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Savage JT, Ramirez J, Risher WC, Wang Y, Irala D, Eroglu C. SynBot: An open-source image analysis software for automated quantification of synapses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.26.546578. [PMID: 37425715 PMCID: PMC10327002 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.26.546578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of precise numbers of neuronal connections, known as synapses, is crucial for brain function. Therefore, synaptogenesis mechanisms have been one of the main focuses of neuroscience. Immunohistochemistry is a common tool for visualizing synapses. Thus, quantifying the numbers of synapses from light microscopy images enables screening the impacts of experimental manipulations on synapse development. Despite its utility, this approach is paired with low throughput analysis methods that are challenging to learn and results are variable between experimenters, especially when analyzing noisy images of brain tissue. We developed an open-source ImageJ-based software, SynBot, to address these technical bottlenecks by automating the analysis. SynBot incorporates the advanced algorithms ilastik and SynQuant for accurate thresholding for synaptic puncta identification, and the code can easily be modified by users. The use of this software will allow for rapid and reproducible screening of synaptic phenotypes in healthy and diseased nervous systems.
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Brennan FH, Swarts EA, Kigerl KA, Mifflin KA, Guan Z, Noble BT, Wang Y, Witcher KG, Godbout JP, Popovich PG. Microglia promote maladaptive plasticity in autonomic circuitry after spinal cord injury in mice. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi3259. [PMID: 38865485 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Robust structural remodeling and synaptic plasticity occurs within spinal autonomic circuitry after severe high-level spinal cord injury (SCI). As a result, normally innocuous visceral or somatic stimuli elicit uncontrolled activation of spinal sympathetic reflexes that contribute to systemic disease and organ-specific pathology. How hyperexcitable sympathetic circuitry forms is unknown, but local cues from neighboring glia likely help mold these maladaptive neuronal networks. Here, we used a mouse model of SCI to show that microglia surrounded active glutamatergic interneurons and subsequently coordinated multi-segmental excitatory synaptogenesis and expansion of sympathetic networks that control immune, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular functions. Depleting microglia during critical periods of circuit remodeling after SCI prevented maladaptive synaptic and structural plasticity in autonomic networks, decreased the frequency and severity of autonomic dysreflexia, and prevented SCI-induced immunosuppression. Forced turnover of microglia in microglia-depleted mice restored structural and functional indices of pathological dysautonomia, providing further evidence that microglia are key effectors of autonomic plasticity. Additional data show that microglia-dependent autonomic plasticity required expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) and α2δ-1-dependent synaptogenesis. These data suggest that microglia are primary effectors of autonomic neuroplasticity and dysautonomia after SCI in mice. Manipulating microglia may be a strategy to limit autonomic complications after SCI or other forms of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H Brennan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Emily A Swarts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristina A Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katherine A Mifflin
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhen Guan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin T Noble
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristina G Witcher
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Brockhaus J, Kahl I, Ahmad M, Repetto D, Reissner C, Missler M. Conditional Knockout of Neurexins Alters the Contribution of Calcium Channel Subtypes to Presynaptic Ca 2+ Influx. Cells 2024; 13:981. [PMID: 38891114 PMCID: PMC11171642 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) is a key signal for synaptic vesicle release. Synaptic neurexins can partially determine the strength of transmission by regulating VGCCs. However, it is unknown whether neurexins modulate Ca2+ influx via all VGCC subtypes similarly. Here, we performed live cell imaging of synaptic boutons from primary hippocampal neurons with a Ca2+ indicator. We used the expression of inactive and active Cre recombinase to compare control to conditional knockout neurons lacking either all or selected neurexin variants. We found that reduced total presynaptic Ca2+ transients caused by the deletion of all neurexins were primarily due to the reduced contribution of P/Q-type VGCCs. The deletion of neurexin1α alone also reduced the total presynaptic Ca2+ influx but increased Ca2+ influx via N-type VGCCs. Moreover, we tested whether the decrease in Ca2+ influx induced by activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1-receptor) is modulated by neurexins. Unlike earlier observations emphasizing a role for β-neurexins, we found that the decrease in presynaptic Ca2+ transients induced by CB1-receptor activation depended more strongly on the presence of α-neurexins in hippocampal neurons. Together, our results suggest that neurexins have unique roles in the modulation of presynaptic Ca2+ influx through VGCC subtypes and that different neurexin variants may affect specific VGCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brockhaus
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Kahl
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Daniele Repetto
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Reissner
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Gardner Z, Holbrook O, Tian Y, Odamah K, Man HY. The role of glia in the dysregulation of neuronal spinogenesis in Ube3a-dependent ASD. Exp Neurol 2024; 376:114756. [PMID: 38508482 PMCID: PMC11058030 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Overexpression of the Ube3a gene and the resulting increase in Ube3a protein are linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the cellular and molecular processes underlying Ube3a-dependent ASD remain unclear. Using both male and female mice, we find that neurons in the somatosensory cortex of the Ube3a 2× Tg ASD mouse model display reduced dendritic spine density and increased immature filopodia density. Importantly, the increased gene dosage of Ube3a in astrocytes alone is sufficient to confer alterations in neurons as immature dendritic protrusions, as observed in primary hippocampal neuron cultures. We show that Ube3a overexpression in astrocytes leads to a loss of astrocyte-derived spinogenic protein, thrombospondin-2 (TSP2), due to a suppression of TSP2 gene transcription. By neonatal intraventricular injection of astrocyte-specific virus, we demonstrate that Ube3a overexpression in astrocytes in vivo results in a reduction in dendritic spine maturation in prelimbic cortical neurons, accompanied with autistic-like behaviors in mice. These findings reveal an astrocytic dominance in initiating ASD pathobiology at the neuronal and behavior levels. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Increased gene dosage of Ube3a is tied to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), yet cellular and molecular alterations underlying autistic phenotypes remain unclear. We show that Ube3a overexpression leads to impaired dendritic spine maturation, resulting in reduced spine density and increased filopodia density. We find that dysregulation of spine development is not neuron autonomous, rather, it is mediated by an astrocytic mechanism. Increased gene dosage of Ube3a in astrocytes leads to reduced production of the spinogenic glycoprotein thrombospondin-2 (TSP2), leading to abnormalities in spines. Astrocyte-specific Ube3a overexpression in the brain in vivo confers dysregulated spine maturation concomitant with autistic-like behaviors in mice. These findings indicate the importance of astrocytes in aberrant neurodevelopment and brain function in Ube3a-depdendent ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gardner
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Otto Holbrook
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - KathrynAnn Odamah
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Heng-Ye Man
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., L-603, Boston, MA 02118, United States of America; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
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5
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Li Y, Luo Y, Zhu P, Liang X, Li J, Dou X, Liu L, Qin L, Zhou M, Deng Y, Jiang L, Wang S, Yang W, Tang J, Tang Y. Running exercise improves astrocyte loss, morphological complexity and astrocyte-contacted synapses in the hippocampus of CUS-induced depression model mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 239:173750. [PMID: 38494007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Although the antidepressant effects of running exercise have been widely reported, further research is still needed to determine the structural bases for these effects. Astrocyte processes physically contact many synapses and directly regulate the numbers of synapses, but it remains unclear whether running exercise can modulate astrocyte morphological complexity and astrocyte-contacted synapses in the hippocampus of the mice with depressive-like behavior. Male C57BL/6 J mice underwent four weeks of running exercise after four weeks of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). The sucrose preference test (SPT), tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) were used to assess anhedonia in mice. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of astrocyte- and synapse-related proteins. Immunofluorescence and 3D reconstruction were used to quantify the density and morphology of astrocytes, and astrocyte-contacted synapses in each hippocampal subregion. Four weeks of running exercise alleviated depressive-like symptoms in mice. The expression of astrocyte- and synapse-related proteins in the hippocampus; astrocyte process lengths, process numbers, and dendritic arborization; and the number of astrocyte-contacted PSD95 positive synapses in the CA2-3 and DG regions were significantly decreased in the mice with depressive-like behavior, and running exercise successfully reserved these changes. Running exercise improved the decreases in astrocyte morphological complexity and astrocyte-contacted PSD95 positive synapses in the CA2-3 and DG regions of the mice with depressive-like behavior, suggesting that the physical interactions between astrocytes and synapses can be increased by running exercise, which might be an important structural basis for the antidepressant effects of running exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Peilin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Dou
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lu Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yuhui Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating form of pain arising from injury or disease of the nervous system that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite its prevalence, the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain are still not fully understood. Dendritic spines are small protrusions on the surface of neurons that play an important role in synaptic transmission. Recent studies have shown that dendritic spines reorganize in the superficial and deeper laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn with the development of neuropathic pain in multiple models of disease or injury. Given the importance of dendritic spines in synaptic transmission, it is possible that studying dendritic spines could lead to new therapeutic approaches for managing intractable pain. In this review article, we highlight the emergent role of dendritic spines in neuropathic pain, as well as discuss the potential for studying dendritic spines for the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A Benson
