1
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Worboys JD, Vowell KN, Hare RK, Ambrose AR, Bertuzzi M, Conner MA, Patel FP, Zammit WH, Gali-Moya J, Hazime KS, Jones KL, Rey C, Jonjic S, Rovis TL, Tannahill GM, Cruz De Matos GDS, Waight JD, Davis DM. TIGIT can inhibit T cell activation via ligation-induced nanoclusters, independent of CD226 co-stimulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5016. [PMID: 37596248 PMCID: PMC10439114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
TIGIT is an inhibitory receptor expressed on lymphocytes and can inhibit T cells by preventing CD226 co-stimulation through interactions in cis or through competition of shared ligands. Whether TIGIT directly delivers cell-intrinsic inhibitory signals in T cells remains unclear. Here we show, by analysing lymphocytes from matched human tumour and peripheral blood samples, that TIGIT and CD226 co-expression is rare on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Using super-resolution microscopy and other techniques, we demonstrate that ligation with CD155 causes TIGIT to reorganise into dense nanoclusters, which coalesce with T cell receptor (TCR)-rich clusters at immune synapses. Functionally, this reduces cytokine secretion in a manner dependent on TIGIT's intracellular ITT-like signalling motif. Thus, we provide evidence that TIGIT directly inhibits lymphocyte activation, acting independently of CD226, requiring intracellular signalling that is proximal to the TCR. Within the subset of tumours where TIGIT-expressing cells do not commonly co-express CD226, this will likely be the dominant mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Worboys
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Roseanna K Hare
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ashley R Ambrose
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - William H Zammit
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Judit Gali-Moya
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Khodor S Hazime
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Katherine L Jones
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Camille Rey
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Daniel M Davis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK.
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2
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Shelby SA, Shaw TR, Veatch SL. Measuring the Co-Localization and Dynamics of Mobile Proteins in Live Cells Undergoing Signaling Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:1-23. [PMID: 37106172 PMCID: PMC10758997 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule imaging in live cells enables the study of protein interactions and dynamics as they participate in signaling processes. When combined with fluorophores that stochastically transition between fluorescent and reversible dark states, as in super-resolution localization imaging, labeled molecules can be visualized in single cells over time. This improvement in sampling enables the study of extended cellular responses at the resolution of single molecule localization. This chapter provides optimized experimental and analytical methods used to quantify protein interactions and dynamics within the membranes of adhered live cells. Importantly, the use of pair-correlation functions resolved in both space and time allows researchers to probe interactions between proteins on biologically relevant distance and timescales, even though fluorescence localization methods typically require long times to assemble well-sampled reconstructed images. We describe an application of this approach to measure protein interactions in B cell receptor signaling and include sample analysis code for post-processing of imaging data. These methods are quantitative, sensitive, and broadly applicable to a range of signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Shelby
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas R Shaw
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah L Veatch
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Li M, Vultorius C, Bethi M, Yu Y. Spatial Organization of Dectin-1 and TLR2 during Synergistic Crosstalk Revealed by Super-resolution Imaging. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5781-5792. [PMID: 35913832 PMCID: PMC10636754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells recognize and elicit responses against pathogens by integrating signals from different types of cell-surface receptors. How the receptors interact in the membrane to enable their signaling crosstalk is poorly understood. Here, we reveal the nanoscale organization of TLR2 and Dectin-1, a receptor pair known to cooperate in regulating antifungal immunity, through their synergistic signaling crosstalk at macrophage cell membranes. Using super-resolution single-molecule localization microscopy, we show that discrete noncolocalized nanoclusters of Dectin-1 and TLR2 are partially overlapped during their synergistic crosstalk. Compared to when one type of receptor is activated alone, the simultaneous activation of Dectin-1 and TLR2 leads to a higher percentage of both receptors being activated by their specific ligands and consequently an increased level of tyrosine phosphorylation. Our results depict, in nanoscale detail, how Dectin-1 and TLR2 achieve synergistic signaling through the spatial organization of their receptor nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christopher Vultorius
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Manisha Bethi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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4
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Dechantsreiter S, Ambrose AR, Worboys JD, Lim JME, Liu S, Shah R, Montero MA, Quinn AM, Hussell T, Tannahill GM, Davis DM. Heterogeneity in extracellular vesicle secretion by single human macrophages revealed by super-resolution microscopy. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12215. [PMID: 35415881 PMCID: PMC9006015 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse origins, nanometre‐scale and invasive isolation procedures associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) mean they are usually studied in bulk and disconnected from their parental cell. Here, we used super‐resolution microscopy to directly compare EVs secreted by individual human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs). MDMs were differentiated to be M0‐, M1‐ or M2‐like, with all three secreting EVs at similar densities following activation. However, M0‐like cells secreted larger EVs than M1‐ and M2‐like macrophages. Proteomic analysis revealed variations in the contents of differently sized EVs as well as between EVs secreted by different MDM phenotypes. Super resolution microscopy of single‐cell secretions identified that the class II MHC protein, HLA‐DR, was expressed on ∼40% of EVs secreted from M1‐like MDMs, which was double the frequency observed for M0‐like and M2‐like EVs. Strikingly, human macrophages, isolated from the resected lungs of cancer patients, secreted EVs that expressed HLA‐DR at double the frequency and with greater intensity than M1‐like EVs. Quantitative analysis of single‐cell EV profiles from all four macrophage phenotypes revealed distinct secretion types, five of which were consistent across multiple sample cohorts. A sub‐population of M1‐like MDMs secreted EVs similar to lung macrophages, suggesting an expansion or recruitment of cells with a specific EV secretion profile within the lungs of cancer patients. Thus, quantitative analysis of EV heterogeneity can be used for single cell profiling and to reveal novel macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dechantsreiter
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ashley R Ambrose
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan D Worboys
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Joey M E Lim
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sylvia Liu
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rajesh Shah
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cellular Pathology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M Angeles Montero
- Cellular Pathology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Marie Quinn
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tracy Hussell
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Daniel M Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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5
