the SNT-plus-vehicle group, the sensory, motor, and sensory-motor coordination functions of the two ropivacaine groups were significantly improved. Electrophysiologic (mean ± SD: recovery index of amplitude, vehicle 0.43 ± 0.17 vs. ropivacaine 0.83 ± 0.25, n = 11, P < 0.001) and histological analysis collectively indicated that ropivacaine significantly promoted axonal regrowth (percentage of neurofilament 200 [NF-200]-positive area: vehicle 19.88 ± 2.81 vs. ropivacaine 31.07 ± 2.62, n = 6, P < 0.001). The authors also found that, compared to the SNT-plus-vehicle group, the SNT-plus-ropivacaine group showed faster clearance of myelin debris, accompanied by significantly increased macrophage infiltration and transition from the M1 to M2 phenotype. Moreover, ropivacaine significantly attenuated Nav1.8 upregulation at 9 days after sciatic nerve transection (vehicle 4.12 ± 0.30-fold vs. ropivacaine 2.75 ± 0.36-fold, n = 5, P < 0.001), which coincided with the increased expression of chemokine ligand 2 and substance P. Similar changes were observed when using the selective Nav1.8 channel inhibitor A-803467. CONCLUSIONS Continuous nerve block with ropivacaine promotes the structural and functional recovery of injured sciatic nerves, possibly by regulating Nav1.8-mediated macrophage signaling. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Lu Q, Zhang Y, Botchway BOA, Huang M, Liu X. Syntaphilin Inactivation Can Enhance Axonal Mitochondrial Transport to Improve Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6556-6565. [PMID: 37458986 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelle of eukaryotic cells. They consists of a large number of different proteins that provide most of the ATP and supply power for the growth, function, and regeneration of neurons. Therefore, smitochondrial transport ensures that adequate ATP is supplied for metabolic activities. Spinal cord injury (SCI), a detrimental condition, has high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, the available treatments only provide symptomatic relief for long-term disabilities. Studies have implicated mitochondrial transport as a critical factor in axonal regeneration. Hence, enhancing mitochondrial transports could be beneficial for ameliorating SCI. Syntaphilin (Snph) is a mitochondrial docking protein that acts as a "static anchor," and its inhibition enhances mitochondrial transports. Therefore, Snph as a key mediator of mitochondrial transports, may contribute to improving axonal regeneration following SCI. Herein, we examine Snph's biological effects and its relation to mitochondrial pathway. Then, we elaborate on mitochondrial transports after SCI, the possible role of Snph in SCI, and some possible therapeutic approaches by Snph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Bupa Cromwell Hospital, London, UK
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Verma H, Gangwar P, Yadav A, Yadav B, Rao R, Kaur S, Kumar P, Dhiman M, Taglialatela G, Mantha AK. Understanding the neuronal synapse and challenges associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrion 2023; 73:19-29. [PMID: 37708950 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic mitochondria are crucial for maintaining synaptic activity due to their high energy requirements, substantial calcium (Ca2+) fluctuation, and neurotransmitter release at the synapse. To provide a continuous energy supply, neurons use special mechanisms to transport and distribute healthy mitochondria to the synapse while eliminating the damaged mitochondria from the synapse. Along the neuron, mitochondrial membrane potential (ψ) gradient exists and is highest in the somal region. Lower ψ in the synaptic region renders mitochondria more vulnerable to oxidative stress-mediated damage. Secondly, mitochondria become susceptible to the release of cytochrome c, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not shielded from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the histone proteins (unlike nuclear DNA), leading to activation of caspases and pronounced oxidative DNA base damage, which ultimately causes synaptic loss. Both synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic failure are crucial factors responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyper-phosphorylated Tau, the two leading players of AD, exaggerate the disease-like pathological conditions by reducing the mitochondrial trafficking, blocking the bi-directional transport at the synapse, enhancing the mitochondrial fission via activating the mitochondrial fission proteins, enhancing the swelling of mitochondria by increasing the influx of water through mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, as well as reduced ATP production by blocking the activity of complex I and complex IV. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is also associated with decline in cognitive ability caused by synaptic degradation. This review summarizes the challenges associated with the synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction linked to AD and MCI and the role of phytochemicals in restoring the synaptic activity and rendering neuroprotection in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhakar Gangwar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmi Rao
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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21
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Lu D, Feng Y, Liu G, Yang Y, Ren Y, Chen Z, Sun X, Guan Y, Wang Z. Mitochondrial transport in neurons and evidence for its involvement in acute neurological disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1268883. [PMID: 37901436 PMCID: PMC10600463 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1268883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring mitochondrial quality is essential for maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and mitochondrial transport plays a vital role in mitochondrial quality control. In this review, we first provide an overview of neuronal mitochondrial transport, followed by a detailed description of the various motors and adaptors associated with the anterograde and retrograde transport of mitochondria. Subsequently, we review the modest evidence involving mitochondrial transport mechanisms that has surfaced in acute neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke. An in-depth study of this area will help deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of various acute neurological disorders and ultimately improve therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yayi Yang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yubo Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixiang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hai'an People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Sharif NA. Electrical, Electromagnetic, Ultrasound Wave Therapies, and Electronic Implants for Neuronal Rejuvenation, Neuroprotection, Axonal Regeneration, and IOP Reduction. