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Affiliation(s)
- Berge Hampar
- U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland
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Levy R, Held M, Mason D, Comenge J, Carolan G, Cowman S. The Spherical Nucleic Acids mRNA Detection Paradox. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-chem.az1mju.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
<p>From the 1950s onwards, our understanding of the formation and intracellular trafficking of membrane vesicles was informed by experiments in which cells were exposed to gold nanoparticles and their uptake and localisation, studied by electron microscopy. In the last decade, building on progress in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their controlled functionalisation with a large variety of biomolecules (DNA, peptides, polysaccharides), new applications have been proposed, including the imaging and sensing of intracellular events. Yet, as already demonstrated in the 1950s, uptake of nanoparticles results in confinement within an intracellular vesicle which in principle should preclude sensing of cytosolic events. To study this apparent paradox, we focus on a commercially available nanoparticle probe that detects mRNA through the release of a fluorescently-labelled oligonucleotide (unquenching the fluorescence) in the presence of the target mRNA. Using electron, fluorescence and photothermal microscopy, we show that the probes remain in endocytic compartments and that they do not report on mRNA level. We suggest that the validation of any nanoparticle-based probes for intracellular sensing should include a quantitative and thorough demonstration that the probes can reach the cytosolic compartment.</p>
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Jung J, Münz C. Immune control of oncogenic γ-herpesviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:79-86. [PMID: 26372881 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human γ-herpesviruses contain Epstein Barr virus (EBV), the first human tumor virus that was identified in man, and Kaposi Sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), one of the most recently identified human oncogenic pathogens. Both of these have co-evolved with humans to cause tumors only in a minority of infected individuals, despite their exquisite ability to establish persistent infections. In this review we will summarize the fine-tuned balance between immune responses, immune escape and cellular transformation by these viruses, which results in life-long persistent, but asymptomatic infection with immune control in most virus carriers. A detailed understanding of this balance is required to immunotherapeutically reinstall it in patients that suffer from EBV and KSHV associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Bedoya VI, Boasso A, Hardy AW, Rybak S, Shearer GM, Rugeles MT. Ribonucleases in HIV type 1 inhibition: effect of recombinant RNases on infection of primary T cells and immune activation-induced RNase gene and protein expression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:897-907. [PMID: 16989616 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) have therapeutic potential against cancer and viral diseases and have been reported to inhibit replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in chronically infected cell lines. The ribonuclease eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) is responsible for the anti-HIV-1 activity of a soluble factor produced in response to human alloantigens (ASF). Four recombinant RNases (EDN; a four amino acid extension of the N-terminus EDN, -4EDN; RNase A; and angiogenin) were tested for inhibition of HIV-1 replication in PHA blasts. All RNases showed anti-HIV-1 activity, irrespective of whether the RNases were added before, during, or 2 h after infection. Polyclonal antibodies against the four RNases blocked the antiviral activity. ASF inhibited HIV-1 replication in vitro if added up to 4 h after infection. We demonstrated that allostimulation induced EDN, RNase A, and angiogenin mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), although only EDN protein was detected. We identified monocytes and dendritic cells, but not macrophages or T cells, as EDN-producing cells. These findings raise the possibilities that multiple naturally occurring RNases may contribute to protection against HIV-1 infection and could be considered for utilization in HIV-1 therapy.