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jared F King
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marike L Reimer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sierra D Kauer
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew M Tan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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7
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Irala D, Wang S, Sakers K, Nagendren L, Ulloa Severino FP, Bindu DS, Savage JT, Eroglu C. Astrocyte-secreted neurocan controls inhibitory synapse formation and function. Neuron 2024; 112:1657-1675.e10. [PMID: 38574730 PMCID: PMC11098688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes strongly promote the formation and maturation of synapses by secreted proteins. Several astrocyte-secreted synaptogenic proteins controlling excitatory synapse development were identified; however, those that induce inhibitory synaptogenesis remain elusive. Here, we identify neurocan as an astrocyte-secreted inhibitory synaptogenic protein. After secretion from astrocytes, neurocan is cleaved into N- and C-terminal fragments. We found that these fragments have distinct localizations in the extracellular matrix. The neurocan C-terminal fragment localizes to synapses and controls cortical inhibitory synapse formation and function. Neurocan knockout mice lacking the whole protein or only its C-terminal synaptogenic domain have reduced inhibitory synapse numbers and function. Through super-resolution microscopy, in vivo proximity labeling by secreted TurboID, and astrocyte-specific rescue approaches, we discovered that the synaptogenic domain of neurocan localizes to somatostatin-positive inhibitory synapses and strongly regulates their formation. Together, our results unveil a mechanism through which astrocytes control circuit-specific inhibitory synapse development in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Irala
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Shiyi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristina Sakers
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Leykashree Nagendren
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Francesco Paolo Ulloa Severino
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Instituto Cajal, CSIC 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Justin T Savage
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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8
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Niebergall EB, Weekley D, Mazur A, Olszewski NA, DeSchepper KM, Radant N, Vijay AS, Risher WC. Abnormal Morphology and Synaptogenic Signaling in Astrocytes Following Prenatal Opioid Exposure. Cells 2024; 13:837. [PMID: 38786059 PMCID: PMC11119541 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a dramatic rise in the rates of children being born after in utero exposure to drugs of abuse, particularly opioids. Opioids have been shown to have detrimental effects on neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS), but the impact of prenatal opioid exposure (POE) on still-developing synaptic circuitry is largely unknown. Astrocytes exert a powerful influence on synaptic development, secreting factors to either promote or inhibit synapse formation and neuronal maturation in the developing CNS. Here, we investigated the effects of the partial µ-opioid receptor agonist buprenorphine on astrocyte synaptogenic signaling and morphological development in cortical cell culture. Acute buprenorphine treatment had no effect on the excitatory synapse number in astrocyte-free neuron cultures. In conditions where neurons shared culture media with astrocytes, buprenorphine attenuated the synaptogenic capabilities of astrocyte-secreted factors. Neurons cultured from drug-naïve mice showed no change in synapses when treated with factors secreted by astrocytes from POE mice. However, this same treatment was synaptogenic when applied to neurons from POE mice, indicating a complex neuroadaptive response in the event of impaired astrocyte signaling. In addition to promoting morphological and connectivity changes in neurons, POE exerted a strong influence on astrocyte development, disrupting their structural maturation and promoting the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs), suggestive of a maladaptive stress response in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W. Christopher Risher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (E.B.N.); (D.W.); (A.M.); (N.A.O.); (K.M.D.); (N.R.); (A.S.V.)
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9
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Cheng Y, Zhai Y, Yuan Y, Wang Q, Li S, Sun H. The Contributions of Thrombospondin-1 to Epilepsy Formation. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:658-672. [PMID: 38528256 PMCID: PMC11127911 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neural network disorder caused by uncontrolled neuronal hyperexcitability induced by an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory networks. Abnormal synaptogenesis plays a vital role in the formation of overexcited networks. Recent evidence has confirmed that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), mainly secreted by astrocytes, is a critical cytokine that regulates synaptogenesis during epileptogenesis. Furthermore, numerous studies have reported that TSP-1 is also involved in other processes, such as angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, and regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, which are closely associated with the occurrence and development of epilepsy. In this review, we summarize the potential contributions of TSP-1 to epilepsy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yujie Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Shucui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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10
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Deng L, Jiang H, Lin J, Xu D, Qi A, Guo Q, Li PP, Wang X, Liu JS, Fu X, Li P. Clock knockout in inhibitory neurons reduces predisposition to epilepsy and influences anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106457. [PMID: 38423191 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disorder affecting up to 1 in 26 individuals. Despite its clinical importance, the molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis are still far from clarified. Our previous study showed that disruption of Clock in excitatory neurons alters cortical circuits and leads to generation of focal epilepsy. In this study, a GAD-Cre;Clockflox/flox mouse line with conditional Clock gene knockout in inhibitory neurons was established. We observed that seizure latency was prolonged, the severity and mortality of pilocarpine-induced seizure were significantly reduced, and memory was improved in GAD-Cre;Clockflox/flox mice. We hypothesize that mice with CLOCK knockout in inhibitory neurons have increased threshold for seizure, opposite from mice with CLOCK knockout in excitatory neurons. Further investigation showed Clock knockout in inhibitory neurons upregulated the basal protein level of ARC, a synaptic plasticity-associated immediate-early gene product, likely through the BDNF-ERK pathway. Altered basal levels of ARC may play an important role in epileptogenesis after Clock deletion in inhibitory neurons. Although sEPSCs and intrinsic properties of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the somatosensory cortex exhibit no changes, the spine density increased in apical dendrite of pyramidal neurons in CLOCK knockout group. Our results suggest an underlying mechanism by which the circadian protein CLOCK in inhibitory neurons participates in neuronal activity and regulates the predisposition to epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ailin Qi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping-Ping Li
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinshi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Judy S Liu
- Department of Neurology, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Xiaoqin Fu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Peijun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 250117, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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11
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Chalmers N, Masouti E, Beckervordersandforth R. Astrocytes in the adult dentate gyrus-balance between adult and developmental tasks. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:982-991. [PMID: 38177351 PMCID: PMC11176073 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes, a major glial cell type in the brain, are indispensable for the integration, maintenance and survival of neurons during development and adulthood. Both life phases make specific demands on the molecular and physiological properties of astrocytes, and most research projects traditionally focus on either developmental or adult astrocyte functions. In most brain regions, the generation of brain cells and the establishment of neural circuits ends with postnatal development. However, few neurogenic niches exist in the adult brain in which new neurons and glial cells are produced lifelong, and the integration of new cells into functional circuits represent a very special form of plasticity. Consequently, in the neurogenic niche, the astrocytes must be equipped to execute both mature and developmental tasks in order to integrate newborn neurons into the circuit and yet maintain overall homeostasis without affecting the preexisting neurons. In this review, we focus on astrocytes of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), and discuss specific features of the astrocytic compartment that may allow the execution of both tasks. Firstly, astrocytes of the adult DG are molecularly, morphologically and functionally diverse, and the distinct astrocytes subtypes are characterized by their localization to DG layers. This spatial separation may lead to a functional specification of astrocytes subtypes according to the neuronal structures they are embedded in, hence a division of labor. Secondly, the astrocytic compartment is not static, but steadily increasing in numbers due to lifelong astrogenesis. Interestingly, astrogenesis can adapt to environmental and behavioral stimuli, revealing an unexpected astrocyte dynamic that allows the niche to adopt to changing demands. The diversity and dynamic of astrocytes in the adult DG implicate a vital contribution to hippocampal plasticity and represent an interesting model to uncover mechanisms how astrocytes simultaneously fulfill developmental and adult tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chalmers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evangelia Masouti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Lankford L, Maddala R, Jablonski MM, Rao PV. Influence of the calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit (CACNA2D1) absence on intraocular pressure in mice. Exp Eye Res 2024; 241:109835. [PMID: 38373629 PMCID: PMC11192037 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The etiology of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor for glaucoma (optic nerve atrophy), is poorly understood despite continued efforts. Although the gene variant of CACNA2D1 (encoding α2δ1), a calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit, has been reported to be associated with primary open-angle glaucoma, and the pharmacological mitigation of α2δ1 activity by pregabalin lowers IOP, the cellular basis for α2δ1 role in the modulation of IOP remains unclear. Our recent findings reveled readily detectable levels of α2δ1 and its ligand thrombospondin in the cytoskeletome fraction of human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. To understand the direct role of α2δ1 in the modulation of IOP, we evaluated α2δ1 null mice for changes in IOP and found a moderate (∼10%) but significant decrease in IOP compared to littermate wild type control mice. Additionally, to gain cellular insights into α2δ1 antagonist (pregabalin) induced IOP changes, we assessed pregabalin's effects on human TM cell actin cytoskeletal organization and cell adhesive interactions in comparison with a Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632), a known ocular hypotensive agent. Unlike Y27632, pregabalin did not have overt effects on cell morphology, actin cytoskeletal organization, or cell adhesion in human TM cells. These results reveal a modest but significant decrease in IOP in α2δ1 deficient mice, and this response appears to be not associated with the contractile and cell adhesive characteristics of TM cells based on the findings of pregabalin effects on isolated TM cells. Therefore, the mechanism by which pregabalin lowers IOP remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Lankford