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Delidakis G, Kim JE, George K, Georgiou G. Improving Antibody Therapeutics by Manipulating the Fc Domain: Immunological and Structural Considerations. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 24:249-274. [PMID: 35363537 PMCID: PMC9648538 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082721-024500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain of antibodies and a plethora of cellular Fc receptors (FcRs) or soluble proteins form a critical link between humoral and innate immunity. In particular, the immunoglobulin G Fc domain is critical for the clearance of target cells by processes that include (a) cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, or complement lysis; (b) modulation of inflammation; (c) antigen presentation; (d) antibody-mediated receptor clustering; and (e) cytokine release. More than 30 Fc-engineered antibodies aimed primarily at tailoring these effects for optimal therapeutic outcomes are in clinical evaluation or have already been approved. Nonetheless, our understanding of how FcR engagement impacts various immune cell phenotypes is still largely incomplete. Recent insights into FcR biology coupled with advances in Fc:FcR structural analysis, Fc engineering, and mouse models that recapitulate human biology are helping to fill in existing knowledge gaps. These advances will provide a blueprint on how to fine-tune the Fc domain to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 24 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Delidakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Katia George
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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6
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Johanson TM, Keenan CR, Allan RS. Shedding Structured Light on Molecular Immunity: The Past, Present and Future of Immune Cell Super Resolution Microscopy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754200. [PMID: 34975842 PMCID: PMC8715013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the two decades since the invention of laser-based super resolution microscopy this family of technologies has revolutionised the way life is viewed and understood. Its unparalleled resolution, speed, and accessibility makes super resolution imaging particularly useful in examining the highly complex and dynamic immune system. Here we introduce the super resolution technologies and studies that have already fundamentally changed our understanding of a number of central immunological processes and highlight other immunological puzzles only addressable in super resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Johanson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine R. Keenan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys S. Allan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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7
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Freeman S, Grinstein S. Promoters and Antagonists of Phagocytosis: A Plastic and Tunable Response. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:89-114. [PMID: 34152790 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-055903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations indicate that, rather than being an all-or-none response, phagocytosis is finely tuned by a host of developmental and environmental factors. The expression of key phagocytic determinants is regulated via transcriptional and epigenetic means that confer memory on the process. Membrane traffic, the cytoskeleton, and inside-out signaling control the activation of phagocytic receptors and their ability to access their targets. An exquisite extra layer of complexity is introduced by the coexistence of distinct "eat-me" and "don't-eat-me" signals on targets and of corresponding "eat" and "don't-eat" receptors on the phagocyte surface. Moreover, assorted physical barriers constitute "don't-come-close-to-me" hurdles that obstruct the engagement of ligands by receptors. The expression, mobility, and accessibility of all these determinants can be modulated, conferring extreme plasticity on phagocytosis and providing attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer, atherosclerosis, and dementia. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G0A4, Canada; , .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G0A4, Canada; , .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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8
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Kern N, Dong R, Douglas SM, Vale RD, Morrissey MA. Tight nanoscale clustering of Fcγ receptors using DNA origami promotes phagocytosis. eLife 2021; 10:68311. [PMID: 34080973 PMCID: PMC8175083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages destroy pathogens and diseased cells through Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-driven phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. Phagocytosis requires activation of multiple FcγRs, but the mechanism controlling the threshold for response is unclear. We developed a DNA origami-based engulfment system that allows precise nanoscale control of the number and spacing of ligands. When the number of ligands remains constant, reducing ligand spacing from 17.5 nm to 7 nm potently enhances engulfment, primarily by increasing efficiency of the engulfment-initiation process. Tighter ligand clustering increases receptor phosphorylation, as well as proximal downstream signals. Increasing the number of signaling domains recruited to a single ligand-receptor complex was not sufficient to recapitulate this effect, indicating that clustering of multiple receptors is required. Our results suggest that macrophages use information about local ligand densities to make critical engulfment decisions, which has implications for the mechanism of antibody-mediated phagocytosis and the design of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Kern
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Shawn M Douglas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, United States
| | - Meghan A Morrissey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States
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9
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Kelley SM, Ravichandran KS. Putting the brakes on phagocytosis: "don't-eat-me" signaling in physiology and disease. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52564. [PMID: 34041845 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely removal of dying or pathogenic cells by phagocytes is essential to maintaining host homeostasis. Phagocytes execute the clearance process with high fidelity while sparing healthy neighboring cells, and this process is at least partially regulated by the balance of "eat-me" and "don't-eat-me" signals expressed on the surface of host cells. Upon contact, eat-me signals activate "pro-phagocytic" receptors expressed on the phagocyte membrane and signal to promote phagocytosis. Conversely, don't-eat-me signals engage "anti-phagocytic" receptors to suppress phagocytosis. We review the current knowledge of don't-eat-me signaling in normal physiology and disease contexts where aberrant don't-eat-me signaling contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Kelley
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Having an Old Friend for Dinner: The Interplay between Apoptotic Cells and Efferocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051265. [PMID: 34065321 PMCID: PMC8161178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, the programmed and intentional death of senescent, damaged, or otherwise superfluous cells, is the natural end-point for most cells within multicellular organisms. Apoptotic cells are not inherently damaging, but if left unattended, they can lyse through secondary necrosis. The resulting release of intracellular contents drives inflammation in the surrounding tissue and can lead to autoimmunity. These negative consequences of secondary necrosis are avoided by efferocytosis—the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Efferocytosis is a product of both apoptotic cells and efferocyte mechanisms, which cooperate to ensure the rapid and complete removal of apoptotic cells. Herein, we review the processes used by apoptotic cells to ensure their timely removal, and the receptors, signaling, and cellular processes used by efferocytes for efferocytosis, with a focus on the receptors and signaling driving this process.