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Nicola AV, McEvoy AM, Straus SE. Roles for endocytosis and low pH in herpes simplex virus entry into HeLa and Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Virol 2003; 77:5324-32. [PMID: 12692234 PMCID: PMC153978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.9.5324-5332.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of many cultured cells, e.g., Vero cells, can be initiated by receptor binding and pH-neutral fusion with the cell surface. Here we report that a major pathway for HSV entry into the HeLa and CHO-K1 cell lines is dependent on endocytosis and exposure to a low pH. Enveloped virions were readily detected in HeLa or receptor-expressing CHO cell vesicles by electron microscopy at <30 min postinfection. As expected, images of virus fusion with the Vero cell surface were prevalent. Treatment with energy depletion or hypertonic medium, which inhibits endocytosis, prevented uptake of HSV from the HeLa and CHO cell surface relative to uptake from the Vero cell surface. Incubation of HeLa and CHO cells with the weak base ammonium chloride or the ionophore monensin, which elevate the low pH of organelles, blocked HSV entry in a dose-dependent manner. Noncytotoxic concentrations of these agents acted at an early step during infection by HSV type 1 and 2 strains. Entry mediated by the HSV receptor HveA, nectin-1, or nectin-2 was also blocked. As analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, lysosomotropic agents such as the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 blocked the delivery of virus capsids to the nuclei of the HeLa and CHO cell lines but had no effect on capsid transport in Vero cells. The results suggest that HSV can utilize two distinct entry pathways, depending on the type of cell encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Nicola
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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DALES S, KAJIOKA R. THE CYCLE OF MULTIPLICATION OF VACCINIA VIRUS IN EARLE'S STRAIN L CELLS. I. UPTAKE AND PENETRATION. Virology 1996; 24:278-94. [PMID: 14227031 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(64)90167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GRESSER I, CHANY C, ENDERS JF. PERSISTENT POLIOVIRAL INFECTION OF INTACT HUMAN AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE WITHOUT APPARENT CYTOPATHIC EFFECT. J Bacteriol 1996; 89:470-5. [PMID: 14255716 PMCID: PMC305530 DOI: 10.1128/jb.89.2.470-475.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gresser, Ion (Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass.), Charles Chany, and John F. Enders. Persistent polioviral infection of intact human amniotic membrane without apparent cytopathic effect. J. Bacteriol. 89:470-475. 1965.-Poliovirus type I multiplied in organ cultures of the intact amniotic membrane. The behavior of the virus in this system differed markedly from that observed in monolayer cultures of trypsinized amnion cells, since replication of new virus was demonstrable throughout a period as long as 3 months, extensive cellular destruction was not apparent, and only a small proportion of cells were found to be infected at a given time. It seems likely that the chronicity of infection is conditioned essentially by the persistent insusceptibility to polioviral infection of the large majority of cells (relative to monolayer cultures) rather than to interferon, which was present in the culture fluids. It was postulated that the greater suceptibility of cultured amnion cells to infection, as compared with cells of the intact membrane, is due in part to the enhancement of phagocytic activity attendant upon trypsinization and cultivation of the amnion cells in monolayers. Amniotic and chorionic membranes thoroughly washed free from blood contain and release in vitro antibody to poliovirus I and other viruses. Appreciation of this phenomen may be important in attempts to isolate viruses from infected tissues.
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EPSTEIN MA, HENLE G, ACHONG BG, BARR YM. MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON A VIRUS IN CULTURED LYMPHOBLASTS FROM BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 121:761-70. [PMID: 14278230 PMCID: PMC2138004 DOI: 10.1084/jem.121.5.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoblasts of two tissue culture strains (EB1 and EB2) from different biopsy specimens of Burkitt's lymphoma have been examined in thin sections by electron microscopy, and have each been found to carry a morphologically identical virus. The virus was observed in samples taken over many months, being present in about 1 to 2 per cent of the cells in two forms: Immature particles about 75 mmicro in diameter which were seen in both the nucleus and cytoplasm; and larger mature particles with a diameter of 110 to 115 mmicro, which were either within membrane-bounded cytoplasmic spaces or at the cell surface. There was some indication that the particles matured by budding through the cytoplasmic membranes. Both types of particle occurred in dead degenerating cells or, less frequently, in intact altered cells. The characteristic alterations of the latter included margination of the chromatin, fragmentation of the nuclear envelope, beaded opaque material in the mitochondria, and, with one of the cell strains (EB1), sheaves of altered spindle tubules. All attempts to isolate and identify the virus carried by the two strains of lymphoblasts failed. No pathological effects were caused in 8-day chick embryos inoculated either with whole lymphoblasts or extracts of disrupted lymphoblasts, using the intraallantoic, amniotic, and chorioallantoic routes, and the extraembryonic fluids of such chicks were without haemagglutinating activity for human, chicken, guinea pig, or monkey erythrocytes. Whole lymphoblasts or lymphoblast extracts were likewise without effect when inoculated intraperitoneally into newborn hamsters or two strains of newborn mice. Similar lymphoblast inocula did not cause detectable changes in 9 different test tissue culture systems even after 8 blind passages. The nature of the unknown, unidentified virus in the cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphomas is considered and its possible relationship to the cells discussed.