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Monica M Jablonski
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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13
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Genaro K, Luo ZD. Pathophysiological roles of thrombospondin-4 in disease development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:66-73. [PMID: 37391348 PMCID: PMC10753034 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) belongs to the extracellular matrix glycoprotein family of thrombospondins (TSPs). The multidomain, pentameric structure of TSP-4 allows its interactions with numerous extracellular matrix components, proteins and signaling molecules that enable its modulation to various physiological and pathological processes. Characterization of TSP-4 expression under development and pathogenesis of disorders has yielded important insights into mechanisms underlying the unique role of TSP-4 in mediating various processes including cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, cell migration, proliferation, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Maladaptation of these processes in response to pathological insults and stress can accelerate the development of disorders including skeletal dysplasia, osteoporosis, degenerative joint disease, cardiovascular diseases, tumor progression/metastasis and neurological disorders. Overall, the diverse functions of TSP-4 suggest that it may be a potential marker or therapeutic target for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of various pathological conditions upon further investigations. This review article highlights recent findings on the role of TSP-4 in both physiological and pathological conditions with a focus on what sets it apart from other TSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Genaro
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Z David Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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14
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De Fazio E, Pittarello M, Gans A, Ghosh B, Slika H, Alimonti P, Tyler B. Intrinsic and Microenvironmental Drivers of Glioblastoma Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2563. [PMID: 38473812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are diffusely infiltrating brain tumors whose prognosis is strongly influenced by their extent of invasion into the surrounding brain tissue. While lower-grade gliomas present more circumscribed borders, high-grade gliomas are aggressive tumors with widespread brain infiltration and dissemination. Glioblastoma (GBM) is known for its high invasiveness and association with poor prognosis. Its low survival rate is due to the certainty of its recurrence, caused by microscopic brain infiltration which makes surgical eradication unattainable. New insights into GBM biology at the single-cell level have enabled the identification of mechanisms exploited by glioma cells for brain invasion. In this review, we explore the current understanding of several molecular pathways and mechanisms used by tumor cells to invade normal brain tissue. We address the intrinsic biological drivers of tumor cell invasion, by tackling how tumor cells interact with each other and with the tumor microenvironment (TME). We focus on the recently discovered neuronal niche in the TME, including local as well as distant neurons, contributing to glioma growth and invasion. We then address the mechanisms of invasion promoted by astrocytes and immune cells. Finally, we review the current literature on the therapeutic targeting of the molecular mechanisms of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson De Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde Pittarello
- Department of Medicine, Humanitas University School of Medicine, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gans
- Department of Neurology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Bikona Ghosh
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Slika
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- Department of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Betty Tyler
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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15
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Zhai Y, Cheng Y, Yuan Y, Meng X, Li Y, Wang Y, Ren T, Li S, Sun H. Increased thrombospondin-1 levels contribute to epileptic susceptibility in neonatal hyperthermia without seizures via altered synaptogenesis. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:73. [PMID: 38346981 PMCID: PMC10861539 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood febrile seizures (FS) represent one of the most common types of seizures and may lead to severe neurological damage and an increased risk of epilepsy. However, most children with fevers do not show clinical manifestations of convulsions, and the consequences of hyperthermia without seizures remain elusive. This study focused on hyperthermia not reaching the individual's seizure threshold (sub-FS stimulus). Changes in thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) levels, synapses, seizure susceptibility, and seizure severity in subsequent FS were investigated in rats exposed to sub-FS stimuli. Pharmacological and genetic interventions were used to explore the role of TSP-1 in sub-FS-induced effects. We found that after sub-FS stimuli, the levels of TSP-1 and synapses, especially excitatory synapses, were concomitantly increased, with increased epilepsy and FS susceptibility. Moreover, more severe neuronal damage was found in subsequent FS. These changes were temperature dependent. Reducing TSP-1 levels by genetic intervention or inhibiting the activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) by Leu-Ser-Lys-Leu (LSKL) led to lower synapse/excitatory synapse levels, decreased epileptic susceptibility, and attenuated neuronal injury after FS stimuli. Our study confirmed that even without seizures, hyperthermia may promote synaptogenesis, increase epileptic and FS susceptibility, and lead to more severe neuronal damage by subsequent FS. Inhibition of the TSP-1/TGF-β1 pathway may be a new therapeutic target to prevent detrimental sub-FS sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xianfeng Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Tianpu Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Shucui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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16
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Tripathi S, Nathan CL, Tate MC, Horbinski CM, Templer JW, Rosenow JM, Sita TL, James CD, Deneen B, Miller SD, Heimberger AB. The immune system and metabolic products in epilepsy and glioma-associated epilepsy: emerging therapeutic directions. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174753. [PMID: 38193532 PMCID: PMC10906461 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy has a profound impact on quality of life. Despite the development of new antiseizure medications (ASMs), approximately one-third of affected patients have drug-refractory epilepsy and are nonresponsive to medical treatment. Nearly all currently approved ASMs target neuronal activity through ion channel modulation. Recent human and animal model studies have implicated new immunotherapeutic and metabolomic approaches that may benefit patients with epilepsy. In this Review, we detail the proinflammatory immune landscape of epilepsy and contrast this with the immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with glioma-related epilepsy. In the tumor setting, excessive neuronal activity facilitates immunosuppression, thereby contributing to subsequent glioma progression. Metabolic modulation of the IDH1-mutant pathway provides a dual pathway for reversing immune suppression and dampening seizure activity. Elucidating the relationship between neurons and immunoreactivity is an area for the prioritization and development of the next era of ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwat Tripathi
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Craig M. Horbinski
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Pathology, and
| | | | | | - Timothy L. Sita
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles D. James
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
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17
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Varadi G. Mechanism of Analgesia by Gabapentinoid Drugs: Involvement of Modulation of Synaptogenesis and Trafficking of Glutamate-Gated Ion Channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:121-133. [PMID: 37918854 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gabapentinoids have clinically been used for treating epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and several other neurologic disorders for >30 years; however, the definitive molecular mechanism responsible for their therapeutic actions remained uncertain. The conventional pharmacological observation regarding their efficacy in chronic pain modulation is the weakening of glutamate release at presynaptic terminals in the spinal cord. While the α2/δ-1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) has been identified as the primary drug receptor for gabapentinoids, the lack of consistent effect of this drug class on VGCC function is indicative of a minor role in regulating this ion channel's activity. The current review targets the efficacy and mechanism of gabapentinoids in treating chronic pain. The discovery of interaction of α2/δ-1 with thrombospondins established this protein as a major synaptogenic neuronal receptor for thrombospondins. Other findings identified α2/δ-1 as a powerful regulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) by potentiating the synaptic expression, a putative pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain. Further, the interdependent interactions between thrombospondin and α2/δ-1 contribute to chronic pain states, while gabapentinoid ligands efficaciously reverse such pain conditions. Gabapentin normalizes and even blocks NMDAR and AMPAR synaptic targeting and activity elicited by nerve injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Gabapentinoid drugs are used to treat various neurological conditions including chronic pain. In chronic pain states, gene expression of cacnα2/δ-1 and thrombospondins are upregulated and promote aberrant excitatory synaptogenesis. The complex trait of protein associations that involve interdependent interactions between α2/δ-1 and thrombospondins, further, association of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor with the C-tail of α2/δ-1, constitutes a macromolecular signaling complex that forms the crucial elements for the pharmacological mode of action of gabapentinoids.