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11
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Macrophage hypophagia as a mechanism of innate immune exhaustion in mAb-induced cell clearance. Blood 2021; 136:2065-2079. [PMID: 32556153 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage antibody (Ab)-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) is a major cytotoxic mechanism for both therapeutic unconjugated monoclonal Abs (mAbs) such as rituximab and Ab-induced hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia. Here, we studied the mechanisms controlling the rate and capacity of macrophages to carry out ADCP in settings of high target/effector cell ratios, such as those seen in patients with circulating tumor burden in leukemic phase disease. Using quantitative live-cell imaging of primary human and mouse macrophages, we found that, upon initial challenge with mAb-opsonized lymphocytes, macrophages underwent a brief burst (<1 hour) of rapid phagocytosis, which was then invariably followed by a sharp reduction in phagocytic activity that could persist for days. This previously unknown refractory period of ADCP, or hypophagia, was observed in all macrophage, mAb, and target cell conditions tested in vitro and was also seen in vivo in Kupffer cells from mice induced to undergo successive rounds of αCD20 mAb-dependent clearance of circulating B cells. Importantly, hypophagia had no effect on Ab-independent phagocytosis and did not alter macrophage viability. In mechanistic studies, we found that the rapid loss of activating Fc receptors from the surface and their subsequent proteolytic degradation were the primary mechanisms responsible for the loss of ADCP activity in hypophagia. These data suggest hypophagia is a critical limiting step in macrophage-mediated clearance of cells via ADCP, and understanding such limitations to innate immune system cytotoxic capacity will aid in the development of mAb regimens that could optimize ADCP and improve patient outcome.
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12
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Li M, Yu Y. Innate immune receptor clustering and its role in immune regulation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/4/jcs249318. [PMID: 33597156 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of receptor clustering in the activation of adaptive immune cells has revolutionized our understanding of the physical basis of immune signal transduction. In contrast to the extensive studies of adaptive immune cells, particularly T cells, there is a lesser, but emerging, recognition that the formation of receptor clusters is also a key regulatory mechanism in host-pathogen interactions. Many kinds of innate immune receptors have been found to assemble into nano- or micro-sized domains on the surfaces of cells. The clusters formed between diverse categories of innate immune receptors function as a multi-component apparatus for pathogen detection and immune response regulation. Here, we highlight these pioneering efforts and the outstanding questions that remain to be answered regarding this largely under-explored research topic. We provide a critical analysis of the current literature on the clustering of innate immune receptors. Our emphasis is on studies that draw connections between the phenomenon of receptor clustering and its functional role in innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
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13
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Bailey EM, Choudhury A, Vuppula H, Ortiz DF, Schaeck J, Manning AM, Bosques CJ, Hoppe AD. Engineered IgG1-Fc Molecules Define Valency Control of Cell Surface Fcγ Receptor Inhibition and Activation in Endosomes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617767. [PMID: 33679705 PMCID: PMC7928370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of Fcγ receptors (FcγR) is an attractive strategy for treating diseases driven by IgG immune complexes (IC). Previously, we demonstrated that an engineered tri-valent arrangement of IgG1 Fc domains (SIF1) potently inhibited FcγR activation by IC, whereas a penta-valent Fc molecule (PentX) activated FcγR, potentially mimicking ICs and leading to Syk phosphorylation. Thus, a precise balance exists between the number of engaged FcγRs for inhibition versus activation. Here, we demonstrate that Fc valency differentially controls FcγR activation and inhibition within distinct subcellular compartments. Large Fc multimer clusters consisting of 5-50 Fc domains predominately recruited Syk-mScarlet to patches on the plasma membrane, whereas PentX exclusively recruited Syk-mScarlet to endosomes in human monocytic cell line (THP-1 cells). In contrast, SIF1, similar to monomeric Fc, spent longer periods docked to FcγRs on the plasma membrane and did not accumulate and recruit Syk-mScarlet within large endosomes. Single particle tracking (SPT) of fluorescent engineered Fc molecules and Syk-mScarlet at the plasma membrane imaged by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (SPT-TIRF), revealed that Syk-mScarlet sampled the plasma membrane was not recruited to FcγR docked with any of the engineered Fc molecules at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the motions of FcγRs docked with recombinant Fc (rFc), SIF1 or PentX, displayed similar motions with D ~ 0.15 μm2/s, indicating that SIF1 and PentX did not induce reorganization or microclustering of FcγRs beyond the ligating valency. Multicolor SPT-TIRF and brightness analysis of docked rFc, SIF1 and PentX also indicated that FcγRs were not pre-assembled into clusters. Taken together, activation on the plasma membrane requires assembly of more than 5 FcγRs. Unlike rFc or SIF1, PentX accumulated Syk-mScarlet on endosomes indicating that the threshold for FcγR activation on endosomes is lower than on the plasma membrane. We conclude that the inhibitory effects of SIF1 are mediated by stabilizing a ligated and inactive FcγR on the plasma membrane. Thus, FcγR inhibition can be achieved by low valency ligation with SIF1 that behaves similarly to FcγR docked with monomeric IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,BioSystems Networks and Translational Research, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | | | - Harika Vuppula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,BioSystems Networks and Translational Research, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | | | - John Schaeck
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,BioSystems Networks and Translational Research, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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14
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Andrejeva G, Capoccia BJ, Hiebsch RR, Donio MJ, Darwech IM, Puro RJ, Pereira DS. Novel SIRPα Antibodies That Induce Single-Agent Phagocytosis of Tumor Cells while Preserving T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:712-721. [PMID: 33431660 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα)/CD47 axis has emerged as an important innate immune checkpoint that enables cancer cell escape from macrophage phagocytosis. SIRPα expression is limited to macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils-cells enriched in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we present novel anti-SIRP Abs, SIRP-1 and SIRP-2, as an approach to targeting the SIRPα/CD47 axis. Both SIRP-1 and SIRP-2 bind human macrophage SIRPα variants 1 and 2, the most common variants in the human population. SIRP-1 and SIRP-2 are differentiated among reported anti-SIRP Abs in that they induce phagocytosis of solid and hematologic tumor cell lines by human monocyte-derived macrophages as single agents. We demonstrate that SIRP-1 and SIRP-2 disrupt SIRPα/CD47 interaction by two distinct mechanisms: SIRP-1 directly blocks SIRPα/CD47 and induces internalization of SIRPα/Ab complexes that reduce macrophage SIRPα surface levels and SIRP-2 acts via disruption of higher-order SIRPα structures on macrophages. Both SIRP-1 and SIRP-2 engage FcγRII, which is required for single-agent phagocytic activity. Although SIRP-1 and SIRP-2 bind SIRPγ with varying affinity, they show no adverse effects on T cell proliferation. Finally, both Abs also enhance phagocytosis when combined with tumor-opsonizing Abs, including a highly differentiated anti-CD47 Ab, AO-176, currently being evaluated in phase 1 clinical trials, NCT03834948 and NCT04445701 SIRP-1 and SIRP-2 are novel, differentiated SIRP Abs that induce in vitro single-agent and combination phagocytosis and show no adverse effects on T cell functionality. These data support their future development, both as single agents and in combination with other anticancer drugs.