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:477-498. [PMID: 36126293 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) of mammals and nervous systems of lower organisms possess significant regenerative potential. In contrast, although neural plasticity can provide some compensation, the central nervous system (CNS) neurons and nerves of adult mammals generally fail to regenerate after an injury or damage. However, use of diverse electrical, electromagnetic and sonographic energy waves are illuminating novel ways to stimulate neuronal differentiation, proliferation, neurite growth, and axonal elongation/regeneration leading to various levels of functional recovery in animals and humans afflicted with disorders of the CNS, PNS, retina, and optic nerve. Tools such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture, electroshock therapy, electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, red light therapy, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy are demonstrating efficacy in treating many different maladies. These include wound healing, partial recovery from motor dysfunctions, recovery from ischemic/reperfusion insults and CNS and ocular remyelination, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) rejuvenation, and RGC axonal regeneration. Neural rejuvenation and axonal growth/regeneration processes involve activation or intensifying of the intrinsic bioelectric waves (action potentials) that exist in every neuronal circuit of the body. In addition, reparative factors released at the nerve terminals and via neuronal dendrites (transmitter substances), extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs and neurotrophins, and intercellular communication occurring via nanotubes aid in reestablishing lost or damaged connections between the traumatized tissues and the PNS and CNS. Many other beneficial effects of the aforementioned treatment paradigms are mediated via gene expression alterations such as downregulation of inflammatory and death-signal genes and upregulation of neuroprotective and cytoprotective genes. These varied techniques and technologies will be described and discussed covering cell-based and animal model-based studies. Data from clinical applications and linkage to human ocular diseases will also be discussed where relevant translational research has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Insitute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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23
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Lee D, Yang K, Xie J. Advances in Nerve Injury Models on a Chip. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200227. [PMID: 36709421 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration and functional recovery of the damaged nerve are challenging due to the need for effective therapeutic drugs, biomaterials, and approaches. The poor outcome of the treatment of nerve injury stems from the incomplete understanding of axonal biology and interactions between neurons and the surrounding environment, such as glial cells and extracellular matrix. Microfluidic devices, in combination with various injury techniques, have been applied to test biological hypotheses in nerve injury and nerve regeneration. The microfluidic devices provide multiple advantages over the in vitro cell culture on a petri dish and in vivo animal models because a specific part of the neuronal environment can be manipulated using physical and chemical interventions. In addition, single-cell behavior and interactions between neurons and glial cells can be visualized and quantified on microfluidic platforms. In this article, current in vitro nerve injury models on a chip that mimics in vivo axonal injuries and the regeneration process of axons are summarized. The microfluidic-based nerve injury models could enhance the understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of nerve tissues and simultaneously serve as powerful drug and biomaterial screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Lee
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Surgery-Plastic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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24
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Atkinson KC, Osunde M, Tiwari-Woodruff SK. The complexities of investigating mitochondria dynamics in multiple sclerosis and mouse models of MS. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1144896. [PMID: 37559701 PMCID: PMC10409489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1144896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, degenerating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that is accompanied by mitochondria energy production failure. A loss of myelin paired with a deficit in energy production can contribute to further neurodegeneration and disability in patients in MS. Mitochondria are essential organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation in all cells in the CNS, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and immune cells. In the context of demyelinating diseases, mitochondria have been shown to alter their morphology and undergo an initial increase in metabolic demand. This is followed by mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency and abnormalities in mitochondrial transport that contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and irreversible disability. The current methodologies to study mitochondria are limiting and are capable of providing only a partial snapshot of the true mitochondria activity at a particular timepoint during disease. Mitochondrial functional studies are mostly performed in cell culture or whole brain tissue, which prevents understanding of mitochondrial pathology in distinct cell types in vivo. A true understanding of cell-specific mitochondrial pathophysiology of MS in mouse models is required. Cell-specific mitochondria morphology, mitochondria motility, and ATP production studies in animal models of MS will help us understand the role of mitochondria in the normal and diseased CNS. In this review, we present currently used methods to investigate mitochondria function in MS mouse models and discuss the current advantages and caveats with using each technique. In addition, we present recently developed mitochondria transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre under the control of CNS specific promoters to relate mitochondria to disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seema K. Tiwari-Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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25
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Yang S, Park JH, Lu HC. Axonal energy metabolism, and the effects in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:49. [PMID: 37475056 PMCID: PMC10357692 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human studies consistently identify bioenergetic maladaptations in brains upon aging and neurodegenerative disorders of aging (NDAs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glucose is the major brain fuel and glucose hypometabolism has been observed in brain regions vulnerable to aging and NDAs. Many neurodegenerative susceptible regions are in the topological central hub of the brain connectome, linked by densely interconnected long-range axons. Axons, key components of the connectome, have high metabolic needs to support neurotransmission and other essential activities. Long-range axons are particularly vulnerable to injury, neurotoxin exposure, protein stress, lysosomal dysfunction, etc. Axonopathy is often an early sign of neurodegeneration. Recent studies ascribe axonal maintenance failures to local bioenergetic dysregulation. With this review, we aim to stimulate research in exploring metabolically oriented neuroprotection strategies to enhance or normalize bioenergetics in NDA models. Here we start by summarizing evidence from human patients and animal models to reveal the correlation between glucose hypometabolism and connectomic disintegration upon aging/NDAs. To encourage mechanistic investigations on how axonal bioenergetic dysregulation occurs during aging/NDAs, we first review the current literature on axonal bioenergetics in distinct axonal subdomains: axon initial segments, myelinated axonal segments, and axonal arbors harboring pre-synaptic boutons. In each subdomain, we focus on the organization, activity-dependent regulation of the bioenergetic system, and external glial support. Second, we review the mechanisms regulating axonal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) homeostasis, an essential molecule for energy metabolism processes, including NAD+ biosynthetic, recycling, and consuming pathways. Third, we highlight the innate metabolic vulnerability of the brain connectome and discuss its perturbation during aging and NDAs. As axonal bioenergetic deficits are developing into NDAs, especially in asymptomatic phase, they are likely exaggerated further by impaired NAD+ homeostasis, the high energetic cost of neural network hyperactivity, and glial pathology. Future research in interrogating the causal relationship between metabolic vulnerability, axonopathy, amyloid/tau pathology, and cognitive decline will provide fundamental knowledge for developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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26