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18
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Rupareliya VP, Singh AA, Butt AM, A H, Kumar H. The "molecular soldiers" of the CNS: Astrocytes, a comprehensive review on their roles and molecular signatures. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176048. [PMID: 37758010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, neurons held the position of central players in the nervous system. Since there are far more astrocytes than neurons in the brain, it makes us wonder if these cells just take up space and support the neurons or if they are actively participating in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Now, astrocytes' contribution to CNS physiology is appreciated as they are known to regulate ion and neurotransmitter levels, synapse formation and elimination, blood-brain barrier integrity, immune function, cerebral blood flow, and many more. In many neurological and psychiatric disorders, astrocyte functions are altered. Advancements in microscopic and transcriptomic tools revealed populations of astrocytes with varied morphology, electrophysiological properties, and transcriptomic profiles. Neuron-circuit-specific functions and neuron-specific interactions of astroglial subpopulations are found, which suggests that diversity is essential in carrying out diverse region-specific CNS functions. Investigations on heterogeneous astrocyte populations are revealing new astrocyte functions and their role in pathological conditions, opening a new therapeutic avenue for targeting neurological conditions. The true extent of astrocytic heterogeneity and its functional implications are yet to be fully explored. This review summarizes essential astrocytic functions and their relevance in pathological conditions and discusses astrocytic diversity in relation to morphology, function, and gene expression throughout the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal P Rupareliya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ayub Mohammed Butt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hariharan A
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
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19
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Niere F, Uneri A, McArdle CJ, Deng Z, Egido-Betancourt HX, Cacheaux LP, Namjoshi SV, Taylor WC, Wang X, Barth SH, Reynoldson C, Penaranda J, Stierer MP, Heaney CF, Craft S, Keene CD, Ma T, Raab-Graham KF. Aberrant DJ-1 expression underlies L-type calcium channel hypoactivity in dendrites in tuberous sclerosis complex and Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301534120. [PMID: 37903257 PMCID: PMC10636362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301534120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels (L-VGCC) dysfunction is implicated in several neurological and psychiatric diseases. While a popular therapeutic target, it is unknown whether molecular mechanisms leading to disrupted L-VGCC across neurodegenerative disorders are conserved. Importantly, L-VGCC integrate synaptic signals to facilitate a plethora of cellular mechanisms; however, mechanisms that regulate L-VGCC channel density and subcellular compartmentalization are understudied. Herein, we report that in disease models with overactive mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling (or mTORopathies), deficits in dendritic L-VGCC activity are associated with increased expression of the RNA-binding protein (RBP) Parkinsonism-associated deglycase (DJ-1). DJ-1 binds the mRNA coding for the alpha and auxiliary Ca2+ channel subunits CaV1.2 and α2δ2, and represses their mRNA translation, only in the disease states, specifically preclinical models of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In agreement, DJ-1-mediated repression of CaV1.2/α2δ2 protein synthesis in dendrites is exaggerated in mouse models of AD and TSC, resulting in deficits in dendritic L-VGCC calcium activity. Finding of DJ-1-regulated L-VGCC activity in dendrites in TSC and AD provides a unique signaling pathway that can be targeted in clinical mTORopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farr Niere
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC27411
| | - Ayse Uneri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Colin J. McArdle
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Hailey X. Egido-Betancourt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Luisa P. Cacheaux
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Sanjeev V. Namjoshi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - William C. Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Samuel H. Barth
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Cameron Reynoldson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Juan Penaranda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Michael P. Stierer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Chelcie F. Heaney
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
- Wake Forest Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98104
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Kimberly F. Raab-Graham
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
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20
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Lengvenyte A, Belzeaux R, Olié E, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Sénèque M, Strumila R, Cognasse F, Courtet P. Associations of potential plasma biomarkers with suicide attempt history, current suicidal ideation and subsequent suicidal events in patients with depression: A discovery study. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:242-254. [PMID: 37648005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidences suggests that suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal behaviors have biological bases. However, no biological marker is currently available to evaluate the suicide risk in individuals with SI or suicide attempt (SA). Moreover, the current risk assessment techniques poorly predict future suicidal events. The aim of this study was to examine the association of 39 new and already described peripheral cells and proteins (implicated in the immune system, oxidative stress and plasticity) with lifetime SA, past month SA, current SI, and future suicidal events (visit to the Emergency Department for SI or SA) in 266 treatment-seeking individuals with mood disorders. Equal parts of patients with and without past history of SA were recruited. All individuals at inclusion gave blood, were evaluated for SA recency, current SI, and were followed for two years afterwards. The 39 peripheral blood cellular and protein markers were entered separately for each outcome in Elastic Net models with 10-fold cross-validation, followed by single-analyte covariate-adjusted regression analyses for pre-selected analytes. Past month SA was associated with increased plasma levels of thrombospondin-2 and C-reactive protein, whereas current SI was associated with lower plasma serotonin levels. These associations were robust to adjustments for key covariates and corrections for multiple testing. The Cox proportional hazards regression showed that higher levels of thrombospondin-1 and of platelet-derived growth factor-AB predicted a future suicidal event. These two associations remained after adjustment for sex, age, and SA history, and outperformed the predictive value of past SA. Thrombospondins and platelet-derived growth factors have never been investigated in the context of suicide. Altogether, our results highlight the involvement in the suicidal process of platelet biological response and plasticity modifiers and also of inflammatory factors. They also suggest that SI and SA may have different biological correlates and that biomarkers associated with past SA or current SI do not automatically also predict future events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiste Lengvenyte
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatric Clinic, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- INT-UMR7289, CNRS Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Fondation Fondamental
| | - Emilie Olié
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Fondation Fondamental
| | - Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse
- Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Maude Sénèque
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Robertas Strumila
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatric Clinic, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Fondation Fondamental
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21
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Roqué PJ, Barria A, Zhang X, Hashimoto JG, Costa LG, Guizzetti M. Synaptogenesis by Cholinergic Stimulation of Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3212-3227. [PMID: 37402036 PMCID: PMC10493036 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes release numerous factors known to contribute to the process of synaptogenesis, yet knowledge about the signals that control their release is limited. We hypothesized that neuron-derived signals stimulate astrocytes, which respond to neurons through the modulation of astrocyte-released synaptogenic factors. Here we investigate the effect of cholinergic stimulation of astrocytes on synaptogenesis in co-cultured neurons. Using a culture system where primary rat astrocytes and primary rat neurons are first grown separately allowed us to independently manipulate astrocyte cholinergic signaling. Subsequent co-culture of pre-stimulated astrocytes with naïve neurons enabled us to assess how prior stimulation of astrocyte acetylcholine receptors uniquely modulates neuronal synapse formation. Pre-treatment of astrocytes with the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol increased the expression of synaptic proteins, the number of pre- and postsynaptic puncta, and the number of functional synapses in hippocampal neurons after 24 h in co-culture. Astrocyte secretion of the synaptogenic protein thrombospondin-1 increased after cholinergic stimulation and inhibition of the receptor for thrombospondins prevented the increase in neuronal synaptic structures. Thus, we identified a novel mechanism of neuron-astrocyte-neuron communication, where neuronal release of acetylcholine stimulates astrocytes to release synaptogenic proteins leading to increased synaptogenesis in neurons. This study provides new insights into the role of neurotransmitter receptors in developing astrocytes and into our understanding of the modulation of astrocyte-induced synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Roqué
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrés Barria
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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22
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Ulloa Severino FP, Lawal OO, Sakers K, Wang S, Kim N, Friedman AD, Johnson SA, Sriworarat C, Hughes RH, Soderling SH, Kim IH, Yin HH, Eroglu C. Training-induced circuit-specific excitatory synaptogenesis in mice is required for effort control. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5522. [PMID: 37684234 PMCID: PMC10491649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptogenesis is essential for circuit development; however, it is unknown whether it is critical for the establishment and performance of goal-directed voluntary behaviors. Here, we show that operant conditioning via lever-press for food reward training in mice induces excitatory synapse formation onto a subset of anterior cingulate cortex neurons projecting to the dorsomedial striatum (ACC→DMS). Training-induced synaptogenesis is controlled by the Gabapentin/Thrombospondin receptor α2δ-1, which is an essential neuronal protein for proper intracortical excitatory synaptogenesis. Using germline and conditional knockout mice, we found that deletion of α2δ-1 in the adult ACC→DMS circuit diminishes training-induced excitatory synaptogenesis. Surprisingly, this manipulation does not impact learning but results in a significant increase in effort exertion without affecting sensitivity to reward value or changing contingencies. Bidirectional optogenetic manipulation of ACC→DMS neurons rescues or phenocopies the behaviors of the α2δ-1 cKO mice, highlighting the importance of synaptogenesis within this cortico-striatal circuit in regulating effort exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Ulloa Severino
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, 28001, Spain.
| | | | - Kristina Sakers
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Shiyi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Sarah Anne Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Ryan H Hughes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Scott H Soderling
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Il Hwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health and Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Henry H Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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23
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Zhang Y, Wang T, Wu S, Tang L, Wang J, Yang J, Yao S, Zhang Y. Notch signaling pathway: a new target for neuropathic pain therapy. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:87. [PMID: 37454050 PMCID: PMC10349482 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch gene, a highly evolutionarily conserved gene, was discovered approximately 110 years ago and has been found to play a crucial role in the development of multicellular organisms. Notch receptors and their ligands are single-pass transmembrane proteins that typically require cellular interactions and proteolytic processing to facilitate signal transduction. Recently, mounting evidence has shown that aberrant activation of the Notch is correlated with neuropathic pain. The activation of the Notch signaling pathway can cause the activation of neuroglia and the release of pro-inflammatory factors, a key mechanism in the development of neuropathic pain. Moreover, the Notch signaling pathway may contribute to the persistence of neuropathic pain by enhancing synaptic transmission and calcium inward flow. This paper reviews the structure and activation of the Notch signaling pathway, as well as its potential mechanisms of action, to provide novel insights for future treatments of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanlan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li Tang
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Department of Pain, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Research Center for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, The Key Laboratory of Neuro-Informatics & Rehabilitation En-Gineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Jinghan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Pain, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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24