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15
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Li M, Wang H, Li W, Xu XG, Yu Y. Macrophage activation on "phagocytic synapse" arrays: Spacing of nanoclustered ligands directs TLR1/2 signaling with an intrinsic limit. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc8482. [PMID: 33268354 PMCID: PMC7821875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The activation of Toll-like receptor heterodimer 1/2 (TLR1/2) by microbial components plays a critical role in host immune responses against pathogens. TLR1/2 signaling is sensitive to the chemical structure of ligands, but its dependence on the spatial distribution of ligands on microbial surfaces remains unexplored. Here, we reveal the quantitative relationship between TLR1/2-triggered immune responses and the spacing of ligand clusters by designing an artificial "phagocytic synapse" nanoarray platform to mimic the cell-microbe interface. The ligand spacing dictates the proximity of receptor clusters on the cell surface and consequently the pro-inflammatory responses of macrophages. However, cell responses reach their maximum at small ligand spacings when the receptor nanoclusters become adjacent to one another. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using spatially patterned ligands to modulate innate immunity. It shows that the receptor clusters of TLR1/2 act as a driver in integrating the spatial cues of ligands into cell-level activation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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16
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Ambrose AR, Dechantsreiter S, Shah R, Montero MA, Quinn AM, Hessel EM, Beinke S, Tannahill GM, Davis DM. Corrected Super-Resolution Microscopy Enables Nanoscale Imaging of Autofluorescent Lung Macrophages. Biophys J 2020; 119:2403-2417. [PMID: 33217385 PMCID: PMC7822748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Observing the cell surface and underlying cytoskeleton at nanoscale resolution using super-resolution microscopy has enabled many insights into cell signaling and function. However, the nanoscale dynamics of tissue-specific immune cells have been relatively little studied. Tissue macrophages, for example, are highly autofluorescent, severely limiting the utility of light microscopy. Here, we report a correction technique to remove autofluorescent noise from stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) data sets. Simulations and analysis of experimental data identified a moving median filter as an accurate and robust correction technique, which is widely applicable across challenging biological samples. Here, we used this method to visualize lung macrophages activated through Fc receptors by antibody-coated glass slides. Accurate, nanoscale quantification of macrophage morphology revealed that activation induced the formation of cellular protrusions tipped with MHC class I protein. These data are consistent with a role for lung macrophage protrusions in antigen presentation. Moreover, the tetraspanin protein CD81, known to mark extracellular vesicles, appeared in ring-shaped structures (mean diameter 93 ± 50 nm) at the surface of activated lung macrophages. Thus, a moving median filter correction technique allowed us to quantitatively analyze extracellular secretions and membrane structure in tissue-derived immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Ambrose
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Dechantsreiter
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Shah
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M Angeles Montero
- Cellular Pathology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Quinn
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Daniel M Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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17
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Khater IM, Nabi IR, Hamarneh G. A Review of Super-Resolution Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy Cluster Analysis and Quantification Methods. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 1:100038. [PMID: 33205106 PMCID: PMC7660399 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a relatively new imaging modality, winning the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and considered as one of the key super-resolution techniques. SMLM resolution goes beyond the diffraction limit of light microscopy and achieves resolution on the order of 10-20 nm. SMLM thus enables imaging single molecules and study of the low-level molecular interactions at the subcellular level. In contrast to standard microscopy imaging that produces 2D pixel or 3D voxel grid data, SMLM generates big data of 2D or 3D point clouds with millions of localizations and associated uncertainties. This unprecedented breakthrough in imaging helps researchers employ SMLM in many fields within biology and medicine, such as studying cancerous cells and cell-mediated immunity and accelerating drug discovery. However, SMLM data quantification and interpretation methods have yet to keep pace with the rapid advancement of SMLM imaging. Researchers have been actively exploring new computational methods for SMLM data analysis to extract biosignatures of various biological structures and functions. In this survey, we describe the state-of-the-art clustering methods adopted to analyze and quantify SMLM data and examine the capabilities and shortcomings of the surveyed methods. We classify the methods according to (1) the biological application (i.e., the imaged molecules/structures), (2) the data acquisition (such as imaging modality, dimension, resolution, and number of localizations), and (3) the analysis details (2D versus 3D, field of view versus region of interest, use of machine-learning and multi-scale analysis, biosignature extraction, etc.). We observe that the majority of methods that are based on second-order statistics are sensitive to noise and imaging artifacts, have not been applied to 3D data, do not leverage machine-learning formulations, and are not scalable for big-data analysis. Finally, we summarize state-of-the-art methodology, discuss some key open challenges, and identify future opportunities for better modeling and design of an integrated computational pipeline to address the key challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M. Khater
- Medical Image Analysis Lab, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ivan Robert Nabi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ghassan Hamarneh
- Medical Image Analysis Lab, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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18
