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EGGERS HJ, TAMM I. Spectrum and characteristics of the virus inhibitory action of 2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 113:657-82. [PMID: 13725919 PMCID: PMC2137377 DOI: 10.1084/jem.113.4.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-(α-Hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole (HBB) inhibited the cytopathic effects of the following enteroviruses: polio 1 to 3; Coxsackie A9; Coxsackie B 1 to 6; and ECHO virus types 1 to 9, 11 to 21, and 24 to 27. The following enteroviruses were not inhibited: Coxsackie A types 7, 11, 13, 16, and 18; and ECHO types 22, 23, and 28. Other HBB-insusceptible viruses were: arbor B and C, reo 1 to 3; adeno 2 to 4; influenza B; para-influenza 2 and 3; mumps; herpes simplex, and vaccinia. HBB had no inactivating effect on viral infectivity, but rather inhibited some intracellular step in the reproductive cycle of susceptible viruses. With all viruses examined, inhibition of viral cytopathic effects appeared to be due to inhibition of virus multiplication. Virus inhibition by HBB was demonstrable in monkey kidney, HeLa, and ERK cells. HBB-susceptible viruses varied quantitatively in their susceptibility to the compound, and different strains of the same virus also exhibited varying susceptibility. No relationship was found between attenuation of polioviruses and their susceptibility to the compound. After passage of HBB-susceptible enteroviruses in the presence of the compound, virus populations with lowered susceptibility to HBB were obtained. At virus inhibitory concentrations, HBB did not affect the morphology of cells, nor the following cellular metabolic activities: oxygen uptake; glucose utilization; lactic acid production; and incorporation of adenosine into RNA, and of alanine into proteins. The rates of multiplication of HeLa and ERK. cells were not significantly altered by HBB at virus inhibitory concentrations.
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Abstract
Mice varying in age from 1 day to 8 months were inoculated intraperitoneally with Coxsackie A virus, type 9 and studies were made of the quantity of virus in striated muscle and myocardium, the presence of neutralizing antibody in the serum, and the pathological changes in the tissues. The hind limbs of young (1- to 20-day-old) mice yielded high titers of virus and showed diffuse myositis, whereas only low yields of virus and focal myositis were obtained in older mice. In the 20-day-old mice the skeletal lesions were not accompanied by manifest symptoms and histologically showed evidence of regeneration progressing from the 3rd to the 11th day after inoculation. Older mice showed no symptoms and only focal myositis and low yields of virus were found in their hind limbs. Coxsackie A9 virus replicated to relatively low titers in the hearts of young (1- to 40-day-old) mice without producing any demonstrable lesions whereas frank myocarditis with high yields of virus were demonstrated in mice infected at 8 months of age. The data suggest that at least for the 2 strains used, the adult mouse should be considered susceptible to subclinical infection with Coxsackie A9 virus. Neither subclinical infection, nor antibody formation was demonstrable in young adult mice inoculated with a strain of Coxsackie A4 virus.
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CHOPPIN PW, EGGERS HJ. Heterogeneity of Coxsackie B4 virus: two kinds of particles which differ in antibody sensitivity, growth rate, and plaque size. Virology 1998; 18:470-6. [PMID: 14021003 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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JACOB HS, JANDL JH. Effects of sulfhydryl inhibition on red blood cells. II. Studies in vivo. J Clin Invest 1998; 41:1514-23. [PMID: 14450645 PMCID: PMC291063 DOI: 10.1172/jci104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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BENGTSSON S, PHILIPSON L, PERSSON H, LAURENT TC. THE BASIS FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ATTENUATED POLIOVIRUS AND POLYIONS. Virology 1996; 24:617-25. [PMID: 14240411 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(64)90216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aarnes CM, Madshus IH, Guillemot JC, Sandvig K, Olsnes S. Formation and activity of covalent conjugates of poliovirus and ligands binding to cell surface structures. Exp Cell Res 1987; 170:483-90. [PMID: 3036553 PMCID: PMC7130209 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(87)90322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/1986] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-linked conjugates of poliovirus with streptavidin or concanavalin A were formed and the binding of the conjugates to mouse L cells that lack natural poliovirus receptors was studied. The conjugate with streptavidin was specifically bound to biotinylated L cells, but not to unmodified L cells. The conjugate with conA was bound to L cells in the absence of, but not in the presence of alpha-methyl mannoside. Incubation of L cells with bound conjugates did not produce virus, although the conjugates were highly infectious in HeLa cells, containing natural poliovirus receptors. This suggests that the artificially bound virus was unable to penetrate the L cells and start replication. The possibility that binding of the virus to the natural receptor is required for efficient infection is discussed.