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Oh KH, Xiong A, Choe JY, Richmond JE, Kim H. Active Zone Trafficking of CaV2/UNC-2 Channels Is Independent of β/CCB-1 and α2δ/UNC-36 Subunits. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5142-5157. [PMID: 37160370 PMCID: PMC10343168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2264-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The CaV2 voltage-gated calcium channel is the major conduit of calcium ions necessary for neurotransmitter release at presynaptic active zones (AZs). The CaV2 channel is a multimeric complex that consists of a pore-forming α1 subunit and two auxiliary β and α2δ subunits. Although auxiliary subunits are critical for channel function, whether they are required for α1 trafficking is unresolved. Using endogenously fluorescent protein-tagged CaV2 channel subunits in Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that UNC-2/α1 localizes to AZs even in the absence of CCB-1/β or UNC-36/α2δ, albeit at low levels. When UNC-2 is manipulated to be trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), CCB-1 and UNC-36 fail to colocalize with UNC-2 in the ER, indicating that they do not coassemble with UNC-2 in the ER. Moreover, blocking ER-associated degradation does not further increase presynaptic UNC-2 channels in ccb-1 or unc-36 mutants, indicating that UNC-2 levels are not regulated in the ER. An unc-2 mutant lacking C-terminal AZ protein interaction sites with intact auxiliary subunit binding sites displays persistent presynaptic UNC-2 localization and a prominent increase of UNC-2 channels in nonsynaptic axonal regions, underscoring a protective role of auxiliary subunits against UNC-2 degradation. In the absence of UNC-2, presynaptic CCB-1 and UNC-36 are profoundly diminished to barely detectable levels, indicating that UNC-2 is required for the presynaptic localization of CCB-1 and UNC-36. Together, our findings demonstrate that although the pore-forming subunit does not require auxiliary subunits for its trafficking and transport to AZs, it recruits auxiliary subunits to stabilize and expand calcium channel signalosomes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic transmission in the neuron hinges on the coupling of synaptic vesicle exocytosis with calcium influx. This calcium influx is mediated by CaV2 voltage-gated calcium channels. These channels consist of one pore-forming α1 subunit and two auxiliary β and α2δ subunits. The auxiliary subunits enhance channel function and regulate the overall level of channels at presynaptic terminals. However, it is not settled how these auxiliary subunits regulate the overall channel level. Our study in C. elegans finds that although the auxiliary subunits do not coassemble with α1 and aid trafficking, they are recruited to α1 and stabilize the channel complex at presynaptic terminals. Our study suggests that drugs that target the auxiliary subunits can directly destabilize and have an impact on CaV2 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly H Oh
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Ame Xiong
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Jun-Yong Choe
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858
| | - Janet E Richmond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Hongkyun Kim
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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25
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Siemsen BM, Denton AR, Parrila-Carrero J, Hooker KN, Carpenter EA, Prescot ME, Brock AG, Westphal AM, Leath MN, McFaddin JA, Jhou TC, McGinty JF, Scofield MD. Heroin Self-Administration and Extinction Increase Prelimbic Cortical Astrocyte-Synapse Proximity and Alter Dendritic Spine Morphometrics That Are Reversed by N-Acetylcysteine. Cells 2023; 12:1812. [PMID: 37508477 PMCID: PMC10378353 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that adaptations in corticostriatal neurotransmission significantly contribute to heroin relapse vulnerability. In animal models, heroin self-administration and extinction produce cellular adaptations in both neurons and astrocytes within the nucleus accumbens (NA) core that are required for cue-induced heroin seeking. Specifically, decreased glutamate clearance and reduced association of perisynaptic astrocytic processes with NAcore synapses allow glutamate release from prelimbic (PrL) cortical terminals to engage synaptic and structural plasticity in NAcore medium spiny neurons. Normalizing astrocyte glutamate homeostasis with drugs like the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevents cue-induced heroin seeking. Surprisingly, little is known about heroin-induced alterations in astrocytes or pyramidal neurons projecting to the NAcore in the PrL cortex (PrL-NAcore). Here, we observe functional adaptations in the PrL cortical astrocyte following heroin self-administration (SA) and extinction as measured by the electrophysiologically evoked plasmalemmal glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1)-dependent current. We likewise observed the increased complexity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) cytoskeletal arbor and increased association of the astrocytic plasma membrane with synaptic markers following heroin SA and extinction training in the PrL cortex. Repeated treatment with NAC during extinction reversed both the enhanced astrocytic complexity and synaptic association. In PrL-NAcore neurons, heroin SA and extinction decreased the apical tuft dendritic spine density and enlarged dendritic spine head diameter in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Repeated NAC treatment during extinction prevented decreases in spine density but not dendritic spine head expansion. Moreover, heroin SA and extinction increased the co-registry of the GluA1 subunit of AMPA receptors in both the dendrite shaft and spine heads of PrL-NAcore neurons. Interestingly, the accumulation of GluA1 immunoreactivity in spine heads was further potentiated by NAC treatment during extinction. Finally, we show that the NAC treatment and elimination of thrombospondin 2 (TSP-2) block cue-induced heroin relapse. Taken together, our data reveal circuit-level adaptations in cortical dendritic spine morphology potentially linked to heroin-induced alterations in astrocyte complexity and association at the synapses. Additionally, these data demonstrate that NAC reverses PrL cortical heroin SA-and-extinction-induced adaptations in both astrocytes and corticostriatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Adam R. Denton
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Kaylee N. Hooker
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Eilish A. Carpenter
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Meagan E. Prescot
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ashley G. Brock
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Annaka M. Westphal
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mary-Nan Leath
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - John A. McFaddin
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Thomas C. Jhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jacqueline F. McGinty
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Michael D. Scofield
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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26
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Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by the pathological hyper-synchronization of neuronal discharges. The fundamental research of epilepsy mechanisms and the targets of drug design options for its treatment have focused on neurons. However, approximately 30% of patients suffering from epilepsy show resistance to standard anti-epileptic chemotherapeutic agents while the symptoms of the remaining 70% of patients can be alleviated but not completely removed by the current medications. Thus, new strategies for the treatment of epilepsy are in urgent demand. Over the past decades, with the increase in knowledge on the role of glia in the genesis and development of epilepsy, glial cells are receiving renewed attention. In a normal brain, glial cells maintain neuronal health and in partnership with neurons regulate virtually every aspect of brain function. In epilepsy, however, the supportive roles of glial cells are compromised, and their interaction with neurons is altered, which disrupts brain function. In this review, we will focus on the role of glia-related processes in epileptogenesis and their contribution to abnormal neuronal activity, with the major focus on the dysfunction of astroglial potassium channels, water channels, gap junctions, glutamate transporters, purinergic signaling, synaptogenesis, on the roles of microglial inflammatory cytokines, microglia-astrocyte interactions in epilepsy, and on the oligodendroglial potassium channels and myelin abnormalities in the epileptic brain. These recent findings suggest that glia should be considered as the promising next-generation targets for designing anti-epileptic drugs that may improve epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jelena Bogdanović Pristov
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paola Nobili
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Ljiljana Nikolić
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Reyes Fernandez PC, Wright CS, Farach-Carson MC, Thompson WR. Examining Mechanisms for Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channel-Mediated Secretion Events in Bone Cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:126-142. [PMID: 37261463 PMCID: PMC11008533 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01097-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their well-described functions in cell excitability, voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) serve a critical role in calcium (Ca2+)-mediated secretion of pleiotropic paracrine and endocrine factors, including those produced in bone. Influx of Ca2+ through VSCCs activates intracellular signaling pathways to modulate a variety of cellular processes that include cell proliferation, differentiation, and bone adaptation in response to mechanical stimuli. Less well understood is the role of VSCCs in the control of bone and calcium homeostasis mediated through secreted factors. In this review, we discuss the various functions of VSCCs in skeletal cells as regulators of Ca2+ dynamics and detail how these channels might control the release of bioactive factors from bone cells. Because VSCCs are druggable, a better understanding of the multiple functions of these channels in the skeleton offers the opportunity for developing new therapies to enhance and maintain bone and to improve systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla C Reyes Fernandez
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christian S Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Departments of BioSciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - William R Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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28
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Shafqat A, Albalkhi I, Magableh HM, Saleh T, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1180825. [PMID: 37293626 PMCID: PMC10244598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1180825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
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29
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D'Antongiovanni V, Pellegrini C, Antonioli L, Ippolito C, Segnani C, Benvenuti L, D'Amati A, Errede M, Virgintino D, Fornai M, Bernardini N. Enteric Glia and Brain Astroglia: Complex Communication in Health and Disease along the Gut-Brain Axis. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231163460. [PMID: 37052336 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231163460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have provided interesting evidence about the role of the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain in the onset and development of several pathologic conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), neurodegenerative diseases, and related comorbidities. Indeed, patients with IBD can experience neurologic disorders, including depression and cognitive impairment, besides typical intestinal symptoms. In parallel, patients with neurodegenerative disease, such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease, are often characterized by the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders. In this context, enteric glial cells and brain astrocytes are emerging as pivotal players in the initiation/maintenance of neuroinflammatory responses, which appear to contribute to the alterations of intestinal and neurologic functions observed in patients with IBD and neurodegenerative disorders. The present review was conceived to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the available knowledge on the morphologic, molecular, and functional changes occurring in the enteric glia and brain astroglia in IBDs and neurologic disorders. In addition, our intent is to identify whether such alterations could represent a common denominator involved in the onset of comorbidities associated with the aforementioned disorders. This might help to identify putative targets useful to develop novel pharmacologic approaches for the therapeutic management of such disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D'Antongiovanni
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Amati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Irala D, Wang S, Sakers K, Nagendren L, Ulloa-Severino FP, Bindu DS, Eroglu C. Astrocyte-Secreted Neurocan Controls Inhibitory Synapse Formation and Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535448. [PMID: 37066164 PMCID: PMC10104008 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes strongly promote the formation and maturation of synapses by secreted proteins. To date, several astrocyte-secreted synaptogenic proteins controlling different stages of excitatory synapse development have been identified. However, the identities of astrocytic signals that induce inhibitory synapse formation remain elusive. Here, through a combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments, we identified Neurocan as an astrocyte-secreted inhibitory synaptogenic protein. Neurocan is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that is best known as a protein localized to the perineuronal nets. However, Neurocan is cleaved into two after secretion from astrocytes. We found that the resulting N- and C-terminal fragments have distinct localizations in the extracellular matrix. While the N-terminal fragment remains associated with perineuronal nets, the Neurocan C-terminal fragment localizes to synapses and specifically controls cortical inhibitory synapse formation and function. Neurocan knockout mice lacking the whole protein or only its C-terminal synaptogenic region have reduced inhibitory synapse numbers and function. Through super-resolution microscopy and in vivo proximity labeling by secreted TurboID, we discovered that the synaptogenic domain of Neurocan localizes to somatostatin-positive inhibitory synapses and strongly regulates their formation. Together, our results unveil a mechanism through which astrocytes control circuit-specific inhibitory synapse development in the mammalian brain.