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Jaumouillé V, Waterman CM. Physical Constraints and Forces Involved in Phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1097. [PMID: 32595635 PMCID: PMC7304309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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19
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Bálint Š, Müller S, Fischer R, Kessler BM, Harkiolaki M, Valitutti S, Dustin ML. Supramolecular attack particles are autonomous killing entities released from cytotoxic T cells. Science 2020; 368:897-901. [PMID: 32381591 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill infected and cancerous cells. We detected transfer of cytotoxic multiprotein complexes, called supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs), from CTLs to target cells. SMAPs were rapidly released from CTLs and were autonomously cytotoxic. Mass spectrometry, immunochemical analysis, and CRISPR editing identified a carboxyl-terminal fragment of thrombospondin-1 as an unexpected SMAP component that contributed to target killing. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy resolved a cytotoxic core surrounded by a thrombospondin-1 shell of ~120 nanometer diameter. Cryo-soft x-ray tomography analysis revealed that SMAPs had a carbon-dense shell and were stored in multicore granules. We propose that SMAPs are autonomous extracellular killing entities that deliver cytotoxic cargo targeted by the specificity of shell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Š Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Müller
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - R Fischer
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - B M Kessler
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - S Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - M L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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20
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Gordon S, Plüddemann A, Mukhopadhyay S. Plasma membrane receptors of tissue macrophages: functions and role in pathology. J Pathol 2020; 250:656-666. [PMID: 32086805 DOI: 10.1002/path.5404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) constitute a dispersed organ, which is distributed throughout the body. Macrophages in different tissues display distinctive mosaic phenotypes as resident and recruited cells of embryonic and bone marrow origin, respectively. They help to maintain homeostasis during development and throughout adult life, yet contribute to the pathogenesis of many disease processes, including inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Heterogeneous tissue macrophage populations display a wide variety of surface molecules to recognise and respond to host, microbial, and exogenous ligands in their environment; their receptors mediate the uptake and destruction of effete and dying host cells and pathogens, as well as contribute trophic and secretory functions within every organ in the body. Apart from local cellular interactions, macrophage surface molecules and products serve to mobilise and coordinate systemic humoral and cellular responses. Their use as antigen markers in pathogenesis and as potential drug targets has lagged in clinical pathology and human immunotherapy. In this review, we summarise the properties of selected surface molecules expressed on macrophages in different tissues and disease processes, to provide a functional basis for diagnosis, further research, and treatment. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
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21
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Hayes BH, Tsai RK, Dooling LJ, Kadu S, Lee JY, Pantano D, Rodriguez PL, Subramanian S, Shin JW, Discher DE. Macrophages show higher levels of engulfment after disruption of cis interactions between CD47 and the checkpoint receptor SIRPα. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.237800. [PMID: 31964705 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage checkpoint receptor SIRPα signals against phagocytosis by binding CD47 expressed on all cells - including macrophages. Here, we found that inhibiting cis interactions between SIRPα and CD47 on the same macrophage increased engulfment ('eating') by approximately the same level as inhibiting trans interactions. Antibody blockade of CD47, as pursued in clinical trials against cancer, was applied separately to human-derived macrophages and to red blood cell (RBC) targets for phagocytosis, and both scenarios produced surprisingly similar increases in RBC engulfment. Blockade of both macrophages and targets resulted in hyper-phagocytosis, and knockdown of macrophage-CD47 likewise increased engulfment of 'foreign' cells and particles, decreased the baseline inhibitory signaling of SIRPα, and linearly increased binding of soluble CD47 in trans, consistent with cis-trans competition. Many cell types express both SIRPα and CD47, including mouse melanoma B16 cells, and CRISPR-mediated deletions modulate B16 phagocytosis, consistent with cis-trans competition. Additionally, soluble SIRPα binding to human CD47 displayed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was suppressed by SIRPα co-display, and atomistic computations confirm SIRPα bends and binds CD47 in cis Safety and efficacy profiles for CD47-SIRPα blockade might therefore reflect a disruption of both cis and trans interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H Hayes
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard K Tsai
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lawrence J Dooling
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Siddhant Kadu
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justine Y Lee
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Diego Pantano
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pia L Rodriguez
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Jae-Won Shin
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Graduate Group in Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Graduate Group in Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Wen L, Fan Z, Mikulski Z, Ley K. Imaging of the immune system - towards a subcellular and molecular understanding. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/5/jcs234922. [PMID: 32139598 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses involve many types of leukocytes that traffic to the site of injury, recognize the insult and respond appropriately. Imaging of the immune system involves a set of methods and analytical tools that are used to visualize immune responses at the cellular and molecular level as they occur in real time. We will review recent and emerging technological advances in optical imaging, and their application to understanding the molecular and cellular responses of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. Optical live-cell imaging provides deep mechanistic insights at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organism levels. Live-cell imaging can capture quantitative information in real time at subcellular resolution with minimal phototoxicity and repeatedly in the same living cells or in accessible tissues of the living organism. Advanced FRET probes allow tracking signaling events in live cells. Light-sheet microscopy allows for deeper tissue penetration in optically clear samples, enriching our understanding of the higher-level organization of the immune response. Super-resolution microscopy offers insights into compartmentalized signaling at a resolution beyond the diffraction limit, approaching single-molecule resolution. This Review provides a current perspective on live-cell imaging in vitro and in vivo with a focus on the assessment of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wen
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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23