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Abstract
The infectivity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was moderately affected by iodoacetic acid and drastically affected by N-ethylmaleimide; the antiviral effect of these sulfhydryl reagents was enhanced somewhat by the reducing agent, 2-mercaptoethanol. Reducing and/or alkylating reagents did not affect VSV hemagglutination and the impermeable sulfhydryl reagent, dextran-maleimide, did not significantly influence VSV infectivity. These data indicate that glycoprotein spikes are not the major sites for the antiviral activity of sulfhydryl reagents. [14C]Iodoacetic acid was able to penetrate the virion membrane to bind covalently to the free sulfhydryl groups of all five virion proteins, particularly the reduced disulfides of the L protein. The RNA polymerase activity of intact VSV was inhibited by iodoacetic acid and to a greater extent by N-ethylmaleimide, which probably accounts for the loss of viral infectivity caused by the permeable sulfhydryl reagents.
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Silver SM, Scheid A, Choppin PW. Loss on serial passage of rhesus monkey kidney cells of proteolytic activity required for Sendai virus activation. Infect Immun 1978; 20:235-41. [PMID: 208971 PMCID: PMC421577 DOI: 10.1128/iai.20.1.235-241.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary cultures of rhesus monkey kidney cells supported multiple-cycle replication of Sendai virus, but later passages lost this ability, and this was reflected in decreased plaque formation. Multiple-cycle replication also did not occur in LLC-MK2 cells, a continuous line of RMK cells. Failure of replication in serially passed cells was correlated with a decrease in proteolytic cleavage of a viral surface glycoprotein (Fo), and the ability of cells to support multiple-cycle replication and plaque formation could be restored by the addition of trypsin (0.3 microgram/ml) to the overlay medium. The use of wild-type virus, which requires trypsin, and protease activation mutants that require chymotrypsin or elastase for activation has provided evidence that the activating protease supplied by primary or secondary cells has trypsin-like activity. Inactive virus, with uncleaved Fo glycoprotein, absorbed to primary or secondary cells but did not infect them, even though such cells possess the enzyme that is capable of cleaving the Fo glycoprotein of virus synthesized in these cells. The inability of these cells to activate adsorbed virus indicates that the activating protease that they possess is inacessible to adsorbed virus, although it can act on the Fo glycoprotein during virus maturation in these cells. These data provide a biochemical explanation for the failure of later passages of a cell strain or a continuous cell line to support the replication of a paramyxovirus.
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Farrar WE, Eidson M. R factor-mediated antibiotic resistance in Shigella. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976; 10:57-62. [PMID: 5521376 PMCID: PMC429689 DOI: 10.1128/aac.10.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The infectivities of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 were inactivated by silver nitrate at concentrations of 30 μM or less, which did not affect at all the infectivities of hemagglutinating virus of Japan, vesicular stomatitis virus, poliovirus, vaccinia virus, and adenovirus. The inactivated virus retained the capability of adsorbing to the cell, with an adsorption kinetics quite similar to that of intact virus, and of inducing the concanavalin A agglutinability in the infected cells, whereas it lost completely the capability of producing viral antigens and other cytopathic changes.