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CAREY FJ, KUHN NO, HARFORD CG. EFFECTS OF ANTICELLULAR SERUM ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED THYMIDINE AND URIDINE BY HELA CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 121:991-1000. [PMID: 14319412 PMCID: PMC2138011 DOI: 10.1084/jem.121.6.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anticellular serum inhibited phagocytosis of colloidal gold and staphylococci by HeLa cells. This inhibition of phagocytosis was reversed by conditions which allowed the antibody to elute from the cell. Concentrations of antiserum that inhibited phagocytosis did not interfere with the transport of tritiated thymidine and uridine across the cell membrane, and their incorporation into cell nucleic acids was unaltered as evaluated by autoradiography. These results indicate that thymidine and uridine were taken into cells independently of phagocytosis. Morphologic changes induced in the cells by antibody suggest that the antibody agglutinates adjacent portions of the cell membrane. This agglutination of the cell membrane by antibody would be expected to interfere with the continuous evagination and invagination of the cell membrane associated with phagocytosis. The inhibition of virus infection by anticellular antibody may be a result of the effect of the antiserum upon phagocytosis.
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SCOTT TF, TOKUMARU T. HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS (VIRUS OF HERPES SIMPLEX). BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1996; 28:458-71. [PMID: 14244724 PMCID: PMC441246 DOI: 10.1128/br.28.4.458-471.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Puvion-Dutilleul F. Molecular and functional significance of cellular modifications induced by herpes simplex virus infection. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY REVIEWS 1988; 1:279-339. [PMID: 2856491 DOI: 10.1016/0892-0354(88)90005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Puvion-Dutilleul
- Groupe de Laboratoires, Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur le Cancer, Villejuif, France
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Fuller AO, Spear PG. Anti-glycoprotein D antibodies that permit adsorption but block infection by herpes simplex virus 1 prevent virion-cell fusion at the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:5454-8. [PMID: 3037552 PMCID: PMC298876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.15.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain monoclonal antibodies specific for glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus have potent neutralizing activity but fail to block attachment of virus to cells. Here we have investigated the fate of neutralized and infectious virus after attachment to primate cells. Infectious virions fused with the cell surface such that naked nucleocapsids were detectable in the cytoplasm near or just under the plasma membrane. Neutralized virions did not fuse with the cell. They remained attached to the cell surface and could be rendered infectious by treatment with polyethylene glycol. We conclude that some anti-glycoprotein D neutralizing antibodies can inhibit the penetration of herpes simplex virus by blocking fusion of the virion envelope with the plasma membrane. These results identify a pathway of entry that initiates successful herpes simplex virus infection and a step in this pathway that is highly sensitive to neutralizing antibodies. A role for glycoprotein D in virion-cell fusion is indicated.
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Smith JD, de Harven E. Herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in WI-38 cells. II. An ultrastructural study of viral penetration. J Virol 1974; 14:945-56. [PMID: 4370986 PMCID: PMC355602 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.4.945-956.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An electron microscope study was carried out on the early minutes of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) penetration into WI-38 cells. Both HSV and CMV entered cells either by fusion of the viral envelope with a limiting cell membrane, or via phagocytosis. Both fusion and phagocytosis occurred within 3 min after the initiation of penetration. After fusion, the naked capsids of CMV free in the cytoplasm became coated with a fine, fibrillar material. CMV capsids thus coated retained a well-defined and easily identifiable morphology until the eclipse of visible viral particles between 1 and 1.5 days postinfection. In contrast, naked HSV capsids free in the cytoplasm were never coated. Rather, within minutes after penetration, they assumed a rounded, less regular outline, and were no longer detectable by 90 to 120 min postinfection. The free naked capsids of both viruses appeared to migrate across the cytoplasm toward the nucleus and to become located near nuclear pores. Both HSV and CMV capsids reached the nucleus as early as 5 min after the initiation of penetration. No further interaction with the nucleus could be documented. Particles were also consistently identified in the Golgi region. Phagocytosed particles generally remained within phagosomes, where they appeared to be degraded. However, stages were identified in what is believed to be the escape of enveloped viruses from phagosomes into the cytoplasm via fusion of their envelope with the phagosomal membrane.