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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24
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Kennedy PR, Barthen C, Williamson DJ, Pitkeathly WTE, Hazime KS, Cumming J, Stacey KB, Hilton HG, Carrington M, Parham P, Davis DM. Genetic diversity affects the nanoscale membrane organization and signaling of natural killer cell receptors. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaaw9252. [PMID: 31848320 PMCID: PMC6944503 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw9252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity in human natural killer (NK) cell receptors is linked to resistance and susceptibility to many diseases. Here, we tested the effect of this diversity on the nanoscale organization of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Using superresolution microscopy, we found that inhibitory KIRs encoded by different genes and alleles were organized differently at the surface of primary human NK cells. KIRs that were found at low abundance assembled into smaller clusters than those formed by KIRs that were more highly abundant, and at low abundance, there was a greater proportion of KIRs in clusters. Upon receptor triggering, a structured interface called the immune synapse assembles, which facilitates signal integration and controls NK cell responses. Here, triggering of low-abundance receptors resulted in less phosphorylation of the downstream phosphatase SHP-1 but more phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Crk than did triggering of high-abundance receptors. In cells with greater KIR abundance, SHP-1 dephosphorylated Crk, which potentiated NK cell spreading during activation. Thus, genetic variation modulates both the abundance and nanoscale organization of inhibitory KIRs. That is, as well as the number of receptors at the cell surface varying with genotype, the way in which these receptors are organized in the membrane also varies. Essentially, a change in the average surface abundance of a protein at the cell surface is a coarse descriptor entwined with changes in local nanoscale clustering. Together, our data indicate that genetic diversity in inhibitory KIRs affects membrane-proximal signaling and, unexpectedly, the formation of activating immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Kennedy
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Charlotte Barthen
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - William T E Pitkeathly
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Khodor S Hazime
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Joshua Cumming
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Kevin B Stacey
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D159, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Building 560, Room 21-89, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, D159, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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25
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Saliba DG, Céspedes-Donoso PF, Bálint Š, Compeer EB, Korobchevskaya K, Valvo S, Mayya V, Kvalvaag A, Peng Y, Dong T, Tognoli ML, O'Neill E, Bonham S, Fischer R, Kessler BM, Dustin ML. Composition and structure of synaptic ectosomes exporting antigen receptor linked to functional CD40 ligand from helper T cells. eLife 2019; 8:e47528. [PMID: 31469364 PMCID: PMC6748831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLB) presenting T cell receptor (TCR) ligands and ICAM-1 induce budding of extracellular microvesicles enriched in functional TCR, defined here as synaptic ectosomes (SE), from helper T cells. SE bind peptide-MHC directly exporting TCR into the synaptic cleft, but incorporation of other effectors is unknown. Here, we utilized bead supported lipid bilayers (BSLB) to capture SE from single immunological synapses (IS), determined SE composition by immunofluorescence flow cytometry and enriched SE for proteomic analysis by particle sorting. We demonstrate selective enrichment of CD40L and ICOS in SE in response to addition of CD40 and ICOSL, respectively, to SLB presenting TCR ligands and ICAM-1. SE are enriched in tetraspanins, BST-2, TCR signaling and ESCRT proteins. Super-resolution microscopy demonstrated that CD40L is present in microclusters within CD81 defined SE that are spatially segregated from TCR/ICOS/BST-2. CD40L+ SE retain the capacity to induce dendritic cell maturation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Saliba
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of MaltaMsidaMalta
| | - Pablo F Céspedes-Donoso
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ewoud B Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Kseniya Korobchevskaya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Eric O'Neill
- Department of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bonham
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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26
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Arienti S, Barth ND, Dorward DA, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Regulation of Apoptotic Cell Clearance During Resolution of Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31456686 PMCID: PMC6701246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) has an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the progression and ultimate resolution of inflammation. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes morphological and biochemical changes [e.g., phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, caspase activation, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA cleavage] that act to shut down cellular function and mark the cell for phagocytic clearance. Tissue phagocytes bind and internalize apoptotic cells, bodies, and vesicles, providing a mechanism for the safe disposal of apoptotic material. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells before they undergo secondary necrosis reduces the potential for bystander damage to adjacent tissue and importantly initiates signaling pathways within the phagocytic cell that act to dampen inflammation. In a pathological context, excessive apoptosis or failure to clear apoptotic material results in secondary necrosis with the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents. In this review, we consider some of the mechanisms by which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be controlled. We suggest that matching apoptotic cell load with the capacity for apoptotic cell clearance within tissues may be important for therapeutic strategies that target the apoptotic process for treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Arienti
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole D Barth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Chasing Uptake: Super-Resolution Microscopy in Endocytosis and Phagocytosis. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:727-739. [PMID: 31227311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since their invention about two decades ago, super-resolution microscopes have become a method of choice in cell biology. Owing to a spatial resolution below 50 nm, smaller than the size of most organelles, and an order of magnitude better than the diffraction limit of conventional light microscopes, super-resolution microscopy is a powerful technique for resolving intracellular trafficking. In this review we discuss discoveries in endocytosis and phagocytosis that have been made possible by super-resolution microscopy - from uptake at the plasma membrane, endocytic coat formation, and cytoskeletal rearrangements to endosomal maturation. The detailed visualization of the diverse molecular assemblies that mediate endocytic uptake will provide a better understanding of how cells ingest extracellular material.