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Shinkai K. Virucidal effect of sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate on influenza viruses attributable to inhibition of virus particle-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1975; 19:19-24. [PMID: 1160201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1975.tb00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) caused a noticeable reduction of infectivity of prototype strains of type A and Lee strain of type B influenza viruses at concentrations of 100 and 200 mug/ml, respectively, after an incubation at 37 C for 60 min. The virucidal effect on A/AA/2/60 (H2N2) strain was dependent on the concentration of the drug and temperature as well as on the time of incubation. The reagent exerted this effect at a concentration which induced little change in the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of the virus. PCMB inhibited by 50% the virus particle-associated RNA polymerase activity of all prototype strains of type A influenza virus at about 2 mug/ml and that of Lee strain of type B influenza virus at 8.5 mug/ml. Other sulfhydryl reagent such as phenylmercuric nitrate also exhibited virucidal effect on A/AA/2/60 virus which paralleled their inhibition of the virus particle-associated RNA polymerase activity. From these results it was considered likely that the virucidal action of PCMB on influenza viruses was attributable to inhibition of the virus particle-associated RNA polymerase activity.
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Lazarowitz SG, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin polypeptide of influenza virus. Function of the uncleaved polypeptide HA. Virology 1973; 52:199-212. [PMID: 4139805 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Klenk HD, Compans RW, Choppin WP. An electron microscopic study of the presence or absence of neuraminic acid in enveloped viruses. Virology 1970; 42:1158-62. [PMID: 4099081 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Compans RW, Klenk HD, Caliguiri LA, Choppin PW. Influenza virus proteins. I. Analysis of polypeptides of the virion and identification of spike glycoproteins. Virology 1970; 42:880-9. [PMID: 4099085 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Klenk HD, Caliguiri LA, Choppin PW. The proteins of the parainfluenza virus SV5. II. The carbohydrate content and glycoproteins of the virion. Virology 1970; 42:473-81. [PMID: 4321303 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Halsted CC, Seto DS, Simkins J, Carver DH. Protection of enteroviruses against heat inactivation by sulfhydryl-reducing substances. Virology 1970; 40:751-4. [PMID: 4314511 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Caliguiri LA, Klenk HD, Choppin PW. The proteins of the parainfluenza virus SV5. 1. Separation of virion polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Virology 1969; 39:460-6. [PMID: 4311544 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Klenk HD, Choppin PW. Lipids of plasma membranes of monkey and hamster kidney cells and of parainfluenza virions grown in these cells. Virology 1969; 38:255-68. [PMID: 4306590 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lerner AM, Miranda QR. Cellular interactions of several enteroviruses and a reovirus after treatment with sodium borohydride or carbohydrases. Virology 1968; 36:277-85. [PMID: 4300881 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Treatment of poliovirus Type I with 10(-3)m 2-thiouracil (2-TU) resulted in the inactivation of greater than 90% of the virus infectivity and stabilization of approximately 50% of the residual virus to heat inactivation. These effects were due to a reaction with the protein moiety of the virus and could be blocked by pre-treatment of the virus with l-cystine or of the drug with cysteine. Both inactivation and stabilization occurred synchronously and reached equilibrium at the same time. Neither process was reversed by reducing agents. It is suggested that an oxidized form of 2-TU reacts with capsid sulfhydryl groups to form a product which is stable in either the inactive or heat-resistant form.
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Compans RW, Choppin PW. Isolation and properties of the helical nucleocapsid of the parainfluenza virus SV5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:949-56. [PMID: 4291924 PMCID: PMC224639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.4.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Kunin CM. Distribution of cell receptors and simple sugar inhibitors during encephalomyocarditis virus-cell union. J Virol 1967; 1:274-82. [PMID: 4318947 PMCID: PMC375225 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.2.274-282.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus was studied for ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species. Human, rat, and guinea pig erythrocytes, as well as those from young rabbits, were readily agglutinated. Cells from older rabbits absorbed virus poorly, and showed little agglutination. Uptake of virus by rabbit brain also diminished with age. Various mouse tissues absorbed virus about equally well. Hemagglutination-inhibition studies demonstrated that a number of simple sugars, particularly glucose and galactosamine, interfered with uptake of virus by cells. Dextran sulfates were highly active inhibitors of EMC hemagglutination. Attempts to localize the site of action of the sugars on virus or cell are described. Treatment of virus with periodate or p-chloromercurobenzoate, and acetylation of virus, inhibited hemagglutination, but acetylation of semipurified receptor did not. Clarification of the nature of the virus-cell union will require studies to identify possible specific sugars in the virus capsid and the cell receptor.