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Khaspekov LG, Frumkina LE. Molecular Mechanisms of Astrocyte Involvement in Synaptogenesis and Brain Synaptic Plasticity. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:502-514. [PMID: 37080936 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform a wide range of important functions in the brain. As structural and functional components of synapses, astrocytes secrete various factors (proteins, lipids, small molecules, etc.) that bind to neuronal receptor and contribute to synaptogenesis and regulation of synaptic contacts. Astrocytic factors play a key role in the formation of neural networks undergoing short- and long-term synaptic morphological and functional rearrangements essential in the memory formation and behavior. The review summarizes the data on the molecular mechanisms mediating the involvement of astrocyte-secreted factors in synaptogenesis in the brain and provides up-to-date information on the role of astrocytes and astrocytic synaptogenic factors in the long-term plastic rearrangements of synaptic contacts.
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Farizatto KLG, Baldwin KT. Astrocyte-synapse interactions during brain development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102704. [PMID: 36913751 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons is essential for proper brain development. Astrocytes, a major glial cell type, are morphologically complex cells that directly interact with neuronal synapses to regulate synapse formation, maturation, and function. Astrocyte-secreted factors bind neuronal receptors to induce synaptogenesis with regional and circuit-level precision. Cell adhesion molecules mediate the direct contact between astrocytes and neurons, which is required for both synaptogenesis and astrocyte morphogenesis. Neuron-derived signals also shape astrocyte development, function, and molecular identity. This review highlights recent findings on the topic of astrocyte-synapse interactions, and discusses the importance of these interactions for synapse and astrocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L G Farizatto
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine T Baldwin
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Wulf MJ, Tom VJ. Consequences of spinal cord injury on the sympathetic nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:999253. [PMID: 36925966 PMCID: PMC10011113 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.999253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) damages multiple structures at the lesion site, including ascending, descending, and propriospinal axons; interrupting the conduction of information up and down the spinal cord. Additionally, axons associated with the autonomic nervous system that control involuntary physiological functions course through the spinal cord. Moreover, sympathetic, and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons reside in the spinal cord. Thus, depending on the level of an SCI, autonomic function can be greatly impacted by the trauma resulting in dysfunction of various organs. For example, SCI can lead to dysregulation of a variety of organs, such as the pineal gland, the heart and vasculature, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. Indeed, it is becoming more apparent that many disorders that negatively affect quality-of-life for SCI individuals have a basis in dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Here, we will review how SCI impacts the sympathetic nervous system and how that negatively impacts target organs that receive sympathetic innervation. A deeper understanding of this may offer potential therapeutic insight into how to improve health and quality-of-life for those living with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica J. Tom
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Roqué PJ, Barria A, Zhang X, Costa LG, Guizzetti M. Synaptogenesis by Cholinergic Stimulation of Astrocytes. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2566078. [PMID: 36824819 PMCID: PMC9949182 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2566078/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes release numerous factors known to contribute to the process of synaptogenesis, yet knowledge about the signals that control their release is limited. We hypothesized that neuron-derived signals stimulate astrocytes, which respond by signaling back to neurons through the modulation of astrocyte-released synaptogenic factors. Here we investigate the effect of cholinergic stimulation of astrocytes on synaptogenesis in co-cultured neurons. Using a culture system where primary rat astrocytes and primary rat neurons are first grown separately allowed us to independently manipulate astrocyte cholinergic signaling. Subsequent co-culture of pre-stimulated astrocytes with naïve neurons enabled us to assess how prior stimulation of astrocyte acetylcholine receptors uniquely modulates neuronal synapse formation. Pre-treatment of astrocytes with the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol increased the expression of synaptic proteins, the number of pre- and postsynaptic puncta, and the number of functional synapses in hippocampal neurons after 24 hours in co-culture. Astrocyte secretion of the synaptogenic protein thrombospondin-1 increased after cholinergic stimulation and the inhibition of the target receptor for thrombospondins prevented the observed increase in neuronal synaptic structures. Thus, we identified a novel mechanism of neuron-astrocyte-neuron communication, i.e. , neuronal release of acetylcholine stimulates astrocytes to release synaptogenic proteins leading to increased synaptogenesis in neurons. This study provides new insights into the role of neurotransmitter receptors in developing astrocytes and into our understanding of the modulation of astrocyte-induced synaptogenesis.
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Astrocytes regulate neuronal network activity by mediating synapse remodeling. Neurosci Res 2023; 187:3-13. [PMID: 36170922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on experience during our life, neuronal connectivity continuously changes through structural remodeling of synapses. Recent studies have shown that the complex interaction between astrocytes and synapses regulates structural synapse remodeling by inducing the formation and elimination of synapses, as well as their functional maturation. Defects in this astrocyte-mediated synapse remodeling cause problems in not only neuronal network activities but also animal behaviors. Moreover, in various neurological disorders, astrocytes have been shown to play central roles in the initiation and progression of synaptic pathophysiology through impaired interactions with synapses. In this review, we will discuss recent studies identifying the novel roles of astrocytes in neuronal circuit remodeling, focusing on synapse formation and elimination. We will also discuss the potential implication of defective astrocytic function in evoking various brain disorders.
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Vakilzadeh G, Martinez-Cerdeño V. Pathology and Astrocytes in Autism. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:841-850. [PMID: 37077706 PMCID: PMC10106330 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s390053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct pathology for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains elusive. Human and animal studies have focused on investigating the role of neurons in ASD. However, recent studies have hinted that glial cell pathology could be a characteristic of ASD. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell in the brain and play an important role in neuronal function, both during development and in adult. They regulate neuronal migration, dendritic and spine development, and control the concentration of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft. They are also responsible for synaptogenesis, synaptic development, and synaptic function. Therefore, any change in astrocyte number and/or function could contribute to the impairment of connectivity that has been reported in ASD. Data available to date is scarce but indicates that while the number of astrocytes is reduced, their state of activation and their GFAP expression is increased in ASD. Disruption of astrocyte function in ASD may affect proper neurotransmitter metabolism, synaptogenesis, and the state of brain inflammation. Astrocytes alterations are common to ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Future studies about the role of astrocytes in ASD are required to better understand this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Vakilzadeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Correspondence: Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA, Tel +916 453-2163, Email
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Role of the Ca2+ channel α2δ-1 auxiliary subunit in proliferation and migration of human glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279186. [PMID: 36520928 PMCID: PMC9754164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of α2δ-1 is related to the development and degree of malignancy of diverse types of cancer. This protein is an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels, whose expression favors the trafficking of the main pore-forming subunit of the channel complex (α1) to the plasma membrane, thereby generating an increase in Ca2+ entry. Interestingly, TLR-4, a protein belonging to the family of toll-like receptors that participate in the inflammatory response and the transcription factor Sp1, have been linked to the progression of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Therefore, this report aimed to evaluate the role of the α2δ-1 subunit in the progression of GBM and investigate whether Sp1 regulates its expression after the activation of TLR-4. To this end, the expression of α2δ-1, TLR-4, and Sp1 was assessed in the U87 human glioblastoma cell line, and proliferation and migration assays were conducted using different agonists and antagonists. The actions of α2δ-1 were also investigated using overexpression and knockdown strategies. Initial luciferase assays and Western blot analyses showed that the activation of TLR-4 favors the transcription and expression of α2δ-1, which promoted the proliferation and migration of the U87 cells. Consistent with this, overexpression of α2δ-1, Sp1, and TLR-4 increased cell proliferation and migration, while their knockdown with specific siRNAs abrogated these actions. Our data also suggest that TLR-4-mediated regulation of α2δ-1 expression occurs through the NF-kB signaling pathway. Together, these findings strongly suggest that the activation of TLR-4 increases the expression of α2δ-1 in U87 cells, favoring their proliferative and migratory potential, which might eventually provide a theoretical basis to examine novel biomarkers and molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of GBM.