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Lu D, Wang Y, Liu G, Wang S, Duan A, Wang Z, Wang J, Sun X, Wu Y, Wang Z. Armcx1 attenuates secondary brain injury in an experimental traumatic brain injury model in male mice by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106228. [PMID: 37454781 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Armcx1 is highly expressed in the brain and is located in the mitochondrial outer membrane of neurons, where it mediates mitochondrial transport. Mitochondrial transport promotes the removal of damaged mitochondria and the replenishment of healthy mitochondria, which is essential for neuronal survival after traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study investigated the role of Armcx1 and its potential regulator(s) in secondary brain injury (SBI) after TBI. An in vivo TBI model was established in male C57BL/6 mice via controlled cortical impact (CCI). Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) with Armcx1 overexpression and knockdown were constructed and administered to mice via stereotactic cortical injection. Exogenous miR-223-3p mimic or inhibitor was transfected into cultured cortical neurons, which were then scratched to simulate TBI in vitro. It was found that Armcx1 expression decreased significantly, while miR-223-3p levels increased markedly in peri-lesion tissues after TBI. The overexpression of Armcx1 significantly reduced TBI-induced neurological dysfunction, neuronal cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, and axonal injury, while the knockdown of Armcx1 had the opposite effect. Armcx1 was potentially a direct target of miR-223-3p. The miR-223-3p mimic obviously reduced the Armcx1 protein level, while the miR-223-3p inhibitor had the opposite effect. Finally, the miR-223-3p inhibitor dramatically improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increased the total length of the neurites without affecting branching numbers. In summary, our results suggest that the decreased expression of Armcx1 protein in neurons after experimental TBI aggravates secondary brain injury, which may be regulated by miR-223-3p. Therefore, this study provides a potential therapeutic approach for treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shixin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aojie Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zongqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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27
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Xu X, Li H, Lu S, Shen Y. Roles of syntaphilin and armadillo repeat-containing X-linked protein 1 in brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett 2023; 809:137300. [PMID: 37187340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that neuronal mitochondrial injury may be involved in the brain injury caused by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Syntaphilin (SNPH) is associated with mitochondrial anchoring and Armadillo repeat-containing X-linked protein 1 (Armcx1) is linked to mitochondrial transport. This study aimed to analyze the contribution of SNPH and Armcx1 to the neuronal damage resulting from ICH. Primary cultured neuron cells were exposed to oxygenated hemoglobin to replicate the effects of ICH stimulation, while a mouse model of ICH was established by injecting autoblood into the basal ganglia. Specific SNPH knockout or Armcx1 overexpression in neurons is achieved by stereolocalization injection of adeno-associated virus vectors carrying hsyn specific promoters. First, it was confirmed that there is a correlation between SNPH/Armcx1 and ICH pathology, as evidenced by the rise of SNPH and the decrease of Armcx1 in neurons exposed to ICH both in vitro and in vivo. Second, our research revealed the protective effects of SNPH knockdown and Armcx1 overexpression on brain cell death around the hematoma in mice. In addition, the efficacy of SNPH knockdown and Armcx1 overexpression in improving neurobehavioral deficits was also demonstrated in mouse ICH model. Thus, moderate adjusting the levels of SNPH and Armcx1 may be an effective way to improve the outcome of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shiqi Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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28
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Barros LF, Ruminot I, Sandoval PY, San Martín A. Enlightening brain energy metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106211. [PMID: 37352985 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue metabolism is distributed across several cell types and subcellular compartments, which activate at different times and with different temporal patterns. The introduction of genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators that are imaged using time-lapse microscopy has opened the possibility of studying brain metabolism at cellular and sub-cellular levels. There are indicators for sugars, monocarboxylates, Krebs cycle intermediates, amino acids, cofactors, and energy nucleotides, which inform about relative levels, concentrations and fluxes. This review offers a brief survey of the metabolic indicators that have been validated in brain cells, with some illustrative examples from the literature. Whereas only a small fraction of the metabolome is currently accessible to fluorescent probes, there are grounds to be optimistic about coming developments and the application of these tools to the study of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - I Ruminot
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - P Y Sandoval
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A San Martín
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
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29
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Zhao Q, Zhang J, Li H, Li H, Xie F. Models of traumatic brain injury-highlights and drawbacks. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1151660. [PMID: 37396767 PMCID: PMC10309005 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1151660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause for high morbidity and mortality rates in young adults, survivors may suffer from long-term physical, cognitive, and/or psychological disorders. Establishing better models of TBI would further our understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI and develop new potential treatments. A multitude of animal TBI models have been used to replicate the various aspects of human TBI. Although numerous experimental neuroprotective strategies were identified to be effective in animal models, a majority of strategies have failed in phase II or phase III clinical trials. This failure in clinical translation highlights the necessity of revisiting the current status of animal models of TBI and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we elucidate approaches for the generation of animal models and cell models of TBI and summarize their strengths and limitations with the aim of exploring clinically meaningful neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhao
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Huige Li
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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30