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Kristensson K, Sheppard RD, Bornstein MB. Observations on uptake of herpes simplex virus in organized cultures of mammalian nervous tissue. Acta Neuropathol 1974; 28:37-44. [PMID: 4368974 DOI: 10.1007/bf00687516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Worthington BB, Graney DO. Uptake of Adenovirus by intestinal absorptive cells of the suckling rat. I. The neonatal ileum. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1973; 175:37-61. [PMID: 4345520 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091750105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abodeely RA, Lawson LA, Randall CC. Morphology and entry of enveloped and deenveloped equine abortion (herpes) virus. J Virol 1970; 5:513-23. [PMID: 4195054 PMCID: PMC376034 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.5.4.513-523.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective removal of the envelope of equine abortion (herpes) virus was accomplished by utilizing the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 followed by sonic treatment. The deenveloped particles differ significantly in size and buoyant density from the enveloped form. The cellular entry of purified enveloped and purified deenveloped virus was examined by electron microscopy during critical time periods. Both forms appeared to enter cells by a viropexis mechanism in which particles were engulfed by pseudopodia which either surround the virus and fuse with the cell membrane or to other pseudopodia, forming fusion vacuoles containing from one to numerous viral particles. This mode of entry was noted extensively at 5 min postinoculation. Deenveloped particles were apparently infectious only for hamsters, with a large inoculum being required. Contamination by enveloped forms was not noted after exhaustive search by electron microscopy.
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Garabedian GA, Scott LV. Quantitative estimation of phagocytosed herpes simplex virus in mouse peritoneal cells. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 32:59-65. [PMID: 4321455 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hummeler K, Tomassini N, Zajac B. Early events in herpes simplex virus infection: a radioautographic study. J Virol 1969; 4:67-74. [PMID: 4309102 PMCID: PMC375839 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.1.67-74.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The early events in herpes simplex virus infection were studied by means of radio-autography. The virus was rapidly taken up by the host cells and uncoated. Viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reached the nuclear sites of replication in 15 to 30 min after infection. The viral DNA occasionally associated with chromosomes or condensed chromatin but was more frequently found to be randomly distributed. Viral progeny appeared 3 hr after infection. These particles did not show any particular spatial relationship to the parental DNA. The morphological latent period lasted 2.5 hr.
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Tegtmeyer P, Enders JF. Feline herpesvirus infection in fused cultures of naturally resistant human cells. J Virol 1969; 3:469-76. [PMID: 4306719 PMCID: PMC375796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.3.5.469-476.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus (FHV) attaches to, but does not penetrate, naturally resistant human embryonic lung cells. When the cells with attached virus are subsequently fused with inactivated Sendai virus, FHV causes characteristic cytopathic effects, but no infectious virus can be recovered from the infected cells.
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Abstract
Although capsids of herpes simplex virus were encountered within phagocytic vesicles, they were more commonly observed free within the cytoplasm. Stages in the release of virus from vesicles were not seen. There appeared to be five distinct steps in the process whereby the virus initiates infection: attachment, digestion of the viral envelope, digestion of the cell wall, passage of the capsid directly into the cytoplasm, and digestion of the capsid with release of the core. Antibody probably interferes with the first two stages.
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Dawson C, Togni B, Moore TE, Coleman V. Herpesvirus infection of human mesodermal tissue (cornea) detected by electron microscopy. Nature 1968; 217:460-2. [PMID: 4295971 DOI: 10.1038/217460b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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