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Compans RW, Holmes KV, Dales S, Choppin PW. An electron microscopic study of moderate and virulent virus-cell interactions of the parainfluenza virus SV5. Virology 1966; 30:411-26. [PMID: 4288418 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Holmes KV, Choppin PW. On the role of the response of the cell membrane in determining virus virulence. Contrasting effects of the parainfluenza virus SV5 in two cell types. J Exp Med 1966; 124:501-20. [PMID: 4288512 PMCID: PMC2138234 DOI: 10.1084/jem.124.3.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The simian myxovirus SV5 multiplies in a continuous line of baby hamster kidney (BHK21-F) cells causing extensive cell fusion, followed by cell death. After inoculation of 15 PFU/cell, the latent period was 7 hr, the doubling time approximately 60 min, and the yield 7 PFU per cell. Giant cell formation began about 6 hr after infection and rapidly progressed to the formation by 14 to 18 hr of a single syncytium which disintegrated by 24 to 36 hr. In contrast, SV5 multiplies in primary rhesus monkey kidney cells for long periods of time producing high yields of virus with little cytopathic effect. High multiplicities of SV5 induced cell fusion in BHK21-F cells within 1 hr in the absence of virus multiplication but had no visible effect on monkey kidney cells. Time-lapse photomicrography has demonstrated that giant cells form by fusion of infected cells, and that some polykaryocytes divide. During aberrant division of polykaryocytes giant nuclei are formed from the nuclear material of several parent nuclei. The cytoplasmic development of viral antigens as demonstrated by immunofluorescence is similar in BHK21-F and monkey kidney cells. Synthesis of cellular DNA, RNA, and protein in monkey kidney cells is not shut off by SV5-infection, and in BHK21-F cells synthesis of these macromolecules is not inhibited until after extensive cell fusion has occurred 12 to 15 hr after infection. Persistently infected BHK21-F and monkey kidney cells have been serially carried through 11 and 28 cell passages, respectively. The results suggest that whether SV5 acts as a moderate virus, as in monkey kidney cells, or a virulent virus, as in BHK21-F cells, depends on the response of the cell membrane to the virus.
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Kaper JM, Jenifer FG. Studies on the interaction of p-chloromercuribenzoate with turnip yellow mosaic virus. 3. Involvement of the ribonucleic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1965; 112:331-9. [PMID: 5880968 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(65)90053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Tarasevitch LM, Kasparyants LR. Sulfhydryl groups in the hemolymph of the silkworm during the course of nucleopolyhedrosis. J Invertebr Pathol 1965; 7:341-6. [PMID: 5829859 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(65)90011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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37
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Philipson L. The effect of mercurials on the integrity of the poliovirion. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1965; 17:472-80. [PMID: 4286904 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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HSU YUCHIH. Resistance of Infectious RNA and Transforming DNA to Iodine which Inactivates ƒ2 Phage and Cells. Nature 1964. [DOI: 10.1038/203152a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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CHOPPIN PW. Multiplication of a myxovirus (SV5) with minimal cytopathic effects and without interference. Virology 1964; 23:224-33. [PMID: 14192298 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(64)90286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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McLaren LC, Brand G. Virustropismus. Neue Erkenntnisse aus Untersuchungen über die Enterovirus-Infektion der Zelle. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-42622-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Philipson L, Bengtsson S. Interaction of enteroviruses with receptors from erythrocytes and host cells. Virology 1962. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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BENGTSSON S, PHILIPSON L, ALBERTSSON PA. Counter-current distribution of polio virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1962; 9:318-22. [PMID: 13967438 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(62)90047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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GOMATOS PJ, TAMM I. Reactive sites of reovirus type 3 and their interaction with receptor substances. Virology 1962; 17:455-61. [PMID: 13900038 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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