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Hu T, Meng S, Zhang Q, Song S, Tan C, Huang J, Chen D. Astrocyte derived TSP2 contributes to synaptic alteration and visual dysfunction in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:196. [PMID: 36471420 PMCID: PMC9720934 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite current intervention measures/therapies are able to ameliorate neuronal death following retinal injuries/diseases, the recovery of visual function remains unsatisfactory. Previous studies revealed that the retinal synapse and neurite changed during the early stage after retinopathy, which was considered to be detrimental to visual signal transmission. However, the specific profiles and the mechanisms underlying retinal neurite and synaptic alteration after retinal pathologies remain poorly understood. METHODS Here, we revealed the spatiotemporal pattern of neurite and synaptic alteration following retinal pathologies using a rat model of acute RI/R induced by high intraocular pressure (HIOP) with Western blotting, Immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. We further explored the potential role of activated astrocytes and their derived thrombospondin 2 (TSP2) in RI/R induced retinal neurite and synaptic alteration and visual dysfunction through viral transduction and drug injection. RESULTS We found a defasciculation of RGC axons, a compensatory increase of presynaptic proteins (synaptophysin and synapsin 1) and synaptic vesicles between bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and the degenerated visual function preceded the neuronal death in rat retinae. These events were accompanied by the activation of astrocytes. Furthermore, we showed that suppressing the activation of astrocytes (intravitreal injection of fluorocitric acid, FC), TSP2 knockdown (TSP2 shRNA-AAV transduction), and competitively inhibiting the binding of TSP2 and α2δ1 (intraperitoneal injection of gabapentin, GBP) effectively alleviated the retinal synaptic and neurite alteration and the visual dysfunction following RI/R injury. CONCLUSIONS (1) At the early stage following RI/R injury, the rat retinae develop a degeneration of ganglion cell axons and the resulting compensatory synaptic remodeling between bipolar cells and ganglion cells in IPL. These changes occur earlier than the massive loss of neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). (2) Activated astrocytes may secret TSP2, which bind to α2δ1, to mediate the degeneration of rat retinal ganglion cell axons, compensatory synaptic remodeling in IPL, and visual dysfunction following RI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Hu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhan Meng
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianyue Zhang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Song
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, No.238 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Tan
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jufang Huang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Chen
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China
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Tang C, Jin Y, Wang H. The biological alterations of synapse/synapse formation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:1054605. [PMID: 36530954 PMCID: PMC9755596 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1054605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication caused by sepsis, and is responsible for increased mortality and poor outcomes in septic patients. Neurological dysfunction is one of the main manifestations of SAE patients. Patients may still have long-term cognitive impairment after hospital discharge, and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here, we first outline the pathophysiological changes of SAE, including neuroinflammation, glial activation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Synapse dysfunction is one of the main contributors leading to neurological impairment. Therefore, we summarized SAE-induced synaptic dysfunction, such as synaptic plasticity inhibition, neurotransmitter imbalance, and synapses loss. Finally, we discuss the alterations in the synapse, synapse formation, and mediators associated with synapse formation during SAE. In this review, we focus on the changes in synapse/synapse formation caused by SAE, which can further understand the synaptic dysfunction associated with neurological impairment in SAE and provide important insights for exploring appropriate therapeutic targets of SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huan Wang
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian, China
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40
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Pilch KS, Ramgoolam KH, Dolphin AC. Involvement of Ca V 2.2 channels and α 2 δ-1 in homeostatic synaptic plasticity in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Physiol 2022; 600:5333-5351. [PMID: 36377048 PMCID: PMC10107484 DOI: 10.1113/jp283600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, presynaptic CaV 2 channels play a pivotal role in synaptic transmission by mediating fast neurotransmitter exocytosis via influx of Ca2+ into the active zone of presynaptic terminals. However, the distribution and modulation of CaV 2.2 channels at plastic hippocampal synapses remains to be elucidated. Here, we assess CaV 2.2 channels during homeostatic synaptic plasticity, a compensatory form of homeostatic control preventing excessive or insufficient neuronal activity during which extensive active zone remodelling has been described. We show that chronic silencing of neuronal activity in mature hippocampal cultures resulted in elevated presynaptic Ca2+ transients, mediated by increased levels of CaV 2.2 channels at the presynaptic site. This work focused further on the role of α2 δ-1 subunits, important regulators of synaptic transmission and CaV 2.2 channel abundance at the presynaptic membrane. We found that α2 δ-1 overexpression reduces the contribution of CaV 2.2 channels to total Ca2+ flux without altering the amplitude of the Ca2+ transients. Levels of endogenous α2 δ-1 decreased during homeostatic synaptic plasticity, whereas the overexpression of α2 δ-1 prevented homeostatic synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Together, this study reveals a key role for CaV 2.2 channels and novel roles for α2 δ-1 during synaptic plastic adaptation. KEY POINTS: The roles of CaV 2.2 channels and α2 δ-1 in homeostatic synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons in culture were examined. Chronic silencing of neuronal activity resulted in elevated presynaptic Ca2+ transients, mediated by increased levels of CaV 2.2 channels at presynaptic sites. The level of endogenous α2 δ-1 decreased during homeostatic synaptic plasticity, whereas overexpression of α2 δ-1 prevented homeostatic synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Together, this study reveals a key role for CaV 2.2 channels and novel roles for α2 δ-1 during synaptic plastic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjara S. Pilch
- Department of NeurosciencePhysiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Krishma H. Ramgoolam
- Department of NeurosciencePhysiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Annette C. Dolphin
- Department of NeurosciencePhysiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Protein synthesis inhibition and loss of homeostatic functions in astrocytes from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model: a role for ER-mitochondria interaction. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:878. [PMID: 36257957 PMCID: PMC9579125 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of protein synthesis and ER stress/unfolded protein response (ER stress/UPR) have been reported in astrocytes. However, the relationships between protein synthesis deregulation and ER stress/UPR, as well as their role in the altered homeostatic support of Alzheimer's disease (AD) astrocytes remain poorly understood. Previously, we reported that in astrocytic cell lines from 3xTg-AD mice (3Tg-iAstro) protein synthesis was impaired and ER-mitochondria distance was reduced. Here we show that impaired protein synthesis in 3Tg-iAstro is associated with an increase of p-eIF2α and downregulation of GADD34. Although mRNA levels of ER stress/UPR markers were increased two-three-fold, we found neither activation of PERK nor downstream induction of ATF4 protein. Strikingly, the overexpression of a synthetic ER-mitochondrial linker (EML) resulted in a reduced protein synthesis and augmented p-eIF2α without any effect on ER stress/UPR marker genes. In vivo, in hippocampi of 3xTg-AD mice, reduced protein synthesis, increased p-eIF2α and downregulated GADD34 protein were found, while no increase of p-PERK or ATF4 proteins was observed, suggesting that in AD astrocytes, both in vitro and in vivo, phosphorylation of eIF2α and impairment of protein synthesis are PERK-independent. Next, we investigated the ability of 3xTg-AD astrocytes to support metabolism and function of other cells of the central nervous system. Astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) from 3Tg-iAstro cells significantly reduced protein synthesis rate in primary hippocampal neurons. When added as a part of pericyte/endothelial cell (EC)/astrocyte 3D co-culture, 3Tg-iAstro, but not WT-iAstro, severely impaired formation and ramification of tubules, the effect, replicated by EML overexpression in WT-iAstro cells. Finally, a chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) rescued protein synthesis, p-eIF2α levels in 3Tg-iAstro cells and tubulogenesis in pericyte/EC/3Tg-iAstro co-culture. Collectively, our results suggest that a PERK-independent, p-eIF2α-associated impairment of protein synthesis compromises astrocytic homeostatic functions, and this may be caused by the altered ER-mitochondria interaction.