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Li S, Sheng ZH. Oligodendrocyte-derived transcellular signaling regulates axonal energy metabolism. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102722. [PMID: 37028201 PMCID: PMC10225329 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The unique morphology and functionality of central nervous system (CNS) neurons necessitate specialized mechanisms to maintain energy metabolism throughout long axons and extensive terminals. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) enwrap CNS axons with myelin sheaths in a multilamellar fashion. Apart from their well-established function in action potential propagation, OLs also provide intercellular metabolic support to axons by transferring energy metabolites and delivering exosomes consisting of proteins, lipids, and RNAs. OL-derived metabolic support is crucial for the maintenance of axonal integrity; its dysfunction has emerged as an important player in neurological disorders that are associated with axonal energy deficits and degeneration. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how these transcellular signaling pathways maintain axonal energy metabolism in health and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Li
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA. https://twitter.com/@sunan_li
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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31
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Yang S, Niou ZX, Enriquez A, LaMar J, Huang JY, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Gilley J, Coleman MP, Tennessen JM, Rangaraju V, Lu HC. NMNAT2 supports vesicular glycolysis via NAD homeostasis to fuel fast axonal transport. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2859584. [PMID: 37292715 PMCID: PMC10246254 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2859584/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Bioenergetic maladaptations and axonopathy are often found in the early stages of neurodegeneration. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an essential cofactor for energy metabolism, is mainly synthesized by Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2) in CNS neurons. NMNAT2 mRNA levels are reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Here we addressed whether NMNAT2 is required for axonal health of cortical glutamatergic neurons, whose long-projecting axons are often vulnerable in neurodegenerative conditions. We also tested if NMNAT2 maintains axonal health by ensuring axonal ATP levels for axonal transport, critical for axonal function. Methods We generated mouse and cultured neuron models to determine the impact of NMNAT2 loss from cortical glutamatergic neurons on axonal transport, energetic metabolism, and morphological integrity. In addition, we determined if exogenous NAD supplementation or inhibiting a NAD hydrolase, sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1), prevented axonal deficits caused by NMNAT2 loss. This study used a combination of genetics, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, fluorescent time-lapse imaging, live imaging with optical sensors, and anti-sense oligos. Results We provide in vivo evidence that NMNAT2 in glutamatergic neurons is required for axonal survival. Using in vivo and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that NMNAT2 maintains the NAD-redox potential to provide "on-board" ATP via glycolysis to vesicular cargos in distal axons. Exogenous NAD+ supplementation to NMNAT2 KO neurons restores glycolysis and resumes fast axonal transport. Finally, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that reducing the activity of SARM1, an NAD degradation enzyme, can reduce axonal transport deficits and suppress axon degeneration in NMNAT2 KO neurons. Conclusion NMNAT2 ensures axonal health by maintaining NAD redox potential in distal axons to ensure efficient vesicular glycolysis required for fast axonal transport.
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Tiwari AP, Tristan LJC, Albin B, Yang IH. Fluocinolone Acetonide Enhances Anterograde Mitochondria Trafficking and Promotes Neuroprotection against Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37167105 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX)-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) is a debilitating health condition which is a result of degeneration of peripheral nerves found in extremities. Currently, there are no established treatment methods that can prevent or protect from PIPN. Fluocinolone acetonide (FA) has been recently identified as a potential candidate for protection from PIPN. However, the fundamental mechanism of action is still unknown. In this study, we showed that enhanced anterograde mitochondrial movement in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells has a major role in FA-mediated neuroprotection in PIPN. In this study, cells were treated with PTX or FA along with their combination followed by mitochondrial fluorescence staining. Somal (proximal) and axonal (distal) mitochondria were selectively stained using a microfluidic compartmentalized chamber with different MitoTrackers blue and red, respectively, which we termed, the two-color staining approach. Results revealed that axons were protected from degeneration by the PTX effect when treated along with FA. PTX exposure alone resulted in low mitochondrial mobility in DRG cells. However, cotreatment with PTX and FA showed significant enhancement of anterograde trafficking of somal (proximal) mitochondria to distal axons. Similarly, cotreatment with FA restored mitochondrial mobility significantly. Overall, this study affirms that increasing mitochondrial recruitment into the axon by cotreatment with FA can be a worthwhile strategy to protect or prevent PIPN. The proposed two-color staining approach can be extended to study trafficking for other neuron-specific subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Prasad Tiwari
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Lee Ji Chao Tristan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Bayne Albin
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - In Hong Yang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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Zhao Y, Gao C, Pan X, Lei K. Emerging roles of mitochondria in animal regeneration. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:14. [PMID: 37142814 PMCID: PMC10160293 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration capacity after an injury is critical to the survival of living organisms. In animals, regeneration ability can be classified into five primary types: cellular, tissue, organ, structure, and whole-body regeneration. Multiple organelles and signaling pathways are involved in the processes of initiation, progression, and completion of regeneration. Mitochondria, as intracellular signaling platforms of pleiotropic functions in animals, have recently gained attention in animal regeneration. However, most studies to date have focused on cellular and tissue regeneration. A mechanistic understanding of the mitochondrial role in large-scale regeneration is unclear. Here, we reviewed findings related to mitochondrial involvement in animal regeneration. We outlined the evidence of mitochondrial dynamics across different animal models. Moreover, we emphasized the impact of defects and perturbation in mitochondria resulting in regeneration failure. Ultimately, we discussed the regulation of aging by mitochondria in animal regeneration and recommended this for future study. We hope this review will serve as a means to advocate for more mechanistic studies of mitochondria related to animal regeneration on different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Lei
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