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Gold MR, Reth MG. Antigen Receptor Function in the Context of the Nanoscale Organization of the B Cell Membrane. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:97-123. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) plays a central role in the self/nonself selection of B lymphocytes and in their activation by cognate antigen during the clonal selection process. It was long thought that most cell surface receptors, including the BCR, were freely diffusing and randomly distributed. Since the advent of superresolution techniques, it has become clear that the plasma membrane is compartmentalized and highly organized at the nanometer scale. Hence, a complete understanding of the precise conformation and activation mechanism of the BCR must take into account the organization of the B cell plasma membrane. We review here the recent literature on the nanoscale organization of the lymphocyte membrane and discuss how this new information influences our view of the conformational changes that the BCR undergoes during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael G. Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Pereira PM, Albrecht D, Culley S, Jacobs C, Marsh M, Mercer J, Henriques R. Fix Your Membrane Receptor Imaging: Actin Cytoskeleton and CD4 Membrane Organization Disruption by Chemical Fixation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:675. [PMID: 31024536 PMCID: PMC6460894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques allow near molecular scale resolution (~ 20 nm) as well as precise and robust analysis of protein organization at different scales. SMLM hardware, analytics and probes have been the focus of a variety of studies and are now commonly used in laboratories across the world. Protocol reliability and artifact identification are increasingly seen as important aspects of super-resolution microscopy. The reliability of these approaches thus requires in-depth evaluation so that biological findings are based on solid foundations. Here we explore how different fixation approaches that disrupt or preserve the actin cytoskeleton affect membrane protein organization. Using CD4 as a model, we show that fixation-mediated disruption of the actin cytoskeleton correlates with changes in CD4 membrane organization. We highlight how these artifacts are easy to overlook and how careful sample preparation is essential for extracting meaningful results from super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Pereira
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caron Jacobs
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Marsh
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Yang J, Hu J, Feng L, Yi S, Ye Z, Lin M, Liu X, Pu Y, Kijlstra A, Yang P, Li H. Decreased Expression of TGR5 in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) Disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 28:200-208. [PMID: 30794473 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1560477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the role of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1, Gpbar1 (TGR5) in the pathogenesis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease.Methods: The mRNA level of TGR5, iNOS, Arg1, CD16, and CD206 in macrophages was assayed by real-time PCR. ELISA was used to detect the production of cytokines in cell culture supernatants. The frequencies of CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+ IL-17+ T cells were tested by flow cytometry.Results: A decreased expression of TGR5 in M1 macrophages was observed in active VKH patients as compared with normal controls. TGR5 stimulation of M1 macrophages with INT-777 caused a shift of the inflammatory M1 toward the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage subtype. TGR5 activation of macrophages co-cultured with CD4+ T cells inhibited Th1 and Th17 polarization, as well as the release of IFN-γ and IL-17 in the culture supernatant.Conclusion: Our results show that a decreased TGR5 expression might contribute to the pathogenesis of VKH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglu Yang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lujia Feng
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shenglan Yi
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zi Ye
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Meng Lin
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xinglan Liu
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yanyu Pu
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Patel KR, Roberts JT, Barb AW. Multiple Variables at the Leukocyte Cell Surface Impact Fc γ Receptor-Dependent Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:223. [PMID: 30837990 PMCID: PMC6382684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc γ receptors (FcγR) expressed on the surface of human leukocytes bind clusters of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to induce a variety of responses. Many therapeutic antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies prevent or treat infectious diseases, cancers and autoimmune disorders by binding FcγRs, thus there is a need to fully define the variables that impact antibody-induced mechanisms to properly evaluate candidate therapies and design new intervention strategies. A multitude of factors influence the IgG-FcγR interaction; one well-described factor is the differential affinity of the six distinct FcγRs for the four human IgG subclasses. However, there are several other recently described factors that may prove more relevant for disease treatment. This review covers recent reports of several aspects found at the leukocyte membrane or outside the cell that contribute to the cell-based response to antibody-coated targets. One major focus is recent reports covering post-translational modification of the FcγRs, including asparagine-linked glycosylation. This review also covers the organization of FcγRs at the cell surface, and properties of the immune complex. Recent technical advances provide high-resolution measurements of these often-overlooked variables in leukocyte function and immune system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap R Patel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jacob T Roberts
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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32
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Kennedy PR, Barthen C, Williamson DJ, Davis DM. HLA-B and HLA-C Differ in Their Nanoscale Organization at Cell Surfaces. Front Immunol 2019; 10:61. [PMID: 30761133 PMCID: PMC6362897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The particular HLA class I variants an individual carries influences their resistance and susceptibility to a multitude of diseases. Expression level and variation in the peptide binding region correlates with, for example, a person's progression to AIDS after HIV infection. One factor which has not yet been addressed is whether or not different HLA class I proteins organize differently in the cell membrane on a nanoscale. Here, we examined the organization of three HLA-B allotypes (B*2705, B*5301, and B*5701) and two HLA-C allotypes (C*0602 and C*0702) in the membrane of 721.221 cells which otherwise lack expression of HLA-B or HLA-C. All these allotypes are ligands for the T cell receptor and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors, but additionally, the HLA-B allotypes are ligands for the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor family member KIR3DL1, HLA-C*0602 is a ligand for KIR2DL1, and HLA-C*0702 is a ligand for KIR2DL2/3. Using super-resolution microscopy, we found that both HLA-B and HLA-C formed more clusters and a greater proportion of HLA contributed to clusters, when expressed at lower levels. Thus, HLA class I organization is a covariate in genetic association studies of HLA class I expression level with disease progression. Surprisingly, we also found that HLA-C was more clustered than HLA-B when expression level was controlled. HLA-C consistently formed larger and more numerous clusters than HLA-B and a greater proportion of HLA-C contributed to clusters than for HLA-B. We also found that the organization of HLA class I proteins varied with cell type. T cells exhibited a particularly clustered organization of HLA class I while B cells expressed a more uniform distribution. In summary, HLA class I variants are organized differently in the cell surface membrane which may impact their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Kennedy