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Yang Y, Schubert MC, Kuner T, Wick W, Winkler F, Venkataramani V. Brain Tumor Networks in Diffuse Glioma. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1832-1843. [PMID: 36357661 PMCID: PMC9723066 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are primary brain tumors associated with a poor prognosis. Cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the invasive growth patterns and therapeutic resistance are incompletely understood. The emerging field of cancer neuroscience offers a novel approach to study these brain tumors in the context of their intricate interactions with the nervous system employing and combining methodological toolsets from neuroscience and oncology. Increasing evidence has shown how neurodevelopmental and neuronal-like mechanisms are hijacked leading to the discovery of multicellular brain tumor networks. Here, we review how gap junction-coupled tumor-tumor-astrocyte networks, as well as synaptic and paracrine neuron-tumor networks drive glioma progression. Molecular mechanisms of these malignant, homo- and heterotypic networks, and their complex interplay are reviewed. Lastly, potential clinical-translational implications and resulting therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Yang
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc C Schubert
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Varun Venkataramani
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ablinger C, Eibl C, Geisler SM, Campiglio M, Stephens GJ, Missler M, Obermair GJ. α 2δ-4 and Cachd1 Proteins Are Regulators of Presynaptic Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9885. [PMID: 36077281 PMCID: PMC9456004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The α2δ auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) were traditionally regarded as modulators of biophysical channel properties. In recent years, channel-independent functions of these subunits, such as involvement in synapse formation, have been identified. In the central nervous system, α2δ isoforms 1, 2, and 3 are strongly expressed, regulating glutamatergic synapse formation by a presynaptic mechanism. Although the α2δ-4 isoform is predominantly found in the retina with very little expression in the brain, it was recently linked to brain functions. In contrast, Cachd1, a novel α2δ-like protein, shows strong expression in brain, but its function in neurons is not yet known. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the presynaptic functions of α2δ-4 and Cachd1 by expressing individual proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons. Both α2δ-4 and Cachd1 are expressed in the presynaptic membrane and could rescue a severe synaptic defect present in triple knockout/knockdown neurons that lacked the α2δ-1-3 isoforms (α2δ TKO/KD). This observation suggests that presynaptic localization and the regulation of synapse formation in glutamatergic neurons is a general feature of α2δ proteins. In contrast to this redundant presynaptic function, α2δ-4 and Cachd1 differentially regulate the abundance of presynaptic calcium channels and the amplitude of presynaptic calcium transients. These functional differences may be caused by subtle isoform-specific differences in α1-α2δ protein-protein interactions, as revealed by structural homology modelling. Taken together, our study identifies both α2δ-4 and Cachd1 as presynaptic regulators of synapse formation, differentiation, and calcium channel functions that can at least partially compensate for the loss of α2δ-1-3. Moreover, we show that regulating glutamatergic synapse formation and differentiation is a critical and surprisingly redundant function of α2δ and Cachd1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ablinger
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clarissa Eibl
- Division Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Stefanie M. Geisler
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marta Campiglio
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gary J. Stephens
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald J. Obermair
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Division Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
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Rodgers KA, Kigerl KA, Schwab JM, Popovich PG. Immune dysfunction after spinal cord injury - A review of autonomic and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 64:102230. [PMID: 35489214 PMCID: PMC9372819 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infections impair neurological outcome and increase mortality after spinal cord injury (SCI). Emerging data show that pathogens more easily infect individuals with SCI because SCI disrupts neural and humoral control of immune cells, culminating with the development of "SCI-induced immune deficiency syndrome" (SCI-IDS). Here, we review data that implicate autonomic dysfunction and impaired neuroendocrine signaling as key determinants of SCI-IDS. Although it is widely appreciated that mature leukocyte dysfunction is a canonical feature of SCI-IDS, new data indicate that SCI impairs the development and mobilization of immune cell precursors in bone marrow. Thus, this review will also explore how the post-injury acquisition of a "bone marrow failure syndrome" may be the earliest manifestation of SCI-IDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyleigh A Rodgers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristina A Kigerl
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Wang B, Li X, Yu N, Yang L, Nan C, Guo L, Zhao Z. Intracerebral hemorrhage alters α2δ1 and thrombospondin expression in rats. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:327. [PMID: 35386622 PMCID: PMC8972837 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit (α2δ1) is a non-essential subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex and is ubiquitously expressed in a number of tissues, including the brain. Thrombospondin (TSP)1 and TSP2 are extracellular matrix proteins and belong to the multi-domain glycoprotein family of macromolecular oligomers. TSP1/2 and α2δ1 promote synapse formation and functional recovery following cerebral infarction. However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression levels of α2δ1 and TSP1/2 in brain tissues, and the effects of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on these levels have not yet been elucidated. The present study established a rat model of hemorrhage induced by injecting collagenase IV into the striatum to determine the changes in α2δ1 and TSP1/2 expression following ICH. The protein expression levels of α2δ1 and TSP1 in the striatum after hemorrhage were significantly increased on day 5 and returned to baseline levels on day 21; however, the protein expression levels of TSP2 were decreased on day 5, whereas they increased on day 14, subsequently returning to baseline levels. In addition, using proteomics analysis of tissues from the sham group (saline injection) and at 24 h post-ICH, it was found that both α2δ1 and TSP1 interacted with neural EGFL like 2. Taken together, these findings suggested that the expression levels of α2δ1 and TSP1/2 were altered in brain tissues in response to ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Chengrui Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Lisi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Drug addiction remains a key biomedical challenge facing current neuroscience research. In addition to neural mechanisms, the focus of the vast majority of studies to date, astrocytes have been increasingly recognized as an "accomplice." According to the tripartite synapse model, astrocytes critically regulate nearby pre- and postsynaptic neuronal substrates to craft experience-dependent synaptic plasticity, including synapse formation and elimination. Astrocytes within brain regions that are implicated in drug addiction exhibit dynamic changes in activity upon exposure to cocaine and subsequently undergo adaptive changes themselves during chronic drug exposure. Recent results have identified several key astrocytic signaling pathways that are involved in cocaine-induced synaptic and circuit adaptations. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the role of astrocytes in regulating synaptic transmission and neuronal function, and discuss how cocaine influences these astrocyte-mediated mechanisms to induce persistent synaptic and circuit alterations that promote cocaine seeking and relapse. We also consider the therapeutic potential of targeting astrocytic substrates to ameliorate drug-induced neuroplasticity for behavioral benefits. While primarily focusing on cocaine-induced astrocytic responses, we also include brief discussion of other drugs of abuse where data are available.
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Leveraging interindividual variability of regulatory activity for refining genetic regulation of gene expression in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:5177-5185. [PMID: 36114277 PMCID: PMC9763101 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a polygenic psychiatric disorder with limited understanding about the mechanistic changes in gene expression regulation. To elucidate on this, we integrate interindividual variability of regulatory activity (ChIP-sequencing for H3K27ac histone mark) with gene expression and genotype data captured from the prefrontal cortex of 272 cases and controls. By measuring interindividual correlation among proximal chromatin peaks, we show that regulatory element activity is structured into 10,936 and 10,376 cis-regulatory domains in cases and controls, respectively. The schizophrenia-specific cis-regulatory domains are enriched for fetal-specific (p = 0.0014, OR = 1.52) and depleted of adult-specific regulatory activity (p = 3.04 × 10-50, OR = 0.57) and are enriched for SCZ heritability (p = 0.001). By studying the interplay among genetic variants, gene expression, and cis-regulatory domains, we ascertain that changes in coordinated regulatory activity tag alterations in gene expression levels (p = 3.43 × 10-5, OR = 1.65), unveil case-specific QTL effects, and identify regulatory machinery changes for genes affecting synaptic function and dendritic spine morphology in schizophrenia. Altogether, we show that accounting for coordinated regulatory activity provides a novel mechanistic approach to reduce the search space for unveiling genetically perturbed regulation of gene expression in schizophrenia.
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Duman JG, Blanco FA, Cronkite CA, Ru Q, Erikson KC, Mulherkar S, Saifullah AB, Firozi K, Tolias KF. Rac-maninoff and Rho-vel: The symphony of Rho-GTPase signaling at excitatory synapses. Small GTPases 2022; 13:14-47. [PMID: 33955328 PMCID: PMC9707551 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1885264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic connections between neurons are essential for every facet of human cognition and are thus regulated with extreme precision. Rho-family GTPases, molecular switches that cycle between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state, comprise a critical feature of synaptic regulation. Rho-GTPases are exquisitely controlled by an extensive suite of activators (GEFs) and inhibitors (GAPs and GDIs) and interact with many different signalling pathways to fulfill their roles in orchestrating the development, maintenance, and plasticity of excitatory synapses of the central nervous system. Among the mechanisms that control Rho-GTPase activity and signalling are cell surface receptors, GEF/GAP complexes that tightly regulate single Rho-GTPase dynamics, GEF/GAP and GEF/GEF functional complexes that coordinate multiple Rho-family GTPase activities, effector positive feedback loops, and mutual antagonism of opposing Rho-GTPase pathways. These complex regulatory mechanisms are employed by the cells of the nervous system in almost every step of development, and prominently figure into the processes of synaptic plasticity that underlie learning and memory. Finally, misregulation of Rho-GTPases plays critical roles in responses to neuronal injury, such as traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain, and in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's Disease. Thus, decoding the mechanisms of Rho-GTPase regulation and function at excitatory synapses has great potential for combatting many of the biggest current challenges in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Duman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francisco A. Blanco
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher A. Cronkite
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qin Ru
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly C. Erikson
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shalaka Mulherkar
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Bin Saifullah
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Firozi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimberley F. Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Boggess T, Williamson JC, Niebergall EB, Sexton H, Mazur A, Egleton RD, Grover LM, Risher WC. Alterations in Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Development Within the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway in a Mouse Model of Prenatal Drug Exposure. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:794544. [PMID: 34966707 PMCID: PMC8710665 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.794544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in rates of opioid abuse in recent years in the United States has led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Despite improved understanding of NAS and its acute symptoms, there remains a paucity of information regarding the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse on neurological development. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal drug exposure on synaptic connectivity within brain regions associated with the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, the primary reward pathway associated with drug abuse and addiction, in a mouse model. Our secondary goal was to examine the role of the Ca+2 channel subunit α2δ-1, known to be involved in key developmental synaptogenic pathways, in mediating these effects. Pregnant mouse dams were treated orally with either the opioid drug buprenorphine (commonly used in medication-assisted treatment for substance use patients), gabapentin (neuropathic pain drug that binds to α2δ-1 and has been increasingly co-abused with opioids), a combination of both drugs, or vehicle daily from gestational day 6 until postnatal day 11. Confocal fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) imaging of the brains of the resulting wild-type (WT) pups at postnatal day 21 revealed a number of significant alterations in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic populations within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly in the buprenorphine or combinatorial buprenorphine/gabapentin groups. Furthermore, we observed several drug- and region-specific differences in synaptic connectivity between WT and α2δ-1 haploinsufficient mice, indicating that critical α2δ-1-associated synaptogenic pathways are disrupted with early life drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W. Christopher Risher
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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50
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Yuan M, Wu H. Astrocytes in the Traumatic Brain Injury: the Good and the Bad. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113943. [PMID: 34863998 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes control many processes of the nervous system in health and disease, and respond to injury quickly. Astrocytes produce neuroprotective factors in the injured brain to clear cellular debris and to orchestrate neurorestorative processes that are beneficial for neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, astrocytes also become dysregulated and produce cytotoxic mediators that hinder CNS repair by induction of neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Hence, we discuss the potential role of astrocytes in neuropathological processes such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and blood-brain barrier repair after TBI. Thus, an improved understanding of the dual role of astrocytes may advance our knowledge of post-brain injury recovery, and provide opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 100850 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), 102206 Beijing, China.
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