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Chen M, Yan R, Luo J, Ning J, Zhou R, Ding L. The Role of PGC-1α-Mediated Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Neurons. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03934-8. [PMID: 37097395 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are highly dependent on mitochondrial ATP production and Ca2+ buffering. Neurons have unique compartmentalized anatomy and energy requirements, and each compartment requires continuously renewed mitochondria to maintain neuronal survival and activity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a key factor in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. It is widely accepted that mitochondria are synthesized in the cell body and transported via axons to the distal end. However, axonal mitochondrial biogenesis is necessary to maintain axonal bioenergy supply and mitochondrial density due to limitations in mitochondrial axonal transport rate and mitochondrial protein lifespan. In addition, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis leading to inadequate energy supply and neuronal damage has been observed in neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the sites where mitochondrial biogenesis occurs in neurons and the mechanisms by which it maintains axonal mitochondrial density. Finally, we summarize several neurological disorders in which mitochondrial biogenesis is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Chen
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Ruyu Yan
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Jiansheng Luo
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Jiaqi Ning
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Ruiling Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Lingling Ding
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
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Liu X, Zhao Y, Zou W. Molecular mechanisms of neurite regeneration and repair: insights from C. elegans and Drosophila. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:12. [PMID: 37005942 PMCID: PMC10067779 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The difficulties of injured and degenerated neurons to regenerate neurites and regain functions are more significant than in other body tissues, making neurodegenerative and related diseases hard to cure. Uncovering the secrets of neural regeneration and how this process may be inhibited after injury will provide insights into novel management and potential treatments for these diseases. Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster are two of the most widely used and well-established model organisms endowed with advantages in genetic manipulation and live imaging to explore this fundamental question about neural regeneration. Here, we review the classical models and techniques, and the involvement and cooperation of subcellular structures during neurite regeneration using these two organisms. Finally, we list several important open questions that we look forward to inspiring future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Liu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University and University of Edinburgh, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Rumpf S, Sanal N, Marzano M. Energy metabolic pathways in neuronal development and function. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad004. [PMID: 38596236 PMCID: PMC10913822 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal development and function are known to be among the most energy-demanding functions of the body. Constant energetic support is therefore crucial at all stages of a neuron's life. The two main adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing pathways in cells are glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis has a relatively low yield but provides fast ATP and enables the metabolic versatility needed in dividing neuronal stem cells. Oxidative phosphorylation, on the other hand, is highly efficient and therefore thought to provide most or all ATP in differentiated neurons. However, it has recently become clear that due to their distinct properties, both pathways are required to fully satisfy neuronal energy demands during development and function. Here, we provide an overview of how glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are used in neurons during development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rumpf
- Correspondence address. Multiscale Imaging Center, University of Münster, Röntgenstrasse 16, 48149 Münster, Germany. E-mail:
| | - Neeraja Sanal
- Multiscale Imaging Center, University of Münster, Röntgenstrasse 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marco Marzano
- Multiscale Imaging Center, University of Münster, Röntgenstrasse 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Cheng L, Cai B, Lu D, Zeng H. The role of mitochondrial energy metabolism in neuroprotection and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Mitochondrion 2023; 69:57-63. [PMID: 36740158 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the early stage of axonal degeneration after spinal cord injury and involves oxidative stress, energy deficiency, imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics, etc., which play a key role in axonal degeneration and regeneration under physiological and pathological conditions. Failure of axonal regeneration can lead to long-term structural and functional damage. Several recent studies have shown that improved mitochondrial energy metabolism provides conditions for axonal regeneration and central nervous system repair. Here, we describe the role of mitochondrial energy metabolism in neuroprotection and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury and review recent advances in targeted mitochondrial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dezhi Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Takenaka T, Ohnishi Y, Yamamoto M, Setoyama D, Kishima H. Glycolytic System in Axons Supplement Decreased ATP Levels after Axotomy of the Peripheral Nerve. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0353-22.2023. [PMID: 36894321 PMCID: PMC10035771 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0353-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) occurs in the early stages of numerous neurologic disorders, and clarifying WD pathology is crucial for the advancement of neurologic therapies. ATP is acknowledged as one of the key pathologic substances in WD. The ATP-related pathologic pathways that regulate WD have been defined. The elevation of ATP levels in axon contributes to delay WD and protects axons. However, ATP is necessary for the active processes to proceed WD, given that WD is stringently managed by auto-destruction programs. But little is known about the bioenergetics during WD. In this study, we made sciatic nerve transection models for GO-ATeam2 knock-in rats and mice. We presented the spatiotemporal ATP distribution in the injured axons with in vivo ATP imaging systems, and investigated the metabolic source of ATP in the distal nerve stump. A gradual decrease in ATP levels was observed before the progression of WD. In addition, the glycolytic system and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) were activated in Schwann cells following axotomy. Interestingly, in axons, we found the activation of glycolytic system and the inactivation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Glycolytic inhibitors, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and MCT inhibitors, a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4-CIN) decreased ATP and enhanced WD progression, whereas mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibitors (MSDC-0160) did not change. Finally, ethyl pyruvate (EP) increased ATP levels and delayed WD. Together, our findings suggest that glycolytic system, both in Schwann cells and axons, is the main source of maintaining ATP levels in the distal nerve stump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Takenaka
- Department of neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Research Promotion and Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ohnishi
- Department of Research Promotion and Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Gyoumeikan Hospital, Osaka, 554-0012, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamamoto
- Department of Research Promotion and Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kishima