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Barthen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Williamson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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33
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Baumgart F, Arnold AM, Rossboth BK, Brameshuber M, Schütz GJ. What we talk about when we talk about nanoclusters. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 7:013001. [PMID: 30412469 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aaed0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Superresolution microscopy results have sparked the idea that many membrane proteins are not randomly distributed across the plasma membrane but are instead arranged in nanoclusters. Frequently, these new results seemed to confirm older data based on biochemical and electron microscopy experiments. Recently, however, it was recognized that multiple countings of the very same fluorescently labeled protein molecule can be easily confused with true protein clusters. Various strategies have been developed, which are intended to solve the problem of discriminating true protein clusters from imaging artifacts. We believe that there is currently no perfect algorithm for this problem; instead, different approaches have different strengths and weaknesses. In this review, we discuss single molecule localization microscopy in view of its ability to detect nanoclusters of membrane proteins. To capture the different views on nanoclustering, we chose an unconventional style for this article: we placed its scientific content in the setting of a fictive conference, where five researchers from different fields discuss the problem of detecting and quantifying nanoclusters. Using this style, we feel that the different approaches common for different research areas can be well illustrated. Similarities to a short story by Raymond Carver are not unintentional.
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34
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Jenkins E, Santos AM, O'Brien-Ball C, Felce JH, Wilcock MJ, Hatherley D, Dustin ML, Davis SJ, Eggeling C, Sezgin E. Reconstitution of immune cell interactions in free-standing membranes. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs219709. [PMID: 30209137 PMCID: PMC6398472 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal regulation of signalling proteins at the contacts formed between immune cells and their targets determines how and when immune responses begin and end. Therapeutic control of immune responses therefore relies on thorough elucidation of the molecular processes occurring at these interfaces. However, the detailed investigation of each component's contribution to the formation and regulation of the contact is hampered by the complexities of cell composition and architecture. Moreover, the transient nature of these interactions creates additional challenges, especially in the use of advanced imaging technology. One approach that circumvents these problems is to establish in vitro systems that faithfully mimic immune cell interactions, but allow complexity to be 'dialled-in' as needed. Here, we present an in vitro system that makes use of synthetic vesicles that mimic important aspects of immune cell surfaces. Using this system, we began to explore the spatial distribution of signalling molecules (receptors, kinases and phosphatases) and how this changes during the initiation of signalling. The GUV/cell system presented here is expected to be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jenkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Caitlin O'Brien-Ball
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - James H Felce
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Martin J Wilcock
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Deborah Hatherley
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Institute of Applied Optics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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35
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Infarinato N. Dan Davis: Up close and personal with immune cells. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2975-2976. [PMID: 30108126 PMCID: PMC6122991 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Davis uses microscopy and imaging approaches to study immune cell interactions.
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36
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Barth ND, Marwick JA, Vendrell M, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. The "Phagocytic Synapse" and Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1708. [PMID: 29255465 PMCID: PMC5723006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and subsequent phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells is important for embryonic development, maintenance of tissues that require regular cellular renewal and innate immunity. The timely removal of apoptotic cells prevents progression to secondary necrosis and release of cellular contents, preventing cellular stress and inflammation. In addition, altered phagocyte behavior following apoptotic cell contact and phagocytosis engages an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which impacts upon development and progression of inflammatory and immune responses. Defective apoptotic cell clearance underlies the development of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There is considerable functional redundancy in the receptors that mediate apoptotic cell clearance, highlighting the importance of this process in diverse physiological processes. A single phagocyte may utilize multiple receptor pathways for the efficient capture of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (tethering) and the subsequent initiation of signaling events necessary for internalization. In this review, we will consider the surface alterations and molecular opsonization events associated with apoptosis that may represent a tunable signal that confers distinct intracellular signaling events and hence specific phagocyte responses in a context-dependent manner. Efficient molecular communication between phagocytes and apoptotic targets may require cooperative receptor utilization and the establishment of efferocytic synapse, which acts to stabilize adhesive interactions and facilitate the organization of signaling platforms that are necessary for controlling phagocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barth
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John A Marwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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37
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Phagocytosis: A Fundamental Process in Immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9042851. [PMID: 28691037 PMCID: PMC5485277 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9042851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate and acquired immune responses. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In recent years, the use of new tools of molecular biology and microscopy has provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms of phagocytosis. In this review, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis. We emphasize novel molecular findings, particularly on phagosome formation and maturation, and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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38
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Eggeling C, Davis SJ. Macrophages: micromanagers of antagonistic signaling nanoclusters. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:871-873. [PMID: 28330938 PMCID: PMC5379961 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggeling and Davis discuss work by Lopes et al. demonstrating how macrophages integrate antagonistic signaling events via receptor reorganization. How cells integrate antagonistic receptor signaling events is enigmatic. Using superresolution optical microscopy, Lopes et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201608094) demonstrate the nanometer-scale molecular reorganization of antagonistic signaling receptors in macrophages, after engagement by the receptors of activating and inhibitory ligands. They propose that large-scale rearrangements of this type underpin decision-making by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eggeling
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, England, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, England, UK
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