- Department of neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Yokota S, Shah SH, Huie EL, Wen RR, Luo Z, Goldberg JL. Kif5a Regulates Mitochondrial Transport in Developing Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:4. [PMID: 36862119 PMCID: PMC9983700 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Axon transport of organelles and neurotrophic factors is necessary for maintaining cellular function and survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). However, it is not clear how trafficking of mitochondria, essential for RGC growth and maturation, changes during RGC development. The purpose of this study was to understand the dynamics and regulation of mitochondrial transport during RGC maturation using acutely purified RGCs as a model system. Methods Primary RGCs were immunopanned from rats of either sex during three stages of development. MitoTracker dye and live-cell imaging were used to quantify mitochondrial motility. Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing was used to identify Kinesin family member 5A (Kif5a) as a relevant motor candidate for mitochondrial transport. Kif5a expression was manipulated with either short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or exogenous expression adeno-associated virus viral vectors. Results Anterograde and retrograde mitochondrial trafficking and motility decreased through RGC development. Similarly, the expression of Kif5a, a motor protein that transports mitochondria, also decreased during development. Kif5a knockdown decreased anterograde mitochondrial transport, while Kif5a expression increased general mitochondrial motility and anterograde mitochondrial transport. Conclusions Our results suggested that Kif5a directly regulates mitochondrial axonal transport in developing RGCs. Future work exploring the role of Kif5a in vivo in RGCs is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yokota
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sahil H Shah
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Emma Lee Huie
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Runxia Rain Wen
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Ziming Luo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
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Fu S, Deng H, Bertolini I, Perego M, Chen ES, Sanseviero E, Mostafa A, Alicea-Torres K, Garcia-Gerique L, Stone EL, Kossenkov AV, Schug ZT, Nam B, Mulligan C, Altieri DC, Nefedova Y, Gabrilovich DI. Syntaphilin Regulates Neutrophil Migration in Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:278-289. [PMID: 36548516 PMCID: PMC9991994 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathologically activated neutrophils (PMN) with immunosuppressive activity, which are termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC), play a critical role in regulating tumor progression. These cells have been implicated in promoting tumor metastases by contributing to premetastatic niche formation. This effect was facilitated by enhanced spontaneous migration of PMN from bone marrow to the premetastatic niches during the early-stage of cancer development. The molecular mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon remained unclear. In this study, we found that syntaphilin (SNPH), a cytoskeletal protein previously known for anchoring mitochondria to the microtubule in neurons and tumor cells, could regulate migration of PMN. Expression of SNPH was decreased in PMN from tumor-bearing mice and patients with cancer as compared with PMN from tumor-free mice and healthy donors, respectively. In Snph-knockout (SNPH-KO) mice, spontaneous migration of PMN was increased and the mice showed increased metastasis. Mechanistically, in SNPH-KO mice, the speed and distance travelled by mitochondria in PMN was increased, rates of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were elevated, and generation of adenosine was increased. Thus, our study reveals a molecular mechanism regulating increased migratory activity of PMN during cancer progression and suggests a novel therapeutic targeting opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Fu
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
| | - Hui Deng
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Irene Bertolini
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Michela Perego
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Eric S. Chen
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | | | - Ali Mostafa
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
| | - Kevin Alicea-Torres
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- University of Puerto Rico at Humacao
| | - Laura Garcia-Gerique
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Erica L. Stone
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Andrew V. Kossenkov
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Zachary T. Schug
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Brian Nam
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, DE, USA 19713
| | - Charles Mulligan
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, DE, USA 19713
| | - Dario C. Altieri
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Yulia Nefedova
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Suzuki N, Nishiyama A, Warita H, Aoki M. Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: seeking therapeutic targets in the era of gene therapy. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:131-152. [PMID: 35691950 PMCID: PMC9968660 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an intractable disease that causes respiratory failure leading to mortality. The main locus of ALS is motor neurons. The success of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a motor neuron disease, has triggered a paradigm shift in developing ALS therapies. The causative genes of ALS and disease-modifying genes, including those of sporadic ALS, have been identified one after another. Thus, the freedom of target choice for gene therapy has expanded by ASO strategy, leading to new avenues for therapeutic development. Tofersen for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) was a pioneer in developing ASO for ALS. Improving protocols and devising early interventions for the disease are vital. In this review, we updated the knowledge of causative genes in ALS. We summarized the genetic mutations identified in familial ALS and their clinical features, focusing on SOD1, fused in sarcoma (FUS), and transacting response DNA-binding protein. The frequency of the C9ORF72 mutation is low in Japan, unlike in Europe and the United States, while SOD1 and FUS are more common, indicating that the target mutations for gene therapy vary by ethnicity. A genome-wide association study has revealed disease-modifying genes, which could be the novel target of gene therapy. The current status and prospects of gene therapy development were discussed, including ethical issues. Furthermore, we discussed the potential of axonal pathology as new therapeutic targets of ALS from the perspective of early intervention, including intra-axonal transcription factors, neuromuscular junction disconnection, dysregulated local translation, abnormal protein degradation, mitochondrial pathology, impaired axonal transport, aberrant cytoskeleton, and axon branching. We simultaneously discuss important pathological states of cell bodies: persistent stress granules, disrupted nucleocytoplasmic transport, and cryptic splicing. The development of gene therapy based on the elucidation of disease-modifying genes and early intervention in molecular pathology is expected to become an important therapeutic strategy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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Jiang C, Lu Y, Zhu R, Zong Y, Huang Y, Wang D, Da Z, Yu B, Shen L, Cao Q. Pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (Pdhb) promotes peripheral axon regeneration by regulating energy supply and gene expression. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114368. [PMID: 36863478 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Key metabolic enzymes not only regulate Glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism to serve the cellular energy needs, but also modulate noncanonical or nonmetabolic signaling pathway such as gene expression, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, apoptosis and cell proliferation in regulating the pathologic progression of disease. However, the role of glycometabolism in peripheral nerve axon regeneration is little known. In this study, we investigated the expression of Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1(PDH), a key enzyme linking glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, with qRT-PCR and found that pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (Pdhb) is up-regulated at the early stage during peripheral nerve injury. The knockdown of Pdhb inhibits neurite outgrowth of primary DRG neurons in vitro and restrains axon regeneration of sciatic nerve after crush injury. Pdhb overexpression promoting axonal regeneration is reversed by knockdown of Monocarboxylate transporter 2(Mct2), a transporter involved in the transport and metabolism of lactate, indicating Pdhb promoting axon regeneration depends on lactate for energy supply. Given the nucleus-localization of Pdhb, further analysis revealed that Pdhb enhances the acetylation of H3K9 and affecting the expression of genes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism and Ras signaling pathway, such as Rsa-14-44 and Pla2g4a, thereby promoting axon regeneration. Collectively, our data indicates that Pdhb is a positive dual modulator of energy generation and gene expression in regulating peripheral axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ying Zong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuchen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhanyun Da
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Longxiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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43
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Optic Nerve Injury Enhanced Mitochondrial Fission and Increased Mitochondrial Density without Altering the Uniform Mitochondrial Distribution in the Unmyelinated Axons of Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054356. [PMID: 36901786 PMCID: PMC10002508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), a major cause of blindness, is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the degeneration of their axons. Mitochondria are deeply involved in maintaining the health of RGCs and their axons. Therefore, lots of attempts have been made to develop diagnostic tools and therapies targeting mitochondria. Recently, we reported that mitochondria are uniformly distributed in the unmyelinated axons of RGCs, possibly owing to the ATP gradient. Thus, using transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein targeting mitochondria exclusively in RGCs within the retina, we assessed the alteration of mitochondrial distributions induced by optic nerve crush (ONC) via in vitro flat-mount retinal sections and in vivo fundus images captured with a confocal scanning ophthalmoscope. We observed that the mitochondrial distribution in the unmyelinated axons of survived RGCs after ONC remained uniform, although their density increased. Furthermore, via in vitro analysis, we discovered that the mitochondrial size is attenuated following ONC. These results suggest that ONC induces mitochondrial fission without disrupting the uniform mitochondrial distribution, possibly preventing axonal degeneration and apoptosis. The in vivo visualization system of axonal mitochondria in RGCs may be applicable in the detection of the progression of GON in animal studies and potentially in humans.
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McElroy T, Zeidan RS, Rathor L, Han SM, Xiao R. The role of mitochondria in the recovery of neurons after injury. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:317-318. [PMID: 35900413 PMCID: PMC9396508 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor McElroy
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rola S. Zeidan
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laxmi Rathor
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sung Min Han
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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45
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Zheng B, Tuszynski MH. Regulation of axonal regeneration after mammalian spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:396-413. [PMID: 36604586 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years ago, Ramón y Cajal, considered by many as the founder of modern neuroscience, stated that neurons of the adult central nervous system (CNS) are incapable of regenerating. Yet, recent years have seen a tremendous expansion of knowledge in the molecular control of axon regeneration after CNS injury. We now understand that regeneration in the adult CNS is limited by (1) a failure to form cellular or molecular substrates for axon attachment and elongation through the lesion site; (2) environmental factors, including inhibitors of axon growth associated with myelin and the extracellular matrix; (3) astrocyte responses, which can both limit and support axon growth; and (4) intraneuronal mechanisms controlling the establishment of an active cellular growth programme. We discuss these topics together with newly emerging hypotheses, including the surprising finding from transcriptomic analyses of the corticospinal system in mice that neurons revert to an embryonic state after spinal cord injury, which can be sustained to promote regeneration with neural stem cell transplantation. These gains in knowledge are steadily advancing efforts to develop effective treatment strategies for spinal cord injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,VA San Diego Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA.
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46
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Beckers A, Masin L, Dyck A, Bergmans S, Vanhunsel S, Zhang A, Verreet T, Poulain F, Farrow K, Moons L. Optic nerve injury-induced regeneration in the adult zebrafish is accompanied by spatiotemporal changes in mitochondrial dynamics. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:219-225. [PMID: 35799546 PMCID: PMC9241429 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.344837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system is an energy-intensive process. In contrast to mammals, adult zebrafish can functionally recover from neuronal injury. This raises the question of how zebrafish can cope with this high energy demand. We previously showed that in adult zebrafish, subjected to an optic nerve crush, an antagonistic axon-dendrite interplay exists wherein the retraction of retinal ganglion cell dendrites is a prerequisite for effective axonal repair. We postulate a ‘dendrites for regeneration’ paradigm that might be linked to intraneuronal mitochondrial reshuffling, as ganglion cells likely have insufficient resources to maintain dendrites and restore axons simultaneously. Here, we characterized both mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial dynamics within the different ganglion cell compartments (dendrites, somas, and axons) during the regenerative process. Optic nerve crush resulted in a reduction of mitochondria in the dendrites during dendritic retraction, whereafter enlarged mitochondria appeared in the optic nerve/tract during axonal regrowth. Upon dendritic regrowth in the retina, mitochondrial density inside the retinal dendrites returned to baseline levels. Moreover, a transient increase in mitochondrial fission and biogenesis was observed in retinal ganglion cell somas after optic nerve damage. Taken together, these findings suggest that during optic nerve injury-induced regeneration, mitochondria shift from the dendrites to the axons and back again and that temporary changes in mitochondrial dynamics support axonal and dendritic regrowth after optic nerve crush.
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47
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Zhu Z, Li X, Wang X, Zuo X, Ma Y, Gao X, Liang Z, Zhang Z, Song Z, Ding T, Ju C, Li P, Li K, Zhang J, Quan H, Wang Z, Hu X. Photobiomodulation augments the effects of mitochondrial transplantation in the treatment of spinal cord injury in rats by facilitating mitochondrial transfer to neurons via Connexin 36. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10473. [DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
- 967 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Xuankang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Yangguang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Zhuowen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Zhiwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Tan Ding
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Cheng Ju
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Penghui Li
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Huilin Quan
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Shaanxi China
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48
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Liu C, Liu Y, Ma B, Zhou M, Zhao X, Fu X, Kan S, Hu W, Zhu R. Mitochondrial regulatory mechanisms in spinal cord injury: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31930. [PMID: 36401438 PMCID: PMC9678589 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a severe central nervous system injury that results in the permanent loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the level of injury with limited recovery. The pathological process of spinal cord injury includes primary and secondary injuries, characterized by a progressive cascade. Secondary injury impairs the ability of the mitochondria to maintain homeostasis and leads to calcium overload, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, further exacerbating the injury. The defective mitochondrial function observed in these pathologies accelerates neuronal cell death and inhibits regeneration. Treatment of spinal cord injury by preserving mitochondrial biological function is a promising, although still underexplored, therapeutic strategy. This review aimed to explore mitochondrial-based therapeutic advances after spinal cord injury. Specifically, it briefly describes the characteristics of spinal cord injury. It then broadly discusses the drugs used to protect the mitochondria (e.g., cyclosporine A, acetyl-L-carnitine, and alpha-tocopherol), phenomena associated with mitochondrial damage processes (e.g., mitophagy, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis), mitochondrial transplantation for nerve cell regeneration, and innovative mitochondrial combined protection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjiang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuanhao Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunli Kan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Rusen Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Rusen Zhu, Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center190jieyuan Road, Honggiao District, Tianjin 300121, China (e-mail: )
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49
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A small molecule M1 promotes optic nerve regeneration to restore target-specific neural activity and visual function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121273119. [PMID: 36306327 PMCID: PMC9636930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121273119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is an energy-demanding process that requires active mitochondrial transport. In contrast to the central nervous system (CNS), axonal mitochondrial transport in regenerating axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) increases within hours and sustains for weeks after injury. Yet, little is known about targeting mitochondria in nervous system repair. Here, we report the induction of sustained axon regeneration, neural activities in the superior colliculus (SC), and visual function recovery after optic nerve crush (ONC) by M1, a small molecule that promotes mitochondrial fusion and transport. We demonstrated that M1 enhanced mitochondrial dynamics in cultured neurons and accelerated in vivo axon regeneration in the PNS. Ex vivo time-lapse imaging and kymograph analysis showed that M1 greatly increased mitochondrial length, axonal mitochondrial motility, and transport velocity in peripheral axons of the sciatic nerves. Following ONC, M1 increased the number of axons regenerating through the optic chiasm into multiple subcortical areas and promoted the recovery of local field potentials in the SC after optogenetic stimulation of retinal ganglion cells, resulting in complete recovery of the pupillary light reflex, and restoration of the response to looming visual stimuli was detected. M1 increased the gene expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins and major axonal transport machinery in both the PNS and CNS neurons without inducing inflammatory responses. The knockdown of two key mitochondrial genes,
Opa1
or
Mfn2
, abolished the growth-promoting effects of M1 after ONC, suggesting that maintaining a highly dynamic mitochondrial population in axons is required for successful CNS axon regeneration.
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50
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Hees JT, Harbauer AB. Metabolic Regulation of Mitochondrial Protein Biogenesis from a Neuronal Perspective. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1595. [PMID: 36358945 PMCID: PMC9687362 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons critically depend on mitochondria for ATP production and Ca2+ buffering. They are highly compartmentalized cells and therefore a finely tuned mitochondrial network constantly adapting to the local requirements is necessary. For neuronal maintenance, old or damaged mitochondria need to be degraded, while the functional mitochondrial pool needs to be replenished with freshly synthesized components. Mitochondrial biogenesis is known to be primarily regulated via the PGC-1α-NRF1/2-TFAM pathway at the transcriptional level. However, while transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial genes can change the global mitochondrial content in neurons, it does not explain how a morphologically complex cell such as a neuron adapts to local differences in mitochondrial demand. In this review, we discuss regulatory mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis thereby making a case for differential regulation at the transcriptional and translational level. In neurons, additional regulation can occur due to the axonal localization of mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins. Hitchhiking of mRNAs on organelles including mitochondria as well as contact site formation between mitochondria and endolysosomes are required for local mitochondrial biogenesis in axons linking defects in any of these organelles to the mitochondrial dysfunction seen in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Tabitha Hees
- TUM Medical Graduate Center, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, in Foundation, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Angelika Bettina Harbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, in Foundation, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
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